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Tesi sul tema "Arythmie – Modèles mathématiques"
Nati, Poltri Simone. "Modélisation mathématique de la réponse du tissu cardiaque après ablation par champs pulsés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0322.
Testo completoCardiac arrhythmias are irregularities in the normal rhythm of the heart, caused by anomalies in the electrical activity of the myocardium. Among the many ablation strategies used to isolate these pathologies, Pulsed electric Field Ablation (PFA) has emerged as a novel non-thermal technique that takes advantage of short and high-voltage electrical pulses to kill cardiac cells, by ensuring the precise targeting of the abnormal tissue and the preservation of the tissue scaffold. The aim of this thesis is to propose a mathematical model to study the long-term effects of PFA on the cardiac tissue, in the context of two different pathologies: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) - a common atrial arrhythmia that mostly starts from pulmonary veins - and Ventricular Tachycardia (VT), a rapid and irregular heartbeat that originates from tissue heterogeneity in the ventricles. While for AF the ablated area is thin compared to the left atrium domain, for VT the ablated region is not negligible. To describe the electrical activity of the heart we start from the bidomain model - a standard parabolic degenerate semilinear model that describes the electrophysiology of the heart - and we modify it depending on the pathology of interest. In the context of AF we introduce inside the ablated area a small parameter ε - proportional to the thickness of the region - that also rescales the intra-cellular conductivity. We analyze the static version of the modified bidomain system in the semilinear context, and we perform a formal asymptotic analysis to determine the approximate transmission conditions at the interface between the ablated area and the healthy region, as ε approaches zero. The asymptotic expansion at any order is proven and numerically validated. We also propose numerical simulations (obtained using FreeFem++, a finite element library) in a dynamic context. By considering a synthetic geometry of a left atrium, we simulate the isolation of a pulmonary vein from which AF is supposed to trigger. Non-overlapping Schwarz methods are studied and adopted to numerically impose well-designed conditions at the interface. The results are compared with another technique, radio-frequency ablation (RFA), known to burn cardiac tissue through heat transfer and then to destroy the tissue scaffold. Our objective is to numerically predict the success or failure of the two ablation procedures. Then, we validate our approaches in a real heart data from sheep. Our collaborators at IHU Liryc first induced VT in different sheep by creating two cardiac scars separated by a slow conduction channel, and then performed a PFA procedure to treat the induced VT. In the context of VT, our model proposed for AF is not applicable, since the hypothesis regarding the small size of the ablated region is no longer valid. Moreover, VT is a more complex pathology to model as it is caused by tissue heterogeneity. We modify the bidomain model by introducing a parameter ε - that in this case stands for the ablation level - inside the ablated area and we use it to rescale the intra-cellular conductivity. Simulations are performed to reproduce VT in a sheep ventricle geometry thanks to a signal reentry placed nearby the channel. We also propose simulations of PFA and we compare them with RFA to numerically predict the success or failure of the two ablation procedures. The numerical results are also compared with the activation endocardium map built before the PFA intervention. To conclude, this work provides a first numerical study of the mathematical descriptions of PFA in both AF and VT context, opening perspectives towards clinical applications
Laouini, Ghailen. "Analyse et modélisation du rythme cardio-respiratoire au repos et à l'effort". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4043.
Testo completoIn this thesis, we focus on the modelling of heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise. The objective of this thesis is to study HRV during exercise, while taking respiration into account. The IPFM model helps to explain the mechanism used by the automatic nervous system to control the heartbeat. With peaks generated by this model, we study the relationship between the heart period, which is the difference between two successive RR peaks, and the modulation signal. We suggest the TVIPFM model with three different approaches (A, B, C), as an alternative of the IPFM model to estimate the modulation of the autonomic nervous system, adapted to the exercise. The TVIPFM model then allows for correction of the heart rate variability. This variability will be filtered around the frequency band of respiration in the time-frequency domain, using different methods of time-frequency-representations. This is explained by the fact that the signal being observed is not stationary. We present different time-frequency representations for the linear and quadratic filtering and justify their use. The EMD is also addressed because of its decomposition property in “monocomponent” signals. A simulation allowing us to select the best IPFM correction and the best time-frequency representation for filtering, a real application range is proposed. In it, we show that using this process, correlation between age of transplantation and heart rate variability indeed exists
Becue, Pierre-Elliott. "Modélisation et simulation de l'électrophysiologie cardiaque à l'échelle microscopique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0352/document.
Testo completoDuring the last decades, studies regarding the prospective impact of the alterations at the microscopic scale of the heart tissue in the appearance of arrhythmias (Brugada's syndrome, atrial fibrillation, early repolarization syndrome...) have been more numerous. The amount of experimental data regarding the behaviors and regulations that occur at a cellular and a subcellular (gap junctions, role of specific ionic channels) is increasing and these data provide an adapted frame for the computational mathematicians to develop or improve models and confirm their behaviour. In this thesis, we developed and studied a ``microscopic'' model taking into account the individual geometry of the cells and the gap junctions between them. This model is designed to enhance our understanding of the action potential propagation in a network of cells. We extracted this model using a study of the ions movements in the cells. These movements, described by various microscopic physics equations (electrostatic...), and some dimensional analysis, including an asymptotic study, allow us to derive the model. We then show that the problem described by such a model has a solution, via a semi-implicit time discretization process and compacity arguments. Afterwards, we offer numerous simulations in order to enhance our understanding of the action potential propagation between the cells of various networks. We specifically customize the gap junction models we use (a geometric one, a linear one and a non-linear one) to enhance our comprehension. This thesis introduces many questions. On the short-term, on the comparison between experimental data observed on mice cells and our results. On the long-term regarding the mechanisms regulating the action potential propagation, and their impact on the alterations of the cardiac rhythm
Cabrera, Lozoya Rocío. "Planification de l’ablation radiofréquence des arythmies cardiaques en combinant modélisation et apprentissage automatique". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4059/document.
Testo completoCardiac arrhythmias are heart rhythm disruptions which can lead to sudden cardiac death. They require a deeper understanding for appropriate treatment planning. In this thesis, we integrate personalized structural and functional data into a 3D tetrahedral mesh of the biventricular myocardium. Next, the Mitchell-Schaeffer (MS) simplified biophysical model is used to study the spatial heterogeneity of electrophysiological (EP) tissue properties and their role in arrhythmogenesis. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with the elimination of local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVA) has recently arisen as a potentially curative treatment for ventricular tachycardia but the EP studies required to locate LAVA are lengthy and invasive. LAVA are commonly found within the heterogeneous scar, which can be imaged non-invasively with 3D delayed enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI). We evaluate the use of advanced image features in a random forest machine learning framework to identify areas of LAVA-inducing tissue. Furthermore, we detail the dataset’s inherent error sources and their formal integration in the training process. Finally, we construct MRI-based structural patient-specific heart models and couple them with the MS model. We model a recording catheter using a dipole approach and generate distinct normal and LAVA-like electrograms at locations where they have been found in clinics. This enriches our predictions of the locations of LAVA-inducing tissue obtained through image-based learning. Confidence maps can be generated and analyzed prior to RFA to guide the intervention. These contributions have led to promising results and proofs of concepts
Ravon, Gwladys. "Problèmes inverses pour la cartographie optique cardiaque". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0118/document.
Testo completoSince the 80's optical mapping has become an important tool for the study and the understanding of cardiac arythmias. This experiment allows the visualization of fluorescence fluxes through tissue surface. The fluorescence is directly related to the transmembrane potential. Information about its three-dimension distribution is hidden in the data on the surfaces. Our aim is to exploit this surface measurements to reconstruct the depolarization front in the thickness. For that purpose we developed a method based on the resolution of an inverse problem. The forward problem is made of two diffusion equations and the parametrization of the wavefront. The inverse problem resolution enables the identification of the front characteristics. The method has been tested on in silico data with different ways to parameter the front (expanding sphere, eikonal equation). The obtained results are very satisfying, and compared to a method derived by Khait et al. [1]. Moving to experimental data put in light an incoherence in the model. We detail the possible causes we explored to improve the model : constant illumination, optical parameters, accuracy of the diffusion approximation. Several inverse problems are considered in this manuscript, that involves several cost functions and associated gradients. For each case, the calculation of the gradient is explicit, often with the gradient method. The presented method was also applied on data other than cardiac optical mapping
Labarthe, Simon. "Modélisation de l'activité électrique des oreillettes et des veines pulmonaires". Phd thesis, Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00925253.
Testo completoBouchard, Sylvain. "Automaticité dans le coeur ischémique : analyse de bifurcation d’un modèle mathématique de cellule ventriculaire humaine". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5053.
Testo completoAcute ischemia (restriction in blood supply to part of the heart which can result in myocardial infarction) induces major changes in the electrophysiological properties of the ventricular tissue. Extracellular potassium concentration increases in the ischemic zone, leading to an elevation of the resting membrane potential that creates an “injury current” between the infarcted and the healthy zone. In addition, the lack of oxygen impairs the metabolic activity of the myocytes and decreases ATP production, thereby affecting ATP-sensitive potassium channels. A frequent complication of myocardial infarction is tachycardia, fibrillation and sudden cardiac death, but the mechanisms underlying their initiation are still debated. One hypothesis is that these arrhythmias may be triggered by abnormal automaticity. We have investigated the effect of ischemia on myocyte automaticity by performing a comprehensive bifurcation analysi(fixed points, cycles and their stability) of a human ventricular myocyte model (Ten Tusscher, 2006) as a function of three ischemia-relevant parameters: extracellular potassium, injury current, and ATP-sensitive potassium current. In this single-cell model, we found that automatic activity was possible only in the presence of an injury current. Changes in extracellular potassium and ATP-sensitive potassium current significantly altered the bifurcation structure as a function of IS, including the occurrence of early-after-depolarization. The results provide a sound basis for studying higher-dimensional tissue structures representing an ischemic heart.
Comtois, Philippe. "Stabilité de la réentrée anatomique dans le muscle cardiaque et annihilation par un protocole à deux stimulations : études de modélisation et aspects expérimentaux". Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15113.
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