Articoli di riviste: "Arsenic and Antimony"

1

Zhao, Shu Ting, Hua Chang Li e Ye Hong Shi. "Speciation Analysis of Antimony and Arsenic in Soil and Remediation of Antimony and Arsenic in Contaminated Soils". Advanced Materials Research 1088 (febbraio 2015): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.578.

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Antimony and arsenic are recognized to be toxic carcinogens. With the development of chemical industry, antimony and arsenic pollution problems are becoming more and more serious in soil. This paper described speciation analysis of antimony and arsenic in soil in the latest technical progress. Speciation analysis of arsenic and antimony which use joint techniques and non joint techniques are summarized. This paper also introduced various remediation technologies for antimony and arsenic contaminated soil. Finally, the trend for future technical development in remediation of antimony and arsenic in contaminated soils and speciation analysis is prospected.

2

Boemo, Analía, Irene María Lomniczi e Elsa Mónica Farfán Torres. "Chronic Arsenic Toxicity: Statistical Study of the Relationships Between Urinary Arsenic, Selenium and Antimony". Journal of Health and Pollution 2, n. 3 (1 giugno 2012): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-2.3.11.

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Background. The groundwater of Argentina's Chaco plain presents arsenic levels above those suitable for human consumption. Studies suggest skin disorders among local populations caused by arsenic intake. The relationship between urinary arsenic and arsenic in drinking water is well known, but urinary arsenic alone is not enough for risk assessment due to modulating factors such as the intake of selenium and antimony. Objectives. Determining the relationship between urinary arsenic, selenium and antimony could contribute to the study of arsenic metabolization in humans. Methods. Arsenic, selenium and antimony, relative to urinary creatinine, was quantified in urine samples to assess exposure to arsenic and its toxicity modulators. Results. Arsenic levels were higher than reference value in 89% of exposed group. Selenium concentrations were higher in 84%. Levels of antimony were also surprisingly high, not compatible with dietary intake. Urinary arsenic and selenium data showed highly significant correlations with age. Adult females presented higher urinary arsenic values than adult males. Conclusions. Values related to urinary creatinine were much higher than values considered normal. Concentrations of arsenic and selenium diminished with age for children and increased for adults. Women showed higher concentrations than men. Positive correlation was found between arsenic and selenium. No correlation was seen between urinary antimony, arsenic nor selenium.

3

Fu, Xiaohua, Xinyu Song, Qingxing Zheng, Chang Liu, Kun Li, Qijin Luo, Jianyu Chen, Zhenxing Wang e Jian Luo. "Frontier Materials for Adsorption of Antimony and Arsenic in Aqueous Environments: A Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 17 (30 agosto 2022): 10824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710824.

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As highly toxic and carcinogenic substances, antimony and arsenic often coexist and cause compound pollution. Heavy metal pollution in water significantly threatens human health and the ecological environment. This article elaborates on the sources and hazards of compound antimony and arsenic contamination and systematically discusses the research progress of treatment technology to remove antimony and arsenic in water. Due to the advantages of simple operation, high removal efficiency, low economic cost, and renewable solid and sustainable utilization, adsorption technology for removing antimony and arsenic from sewage stand out among many treatment technologies. The adsorption performance of adsorbent materials is the key to removing antimony and arsenic in water. Therefore, this article focused on summarizing frontier adsorption materials’ characteristics, adsorption mechanism, and performance, including MOFs, COFs, graphene, and biomass materials. Then, the research and application progress of antimony and arsenic removal by frontier materials were described. The adsorption effects of various frontier adsorption materials were objectively analyzed and comparatively evaluated. Finally, the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of various frontier adsorption materials in removing antimony and arsenic from water were summarized to provide ideas for improving and innovating adsorption materials for water pollution treatment.

4

Pawlak, Z., P. S. Cartwright, Adekunle Oloyede e E. Bayraktar. "Removal of Toxic Arsenic and Antimony from Groundwater Spiro Tunnel Bulkhead in Park City Utah Using Colloidal Iron Hydroxide: Comparison with Reverse Osmosis". Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (dicembre 2009): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.553.

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Verification testing of two model technologies in pilot scale to remove arsenic and antimony based on reverse osmosis and chemical coagulation/filtration systems was conducted in Spiro Tunnel Water Filtration Plant located in Park City, Utah, US. The source water was groundwater in abandoned silver mine, naturally contaminated by 60-80 ppb of arsenic and antimony below 10 ppb. This water represents one of the sources of drinking water for Park City and constitutes about 44% of the water supply. The failure to remove antimony efficiently by coagulation/filtration (only 4.4% removal rate) under design conditions is discussed in terms of the chemistry differences between Sb (III, V) and As (III, V). Removal of Sb(V) at pH > 7, using coagulation/filtration technology, requires much higher (50 to 80 times) concentration of iron (III) than As. The stronger adsorption of arsenate over a wider pH range can be explained by the fact that arsenic acid is tri-protic, whereas antimonic acid is monoprotic. This difference in properties of As(V) and Sb(V) makes antimony (V) more difficult to be efficiently removed in low concentrations of iron hydroxide and alkaline pH waters, especially in concentration of Sb < 10 ppb.

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Sazakli, Eleni, Stavroula V. Zouvelou, Ioannis Kalavrouziotis e Michalis Leotsinidis. "Arsenic and antimony removal from drinking water by adsorption on granular ferric oxide". Water Science and Technology 71, n. 4 (17 novembre 2014): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.460.

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Arsenic and antimony occur in drinking water due to natural weathering or anthropogenic activities. There has been growing concern about their impact on health. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of a granular ferric oxide adsorbent medium to remove arsenic and antimony from drinking water via rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs). Three different water matrices – deionized, raw water treated with a reverse osmosis domestic device and raw water – were spiked with arsenic and/or antimony to a concentration of 100 μg L−1. Both elements were successfully adsorbed onto the medium. The loadings until the guideline value was exceeded in the effluent were found to be 0.35–1.63 mg g−1 for arsenic and 0.12–2.11 mg g−1 for antimony, depending on the water matrix. Adsorption of one element was not substantially affected by the presence of the other. Aeration did not affect significantly the adsorption capacity. Granular ferric oxide could be employed for the simultaneous removal of arsenic and antimony from drinking water, whereas full-scale systems should be assessed via laboratory tests before their implementation.

6

Reis, Priscila G., Adriana T. Abreu, Andrea G. Guimarães, Mônica C. Teixeira, Jacqueline de Souza e Neila M. Silva-Barcellos. "Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Quantification of Arsenic and Antimony in Liposomes Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, n. 4 (1 luglio 2013): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.10-263.

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Abstract Arsenic and antimony compounds are used to treat endemic diseases, such as cancer, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis, in spite of their toxicity. Several studies seeking the development and characterization of nanocarrier systems such as liposomes are being carried out with the aim of developing new drug delivery systems and minimizing the toxicity of these drugs. However, the lack of reference methods to quantify these semimetals within a liposomal matrix hinders the QC of these formulations. Therefore, the validation of an analytical method for arsenic and antimony quantification in liposomal matrix by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry is presented here. The linearity, specificity, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, and precision were determined according to the International Conference on Harmonization norms and the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Resolution 899). The LOD values were 0.02 and 0.06 mg/L for antimony and arsenic, respectively. The LOQ for both was 3.0 mg/L, with an adequate accuracy within 98.26 and 101.32% for different levels of antimony and 99.98 and 100.36% for arsenic. Precision (CV) was lower than 5.0%. The developed and validated method was shown to be reproducible for quantification of arsenic and antimony in liposome pharmaceutical dosage forms.

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López-Maury, Luis, Francisco J. Florencio e José C. Reyes. "Arsenic Sensing and Resistance System in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803". Journal of Bacteriology 185, n. 18 (15 settembre 2003): 5363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.18.5363-5371.2003.

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ABSTRACT Arsenic is one of the most important global environmental pollutants. Here we show that the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 contains an arsenic and antimony resistance operon consisting of three genes: arsB, encoding a putative arsenite and antimonite carrier, arsH, encoding a protein of unknown function, and arsC, encoding a putative arsenate reductase. While arsB mutant strains were sensitive to arsenite, arsenate, and antimonite, arsC mutants were sensitive only to arsenate. The arsH mutant strain showed no obvious phenotype under the conditions tested. In vivo the arsBHC operon was derepressed by oxyanions of arsenic and antimony (oxidation state, +3) and, to a lesser extent, by bismuth (oxidation state, +3) and arsenate (oxidation state, +5). In the absence of these effectors, the operon was repressed by a transcription repressor of the ArsR/SmtB family, encoded by an unlinked gene termed arsR. Thus, arsR null mutants showed constitutive derepression of the arsBHC operon. Expression of the arsR gene was not altered by the presence of arsenic or antimony compounds. Purified recombinant ArsR protein binds to the arsBHC promoter-operator region in the absence of metals and dissociates from the DNA in the presence of Sb(III) or As(III) but not in the presence of As(V), suggesting that trivalent metalloids are the true inducers of the system. DNase I footprinting experiments indicate that ArsR binds to two 17-bp direct repeats, with each one consisting of two inverted repeats, in the region from nucleotides −34 to + 17 of the arsBHC promoter-operator.

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Ogudov, Alexander S., Natalia F. Chuenko, Maria A. Knyazheva e Lyudmila Yu Anopchenko. "BEHAVIORAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY CONTAINED IN SULFIDE ORE PROCESSING WASTE". Interexpo GEO-Siberia 4, n. 2 (21 maggio 2021): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-4-2-133-139.

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The accumulation of arsenic and antimony compounds in environmental objects as a result of the development of mineral deposits is a source of public health risk. Arsenic and antimony, when they enter the human body in excess, activate pathophysiological processes at the subcellular, cellular and organ levels, which leads to the development of multiple organ pathology. The study confirmed the effect of arsenic and antimony on emotional-behavioral responses and cellular immune responses in laboratory animals. Four experimental groups of male Wistar rats and one control group were formed. Experienced with free access to drinking water with different concentrations of arsenic and antimony (water from the hydro dump of the sulphide tailing dump in the village of Komsomolsk, Kemerovo region), the control had free access to clean drinking water. On the 7th and 70th days of the experiment, the emotional-behavioral reactions of the experimental animals were investigated in the "open field" and "raised cruciform maze" tests. The assessment of the cellular immune response was performed by the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (HRT). Arsenic and antimony in the studied concentrations have a harmful effect on the central nervous system (CNS) and the cellular immune response of experimental animals, which manifests itself in disorganization of emotional-behavioral reactions, induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

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Rathinasabapathi, Bala, Suresh Babu Raman, Gina Kertulis e Lena Ma. "Arsenic-resistant proteobacterium from the phyllosphere of arsenic-hyperaccumulating fern (Pteris vittata L.) reduces arsenate to arsenite". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, n. 7 (1 luglio 2006): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-017.

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An arsenic-resistant bacterium, AsRB1, was isolated from the fronds of Pteris vittata grown in a site contaminated with copper chromium arsenate. The bacterium exhibited resistance to arsenate, arsenite, and antimony in the culture medium. AsRB1, like Pseudomonas putida, grew on MacConkey and xylose–lactose–desoxycholate agars and utilized citrate but, unlike P. putida, was positive for indole test and negative for oxidase test. A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that AsRB1 is a proteobacterium of the beta subclass, related to Pseudomonas saccharophila and Variovorax paradoxus. Following an exogenous supply of arsenate, most arsenic occurred as arsenite in the medium and the cell extracts, suggesting reduction and extrusion of arsenic as the mechanism for arsenic resistance in AsRB1.Key words: arsenate reduction, arsenic bioremediation, Pseudomonas saccharophila, Variovorax paradoxus, Pteris vittala.

10

Song, Yan, Hong Ying Yang e Lin Lin Tong. "Bioleaching of Complex Refractory Gold Ore Concentrate of China: Comparison of Shake Flask and Continuous Bioreactor". Advanced Materials Research 1130 (novembre 2015): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.243.

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The laboratory tests of biooxidation and cyanidation were carried out by using samples of the complex refractory gold ore from China. The elemental composition was 16.8 % iron, 18.6 % sulfur, 4.88 % arsenic，2.30 % carbon and 3.49 % antimony. Gold is assayed at 46 g/t. The arsenic oxidation of 88.11 %，carbon removal rate of 32.34 % and antimony oxidation of 23.92 % over 16d was achieved in shake flasks in the presence of the mixed culture (HQ0211: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans). The continuous bioreactor tests resulted in greater dissolution rates for arsenic, carbon and antimony, which led to a greater extent of sulphide oxidation within a shorter period of time. The maximum oxidation of arsenic and antimony was 90.72 % and 40.09 % respectively and the removal rate of carbon is 63.48% after 8d in the continuous bioreactor tests. After bioleaching, the gold recovery of the oxidation residue was 98.02 % with the cyanidation method, which was showed the biological pretreatment was applicable to the complex refractory gold ore.

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Fortin‐Deschênes, Matthieu, Olga Waller, Qi An, Maureen J. Lagos, Gianluigi A. Botton, Hong Guo e Oussama Moutanabbir. "2D Antimony–Arsenic Alloys". Small 16, n. 3 (26 dicembre 2019): 1906540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201906540.

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Andrewes, Paul, William R. Cullen e Elena Polishchuk. "Arsenic and Antimony Biomethylation byScopulariopsis brevicaulis: Interaction of Arsenic and Antimony Compounds". Environmental Science & Technology 34, n. 11 (giugno 2000): 2249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es991269p.

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Bentley, Ronald, e Thomas G. Chasteen. "Microbial Methylation of Metalloids: Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 66, n. 2 (giugno 2002): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.2.250-271.2002.

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SUMMARY A significant 19th century public health problem was that the inhabitants of many houses containing wallpaper decorated with green arsenical pigments experienced illness and death. The problem was caused by certain fungi that grew in the presence of inorganic arsenic to form a toxic, garlic-odored gas. The garlic odor was actually put to use in a very delicate microbiological test for arsenic. In 1933, the gas was shown to be trimethylarsine. It was not until 1971 that arsenic methylation by bacteria was demonstrated. Further research in biomethylation has been facilitated by the development of delicate techniques for the determination of arsenic species. As described in this review, many microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and yeasts) and animals are now known to biomethylate arsenic, forming both volatile (e.g., methylarsines) and nonvolatile (e.g., methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) compounds. The enzymatic mechanisms for this biomethylation are discussed. The microbial conversion of sodium arsenate to trimethylarsine proceeds by alternate reduction and methylation steps, with S-adenosylmethionine as the usual methyl donor. Thiols have important roles in the reductions. In anaerobic bacteria, methylcobalamin may be the donor. The other metalloid elements of the periodic table group 15, antimony and bismuth, also undergo biomethylation to some extent. Trimethylstibine formation by microorganisms is now well established, but this process apparently does not occur in animals. Formation of trimethylbismuth by microorganisms has been reported in a few cases. Microbial methylation plays important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of these metalloid elements and possibly in their detoxification. The wheel has come full circle, and public health considerations are again important.

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Singh, Prit, Sudha Singh, Vishnu D. Gupta e Heinrich Nöth. "Arsenic(III), Antimony (III) and Bismuth(III) Thiobenzoates: Crystal and Molecular Structures of M(SOCR)3 and PhSb(SOCPh)2". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 53, n. 12 (1 dicembre 1998): 1475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1998-1209.

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Abstract Tris-thiobenzoates, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth Tris-thiobenzoates of arsenic, antimony and bismuth, M(SOCR)3 have been obtained from their oxides and characterized. In the X-ray crystal structure determinations of these, the group 15 atom and the three covalently bonded sulfur atoms are found to constitute a trigonal pyramid, the central atoms lie at a C3 axis. In the bismuth complex the thiobenzoate ligand tends to chelate. However, three comparatively short intermolecular M···S interactions are significant features for these molecules resulting in stacking of trigonal prisms providing an essentially six coordinate environment around arsenic and antimony and a nine-coordinate one for bismuth. The structure of PhSb(SOCPh)2 can be considered

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Díaz Gutiérrez, Eduardo, José Antonio Maldonado Calvo, José María Gallardo Fuentes e Antonio Paúl Escolano. "Effect of pH Hydrolysis on the Recovery of Antimony from Spent Electrolytes from Copper Production". Materials 16, n. 11 (23 maggio 2023): 3918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16113918.

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This study examined how pH hydrolysis affects the recovery process for antimony extracted from spent electrolytes. Various OH− reagents were used to adjust the pH levels. The findings reveal that pH plays a crucial role in determining the optimal conditions for extracting antimony. The results show that NH4OH and NaOH are more effective compared to water, with optimal conditions at pH 0.5 for water and pH 1 for NH4OH and NaOH, resulting in average antimony extraction yields of 90.4%, 96.1%, and 96.7%, respectively. Furthermore, this approach helps to improve both crystallography and purity related to recovered antimony samples obtained through recycling processes. The solid precipitates obtained lack a crystalline structure, making it difficult to identify the compounds formed, but element concentrations suggest the presence of oxychloride or oxide compounds. Arsenic is incorporated into all solids, affecting the purity of the product, and water showing higher antimony content (68.38%) and lower arsenic values (8%) compared to NaOH and NH4OH. Bismuth integration into solids is less than arsenic (less than 2%) and remains unaffected by pH levels except in tests with water, where a bismuth hydrolysis product is identified at pH 1, accounting for the observed reduction in antimony extraction yields.

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Ren, Dingkun, Alan C. Farrell e Diana L. Huffaker. "Selective-area InAsSb Nanowires on InP for 3 – 5 μm Mid-wavelength Infrared Optoelectronics". MRS Advances 2, n. 58-59 (2017): 3565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.365.

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ABSTRACT We demonstrate high vertical yield InAs1-xSbx (0 < x ≤ 0.18) nanowire arrays grown on InP (111)B substrates by calalyst-free selective-area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. High antimony composition is achieved by pulsing the arsenic flow to reduce the effective arsenic partial pressure while keeping the antimony partial pressure fixed. This increases the antimony vapor phase composition while allowing the antimony partial pressure to be kept low enough to avoid antimony condensation on the growth mask. InAsSb nanowire arrays show strong emission by photoluminescence at 77 K, covering a wavelength range of 3.77 – 5.08 μm. These results pave the way to engineering optical properties and enabling hybrid integration for nanoscale mid-wavelength infrared optical devices.

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Herberhold, Max, Thomas Triebner e Tristram Chivers. "Arsenic(III) and Antimony(III) Thionylimides". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 46, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1991): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1991-0208.

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The metathetical reactions of potassium thionylimide, KNSO, with arsenic and antimony halides in acetonitrile solution have been used to prepare two series of arsenic and antimony thionylimides, tBu3-nAs(NSO)n and tBu3-nSb(NSO)n, respectively, (n = 3, 2, 1). The tert-butyl- substituted compounds are moisture-sensitive oils. The half-sandwich hydrido-metal complexes CpM(CO)3H react with tBuAs(NSO)2 in THF solution to give the metallo-arsanes [Cp(CO)3M]As(tBu)(NSO) (M = Cr, M o, W).

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Grau-Perez, Maria, Maria J. Caballero-Mateos, Arce Domingo-Relloso, Ana Navas-Acien, Jose L. Gomez-Ariza, Tamara Garcia-Barrera, Montse Leon-Latre et al. "Toxic Metals and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Carotid, Femoral, and Coronary Vascular Territories: The Aragon Workers Health Study". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 42, n. 1 (gennaio 2022): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.121.316358.

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Objective: Studies evaluating the association of metals with subclinical atherosclerosis are mostly limited to carotid arteries. We assessed individual and joint associations of nonessential metals exposure with subclinical atherosclerosis in 3 vascular territories. Approach and Results: One thousand eight hundred seventy-three Aragon Workers Health Study participants had urinary determinations of inorganic arsenic species, barium, cadmium, chromium, antimony, titanium, uranium, vanadium, and tungsten. Plaque presence in carotid and femoral arteries was determined by ultrasound. Coronary Agatston calcium score ≥1 was determined by computed tomography scan. Median arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, antimony, titanium, uranium, vanadium, and tungsten levels were 1.83, 1.98, 0.27, 1.18, 0.05, 9.8, 0.03, 0.66, and 0.23 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for subclinical atherosclerosis presence in at least one territory was 1.25 (1.03–1.51) for arsenic, 1.67 (1.22–2.29) for cadmium, and 1.26 (1.04–1.52) for titanium. These associations were driven by arsenic and cadmium in carotid, cadmium and titanium in femoral, and titanium in coronary territories and mostly remained after additional adjustment for the other relevant metals. Titanium, cadmium, and antimony also showed positive associations with alternative definitions of increased coronary calcium. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression analysis simultaneously evaluating metal associations suggested an interaction between arsenic and the joint cadmium-titanium exposure. Conclusions: Our results support arsenic and cadmium and identify titanium and potentially antimony as atherosclerosis risk factors. Exposure reduction and mitigation interventions of these metals may decrease cardiovascular risk in individuals without clinical disease.

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Zhou, Cheng Ying, Wei Qu, Wen Juan Li e Liu Lu Cai. "Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth in Chemical Materials by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry". Key Engineering Materials 723 (dicembre 2016): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.579.

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Arsenic, antimony and bismuth in gold ores were simultaneously determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with spectral lines of 188.980, 206.834 and 223.061nm as analytical line respectively, under preset instrumental parameters. The linear range of the method for arsenic, antimony and bismuth was 0~80ug/mL and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99995. The detection limit for arsenic, antimony and bismuth was 2.87, 1.63 and 0.84ug/g respectively. The results of this method are consistent with the national standard method, and the relative error is less than 1.5%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of this method is better than 5.0% (n=11) with good accuracy and precision. ICP-OES can be used for simultaneous determination of multiple elements and is suitable to the analysis of large quantities of samples.

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Lee, Seung-Hun, Jinwook Chung e Yong-Woo Lee. "Adsorption Removal Characteristics of Hazardous Metalloids (Antimony and Arsenic) According to Their Ionic Properties". Water 16, n. 5 (4 marzo 2024): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16050767.

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Antimony and arsenic, which have a high carcinogenicity, should be removed depending on their ionic charge in water. Therefore, we attempted to confirm the adsorption characteristics of antimony and arsenic considering ionic charge to improve removal efficiency. We used palm-based activated carbon (PAC), coal-based activated carbon (CAC), modified activated carbon (MAC), styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (SP825), activated alumina (AA), and zeolite as adsorbents for antimony and arsenic. Negatively charged adsorbents (CAC, PAC, MAC, and zeolite) with similar zeta potentials showed better removal efficiency as the surface area increased. However, SP825, which is almost neutral, and AA, which is positively charged, exhibited a high removal efficiency (100%) for arsenic and Sb(V), which are anions, regardless of surface area. However, due to the price, coal-based activated carbon or palm-based activated carbon is considered more advantageous than using AA or SP825. Last, during the arsenic adsorption process, As(III) was oxidized to As(V) due to Fe(II) contained in activated carbon. The addition of activated carbon can improve oxidation efficiencies of As(III) before coagulation and precipitation, in which As(V) is easier to remove than As(III).

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Galbán, Javier, Jesus Vela, Maria T. Martínez Soria, Maria Aured e Juan R. Castillo. "Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic(III) and Antimony(III) by Ozone-Induced Gas-Phase Chemiluminescence". Applied Spectroscopy 49, n. 6 (giugno 1995): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964543.

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A combined hydride-generation/gas-phase chemiluminescence (HG-GPCL) method for the determination of arsenic(III) and antimony(III) by using a conventional luminometer is proposed. The method was optimized in terms of the type of reaction chamber, the instrumental settings, and the hydride generation and reaction conditions used. It provides a linear response to As(III) and Sb(III) above a concentration of 0.05 and 0.50 mg L−1, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of ∼3% for both species. Arsenic and antimony can thus be determined simultaneously by (1) their differential effect on the signal obtained with an optical filter placed between the reaction chamber and detector, or (2) the difference between the peak height/peak area ratio of the transient signal for their hydrides. Both procedures were applied to the determination of arsenic and antimony in various synthetic aqueous samples with good accuracy and precision. The effect of potential interferences including anionic and hydride-forming inorganic species was investigated.

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Aracena, Alvaro, Miguel Véliz, Oscar Jerez, Eduardo Balladares e Manuel Pérez-Tello. "An Overview of the Behavior of Concentrates with Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth under Roasting Conditions". Minerals 13, n. 7 (14 luglio 2023): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13070942.

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It is well-known that the mining industry in Chile and the world is searching for eco-friendly, highly efficient mineral treatments. This is because the content of toxic elements such as arsenic, antimony, and bismuth have increased in the copper concentrates in the last years. This trend has affected the market of this metal, as well as increased the potential of producing solid wastes that represent a threat to the environment. In this paper, a review on the fundamentals of the current treatments aimed at removing arsenic, antimony, and bismuth from copper concentrates under roasting conditions is presented. The literature survey included the research conducted from 2000 until now and is focused on the different types of roasting of copper concentrates reported in the literature. A summary of the experimental conditions and major findings of each work is discussed. Depending on the type of roasting, the behavior of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth species during the experiments is analyzed.

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Rusalev, Rostislav, Denis Rogozhnikov, Oleg Dizer, Dmitry Golovkin e Kirill Karimov. "Development of a Two-Stage Hydrometallurgical Process for Gold–Antimony Concentrate Treatment from the Olimpiadinskoe Deposit". Materials 16, n. 13 (1 luglio 2023): 4767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134767.

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An integrated two-stage metallurgical process has been developed to process concentrates from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit, which contain high levels of antimony and arsenic. The optimal parameters for the alkaline sulfide leaching process of the initial concentrate from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit were determined to achieve the maximum extraction of antimony at a 99% level. The recommended parameters include an L:S ratio of 4.5:1, a sodium sulfide concentration of 61 g/L, a sodium hydroxide concentration of 16.5 g/L, a duration of 3 h, and a temperature of 50 °C. A synergistic effect of co-processing alkaline sulfide leach cakes with sulfuric and nitric acids was observed. The pre-treatment step reduced the nitric acid composition by converting carbonates into gypsum and increased the arsenic extraction by 15% during subsequent nitric acid leaching. The laboratory research on the nitric acid leaching of decarbonized cake established the key parameters for the maximum iron and arsenic extraction in solution (92% and 98%, respectively), including an L:S ratio of 9:1, a nitric acid concentration of 6 mol/L, and a time of 90 min. Full polynomial equations for the iron and arsenic extraction from the decarbonized cake were derived. The model demonstrated a high relevance, as evidenced by the determination coefficients (R2) of 96.7% for iron and 93.2% for arsenic. The technology also achieved a high gold recovery rate of 95% from the two-stage alkaline sulfide and nitric acid leach cake. Furthermore, the maximum deposition of arsenic from the nitrate leach solution in the form of insoluble As2S3 was determined to be 99.9%. A basic technological flow sheet diagram for processing the flotation gold–antimony concentrate from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit was developed, including two stages: the production of metallic antimony and the gold extraction from the nitric leach cake.

24

Fernández, Matilde, Bertrand Morel, Juan L. Ramos e Tino Krell. "Paralogous Regulators ArsR1 and ArsR2 of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 as a Basis for Arsenic Biosensor Development". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, n. 14 (6 maggio 2016): 4133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00606-16.

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ABSTRACTThe remarkable metal resistance of many microorganisms is related to the presence of multiple metal resistance operons.Pseudomonas putidaKT2440 can be considered a model for these microorganisms since its arsenic resistance is due to the action of proteins encoded by the two paralogous arsenic resistance operons ARS1 and ARS2. Both operons contain the genes encoding the transcriptional regulators ArsR1 and ArsR2 that control operon expression. We show here that purified ArsR1 and ArsR2 bind the trivalent salt of arsenic (arsenite) with similar affinities (~30 μM), whereas no binding is observed for the pentavalent salt (arsenate). Furthermore, trivalent salts of bismuth and antimony showed binding to both paralogues. The positions of cysteines, found to bind arsenic in other homologues, indicate that ArsR1 and ArsR2 employ different modes of arsenite recognition. Both paralogues are dimeric and possess significant thermal stability. Both proteins were used to construct whole-cell,lacZ-based biosensors. Whereas responses to bismuth were negligible, significant responses were observed for arsenite, arsenate, and antimony. Biosensors based on theP. putidaarsB1 arsB2arsenic efflux pump double mutant were significantly more sensitive than biosensors based on the wild-type strain. This sensitivity enhancement by pump mutation may be a convenient strategy for the construction of other biosensors. A frequent limitation found for other arsenic biosensors was their elevated background signal and interference by inorganic phosphate. The constructed biosensors show no interference by inorganic phosphate, are characterized by a very low background signal, and were found to be suitable to analyze environmental samples.IMPORTANCEArsenic is at the top of the priority list of hazardous compounds issued by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease. The reason for the stunning arsenic resistance of many microorganisms is the existence of paralogous arsenic resistance operons.Pseudomonas putidaKT2440 is a model organism for such bacteria, and their duplicatedarsoperons and in particular their ArsR transcription regulators have been studied in depth byin vivoapproaches. Here we present an analysis of both purified ArsR paralogues by different biophysical techniques, and data obtained provide valuable insight into their structure and function. Particularly insightful was the comparison of ArsR effector profiles determined byin vitroandin vivoexperimentation. We also report the use of both paralogues to construct robust and highly sensitive arsenic biosensors. Our finding that the deletion of both arsenic efflux pumps significantly increases biosensor sensitivity is of general relevance in the biosensor field.

25

Čerňanský, Slavomír, Alexandra Šimonovičová, Jana Juhásová e Milan Semerád. "Bioleaching of Arsenic and Antimony from Mining Waste". Acta Environmentalica Universitatis Comenianae 24, n. 1 (1 marzo 2016): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aeuc-2016-0001.

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AbstractThis paper is a contribution to quantification of bio-leached arsenic and antimony from mining waste collected from impoundment in Slovinky (Slovakia). Autochtonous fungal strain Aspergillus niger was used in all bioleaching experiments. The contents of arsenic and antimony in two different samples from the impoundment were 294.7 and 328.2 mg.kg−1 As and 225.3 and 285.7 mg.kg−1 Sb, respectively. After 21-day cultivation of Aspergillus niger on such contaminated substrates, this strain was capable to bioleach, bioaccumulate and biovolatilize both toxic elements.

26

Pyen, Grace S., Stephen Long e Richard F. Browner. "System Optimization for the Automatic Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Selenium, and Antimony, Using Hydride Generation Introduction to an Inductively Coupled Plasma". Applied Spectroscopy 40, n. 2 (febbraio 1986): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864509376.

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A fixed-size simplex has been used to determine the optimum conditions for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, selenium, and antimony by hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The variables selected for the simplex were carrier gas flow rate, rf power, viewing height, and reagent conditions. The detection limit for selenium was comparable to the preoptimized case, but there were twofold and fourfold improvements in the detection limits for arsenic and antimony, respectively. Precision of the technique was assessed with the use of artificially prepared water samples.

27

Supriyanto, Ganden, e Jürgen Simon. "A NOVEL METHOD OF THE HYDRIDE SEPARATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY BY AAS". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 6, n. 2 (14 giugno 2010): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21752.

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A novel method is proposed for the hydride separation when determinining of arsenic and antimony by AAS. A chromatomembrane cell was used as preconcentration-, extraction- and separation-manifold instead of the U-tube phase separator, which is normally fitted in continuous flow vapour systems generating conventionaly the hydrides. The absorbances of the hydrides produced were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer at 193.7 nm and 217.6 nm. Under optimized analytical conditions, the calibration plot for arsenic was linear from 50 to 500 ng.mL-1 (r2 = 0.9982). The precision for three subsequent measurements of 500 ng.mL-1 arsenic gave rise to a relative standard deviation of 0.4%. The detection limit was 15 ng.mL-1, which is much lower compared with that of the conventional hydride system (2000 ng.mL-1). A similar result was observed in case of antimony: the detection limit was 8 ng.mL-1 when the proposed method was applied. Consequently, the sensitivity of the novel method surpasses systems with conventional hydride generation, i.e. the precision and the acuracy increase whereas the standard deviation and the detection limit decrease. The proposed method was applied in pharmacheutial analysis and the certified As-content of a commercial product was very sufficiently confirmed. Keywords: Chromatomembrane Cell, Hydride separation, Arsenic detection, Antimony detection, AAS

28

Terlikbayeva, A. Zh, A. O. Sydykov, F. A. Berdikulova e E. A. Mazulevsky. "Producing Metallic Antimony with Low Arsenic Content from Antimony Concentrate". Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 59, n. 3 (maggio 2018): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1067821218030124.

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29

WANG, Ke, Qin-meng WANG, Yuan-lin CHEN, Zhong-chen LI e Xue-yi GUO. "Antimony and arsenic substance flow analysis in antimony pyrometallurgical process". Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 33, n. 7 (luglio 2023): 2216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(23)66254-5.

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30

Kapoor, Ramesh, Poonam Wadhawan e Pratibha Kapoor. "Preparation, properties, and characterization of methanesulfonato complexes of arsenic(III), antimony (III), and bismuth(III)". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, n. 6 (1 giugno 1987): 1195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-200.

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Arsenic(III), antimony (III), and bismuth(III) oxides, sodium arsenite and bismuthate react with methanesulfonic anhydride, (CH3)2S2O5, to yield M(SO3CH3)3 (M = As(III), Sb(III), and Bi(III)), Na[AsO(SO3CH3)2], and Na[Bi(SO3CH3)4], respectively, in quantitative yield. Reaction of arsenic(III) oxide with pure methanesulfonic acid yields oxo(methanesulfonato)arsenic(III), AsO(SO3CH3), which behaves as a non-electrolyte in 100% methanesulfonic acid. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, conductance, infrared, 1H nmr and thermal measurements. Their properties have been studied by ligand substitution and complex formation reactions. The M(SO3CH3)3 (M = As(III), Sb(III), and Bi(III)) compounds are capable of functioning both as Lewis acids and bases. These compounds exhibit basic behaviour in 100% methanesulfonic acid. The synthesis of complex mathanesulfonates Cs[M(SO3CH3)4] (M = As(III), Sb(III), and Bi(III)) is also described.

31

Mitevska, N., e Zivan Zivkovic. "Thermodynamics of As, Sb and Bi distribution during reverb furnace smelting". Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 38, n. 1-2 (2002): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0202093m.

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The results of thermodynamic analysis of arsenic, antimony and bismuth distribution between copper matte and discard slag in reverberatory smelting at 1573 K are shown in this paper. On the basis of chemical analysis of the melt samples taken during stable operation of the reverb furnace No.2 in the Copper Smelter and Refinery, RTB Bor (Yugoslavia), the distribution coefficients of As, Sb, and Bi between copper matte and slag are calculated. The influence of the matte grade on the minor element distribution coefficients between copper matte and slag is also analyzed, as well as arsenic, antimony and bismuth distribution in slag.

32

Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska, Ewa, Donata Wawrzycka e Robert Wysocki. "Arsenic and Antimony Transporters in Eukaryotes". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, n. 3 (15 marzo 2012): 3527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033527.

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33

Lynam, Jason M. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth". Annual Reports Section "A" (Inorganic Chemistry) 108 (2012): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ic90026b.

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34

Lynam, Jason M. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth". Annual Reports Section "A" (Inorganic Chemistry) 102 (2006): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b508251j.

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35

Lynam, Jason M. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth". Annual Reports Section "A" (Inorganic Chemistry) 105 (2009): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b818150k.

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36

Lynam, Jason M. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth". Annual Reports Section "A" (Inorganic Chemistry) 106 (2010): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b918370c.

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37

Lynam, Jason M. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth". Annual Reports Section "A" (Inorganic Chemistry) 103 (2007): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b612608c.

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38

Lynam, Jason M. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth". Annual Reports Section "A" (Inorganic Chemistry) 104 (2008): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b716564c.

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39

Protasiewicz, John D. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth". Annual Reports Section "A" (Inorganic Chemistry) 109 (2013): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ic90011h.

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40

Lynam, Jason M. "Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth". Annual Reports Section "A" (Inorganic Chemistry) 107 (2011): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ic90015c.

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41

Zeng, Gui Sheng, Hui Li, Su Hua Chen, Xin Man Tu e Wen Bin Wang. "Leaching Kinetics and Seperation of Antimony and Arsenic from Arsenic Alkali Residue". Advanced Materials Research 402 (novembre 2011): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.57.

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Abstract (sommario):

The separation of antimony and arsenic and leaching kinetics of arsenic from arsenic alkali residue were investigated. The influencing factors such as solid/liquid ratio, stir speed, temperature and time on leaching of arsenic were studied. The results show that the leaching rate reaches 87.75% at the condition of solid/liquid ratio of 1:4 , stir speed of 600r/min ,temperature of 90°C and time of 60min. The leaching process was controlled by the surface chemical reaction and the kinetics of leaching arsenic followed the model of shrinking core. The activation energy was found to be 666.57kJ/mol. The kinetics equation was expressed as shrinking core model.

42

Kou, Liangzhi, Yandong Ma, Xin Tan, Thomas Frauenheim, Aijun Du e Sean Smith. "Structural and Electronic Properties of Layered Arsenic and Antimony Arsenide". Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, n. 12 (13 marzo 2015): 6918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02096.

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43

Jenkins, R. O., T.-A. Morris, P. J. Craig, W. Goessler, N. Ostah e K. M. Wills. "Evaluation of cot mattress inner foam as a potential site for microbial generation of toxic gases". Human & Experimental Toxicology 19, n. 12 (dicembre 2000): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032700670028460.

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Recent reports of biovolatilisation of phosphorus and antimony by anaerobic bacteria and of leaching of phosphorus and antimony fire-retardant additives from PVC cot mattress covers, indicate that the polyurethane inner-foam of cot mattresses could be a site for generation of toxic gases of group 15 elements. A toxic gas hypothesis for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) involving polyurethane foam of cot mattresses was proposed and tested experimentally. Levels of antimony, phosphorus, arsenic and bismuth were determined at four sites for 44 SIDS and 50 control (no death) cot mattress foams. There was no evidence to suggest that the levels of these elements in cot mattress foam have a causal relation to SIDS. Leaching of antimony trioxide from PVC mattress covers could account for detectable levels of this element in 52% of the cot mattress samples analysed. Volatile forms of antimony, phosphorus, arsenic and bismuth was not detected in the headspace of mixed or monoseptic cultures of anaerobic bacteria containing polyurethane foam. Past microbial activity had given rise to involatile methylated species of antimony in some of the cot mattress foams tested (61%, n = 24). Abiotic oxidation of biogenic trimethylatimony together with physical adsorption of methylantmony forms to the polyurethane foam matrix could account for the apparent absence of “escaped” volatile antimony species in culture headspaces of incubation vial. There was no evidence to suggest that levels of trimethylantimony or total methylantimony forms in cot mattress foams have a causal relation to SIDS.

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De Paolis, Angelo, Monica De Caroli, Makarena Rojas, Lorenzo Maria Curci, Gabriella Piro e Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano. "Evaluation of Dittrichia viscosa Aquaporin Nip1.1 Gene as Marker for Arsenic-Tolerant Plant Selection". Plants 11, n. 15 (28 luglio 2022): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11151968.

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Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter is gaining attention for its high genetic plasticity and ability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions, including heavy metal and metalloid pollution. Uptake and translocation of cadmium, copper, iron, nickel, lead, and zinc to the shoots have been characterized, but its performance with arsenic is less known and sometimes contradictory. Tolerance to As is not related to a reduced uptake, but the null mutation of the aquaporin Nip1.1 gene in Arabidopsis makes the plant completely resistant to the metalloid. This aquaporin, localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, is responsible for arsenite and antimony (Sb) membrane permeation, but the uptake of arsenite occurs also in the null mutant, suggesting a more sophisticated action mechanism than direct uptake. In this study, the DvNip1 gene homologue is cloned and its expression profile in roots and shoots is characterized in different arsenic stress conditions. The use of clonal lines allowed to evidence that DvNip1.1 expression level is influenced by arsenic stress. The proportion of gene expression in roots and shoots can be used to generate an index that appears to be a promising putative selection marker to predict arsenic-resistant lines of Dittrichia viscosa plants.

45

Terlikbayeva, A. Zh, A. O. Sydykov, F. A. Berdikulova e E. A. Mazulevsky. "PRODUCING METALLIC ANTIMONY WITH THE LOW ARSENIC CONTENT FROM ANTIMONY CONCENTRATE". Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Proceedings of Higher Schools Nonferrous Metallurgy, n. 2 (18 aprile 2018): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2018-2-28-33.

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46

Xiao, Fa Xin, Dao Cao, Jian Wei Mao e Xiao Ni Shen. "Mechanism of Precipitate Removal of Arsenic and Bismuth Impurities from Copper Electrolyte by Antimony". Advanced Materials Research 402 (novembre 2011): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.51.

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This paper aims to discover the mechanism of removal of arsenic and bismuth from copper electrolyte under the function of antimony. The precipitate was obtained from a synthetic copper electrolyte containing 185g/L sulfuric acid, 45g/LCu2+, 10g/LAs, 0.5g/LBi and 1.2g/LSb. The structure, morphology and component of the precipitate are clarified by methods of chemical analysis, SEM, XRD, TEM and IR spectroscopy. The precipitate consists of 27.08% arsenic, 15.12% antimony, 12.08% bismuth. There are many irregular blocks, and dendritic particles on the surface.The characteristic bands in the IR spectra of the precipitate are O–H, As–OH, As–O, As–OX (X=As, Sb, Bi), Sb–OH and O–As–O. The precipitate is a mixture of microcrystalline of BiSb2O7, Bi12As2O23, SbAsO4 and (Sb,As)2O3 by XRD and electronic diffraction. The impurities of As, Sb and Bi are removed from copper electrolyte by antimony attributing to these precipitate.

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Wu, Debo, e Thomas Pichler. "Simultaneous speciation analysis of As, Sb and Se redox couples by SF-ICP-MS coupled to HPLC". Anal. Methods 6, n. 14 (2014): 5112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay01013b.

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Ghosh, Ayan, Debashree Manna e Tapan K. Ghanty. "Prediction of neutral noble gas insertion compounds with heavier pnictides: FNgY (Ng = Kr and Xe; Y = As, Sb and Bi)". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, n. 17 (2016): 12289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp01338d.

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49

Volodin, Valeriy, Alina Nitsenko, Xeniya Linnik e Sergey Trebukhov. "Distribution of Rare Elements in Distillation Processing of Polymetallic Matte". Metals 13, n. 12 (24 novembre 2023): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13121934.

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The results of studies on the distribution of rare elements among the products of distillation processing of polymetallic mattes are present in this article. Schemes of the developed technological equipment for the implementation of the extraction processes of rare elements via the vacuum distillation of mattes are presented. Technological tests were performed with a matte of lead, copper, and antimony plants at 1100–1250 °C and a pressure of up to 700 Pa. It was established that As, Cd, Bi, In, and Ge, by more than 90% in total, are extracted into condensate and dust in the distillation process of volatile components from mattes of lead production. At the same time, antimony is distributed between the distillate residue and condensate. Antimony by 90.47%, arsenic by 78.83% and cadmium by 98.72% are distributed into sulfide condensate and dust in the distillation of copper production matte. From the matte of the antimony plant, Sb and Bi (90.76% and 89.78%, respectively) are transferred into the condensate and cyclone dust. Arsenic is distributed between the liquid and vapor phases. Based on calculations, Se and Te will be mainly concentrated in the distillation residue. High-grade copper mattes obtained in processing mattes from lead and copper plants can be further used to obtain metallic copper by converting. The condensate and dust can be processed separately or with the dust of the mainline production for rare metal extraction. Antimony matte processing condensate containing more than 70% Sb can be directed to the process of crude antimony refining.

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Li, Jingxin, Qian Wang, Ronald S. Oremland, Thomas R. Kulp, Christopher Rensing e Gejiao Wang. "Microbial Antimony Biogeochemistry: Enzymes, Regulation, and Related Metabolic Pathways". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, n. 18 (24 giugno 2016): 5482–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01375-16.

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ABSTRACTAntimony (Sb) is a toxic metalloid that occurs widely at trace concentrations in soil, aquatic systems, and the atmosphere. Nowadays, with the development of its new industrial applications and the corresponding expansion of antimony mining activities, the phenomenon of antimony pollution has become an increasingly serious concern. In recent years, research interest in Sb has been growing and reflects a fundamental scientific concern regarding Sb in the environment. In this review, we summarize the recent research on bacterial antimony transformations, especially those regarding antimony uptake, efflux, antimonite oxidation, and antimonate reduction. We conclude that our current understanding of antimony biochemistry and biogeochemistry is roughly equivalent to where that of arsenic was some 20 years ago. This portends the possibility of future discoveries with regard to the ability of microorganisms to conserve energy for their growth from antimony redox reactions and the isolation of new species of “antimonotrophs.”

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