Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Arrente language"

Central Arrernte is the language of an area centred on the present-day town of Alice Springs, in Central Australia. It is one of a group of dialects or closely-related languages spoken or formerly spoken over most of the southeast quarter of the Northern Territory and extending on the east side into the far-western part of Queensland; a slightly less closely-related language extends south into the north-central part of South Australia. They include varieties using the names Anmatyerr, Alyawarr and Antekerrepenh as well as several varieties using the name Arrernte with (nowadays) English geographical qualifiers. The major surviving varieties, Eastern, Central and Western Arrernte, Eastern and Western Anmatyerr, Southern and Northern Alyawarr each have several hundred to a thousand speakers, and are still being learned by many of the children, who grow up bilingual (in English) or multilingual. Breen (2001) is a brief introduction to the phonology of these languages.

When children change cultures through adoption, they experience a transition from a birth first language to a new adoptive first language. Because adoptive families rarely speak the birth language, use of that language arrests at the time of adoption and undergoes attrition while the child learns the new adopted language. During this process, internationally adopted children have limited abilities in both languages. This makes it difficult to determine which children require speech and language services, and which will learn the new language spontaneously over time. This article reviews information on arrested language development in bilingual children and applies it to the internationally adopted child. The influence of cross-linguistic patterns of transfer and interference in infants and toddlers is explored, along with the medical and developmental risks associated with children adopted from orphanages. The primary goal of this article is to help professionals understand post-adoption language learning issues affecting internationally adopted children, as well as the impact of preadoption history on those developmental processes.

A major component of in the effort to reduce domestic violence in our communities has been a vigorous criminal justice response, one that holds perpetrators accountable for their actions and helps victims feel safe. In light of research finding higher rates of arrest per calls made to police and a corresponding decline in domestic violence crimes, mandatory arrest and pro-arrest laws were initially welcomed by advocates. When, however, it was apparent that these same laws led to a large number of dual arrests, and a proportionately greater increase in arrests of women compared to men, advocates started calling for primary aggressor or dominant aggressor laws. These laws, adopted in several states, including California, direct police officers to consider context and abuse history so that victims are not wrongfully arrested. A review of the relevant literature is conducted, as well as an examination of two law enforcement training programs, suggesting that primary aggressor and dominant aggressor laws, although written in gender-neutral language, are gender biased (mostly against men), are difficult to properly implement, and may, at times, be counterproductive in reducing domestic violence. Alternatives are then presented for consideration.

The learning of a second language before the primary language is fully developed may result in arrested development or loss of proficiency in the first language. Therefore, the finding that a child is delayed in both languages does not necessarily mean that the child has a language disorder. This article presents a case study of a child who was classified as communication disabled but seems to have suffered from language loss or arrested development of the primary language (Spanish) before attaining full competence in English. The child experienced a temporary delay of development in both languages but eventually mastered English.

Object. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of how multiple languages are represented in the human brain, the authors studied bilingual patients who underwent surgery for brain tumors, during which the authors mapped cortical language sites by using electrostimulation. Methods. Reading, counting, and word retrieval tasks were studied in 12 right-handed bilingual patients with no language deficit. All bilingual patients were native to France. One patient spoke four languages. The patients constituted a nonhomogeneous group in terms of language proficiency or age of acquisition. Languages were evaluated and classified into three major groups, depending on proficiency and date of acquisition. Strict conditions of language site validation were applied, separating typical anomia sites from speech arrest or other language sites (such as hesitation sites). A total of 30 speech arrest sites, 16 anomia sites, and three sites of language difficulties (not typically classified as speech arrest) were found throughout the 26 language studies performed. Strict overlapping of language areas (for all language tasks) was found in five patients, whereas the remaining seven had at least one area that was language-specific and sometimes task-specific. Specific areas for a particular language were found for word retrieval tasks (anomia) in eight sites (50%) but also in six (20%) of the reading or counting sites (speech arrest), either in frontal (three patients) or in temporoparietal (four patients) regions. Among the four early bilingual patients tested (languages acquired before the age of 7 years), three had language-specific cortical areas. Interestingly, six patients in this series who had a discrepancy between two languages did not have more cortical areas devoted to the less proficient language (with acknowledgment of the limit in cortical exposure available for testing by the craniotomy). Conclusions. In this series, the authors found that bilingual patients could have common but also different cortical areas for both languages in temporoparietal areas and in frontal areas. In some cases, the authors found that language tasks such as counting, reading, or word retrieval in different languages can be sustained by language- and task-specific cortical areas. In bilingual patients, cortical mapping should ideally be performed using different language tasks in all languages in which the patient is fluent.

The Australian language Arrernte has been argued by Breen & Pensalfini (1999) and Evans & Levinson (2009) to present a case of VC syllabification with coda maximisation, rather than CV syllabification with onset maximisation. In this paper we demonstrate that greater insights into a number of phenomena are achieved when they are analysed with CV syllabification and onset consonants that are moraic, a possibility independently proposed for a wide range of languages by Topintzi (2010). We review a range of evidence from phonetic studies, acquisition and musicology that points towards CV syllabification in Arrernte, and analyse allomorphy, stress assignment, reduplication and the transpositional language game ‘Rabbit Talk’ in terms of reference to moraic structure. The results lend themselves to new directions in the analysis of Arrernte, and provide further evidence for moraic onsets in prosodic morphology.

That syllable onsets are present in all languages is widely regarded as axiomatic, and the preference for syllabifying consonants as onsets over codas is considered a linguistic universal. The Central Australian language Arrernte provides the strongest possible counterevidence to this universal, with phenomena generally used to determine syllabification suggesting that all consonants in Arrernte are syllabified as codas at the word level. Attempts to explain the Arrernte facts in terms of syllables with onsets either make the wrong predictions or require proposals that render the putative onset universal unfalsifiable.

The evaluation of a child who is a second language learner should include an evaluation of the primary language (e.g., Spanish) as well as English. However, the discovery that a child is deficient in both languages does not necessarily mean that the child is not a normal language learner. The dialect and other variations of the language used in the child’s home may be different from the standard language used in the assessment. Furthermore, the learning of a second language before competency in the first language is fully developed may result in arrested development or loss of proficiency in the primary language. This negative effect on the primary language occurs most often if the native language is devalued.

This paper presents electropalatography (EPG) data from two female speakers of Central Arrernte, a language with six places of articulation, including four coronal contrasts. Both speakers were recorded reading the same list of words using two different types of artificial palate: the standard Reading palate, and the new Articulate palate. Data are presented from seventeen lingual consonants of this language. It is suggested that since the Articulate palate provides more coverage of the velar and dental regions, it may be able to better capture the crucial laminal and apical distinctions that exist in Australian languages such as Central Arrernte. However, caution is advised in interpreting the results from the two different types of artificial palate, since for many consonants, palatograms as well as values for standard analysis measures differ greatly between the two palate types.

Abstract Direct electrical stimulation, the transient ‘lesional’ method probing brain function, has been utilized in identifying the language cortex and preserving language function during epilepsy and neuro-oncological surgeries for about a century. However, comparison of functional maps of the language cortex across languages/continents based on cortical stimulation remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective multicentre study including four cohorts of direct electrical stimulation mapping from four centres across three continents, where three indigenous languages (English, French and Mandarin) are spoken. All subjects performed the two most common language tasks: number counting and picture naming during stimulation. All language sites were recorded and normalized to the same brain template. Next, Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed to explore the consistency of the distributions of the language cortex across centres, a kernel density estimation to localize the peak coordinates, and a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to detect the crucial epicenters. A total of 598 subjects with 917 speech arrest sites (complete interruption of ongoing counting) and 423 anomia sites (inability to name or misnaming) were included. Different centres presented highly consistent distribution patterns for speech arrest (Spearman’s coefficient r ranged from 0.60 to 0.85, all pair-wise correlations P < 0.05), and similar patterns for anomia (Spearman’s coefficient r ranged from 0.37 to 0.80). The combinational speech arrest map was divided into four clusters: cluster 1 mainly located in the ventral precentral gyrus and pars opercularis, which contained the peak of speech arrest in the ventral precentral gyrus; cluster 2 in the ventral and dorsal precentral gyrus; cluster 3 in the supplementary motor area; cluster 4 in the posterior superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus. The anomia map revealed two clusters: one was in the posterior part of the superior and middle temporal gyri, which peaked at the posterior superior temporal gyrus; and the other within the inferior frontal gyrus, peaked at the pars triangularis. This study constitutes the largest series to date of language maps generated from direct electrical stimulation mapping. The consistency of data provides evidence for common language networks across languages, in the context of both speech and naming circuit. Our results not only clinically offer an atlas for language mapping and protection, but also scientifically provide better insight into the functional organization of language networks.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2006.
A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, School of Communication Arts, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliography.

This thesis is about the depth of colonisation through translation. I develop an analytic framework that explores colonisation and translation using the trope of romantic love and an experimental textual construction incorporating translation and historical reconstruction. Utilising both the first and the final drafts of “Chapter X, Songs of Human Beauty and Love-charms” in Songs of Central Australia, by T. Strehlow, I show how that text, written over thirty years and comprised of nine drafts, can be described as a translation mediated by the colonising syntax and grammar. My interest lies in developing a novel textual technique to attempt to illustrate this problem so as to allow an insight into the perspective of a colonised person. This has involved a re-examination of translation as something other than a transtemporal structure predicated on direct equivalence, understanding it instead as something that fictionalises and reinvents the language that it purports to represent. It begins by establishing an understanding of the historical context in which the translated text is situated, from both objective and personal viewpoints, and then foregrounds the grammatical perspective of the argument. Utilising the techniques and processes of multiple translation, Internet-based translation software, creative writing and historical reconstruction, it continues to consider the role of imagination and begins the construction of a visceral argument whereby the reader is encouraged to experience a cognitive shift similar to that understood by the colonised other, which is revealed in a fictional autobiography written by an imagined other. It concludes by considering the coloniser within the same context, using, as an example T. Strehlow, who had a unique understanding of the Arrernte language. Tracking his extensive alterations, revisions and excisions within his drafts of Chapter X, this thesis traces a textual history of change, theorising that the translator, no matter how "authentic", is as much translated by the text as she or he is a translator of the text.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 1999.
Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 16, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 1999; thesis submitted 1998. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

Предмет истраживања и рада на докторској дисертацији „Нове алтернативе казни затвора у кривичном законодавству Републике Србије“ представља анализа појма, садржаја, услова за изрицање, извршења и ефеката нових алтернативних кривичних санкција и мера. Прописивањем нових алтернатива казни затвора новелирано кривично законодавство Републике Србије сврстава се у ред савремених кривичноправних система које карактерише успостављање хуманијих начина реаговања на блаже облике криминалног понашања и развој алтернативног концепта кажњавања учинилаца лакших кривичних дела.Циљ истраживања представља критичка анализа нормативног садржаја нових алтернатива казни затвора у српском кривичном законодавству и компаративна нормативна анализа решења из упоредних система, преиспитивање усклађености легислативних решења са основним стандардима у овој области представљеним у међународним актима Уједињених нација и Савета Европе, утврђивање делотворности и ефеката примене нових алтернатива казни затвора у нашем кривичноправном систему, преиспитивање оправданости увођења и реалних домета нових алтернатива казни затвора у супростављању блажим облицима криминалитета, као и утврђивање утицаја њихове примене на функционисање целокупног система кривичног правосуђа у Републици Србији.Структуру докторске дисертације чини седам поглавља у којима су обрађена најзначајнија питања која се односе на прописивање и примену нових алтернатива казни затвора. Први део посвећен је утврђивању појма и разлозима настанка нових алтернативних кривичних санкција и мера, као одговора на „кризу казне затвора“. У другом делу разматрају се традиционалне алтернативе овој казни и утврђује њихов домен примене у нашем кривичноправном систему. Трећи део посвећен је настанку и развоју нових алтернатива казни затвора у упоредном праву, а четврти најзначајнијим међународним актима у области прописивања и примене нових алтернатива казни затвора. Пети, централни, део истраживања представљају нове алтернативне кривичне санкције у нашем кривичном законодавству: рад у јавном интересу, кућни затвор, казна одузимања возачкеНове алтернативе казни затвора у кривичном законодавству Републике СрбијеXIдозволе и систем новчане казне у дневним износима, односно њихова теоријска и критичка нормативна анализа, као и утврђивање ефеката њихове досадашње примене и утицаја на функционисање система кривичног правосуђа. У шестом делу анализирају се специфичне нове алтернативне мере у упоредном праву којима се потенцијално може остварити алтернација изрицања казне затвора, односно извршења казне у пенитенцијарној установи, док је седми део посвећен специфичним алтернативним мерама у нашем кривичноправном систему, односно новим основама за ослобођење учиниоца од казне, стварном кајању и поравнању учиниоца и оштећеног (жртве), институту условног отпуста, начелу опортунитета кривичног гоњења и кућном притвору.У складу са постављеним циљевима овог научног истраживања, а након свеобухватне анализе предмета проучавања и на основу лонгитудиналног истраживања изречених и извршених нових алтернативна казни затвора у периоду десетогодишње примене, потврђене су и научно објашњене две основне и шест радних хипотеза.У закључним разматрањима докторске дисертације сублимирају се резултати истраживања и представљају предлози de lege ferenda, како би се у измењеном нормативном и институционалном оквиру омогућила ефикаснија примена нових алтернатива казни затвора у пракси кривичног правосуђа, али и остварио утицај на делотворније функционисање кривичноправног система у Републици Србији.Кључне речи: нове алтернативе казни затвора, алтернативне кривичне санкције, рад у јавном интересу, кућни затвор, алтернативне мере, кривично законодавство Републике Србије.
Predmet istraživanja i rada na doktorskoj disertaciji „Nove alternative kazni zatvora u krivičnom zakonodavstvu Republike Srbije“ predstavlja analiza pojma, sadržaja, uslova za izricanje, izvršenja i efekata novih alternativnih krivičnih sankcija i mera. Propisivanjem novih alternativa kazni zatvora novelirano krivično zakonodavstvo Republike Srbije svrstava se u red savremenih krivičnopravnih sistema koje karakteriše uspostavljanje humanijih načina reagovanja na blaže oblike kriminalnog ponašanja i razvoj alternativnog koncepta kažnjavanja učinilaca lakših krivičnih dela.Cilj istraživanja predstavlja kritička analiza normativnog sadržaja novih alternativa kazni zatvora u srpskom krivičnom zakonodavstvu i komparativna normativna analiza rešenja iz uporednih sistema, preispitivanje usklađenosti legislativnih rešenja sa osnovnim standardima u ovoj oblasti predstavljenim u međunarodnim aktima Ujedinjenih nacija i Saveta Evrope, utvrđivanje delotvornosti i efekata primene novih alternativa kazni zatvora u našem krivičnopravnom sistemu, preispitivanje opravdanosti uvođenja i realnih dometa novih alternativa kazni zatvora u suprostavljanju blažim oblicima kriminaliteta, kao i utvrđivanje uticaja njihove primene na funkcionisanje celokupnog sistema krivičnog pravosuđa u Republici Srbiji.Strukturu doktorske disertacije čini sedam poglavlja u kojima su obrađena najznačajnija pitanja koja se odnose na propisivanje i primenu novih alternativa kazni zatvora. Prvi deo posvećen je utvrđivanju pojma i razlozima nastanka novih alternativnih krivičnih sankcija i mera, kao odgovora na „krizu kazne zatvora“. U drugom delu razmatraju se tradicionalne alternative ovoj kazni i utvrđuje njihov domen primene u našem krivičnopravnom sistemu. Treći deo posvećen je nastanku i razvoju novih alternativa kazni zatvora u uporednom pravu, a četvrti najznačajnijim međunarodnim aktima u oblasti propisivanja i primene novih alternativa kazni zatvora. Peti, centralni, deo istraživanja predstavljaju nove alternativne krivične sankcije u našem krivičnom zakonodavstvu: rad u javnom interesu, kućni zatvor, kazna oduzimanja vozačkeNove alternative kazni zatvora u krivičnom zakonodavstvu Republike SrbijeXIdozvole i sistem novčane kazne u dnevnim iznosima, odnosno njihova teorijska i kritička normativna analiza, kao i utvrđivanje efekata njihove dosadašnje primene i uticaja na funkcionisanje sistema krivičnog pravosuđa. U šestom delu analiziraju se specifične nove alternativne mere u uporednom pravu kojima se potencijalno može ostvariti alternacija izricanja kazne zatvora, odnosno izvršenja kazne u penitencijarnoj ustanovi, dok je sedmi deo posvećen specifičnim alternativnim merama u našem krivičnopravnom sistemu, odnosno novim osnovama za oslobođenje učinioca od kazne, stvarnom kajanju i poravnanju učinioca i oštećenog (žrtve), institutu uslovnog otpusta, načelu oportuniteta krivičnog gonjenja i kućnom pritvoru.U skladu sa postavljenim ciljevima ovog naučnog istraživanja, a nakon sveobuhvatne analize predmeta proučavanja i na osnovu longitudinalnog istraživanja izrečenih i izvršenih novih alternativna kazni zatvora u periodu desetogodišnje primene, potvrđene su i naučno objašnjene dve osnovne i šest radnih hipoteza.U zaključnim razmatranjima doktorske disertacije sublimiraju se rezultati istraživanja i predstavljaju predlozi de lege ferenda, kako bi se u izmenjenom normativnom i institucionalnom okviru omogućila efikasnija primena novih alternativa kazni zatvora u praksi krivičnog pravosuđa, ali i ostvario uticaj na delotvornije funkcionisanje krivičnopravnog sistema u Republici Srbiji.Ključne reči: nove alternative kazni zatvora, alternativne krivične sankcije, rad u javnom interesu, kućni zatvor, alternativne mere, krivično zakonodavstvo Republike Srbije.
The subject of a research and doctoral thesis “New alternatives to imprisonment in criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia” is the analysis of the concept, content, condition of imposition, execution and effects of the new alternative criminal sanctions and measures. Introduction of the new alternatives to imprisonment in criminal justice system ranks the Republic of Serbia legislation among contemporary criminal systems, which are characterized by the establishment of more humane ways of responding to milder forms of criminal behavior and the development of an alternative concept of treatment and punishment for perpetrators of minor offences.The objectives of the research are a critical and comparative analysis of normative content for the new alternatives to imprisonment in criminal legislation, reassessment of the compliance with minimal standards provided in international documents, determination of the effectiveness of the imposition and implementation of the new alternatives to imprisonment, reassessment of the justification and possible scope of resisting milder forms of criminality, as well as determination of the impact of their implementation in the functioning of the entire criminal justice system of the Republic of Serbia.The doctoral dissertation consists of seven chapters which are mostly addressed to the important issues relating to the regulation and implementation of the new alternatives of imprisonment. The first part is devoted to the determination of the concept and the reasons for the emergence of new alternative criminal sanctions and measures, as a response to the "crisis of the imprisonment." The second part deals with the traditional alternatives to prison sentence and determines their scope of application in our criminal justice system. The third part is dedicated to the appearance and development of the new alternatives to imprisonment in comparative law, and the fourth is dealing with most important international instruments in this domain, provided by United Nations and Council of Europe. The fifth, and the central, part of the research presents the new alternative criminal sanctions in our criminal law: community service, house arrest, the penalty of seizure of driver's license and a system of day-fines, their theoretical and critical normative analysis, as well as the effects of their application andНове алтернативе казни затвора у кривичном законодавству Републике СрбијеXIIIthe impact on the functioning in our criminal justice system. The sixth part deals with the specific new alternative measures in the comparative law, which potentially can achieve alteration of imprisonment or the execution of a prison sentence in the penal institution, while the seventh part deals with the specific alternative measures in our criminal justice system, and the effects and the impact on their implementation.In accordance with the objectives of the research, after comprehensive analysis of the subject, and on the basis of longitudinal research of imposed and implemented new alternatives in the past decade, we confirmed and scientifically explained two basic and six operating hypothesis.In the concluding remarks of the doctoral dissertation we sublimate the research results and present the proposals de lege ferenda, in order to influence the creation of a different normative and organizational framework for the implementation of the new alternatives to imprisonment, but also to make an impact on the effective functioning of the criminal justice system in the Republic of Serbia.Key words: new alternatives to imprisonment, alternative criminal sanctions, community service, house arrest, alternative measures, criminal legislation of Republic of Serbia

The impact of the law on the lives of homeless people in Queensland has, to date, remained largely unexplored by legal academics and researchers. This is despite the fact that homeless people experience a number of legal difficulties that seriously affect their lives. This thesis by published papers aims to make a significant and original contribution to filling this gap in the research evidence by presenting the results of analyses of the legal, theoretical and practical issues that arise in the context of homeless persons' interactions with the legal system in Queensland. Most notably, it is comprised of three pieces of empirical research which identify those areas of law that impact most on homeless people in Queensland and explore the consequences of the operation of these laws on their lives. In sum, this thesis examines the extent of the law's influence on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and finds that the consequences of the law's operation on homeless people in Queensland are serious. The thesis first examines the effect on Queensland's homeless people of laws which regulate behaviour conducted in public space. The criminal offences of vagrancy, begging and public nuisance are analysed; their historical origins, the reasons for their retention on modern statute books, and arguments in favour of their repeal are discussed. The impact of 'public space law' on homeless people in Queensland is also explored through a survey of 30 homeless people residing in inner-city Brisbane. This part of the thesis concludes that public space law in Queensland results in breaches of homeless persons' human rights, as well as the contravention of rule of law principles. The thesis then explores the impact of the law on homeless persons' experiences of citizenship. Empirical research and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the application of various laws, particularly public space laws, social security laws and electoral laws, encroaches on homeless persons' citizenship rights. The thesis then reports on the results of a unique survey of Queensland's homelessness service providers. This survey is the most extensive piece of empirical research ever conducted on the extent to which various laws impact on homeless people. Respondents were asked to indicate which areas of law impact most adversely on their homeless clients. Based on the research findings outlined above, the hypothesis was that criminal law issues, particularly public space offences, would be proven to impact particularly adversely on homeless people in Queensland. Somewhat unexpectedly, the findings of the survey indicated that fines law, debt law and family law difficulties are those legal difficulties most often encountered by homeless people in Queensland. Difficulties produced by criminal laws, social security laws and electoral laws, while still generally relevant, rated less highly. However, the survey did demonstrate that experiences differ between sub-groups within the homeless population, for example Indigenous homeless people were reported to be most affected by criminal law issues, while young homeless people were reported to be most affected by social security law issues. Together, the five papers which comprise this thesis make an original and substantial contribution to knowledge by identifying empirically for the first time the various laws that have a significant impact on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and analysing the consequences of this in terms of their effect on homeless persons' citizenship rights, human rights and rule of law entitlements.

The impact of the law on the lives of homeless people in Queensland has, to date, remained largely unexplored by legal academics and researchers. This is despite the fact that homeless people experience a number of legal difficulties that seriously affect their lives. This thesis by published papers aims to make a significant and original contribution to filling this gap in the research evidence by presenting the results of analyses of the legal, theoretical and practical issues that arise in the context of homeless persons' interactions with the legal system in Queensland. Most notably, it is comprised of three pieces of empirical research which identify those areas of law that impact most on homeless people in Queensland and explore the consequences of the operation of these laws on their lives. In sum, this thesis examines the extent of the law's influence on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and finds that the consequences of the law's operation on homeless people in Queensland are serious. The thesis first examines the effect on Queensland's homeless people of laws which regulate behaviour conducted in public space. The criminal offences of vagrancy, begging and public nuisance are analysed; their historical origins, the reasons for their retention on modern statute books, and arguments in favour of their repeal are discussed. The impact of 'public space law' on homeless people in Queensland is also explored through a survey of 30 homeless people residing in inner-city Brisbane. This part of the thesis concludes that public space law in Queensland results in breaches of homeless persons' human rights, as well as the contravention of rule of law principles. The thesis then explores the impact of the law on homeless persons' experiences of citizenship. Empirical research and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the application of various laws, particularly public space laws, social security laws and electoral laws, encroaches on homeless persons' citizenship rights. The thesis then reports on the results of a unique survey of Queensland's homelessness service providers. This survey is the most extensive piece of empirical research ever conducted on the extent to which various laws impact on homeless people. Respondents were asked to indicate which areas of law impact most adversely on their homeless clients. Based on the research findings outlined above, the hypothesis was that criminal law issues, particularly public space offences, would be proven to impact particularly adversely on homeless people in Queensland. Somewhat unexpectedly, the findings of the survey indicated that fines law, debt law and family law difficulties are those legal difficulties most often encountered by homeless people in Queensland. Difficulties produced by criminal laws, social security laws and electoral laws, while still generally relevant, rated less highly. However, the survey did demonstrate that experiences differ between sub-groups within the homeless population, for example Indigenous homeless people were reported to be most affected by criminal law issues, while young homeless people were reported to be most affected by social security law issues. Together, the five papers which comprise this thesis make an original and substantial contribution to knowledge by identifying empirically for the first time the various laws that have a significant impact on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and analysing the consequences of this in terms of their effect on homeless persons' citizenship rights, human rights and rule of law entitlements.

This thesis is about the depth of colonisation through translation. I develop an analytic framework that explores colonisation and translation using the trope of romantic love and an experimental textual construction incorporating translation and historical reconstruction. Utilising both the first and the final drafts of “Chapter X, Songs of Human Beauty and Love-charms” in Songs of Central Australia, by T. Strehlow, I show how that text, written over thirty years and comprised of nine drafts, can be described as a translation mediated by the colonising syntax and grammar. My interest lies in developing a novel textual technique to attempt to illustrate this problem so as to allow an insight into the perspective of a colonised person. This has involved a re-examination of translation as something other than a transtemporal structure predicated on direct equivalence, understanding it instead as something that fictionalises and reinvents the language that it purports to represent. It begins by establishing an understanding of the historical context in which the translated text is situated, from both objective and personal viewpoints, and then foregrounds the grammatical perspective of the argument. Utilising the techniques and processes of multiple translation, Internet-based translation software, creative writing and historical reconstruction, it continues to consider the role of imagination and begins the construction of a visceral argument whereby the reader is encouraged to experience a cognitive shift similar to that understood by the colonised other, which is revealed in a fictional autobiography written by an imagined other. It concludes by considering the coloniser within the same context, using, as an example T. Strehlow, who had a unique understanding of the Arrernte language. Tracking his extensive alterations, revisions and excisions within his drafts of Chapter X, this thesis traces a textual history of change, theorising that the translator, no matter how "authentic", is as much translated by the text as she or he is a translator of the text.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis is a rich description of a group of primary school aged children's language at Ltyentye Apurte, an Eastern Arrernte community in Central Australia. It documents morphosyntactic properties of their speech and broader aspects of their communicative competence. Notwithstanding variation in the cohort, this thesis finds that the children are essentially maintaining Arrernte rather than shifting to a contact code. Theoretically and methodologically the thesis draws on aspects of language documentation and language socialisation traditions, combining discourse and ethnographic data. The discourse data comprises recordings in three contexts: textless picture book narratives, spontaneous first-person recounts told in the sand and classroom interactions. The ethnographic data comprises my participant-observations and conversations with parents/carers and educators which both contextualise and enhance interpretation of the discourse data. Analysis of the narratives elicited through textless picture books is based on audio recordings of 17 children aged 5;9-10;10 and three adults each telling four stories, a total of 80 recordings. It investigates use of two morphosyntactic constructions that are distinctive features of Arrernte and integral to referent tracking and/or event packaging: the definitising function of 3sg pronouns and the switch reference system. Variation in the children's use of these constructions, when seen in the context of each child's language profile, is found to be better explained by social factors than by age. Analysis of a culturally valued communicative event type, scary stories told in the sand, is based on the video recordings of five children aged 7;4-9;6, investigating their integration of speech, drawing and use of a stylus. It introduces a new approach describing how children lay out their stories with entities (people, scary beings, landmarks), path lines (protagonists' journeys) and swipes (transitions between scenes). Their drawings include 'Western' style icons and graphic elements found in adult performance of sand talk genres in Central Australian communities. The subject of the children's personal experience stories provides evidence of their growing understanding of the physical and social geography of the community, including locations and behaviours of widely known monsters and similar beings. Analysis of classroom talk is based on a video recording of a mainstream curriculum Maths lesson in a Year 1-2 class of 20 students. It focuses on two of the students (aged 7;4 and 8;3) as they complete a pair task and talk with their teacher. They are found to work co-operatively and draw on both Arrernte and their early English language proficiencies to understand the requirements of the task and learn the lesson concepts. Their interactions and linguistic behaviours evidence early socialisation into the school environment. This thesis contributes to research on children's language and ways of communicating in a contact situation, informed by empirical and qualitative data. It adds to the growing number of case studies of Aboriginal children's language in Australia and to the typological diversity in child language research globally. The study suggests factors that mitigate against language loss under pressure from English. It foregrounds the community's ideologies, advocacy and efforts to provide the linguistic, sociocultural and educational conditions that nurture children's Arrernte, alongside English.

Intellectual Disability (ID, also known as mental retardation) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind. ID is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to the overall level of intelligence, i.e. cognitive, language, motor, and social abilities. This chapter focused to give an overall view about its history, changes in terminology, classification, epidemiology, etiology, comorbidities and management. Current understanding and latest trends and issues were highlighted.

This chapter develops a model of atonement out of Paul’s language of trust and mediation. It argues that such a model should ideally show how it offers human beings release from the power of both sin and the suffering caused by sin. For Paul, both suffering and sin are linked with the failure of trust, and are addressed by the trust and trustworthiness of Christ to God and to humanity, which enables him to mediate between them. To recognize that Christ’s trust in God is vindicated, however, human beings also need the revelation of the resurrection. This model of atonement does not, so far, explain why Christ had to die, but it is argued that Christ had to allow himself to be arrested because to have evaded arrest would have been to fail to trust God and deny the person he was. Furthermore, from a post-resurrection perspective, Christ allows himself to die so that human beings can die ‘with’ him to the power of sin and suffering, and in his exalted life he travels ‘with’ them on this journey. Christ’s death and resurrection also change human beings’ sense of what is possible for them through trust. Contemporary psychology and accounts of the rehabilitation of ex-offenders through trust help to show how this model might work to release people from the power of suffering and sin. Finally, this chapter considers how other people, Christlike, can act as mediators between suffering humanity and Christ.

Abstract Most Panoan languages have a set of approximately thirty monosyllabic prefixes that designate mostly body parts and extensions of these. In the Panoan languages that have been studied in detail, these body-part prefixes have been found to be productive morphemes. Marubo seems to be a counterexample. This chapter argues that despite the large number of recurring elements with body-part meanings found in nouns, adjectives, and verbs, prefixation is not productive in Marubo. Nevertheless, these patterns suggest that Marubo once did have a productive system of body-part prefixation, so a second purpose of this chapter is to consider the diachronic scenarios that can explain how Marubo body-part prefixation was arrested.

Abstract Iron aluminides show great potential for use in high-temperature oxygen and sulfur environments, but the intermetallic phases of the Fe-Al system tend to be brittle. This paper describes a powder making process in which FeAl phases are reinforced with inclusions from other intermetallic phases that arrest cracks and prevent them from spreading. Thermally sprayed coatings produced from these SHS powders are analyzed with regard to their composition and structure. Paper includes a German-language abstract.

Cardiac alternans is a marker of sudden cardiac arrest, the leading cause of death in the United States that kills hundreds of thousands of Americans each year. In the language of nonlinear dynamics, the onset of cardiac alternans is induced by a period-doubling bifurcation. In this work, we explore the bifurcation and control of cardiac alternans in a fiber based on numerical analyses of the seminal amplitude equation derived by Echebarria and Karma. First, we seek the solution of the amplitude equation using a series expansion. Then, detailed numerical bifurcation analyses are carried out to illustrate the spatiotemporal patterns of cardiac alternans. We demonstrate that secondary bifurcations lead to multiple unstable patterns, which impose difficulties in feedback control of alternans. Effects and limitations of feedback control algorithms are explored. The theoretical analyses here help to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of alternans in cardiac tissue.

Abstract There is a strong interest in hydrogen as an energy source to contribute to combatting climate change. Hydrogen diffusion into the steel with assistance through various mechanisms of corrosion and pressure will degrade the mechanical properties, primarily critical ductility properties of fracture toughness and fatigue, through embrittlement or hydrogen induced cracking. Fracture toughness as a measure of crack arrest performance through required Charpy (TCVN) performance represents a principal mechanical property requirement of the pipeline. Ductility performance, regardless of the environment, which consists of % RA, fracture toughness, fatigue, etc. is driven primarily by metallurgical components of the through-thickness microstructure such as average high angle grain boundary (HAGB) size and homogeneity of the HAGB’s . A relationship can perhaps be developed of ductility attributes such as TCVN performance in air vs. fracture toughness ductility performance in hydrogen. This relationship of TCVN ductility performance in conjunction with through-thickness microstructural components with fracture toughness performance in hydrogen will be used to propose an additional “Option C” qualification to the ASME B31.12 Code for Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines. This paper will present the background analysis, evaluation, development of the logic, proposed B31.12 code language and how to implement the logic.

Context: Inversion-duplication-deletion (invdupdel) involving the short arm of chromosome 5 is considered a complex and extremely rare alteration. Case report: A female patient was born prematurely at 32 weeks and was delivered by cesarean section, weighing 2,086 grams, with an Apgar score in the fifth minute of 7. After birth, she needed invasive mechanical ventilation. A nasofibrolaryngoscopy was performed, which revealed the rear projection of the tongue base. The speech-language evaluation showed a swallowing disorder. The patient needed to be tracheostomized and evolved with episodes of cardiorespiratory arrest. A zone 2 of immaturity was identified in both eyes. Then, gastroesophageal reflux was also diagnosed. Cerebral ultrasound showed moderate lateral ventricles dilation. High resolution GTG-banding karyotype identified an inverted and partial duplication of the chromosome’s 5 short arm, with a probable deletion of its distal segment: 46,XX,invdup(5) (p13.3->p15.33:: p15.33->qter) [23]. The parents’ karyotype was normal. At 2 months, the patient had dolichocephaly; bitemporal narrowing; hypertelorism; and down slanting palpebral fissures with blepharophimosis; low-set and posteriorly rotated ears; leftover skin at neck and bilateral plantar creases between the first, second and third toes. Conclusions: Invdupdel of the short arm of chromosome 5 is a very rare chromosomal alteration. Neurological findings seem to be part of its clinical manifestations, especially dilated lateral ventricles. More reports will be essential for understanding its clinical spectrum.

Review question / Objective: Our goal was to assess the effect of primary treatment outcome (overall survival rate at hospital discharge, rate of sustained ROSC) and secondary outcomes (favorable neurological outcomes at hospital discharge and adverse events including hyperglycemia, insulin infusion, hypernatremia, infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, new or changing antibiotics, paresis, renal failure). Information sources: Two researchers (Zhou FW and Liu C) independently searched the PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) databases from inception to 11 October, 2022 by using medical subject headings (MeSH), Emtree, and text word with no language limitations.

Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.

Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.