Articoli di riviste: "Arid zone"

1

Jary, Zdzislaw. "Arid Zone Geomorphology". Journal of Arid Environments 18, n. 2 (marzo 1990): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30861-9.

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2

Twidale, C. R. "Arid zone geomorphology". Geomorphology 4, n. 2 (giugno 1991): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-555x(91)90026-7.

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3

Glennie, K. W. "Arid zone geomorphology". Sedimentary Geology 75, n. 1-2 (dicembre 1991): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(91)90057-k.

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4

Jawad, Thaer K., Osama T. Al-Taai e Yaseen K. Al-timimi. "Evaluation of Drought Characteristics in Iraq using SC-PDSI". Science Journal of University of Zakho 6, n. 3 (30 settembre 2018): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.3.511.

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Evaluation of drought characteristics in Iraq by analysis annual growing season of Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI) for three climatic zones using run theory method. The efficiency of SC-PDSI for drought monitoring was examined from compared with Rainfall Departure from the mean (RD) for three zones (Arid and Semi-Arid, Steppes and Desert) for the period 1981-2015, were derived from Climatic Research Unit (CRU). The spatial interpolation techniques in ArcGIS package has been used, to cover the whole extent of country and extracting the zones. Statistical methods were applied to compute the probability of drought events at every zone. The results showed the years 1999, 2000, 2008 and 2009 experienced droughts in all zones except the desert zone where was experienced severe drought in 2012, while the years 1982 and 1988 experienced received precipitation above-average in all zones. The values of standard deviation of precipitation were compared with precipitation anomalies for each zone, the drier seasons are (2007-2008) and (1998-1999) in all Zones. The wetter seasons are (1987-1988) in Arid and Semi-Arid and Steppes zone, (1994-1995) and (1997-1998) are wetter seasons in Desert zone. Using run theory, the steppes zone have experienced more severe droughts than other zones evaluated in this study and the most susceptible areas to dry spell are steppes and Arid and Semi-Arid Zones during study period. While the desert zone experienced less droughts.

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Jawad, Thaer K., Osama T. Al-Taai e Yaseen K. Al-Timimi. "Evaluation of Drought Characteristics in Iraq using SC-PDSI". Science Journal of University of Zakho 6, n. 4 (30 dicembre 2018): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.4.547.

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Evaluation of drought characteristics in Iraq by analysis annual growing season of Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI) for three climatic zones using run theory method. The efficiency of SC-PDSI for drought monitoring was examined from compared with Rainfall Departure from the mean (RD) for three zones (Arid and Semi-Arid, Steppes and Desert) for the period 1981-2015, were derived from Climatic Research Unit (CRU). The spatial interpolation techniques in ArcGIS package has been used, to cover the whole extent of country and extracting the zones. Statistical methods were applied to compute the probability of drought events at every zone. The results showed the years 1999, 2000, 2008 and 2009 experienced droughts in all zones except the desert zone where was experienced severe drought in 2012, while the years 1982 and 1988 experienced received precipitation above-average in all zones. The values of standard deviation of precipitation were compared with precipitation anomalies for each zone, the drier seasons are (2007-2008) and (1998-1999) in all Zones. The wetter seasons are (1987-1988) in Arid and Semi-Arid and Steppes zone, (1994-1995) and (1997-1998) are wetter seasons in Desert zone. Using run theory, the steppes zone have experienced more severe droughts than other zones evaluated in this study and the most susceptible areas to dry spell are steppes and Arid and Semi-Arid Zones during study period. While the desert zone experienced less droughts.

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6

Iddings, Ana Christina DaSilva, Mary Carol Combs e Luis Moll. "In the Arid Zone". Urban Education 47, n. 2 (marzo 2012): 495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085911430713.

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Paul, Ranjit Kumar, e P. S. Birthal. "Investigating rainfall trend over India using the wavelet technique". Journal of Water and Climate Change 7, n. 2 (4 novembre 2015): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.079.

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In this paper, using the wavelet technique we analysed rainfall behaviour in the country across different agro-climatic zones over a century. Findings indicate that at the national level there is no significant trend in rainfall in the long run, but there are pockets of change in the rainfall pattern. There was a significant increase in the rainfall in the arid zone, whereas in the humid, semi-arid tropics and semi-arid temperate zones the trend was downward but insignificant. The behaviour of rainfall was different during this period. Except in the arid zone, we find a similar trend in other zones – increasing initially, tapering off in the middle and then declining but with some difference in time intervals. In the arid zone, the behaviour of rainfall had been erratic. In the short run, the direction of change in trend remains the same as in the long run but the change is statistically significant.

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Kutiel, Pua, e Hanoch Lavee. "EFFECT OF SLOPE ASPECT ON SOIL AND VEGETATION PROPERTIES ALONG AN ARIDITY TRANSECT". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 47, n. 3 (13 maggio 1999): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1999.10676770.

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This study has investigated the effect of south- and north-facing hillslopes (SFS and NFS, respectively) on soil and vegetation properties along a climatic transect that covers four climatic zones: Mediterranean, semiarid, arid, and extreme-arid. The results indicate that differences between NFS and SFS in organic matter and soil moisture contents were significantly higher in the Mediterranean zone than in any other site along the climatic transect, particularly at the end of the rainy season. Both soil properties were higher on NFS than on SFS. Similarly, differences between the opposite hillslopes in species richness along the climatic transect were found significant only in the Mediterranean zone, where species richness was higher on the SFS than on the NFS. However, species diversity on SFS was significantly higher than that on NFS at all sites, except for the semiarid zone, where no significant difference between aspects was found. Species diversity on SFS changed along the climatic transect at an almost linear rate, while on NFS there was a sharp increase from the extreme-arid zone to the semiarid zone, followed by a decline moving towards the Mediterranean zone. Vegetation cover along the climatic transect was higher on NFS than on SFS, except for the extreme-arid zone, where no significant difference was found. The general conclusions are: (a) The most significant differences in soil and vegetation properties between NFS and SFS are found in the Mediterranean zone, mainly at the end of the rainy season; in the semiarid, arid, and extreme-arid zones the differences are small and generally negligible, (b) The spatial and seasonal differences on SFS are smaller than those on NFS.

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Yin, Jun, Denghua Yan, Zhiyong Yang, Zhe Yuan, Yong Yuan, Hao Wang e Xiaoliang Shi. "Research on Historical and Future Spatial-Temporal Variability of Precipitation in China". Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9137201.

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Based on observed data and data simulated by climate models, temporal variation and spatial distribution of precipitation in China from 1961 to 2050 were investigated. The slope of annual precipitation and Mann-Kendall statistical test were applied to quantify the trend magnitude and detect the significant trend, respectively. Besides, decadal and interannual variations of different rain belts were analyzed to reveal the spatial changing pattern of precipitation. Results indicated the following. (1) During 1961–2011, annual precipitation in Haihe River Basin decreased significantly while the annual precipitation in river basins in the northwest increased significantly. Although the annual precipitation of Yangtze River Basin has an indistinctive decreasing trend, that in the middle and lower reaches has increased and that in the upper reaches has decreased. Arid zone and humid zone are shrinking while semiarid and semihumid zone are expanding. Transformation between semiarid and arid zones, humid and semihumid zones is frequent. During 2011–2050, annual precipitation will not change much (−6~12%) except river basins in the southwest (more than 40%) compared with the baseline. Besides, the area of arid zone will decrease and humid zone area will increase. Transformation area between semiarid and arid zone and humid and semihumid zone is small.

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10

Statescu, Florian, Dorin Cotiusca Zauca e Constantin Victor Statescu. "SALINITY IN ARID-ZONE SOILS". Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9, n. 4 (2010): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2010.075.

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Musa, Abuelgasim I. I., Mitsuru Tsubo, Shaoxiu Ma, Yasunori Kurosaki, Yasuomi Ibaraki e Imad-Eldin A. Ali-Babiker. "Evaluation of WRF Cumulus Parameterization Schemes for the Hot Climate of Sudan Emphasizing Crop Growing Seasons". Atmosphere 13, n. 4 (2 aprile 2022): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040572.

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High spatiotemporal resolution climate data are essential for climate-related impact studies. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is widely used to downscale climate data for different regions with regional-specific physics configurations. This study aimed to identify robust configurations of the WRF model, especially cumulus parameterization schemes, for different climatic zones of Sudan. We focused on wet season (June–September) rainfall and dry season (November–February) temperature, which are determinants of summer crop and irrigated wheat yields, respectively. Downscaling experiments were carried out to compare the following schemes: Betts–Miller–Janjic (BMJ), improved Kain–Fritch (KFT), modified Tiedtke (TDK), and Grell–Freitas (GF). Results revealed that the BMJ performed better for wet season rainfall in the hyper-arid and arid zones; KFT performed better for rainfall in July and August in the semi-arid zone where most summer crops are cultivated. For dry season temperature, the BMJ and TDK outperformed the other schemes in all three zones, except that the GF performed best for the minimum temperature in December and January in the arid zone, where irrigated wheat is produced, and in the semi-arid zone. Specific parameterization schemes therefore need to be selected for specific seasons and climatic zones of Sudan.

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12

Tyler, S. W., e G. R. Walker. "Root Zone Effects on Tracer Migration in Arid Zones". Soil Science Society of America Journal 58, n. 1 (gennaio 1994): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010004x.

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13

BIDINGER, F. R., O. P. YADAV e E. WELTZIEN RATTUNDE. "GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF PEARL MILLET FOR THE ARID ZONE OF NORTHWESTERN INDIA: LESSONS FROM TWO DECADES OF COLLABORATIVE ICRISAT-ICAR RESEARCH". Experimental Agriculture 45, n. 1 (gennaio 2009): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708007059.

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SUMMARYThe arid zone of northwestern India is a unique adaptation zone for crop plants because of its pervasive severe moisture stress and high temperatures. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a major cereal in this zone as it represents approximately 25% of the total acreage of the crop in the country. Pearl millet hybrid cultivars, which have gained widespread acceptance from farmers elsewhere in the country, have not been adopted in the arid zone. Farmers continue to sow their traditional landraces because the yield advantage of current hybrids is not expressed in this zone, and the risk of failure in poor years with the hybrids is unacceptably high. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research have been collaborating to understand the unique nature of pearl millet in the arid zone since the late 1980s. This collaboration has produced a better understanding of how arid zone farmers manage their germplasm, of the unique features of this invaluable resource and of a range of ways of using this germplasm to produce well-adapted new varieties and hybrids that will meet the requirements of the farmers of the arid zone. It has been shown that new cultivars for the arid zone need to be based on parental materials, including traditional landraces that are specifically adapted to the arid zone. This paper summarizes the main lessons of nearly 20 years of this collaborative research.

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14

Oster, J. D., e K. K. Tanji. "Chemical Reactions Within Root Zone of Arid Zone Soils". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 111, n. 3 (settembre 1985): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1985)111:3(207).

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S.K. JALOTA e B.B. VASHISHT. "Adapting cropping systems to future climate change scenario in three agro-climatic zones of Punjab, India". Journal of Agrometeorology 18, n. 1 (1 giugno 2016): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v18i1.899.

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The present study focuses on (1) projections of future climate data (for the years of 2020, 2050 and 2080) from three general circulation models (HadCM3, CCCMA-CGCM2 and CSIRO-MK2) for two scenarios (A2 and B2) for three agro-climatic zones of the Indian Punjab (ii) assessment of climate change impact on productivity of maize-wheat cropping system in moist to dry sub-humid, rice-wheat in hot dry semiarid and cotton-wheat in hot arid zones and (iii) evaluation of shifting planting dates as an adaptation measure to sustain crop yields. The results indicate that in future the magnitude of climate change and variability would vary with agro-climatic zone, model and scenario. Maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall would be higher in moist to dry sub-humid zone than hot arid. Simulations with cropping system model anticipated reduction in yields of all the three cropping systems for future years; however, cotton crop was more vulnerable than maize and rice. Delaying trans/planting of maize by 7 days in sub humid zone, rice by 7-15 days in semi arid and cotton by 21 days in arid zone in future emerged as doable adaptation measure to minimize yield reduction in future.

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Matthews, E. G. "Origins of Australian arid-zone tenebrionid beetles". Invertebrate Systematics 14, n. 6 (2000): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it00021.

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Three biogeographic components with very different histories are represented among the tenebrionids of the Australian arid zone: the Indo-Malayan element, which is related mainly to the Indonesian fauna; the Austral Gondwanan element, mainly related to that of southern South America; and one here called Tethyan, related to the fauna of northern hemisphere arid regions. Indo-Malayan groups appear to have arrived comparatively recently, probably by invasion from the north, and are differentiated within the arid zone mainly to the species level. Austral groups are the most diverse and have radiated extensively to generic level from ancestors inhabiting sclerophyll forest, probably by vicariance, within the present arid zone. Tethyan groups are endemic in the arid zone at tribal level and have no forest-inhabiting relatives anywhere. They have often become myrmecophilous in Australia, and because of their distribution patterns in the northern hemisphere, partial occurrence in coastal dunes, and apparently basal phylogenetic positions are surmised to have descended by vicariance from inhabitants of the coastal sand dunes of the Tethys Sea, probably in the Jurassic before there was an arid zone in Australia.

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Mohammed, Sher, e David N. Sen. "Proline accumulation in arid zone plants". Journal of Arid Environments 13, n. 3 (novembre 1987): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)31111-x.

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KOBATAKE, Shigeki, e M. O. NYADAWA. "Runoff Characteristics in semi-Arid Zone". PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 41 (1997): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.41.215.

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Whiting, J. P., M. F. Lambert, A. V. Metcalfe, P. T. Adamson, S. W. Franks e G. Kuczera. "Relationships between the El-Niño Southern Oscillation and spate flows in southern Africa and Australia". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, n. 6 (31 dicembre 2004): 1118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-1118-2004.

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Abstract. The flow records of arid zone rivers are characterised by a high degree of seasonal variability, being dominated by long periods of very low or zero flow. Discrete flow events in these rivers are influenced by aseasonal factors such as global climate forcings. The atmospheric circulations of the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have been shown to influence climate regimes across many parts of the world. Strong teleconnections between changing ENSO regimes and discharges are likely to be observed in highly variable arid zones. In this paper, the influence of ENSO mechanisms on the flow records of two arid zone rivers in each of Australia and Southern Africa are identified. ENSO signals, together with multi-decadal variability in their impact as identified through seasonal values of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) index, are shown to influence both the rate of occurrence and the size of discrete flow episodes in these rivers. Keywords: arid zones, streamflow, spates, climate variability, ENSO, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, IPO

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MONDAL, S. S. "Moisture availability and its application in evaluating agriculture potential in semi-arid region". MAUSAM 42, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2022): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v42i1.2845.

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The States of Punjab and. Haryana generally belong to part of arid and semi-arid regions of India. An Index known as Moisture Availability Index (MAI) has been used to demarcate it into different agroclimatic zones. The four zones Identified were named Very Low Potential (VLP) Low Potential (LP) Moderate Potential (MP) and High Potential (HP) zones. The zone V.LP had the lowest crop potential area where crops are possible in only 20.30% of the years A short duration rainfed crop of 10-12 weeks duration may be grown from zone LP while in area MP the crop growing potential is slightly more. From agricultural point of view area HP appears best suited with minimum risk. Crop prospects at one station In each zone at various risk levels have also been discussed.

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Zhu, Ping, Wei Cao, Lin Huang, Tong Xiao e Jun Zhai. "The Impacts of Human Activities on Ecosystems within China’s Nature Reserves". Sustainability 11, n. 23 (23 novembre 2019): 6629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236629.

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Protected areas (PAs) provide refuges for threatened species and are considered to be the most important approach to biodiversity conservation. Besides climate change, increasing human population is the biggest threat to biodiversity and habitats in PAs. In this paper, the temporal and spatial variations of land cover changes (LCC), vegetation fraction (VFC), and net primary productivity (NPP) were studied to present the ecosystem dynamics of habitats in 6 different types of national nature reserves (NNRs) in 8 climate zones in China. Furthermore, we used Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light datasets and the human disturbance (HD) index estimated from LCC to quantify the living and developing human pressures within the NNRs in the period 2000–2013. The results showed that (1) the living human activities of NNRs increased apparently in the humid warm-temperate zone, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, mid-temperate semi-arid zone, and mid-temperate humid zone, with the highest increase of nighttime light observed in inland wetlands; (2) the developing human activities in NNRs indicated by the HD index were higher in the humid warm-temperate zone and mid-temperate semi-arid zone as a result of increasing areas of agricultural and built activities, and lower in the sub-tropics due to improved conservation of forest ecosystems; (3) the relationship between HD and VFC suggests that ecosystems in most NNRs of south-subtropics, mid-temperate arid zone and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were predominantly impacted by climate change. However, HDs were the prevalent factor of ecosystem dynamics in most NNRs of north-subtropics, mid-temperate semi-arid and humid zones.

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Nemati, Ahmad, Seyed Hossein Ghoreishi Najafabadi, Gholamreza Joodaki e S. Saeid Mousavi Nadoushani. "Monitoring and Analysis of Drought Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)". Hydrology 6, n. 3 (25 agosto 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6030075.

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Drought monitoring needs comprehensive and integrated meteorological and hydrologic data. However, such data are generally not available in extensive catchments. The present study aimed to analyze drought in the central plateau catchment of Iran using the terrestrial water storage deficit index (TSDI). In this arid catchment, the meteorological and hydrologic observed data are scarce. First, the time series of terrestrial water storage changes (TWSC) obtained from the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) was calculated and validated by the water budget output. Then, the studied area was divided into semi-arid, arid, and hyper-arid zones and the common drought indices of SPI and RDIe within a timescale of 3, 6, and 12 months were calculated to compare the results obtained from the TSDI by using the meteorological data of 105 synoptic stations. Based on the results, the study area experienced a drought with extreme severity and expansion during 2007–2008. The drought spatial distribution map obtained from three indices indicated good conformity. Based on the maps, the severity, duration, and frequency of drought in the semi-arid zone were greater than that in other zones, while no significant drought occurred in the hyper-arid zone. Furthermore, the temporal distribution of drought in all three zones indicated that the TSDI could detect all short- and long-term droughts. The study results showed that the TSDI is a reliable, integrated, and comprehensive index. Using this index in arid areas with little field data led to some valuable results for planning and water resource management.

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Brown, Dominic, John Taylor e Martin Bell. "The demography of desert Australia". Rangeland Journal 30, n. 1 (2008): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07043.

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In recent years, with the formation of organisations such as the Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre, social science interest in the Australian desert has re-surfaced with a research emphasis that is focused on creating sustainable futures for the region. One consequence of this is a demand for detailed demographic information to allow an assessment of different quanta of need in social and economic policy, and for assessment of the impact of these in environmental policy. However, demographic analysis on human populations in the desert to date has attracted very little research attention. In this paper we begin to address this lack of analysis by focusing on the populations, both aboriginal and non-aboriginal, of the arid and semi-arid zones of Australia. We extend earlier analysis by including for the first time demographic information on the semi-arid as well as the arid zone to establish the spatial pattern of population growth within the whole desert area drawing attention to the resulting settlement structure as an outcome of prevailing social, cultural and economic conditions. By examining population structure and demographic components of population change we also present for the first time population projections for the semi-arid zone and, therefore, in combination with the arid zone, for the entire Australian desert. All of this provides a basis for considering social and economic policy implications and the nature of underlying processes that drive change in this region.

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Reid, J., e M. Fleming. "The conservation status of birds in arid Australia." Rangeland Journal 14, n. 2 (1992): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920065.

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The impression has been given in previous studies that there are few bird conservation problems in the arid zone, particularly because not one of a total of 230 species has become extinct. In stark contrast, almost half of the native terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Australian arid zone has become extinct on the mainland since European occupation. Here we show that the status of one half of the avifauna has changed since European occupation, and conclude there are many threats to avian biodiversity at the regional scale in the arid zone. There are 19 species (8%) in the arid zone classified as rare and threatened nationally. Twelve more (5%) are uncommon species which have declined or are at risk in two or more regions. A further 40 species (17%) have declined in at least one arid region, although many of these remain common and some have increased elsewhere in arid Australia. At least 45 species (20%) have increased in range or abundance, including a suite of ground-feeding birds associated with degraded landscapes. Striking patterns emerged from analysis of 29 threatened and declining species: • birds associated with chenopod shrublands and grassy, riparian or floodplain environments have been most affected whereas mulga inhabitants and canopy-dwellers of riparian woodland have been little affected; • birds generally with a northem distribution have declined in the south of the arid zone and birds with a southern distribution have declined in the north of the arid zone, and these patterns contrast with many birds with a southern or continental distribution which have declined more in southern semiarid regions than within the arid zone itself; • birds which feed at ground and low shrub height have been most adversely affected; • sedentary bushbirds (passerines) are more at risk than nomads and their limited mobility seems to be a risk factor; • among non-passerines, parrots, cockatoos and pigeons are most at risk, while three passerine families stand out, namely wrens, quail-thrushes, and thornbills and allies; • contrary to findings for mammals, size does not generally appear to be an important risk factor. Land degradation and habitat alteration such as shifts in abundance or dominance of plant species caused by the introduction of exotic herbivores appear to be the principal factors causing change in status while the provision of reliable water sources in pastoral districts is also important. Introduced predators are implicated in some cases and altered fire regimes may have played a part in spinifex and mallee habitats. Competitive interactions between increasing and declining species, although not demonstrated, appear to be likely for some species. We have documented a hitherto unsuspected degree of change in avian biodiversity in the Australian arid zone. In the absence of widespread regeneration of dominant plant species in the southern arid zone, the decline of many arid zone birds will accelerate dramatically. Also, unless better management ensues, the next major drought could cause accelerated declines and extinctions. We advocate a range of measures designed to improve the conservation prospects for arid Australian birds, including lower stocking rates on pastoral properties, rehabilitation of critical habitats and their protection from exotic herbivores, experimental research on the impact of grazing and predation, and monitoring of both threatened species and a range of sedentary passerines typically associated with representative habitats in the arid zone.

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Lapenko, Nina, F. Eroshenko e I. STORCHAK. "Vegetation of steppe phytocenoses and features of its vegetation under complicated conditions of the Stavropol krai". Agrarian Bulletin of the 193, n. 2 (15 marzo 2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-193-2-9-19.

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Abstract. It is possible to increase the accuracy and objectivity of monitoring the state of natural grass stands, the vegetation features of grassy vegetation of the steppe phytocenoses, and their feed potential using remote sensing data from the Earth. The purpose of the work is to obtain data on the state of natural phytocenoses, the characteristics of vegetation of wild vegetation in various soil and climatic conditions using data from remote sensing of the Earth. Methods. Geobotanical studies were carried out at registration sites (landfills) measuring 10×10 m, in accordance with the requirements of methods and state standards generally accepted in phytocenology. Description of vegetation was carried out according to the system of O. Drude, with a mark of the abundance of the species, projective cover, and height of the grass stand. Assessment of the state of vegetation was analyzed by the values of the normalized relative vegetation index (NDVI), which was obtained using the service “Vega” IKI RAS. The objects of study are the natural communities of wild-growing flora located in the arid zone (ZZ) and the zone of unstable moisture (ZNU) of the Stavropol territory. Results. The current ecological state and composition of the steppe vegetation of the studied zones has been established. Both the anthropogenic factor and the climatic conditions in which natural grass stands grow strongly influence the vegetation features, species composition, productivity and quality of feed. The analysis showed that the heat supply of the vegetation period of the arid zone is 5 % higher than the zones of unstable humidification of the Stavropol territory, and the annual rainfall in PYE is 32 % higher than in the western zone. All this affects the course of vegetation of natural forage land in these regions. So, in the arid zone and in the zone of unstable humidification, the average dynamics of the vegetation indices NDVI have a completely different look: there are different levels of maxima, their onset and growth rate and decrease in NDVI. In the arid zones, a pronounced second maximum is observed at the end of November, and in the zone of unstable humidification there is only a tendency for the vegetation index to increase in the autumn period.

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Cocks, KD, e C. Parvey. "Prospects for land use planning in arid Australia." Rangeland Journal 7, n. 1 (1985): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850047.

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This paper describes the types of controls available to Australian land use planners, along with a brief survey of current issues in the use and management of the arid zone. The authors discuss possible roles for each of the four main types of available controls (zoning, site and management plans, performance standards and project impact assessment) in the arid zone. They conclude that performance standards and project impact assessment procedures are the controls most likely to prove useful in the management of the arid zone.

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27

Fenetahun, Yeneayehu, e Tihunie Fentahun. "Socio-economic profile of arid and semi-arid agropastoral region of Borana rangeland Southern, Ethiopia". MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 5, n. 3 (3 giugno 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2020.05.00183.

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Ethiopia is believed to have the largest livestock population in Africa. This livestock sector has been contributing considerable portion to the economy of the country and Borana zone is the major contributor for this. The main objectives of the study were to make basic information regarding natural features and socio-economic conditions of the zone that serve or stepping ground for planning policy making and research. This data is crucial for designing proper development plan for research activities and decision making. Specifically, the 2019 socio -economic profile was conducted to provide basic information for the 2020 national election purpose and for 2021 population and housing census as preliminary document regarding socio-economic condition of the zone. And also, this socio-economic profile is used to enhance tourism and economic development, identifying under used services (or opportunities for shared services, forecasting problem areas, developing local community profiles and better land use planning. In organizing this document, the serious problems were the absence of reliable data and up to date data and information. The document being the first of its kind gives a general clue about the zone and accordingly could be used as a bench mark for further study about the zone.

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Jain, Satish C., B. Pancholi, R. Singh e R. Jain. "Pharmacognostical studies of important arid zone plants". Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 20, n. 5 (novembre 2010): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-695x2010005000023.

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29

Gordon, G., e L. S. Hall. "Tail Fat Storage in Arid Zone Bandicoots." Australian Mammalogy 18, n. 1 (1995): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am95087.

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30

Veth, Peter. "Martujarra Prehistory: Variation in Arid Zone Adaptations". Australian Archaeology 25, n. 1 (1 dicembre 1987): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.1987.12093128.

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31

Clarke, Michele L. "Book Review: Arid zone geomorphology (second edition)". Holocene 8, n. 6 (settembre 1998): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095968369800800616.

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32

Abdullaev, S. F., V. A. Maslov e B. I. Nazarov. "Study of dust haze in arid zone". Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 49, n. 3 (maggio 2013): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s000143381303002x.

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33

K. D. Sharma e D. C. Joshi. "Fluvial Sedimentation in the Indian Arid Zone". Transactions of the ASAE 30, n. 3 (1987): 0724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30466.

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34

Francois, L. E. "Salinity effects on four arid zone plants". Journal of Arid Environments 11, n. 1 (luglio 1986): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)31315-6.

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35

Lewis, Megan. "Spectral characterization of Australian arid zone plants". Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 28, n. 2 (gennaio 2002): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5589/m02-023.

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36

Abrahams, Athol D. "Arid Zone Geomorphology. David S. G. Thomas". Journal of Geology 98, n. 5 (settembre 1990): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629449.

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37

Hulbert, AJ, e PL Else. "Mammalian metabolism: insights from arid zone reptiles." Australian Mammalogy 26, n. 1 (2004): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04111.

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Mammals, being endotherms have very high metabolic rates compared to ectothermic reptiles. Similarly, small mammals have high rates of mass-specific metabolism compared to larger mammals. This review examines the mechanistic basis of why particular mammal species have a specific metabolic rate. Initial studies compared mammals with arid zone reptile species of the same size and Tb. Mammals have larger internal organs, with more mitochondrial membrane surface area than the reptiles. The cells of mammals are leakier to Na+ ions and their mitochondrial membranes are leakier to H+ ions than in reptile cells. These leakier membranes have membrane lipids that are polyunsaturated and less monounsaturated than their less leaky counterparts. Examination of the cellular basis of allometric variation in metabolism in mammals reveals very similar findings with polyunsaturated membranes associated with the high mass-specific metabolic rates of small mammal species and monounsaturated membranes with low rates of metabolism of large mammals. These findings have resulted in the development of the ?membrane pacemaker? theory of metabolism, which proposes that membrane bilayer composition is regulated in animals and that highly polyunsaturated membranes result in enhanced molecular activity of membrane proteins and in turn this results in an elevated metabolic rate of cells, tissues and consequently whole animals. This theory is also supported by the recent examination of the basis of body-size variation in the metabolic rates of birds. The ?membrane pacemaker? theory of metabolism is currently the only explanation of the mechanisms determining the metabolic rate and thus the cost of living of animals. It has implications for the effect of food habits on metabolism and the relationship between metabolism and lifespan.

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38

Sharma, K. D., J. S. R. Murthy e R. P. Dhir. "Streamflow routing in the indian arid zone". Hydrological Processes 8, n. 1 (gennaio 1994): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080103.

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39

Macmillen, Richard E., e Russell V. Baudinette. "Symposium: The biology of arid zone birds". Journal of Ornithology 135, n. 3 (luglio 1994): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01639959.

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40

Herczeg, Andrew L., e F. W. Leaney. "Review: Environmental tracers in arid-zone hydrology". Hydrogeology Journal 19, n. 1 (8 ottobre 2010): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0652-7.

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41

de la Paix Mupenzi, Jean, Lanhai Li, Jiwen Ge, Jean Ngamije, Verenyam Achal, Gabriel Habiyaremye e Jean de Dieu Habumugisha. "Water losses in arid and semi-arid zone: Evaporation, evapotranspiration and seepage". Journal of Mountain Science 9, n. 2 (21 marzo 2012): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-012-2186-z.

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42

Schaller, Mirjam, e Todd A. Ehlers. "Comparison of soil production, chemical weathering, and physical erosion rates along a climate and ecological gradient (Chile) to global observations". Earth Surface Dynamics 10, n. 1 (15 febbraio 2022): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-131-2022.

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Abstract. Weathering of bedrock to produce regolith is essential for sustaining life on Earth and global biogeochemical cycles. The rate of this process is influenced not only by tectonics, but also by climate and biota. We present new data on soil production, chemical weathering, and physical erosion rates from the large climate and ecological gradient of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (26 to 38∘ S). Four Chilean study areas are investigated and span (from north to south) arid (Pan de Azúcar), semi-arid (Santa Gracia), Mediterranean (La Campana), and temperate humid (Nahuelbuta) climate zones. Observed soil production rates in granitoid soil-mantled hillslopes range from ∼7 to 290 t km−2 yr−1 and are lowest in the sparsely vegetated and arid north and highest in the Mediterranean setting. Calculated chemical weathering rates range from zero in the arid north to a high of 211 t km−2 yr−1 in the Mediterranean zone. Chemical weathering rates are moderate in the semi-arid and temperate humid zones (∼20 to 50 t km−2 yr−1). Similarly, physical erosion rates are lowest in the arid zone (∼11 t km−2 yr−1) and highest in the Mediterranean climate zone (∼91 t km−2 yr−1). The contribution of chemical weathering to total denudation rates is lower in the arid north than further south. However, due to heterogeneities in lithologies and Zr concentrations, reported chemical weathering rates and chemical depletion fractions are affected by large uncertainties. Comparison of Chilean results to published global data collected from hillslope settings underlain by granitoid lithologies documents similar patterns in soil production, chemical weathering, and total denudation rates for varying mean annual precipitation and vegetation cover amounts. We discuss the Chilean and global data in the light of contending model frameworks in the literature and find that observed variations in soil production rates bear the closest resemblance to models explicitly accounting for variations in soil thickness and biomass.

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43

H. HAFTOM, A. HAFTU, K. GOITOM e H. MESERET. "Agroclimatic zonation of Tigray region of Ethiopia based on aridity index and traditional agro-climatic zones". Journal of Agrometeorology 21, n. 2 (10 novembre 2021): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i2.229.

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The aim of this study was to identify the agroclimatic zones of Tigray region based on aridity index and traditional agroclimatic zone using 37-year (1981-2017) spatial climate data downloaded for Tigray region from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) for rainfall and from Enhancing National Climate Services (ENACTS) data for temperature. Arc map 10.3 was used for mapping of all climatic variables and zonation of agro-climatic zones. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) was computed based on Hargreaves formula and the aridity index was computed. Besides, the digital elevation model was downloaded from ASTER data. The aridity map of Tigray divided into three index zones (0.03-0.2, 0.2–0.5 and 0.5–0.65) and five traditional agro-climate zones (<1500,1500-2000,2000- 2500, 2500-3000, >3000 m.a.s.l.) were overlaid, which divided entire region of Tigray into fifteen agroclimatic zones. Hot semi-arid, warm semi-arid, tepid semi-arid and hot arid were the dominant zones in the region.

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44

Geiser, F. "The role of torpor in the life of Australian arid zone mammals." Australian Mammalogy 26, n. 2 (2004): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04125.

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Approximately half of the Australian continent is arid and is characterised by low primary productivity, limited supply of food and pronounced daily fluctuations of ambient temperature (Ta). Despite these adverse conditions the diversity of small mammals in the Australian arid zone is high, although their abundance is generally low. The most successful groups of small arid zone mammals are the dasyurid marsupials, native rodents, and insectivorous bats. A probable reason for the success of the insectivorous dasyurids and bats, which must cope with strong fluctuations in food and water availability, is their extensive use of torpor. Mammalian torpor is characterised by substantial reductions of body temperature (Tb) metabolic rate (MR) and water loss. Small arid zone dasyurids use exclusively daily torpor, some even during the reproductive season, when most mammals maintain strict homeothermy. Dasyurids reduce Tb from ~ 35�C during normothermia to ~ 15�C during torpor, the MR during torpor (TMR) is ~ 30% of basal metabolic rate (BMR). Mass loss, and thus water loss, is related to the duration of torpor bouts. Dasyurids usually enter torpor at night or in the early morning and arouse around midday or in the afternoon. Recent evidence shows that desert dasyurids may bask in the sun during rewarming from torpor. This can minimise energetic cost of arousal to a fraction of that required for endogenous warming. Arid zone bats are also likely to use torpor extensively, but few species, specific to the arid zone, have been studied. Nevertheless, widely distributed bats that occur in the arid zone, such as Nyctophilus geoffroyi, enter brief torpor for part of the day in summer and prolonged torpor (hibernation) for up to two weeks in winter and can reduce Tb to a minimum of 2 - 3�C and TMR to ~ 3% of BMR; mass loss and water loss are minimal during torpor. Patterns of torpor similar to those in bats also have been observed in the insectivorous echidnas and two species of insectivorous / nectarivorous pygmy-possums, which have distribution ranges that include semi-arid and arid areas. In contrast to these species, no detailed information is available on torpor in native Australian rodents, because little work with respect to torpor has been conducted in Australia. However, many arid zone rodents on other continents employ torpor and it is likely that Australian rodents do as well. In addition to reducing energy expenditure and water loss, use of torpor also appears to prolong life span. This is important for bridging adverse conditions and for subsequent re-colonization of areas after droughts and fires in inland Australia. Thus it appears that the success of small insectivorous/nectarivorous mammals and perhaps rodents in the Australian arid zone is partially due to their use of torpor.

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45

Kehal, Lamia, Mohamed Zouidi, Dounia Keddari, Salah Hadjout e Amine Habib Borsali. "Comparative analysis of forest soil properties from sub-humid and semi-arid areas of Djebel El Ouahch biological reserve in Algeria". South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 12, n. 3 (28 maggio 2022): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.12(3).p349-356.

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The forest plays a vital role in the biological, ecological and economic balance in our country. It is the result of millenary interactions between the climate, the diversity of geological and edaphic contexts. The objective of this study was to determine and evaluate the physicochemical parameters of forest soils in two zones of the Djebel El Ouahch (Constantine) national park, which were exposed to two bioclimatic stages (sub-humid and semi-arid). The samples were taken at a depth between 0 and 20 cm in each zone on sampling stations of 400 m2. Our results showed that the bioclimatic stage affected the physico-chemical properties of the soils by increasing the percentage of humidity, the rate of carbon, nitrogen and organic matter in the sub-humid zone, on the other hand in the semi-arid zone are vulnerable and fragile due to their texture, a low water retention capacity, the rate of degradation of organic matter and a high rate of total limestone. The intense drying and the vulnerability of the soils in the semi-arid zone could reduce the long-term physico-chemical fertility with the consequence of a regression of the vegetation and the alteration of the biodiversity.

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46

Chen, Dongli, Degang Yang, Xinhuan Zhang, Yannan Zhao e Yufang Zhang. "Spatial Suitability Evaluation of an Arid City Based on the Perspective of Major Function Oriented Zoning: A Case Study of Urumqi City in Xinjiang, China". Sustainability 10, n. 9 (24 agosto 2018): 3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093004.

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The realization of regional sustainable development has been a popular research topic during the process of urbanization. To explore the coordination relationships between urban development and ecological security—taking Urumqi city, a representative arid city in Xinjiang, China, as a study area—this study has constructed a framework of spatial suitability evaluation based on the characteristics of a Mountain–Oasis–Desert System (MODS) in an arid area under the framework of major function oriented zoning (MFOZ). A spatial overlay analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS) with a 5 m × 5 m grid or towns and streets as the basic unit was applied to comprehensively evaluate spatial suitability. The results showed that the study area was zoned into a forbidden development zone (as patches set in towns and streets), an ecological protection zone (nine towns or streets), a moderate development zone (16 towns or streets), and a key development zone (82 towns or streets), accounting for 30.35%, 32.50%, 23.79%, and 13.36%, respectively. The zoning results provided a basis to pointedly put forward the development and protection strategies of each administrative unit; and the research framework can be applied to other arid areas for the decision-making related to the urban space layout and environmental management.

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Lv, Qing Feng, Peng Fei Liu e Yan Xu Zhao. "Finite Element Analysis of Rainfall Infiltration in a Compacted Loess Embankment". Advanced Materials Research 936 (giugno 2014): 1511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1511.

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Because of evapo-transpiration, compacted loess road embankments were considered to be in a partially saturated state in both arid and semi-arid regions. Based on previous studies and the theory of unsaturated soil mechanics, a numerical analysis of rainfall infiltration in a compacted loess road embankment was conducted. The transient seepage characteristics and moisture migration patterns of the moisture in the embankment were analysed. The results showed that after precipitation, the moisture profile of the compacted loess could be separated into three zones .The data also showed that: under the effect of gravity, the water continued to migrate into the embankment after the rainfall had ended. In time, the saturated zone became partially saturated as the moisture content decreased, whereas the moisture content in the conducting and humid zones increased and the wetting front moved downward. The data also showed that the depth of the conducting and humid zones increased in time, but that the moisture content in the conducting zone increased along a linear gradient with depth, while the moisture content in the humid zone decreased in a similar manner.

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48

D, Bolormaa, Lkhagvasuren D, Gantuya J, Gankhuyag L e Altanzul R. "Results of pasture monitoring research". Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22, n. 03 (9 maggio 2018): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v22i03.941.

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Rangeland deterioration and restoration management has been one of the prominent issues. The present study focuses on the composition, cover, and yields accumulation of rangeland plant species from different ecological zones and subzones. Pasture yield in Mongolia varies in ecological zones and subzones (p≥0.001), so 39 sheep, during the summer, comfortably graze in one-hectare area in high mountain zone, - 72 in forest steppe, 21 in steppe and 13 in arid steppe area respectively. Whereas types and cover of plant species in high mountain rangelands are more than other areas, yield accumulation is most in forest steppe. The impact of climate change has dramatically increased recent years, considerably affecting on pasture plant cover and yield. During a dry season or period of drought, amount of yield reduces 40% in high mountain zone; 49% in forest steppe, 52% in semi-arid steppe and 55% in arid steppe. Since rangeland productivity varies due to the nature and climate in the ecological zones and subzones, pasture shall be utilized under appropriate policy that regulates this depending on its capacity, resource and natural and climate feature of area.

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49

Moseby, K. E. "The desert dweller: forging a career in arid zone ecology". Pacific Conservation Biology 24, n. 3 (2018): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18022.

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Australia’s deserts can appear to be desolate and harsh environments, but they are extremely dynamic places that support a range of species adapted to the boom and bust conditions. Despite the resilience of the arid zone, extinction rates in arid Australia are the highest in the country and the majority of medium-sized mammals have been lost since European settlement. Katherine Moseby is a conservation biologist who lives and works in the Australian arid zone, with a particular focus on threatened species and reintroductions. She provides a brief background on arid zone ecology in Australia and the story of how she went from city slicker to desert dweller. A discussion on what it means to be a woman in conservation science is included with some insights into juggling a career and a family in a remote location.

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Yan, Zhongwei, e Nicole Petit-Maire. "The last 140 ka in the Afro-Asian arid/semi-arid transitional zone". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 110, n. 3-4 (agosto 1994): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90085-x.

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