Bibliografie tematiche / Arctic air pollution

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Arctic air pollution"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 25 maggio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Arctic air pollution":

1

Wiersma, G. Bruce, e B. Stonehouse. "Arctic Air Pollution". Arctic and Alpine Research 20, n. 2 (maggio 1988): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551509.

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2

Moriarty, F. "Arctic air pollution". Environmental Pollution 48, n. 2 (1987): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(87)90099-6.

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3

Peel, D. "Arctic air pollution". Endeavour 11, n. 4 (gennaio 1987): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(87)90294-8.

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4

Shaw, Glenn E. "Arctic air pollution". Earth-Science Reviews 25, n. 3 (settembre 1988): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(88)90033-5.

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5

Tanaka, Yoshifumi. "Reflections on Transboundary Air Pollution in the Arctic: Limits of Shared Responsibility". Nordic Journal of International Law 83, n. 3 (19 agosto 2014): 213–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08303002.

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Abstract (sommario):
Air pollution in the Arctic is transboundary by nature and its causes may be attributed to more than one state. An issue thus arises with regard to shared responsibility of multiple states for transboundary air pollution in the Arctic. Transboundary air pollution caused by multiple states clearly differs from traditional bilateral atmospheric pollution as typically shown in the Trail Smelter arbitration. Shared responsibility which is distinct from traditional independent state responsibility is increasingly at issue in international law and the regulation of transboundary air pollution in the Arctic provides an interesting insight into this subject. Thus this article will seek to examine legal issues concerning shared state responsibility for transboundary air pollution in the Arctic.
6

Law, K. S., e A. Stohl. "Arctic Air Pollution: Origins and Impacts". Science 315, n. 5818 (16 marzo 2007): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1137695.

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7

Ottar, B. "Arctic air pollution: A Norwegian perspective". Atmospheric Environment (1967) 23, n. 11 (gennaio 1989): 2349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90248-5.

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8

Law, Katharine S., Andreas Stohl, Patricia K. Quinn, Charles A. Brock, John F. Burkhart, Jean-Daniel Paris, Gerard Ancellet et al. "Arctic Air Pollution: New Insights from POLARCAT-IPY". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2014): 1873–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00017.1.

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Abstract (sommario):
Given the rapid nature of climate change occurring in the Arctic and the difficulty climate models have in quantitatively reproducing observed changes such as sea ice loss, it is important to improve understanding of the processes leading to climate change in this region, including the role of short-lived climate pollutants such as aerosols and ozone. It has long been known that pollution produced from emissions at midlatitudes can be transported to the Arctic, resulting in a winter/spring aerosol maximum known as Arctic haze. However, many uncertainties remain about the composition and origin of Arctic pollution throughout the troposphere; for example, many climate–chemistry models fail to reproduce the strong seasonality of aerosol abundance observed at Arctic surface sites, the origin and deposition mechanisms of black carbon (soot) particles that darken the snow and ice surface in the Arctic is poorly understood, and chemical processes controlling the abundance of tropospheric ozone are not well quantified. The International Polar Year (IPY) Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols and Transport (POLARCAT) core project had the goal to improve understanding about the origins of pollutants transported to the Arctic; to detail the chemical composition, optical properties, and climate forcing potential of Arctic aerosols; to evaluate the processes governing tropospheric ozone; and to quantify the role of boreal forest fires. This article provides a review of the many results now available based on analysis of data collected during the POLARCAT aircraft-, ship-, and ground-based field campaigns in spring and summer 2008. Major findings are highlighted and areas requiring further investigation are discussed.
9

Law, Kathy S., Anke Roiger, Jennie L. Thomas, Louis Marelle, Jean-Christophe Raut, Stig Dalsøren, Jan Fuglestvedt, Paolo Tuccella, Bernadett Weinzierl e Hans Schlager. "Local Arctic air pollution: Sources and impacts". Ambio 46, S3 (26 ottobre 2017): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-0962-2.

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10

Eckhardt, S., A. Stohl, S. Beirle, N. Spichtinger, P. James, C. Forster, C. Junker, T. Wagner, U. Platt e S. G. Jennings. "The North Atlantic Oscillation controls air pollution transport to the Arctic". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, n. 3 (24 giugno 2003): 3222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-3222-2003.

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Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. This paper studies the interannual variability of pollution pathways from northern hemisphere (NH) continents into the Arctic. Using a 1-year model simulation of the dispersion of passive tracers representative of anthropogenic emissions from NH continents, we show that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) exerts a strong control on the pollution transport into the Arctic, particularly in winter and spring. For tracer lifetimes of 5 (30) days, surface concentrations in the Arctic winter are enhanced by about 70% (30%) during high phases of the NAO (in the following referred to as NAO+) compared to its low phases (NAO−). This is mainly due to great differences in the pathways of European pollution during NAO+ and NAO− phases, respectively, but reinforced by North American pollution, which is also enhanced in the Arctic during NAO+ phases. In contrast, Asian pollution in the Arctic does not significantly depend on the NAO phase. The model results are confirmed using remotely-sensed NO2 vertical atmospheric columns obtained from seven years of satellite measurements, which show enhanced northward NO2 transport and reduced NO2 outflow into the North Atlantic from Central Europe during NAO+ phases. Surface measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and black carbon at high-latitude stations further corroborate the overall picture of enhanced Arctic pollution levels during NAO+ phases.
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Articoli di riviste

Tesi sul tema "Arctic air pollution":

1

Ioannidis, Eleftherios. "Local and remote sources of Arctic air pollution". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03889862.

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Abstract (sommario):
La région arctique se réchauffe plus rapidement que toute autre région de la planète en raison de l’effet des gaz à effet de serre, notamment le CO2, et des forçeurs climatiques à courte durée de vie d’origine anthropique, comme le carbone suie (BC). Au cours des 20 à 30 dernières années, les émissions anthropiques lointain au-dessus des régions de latitude moyenne ont diminué. Les émissions anthropiques dans l’Arctique y contribuent également et pourraient augmenter à l’avenir et influencer davantage la pollution atmosphérique et le climat de l’Arctique. Les émissions naturelles, telles que les aérosols d’origine marine, pourraient également augmenter en raison du changement climatique en cours. Cependant, les processus et les sources qui influencent les aérosols et les gaz traces dans l’Arctique sont mal quantifiés, surtout en hiver. Dans cette thèse, des simulations quasi-hémisphériques et régionales sont réalisées à l’aide du modèle Weather Research Forecast, couplé à la chimie (WRF-Chem). Le modèle est utilisé pour étudier la composition atmosphérique sur la région Arctique et lors de deux campagnes de terrain, l’une au nord de l’Alaska à Barrow, Utqiagvik en janvier et février 2014 et la seconde à Fairbanks, au centre de l’Alaska en novembre et décembre 2019 lors de la campagne française pré-ALPACA (Alaskan Layered Pollution And Chemical Analysis). Tout d’abord, les aérosols inorganiques et les aérosols de sel marin (SSA) modélisés sont évalués sur des sites arctiques pendant l’hiver. Ensuite, le modèle est amélioré en ce qui concerne les traitements des SSA, après évaluation par rapport aux données de la campagne de Barrow, et leur contribution à la charge totale d’aérosols dans la région arctique est quantifiée. Une série d’analyses de sensibilité est effectuée sur le nord de l’Alaska, révélant des incertitudes du modèle dans les processus influençant les SSA dans l’Arctique, tels que la présence de glace de mer et de chenaux ouverts. Ensuite, une analyse de sensibilité est effectuée pour étudier les processus et les sources qui influencent le BC hivernale dans l’ensemble de l’Arctique et au nord de l’Alaska, en se concentrant sur les traitements de dépôt et les émissions régionales. Des variations de la sensibilité du modèle aux dépôts humides et secs sont constatées dans tout l’Arctique et pourraient expliquer les biais du modèle. Dans le nord de l’Alaska, les émissions régionales provenant de l’extraction pétrolière contribuent de manière importante au BC observée. Les résultats du modèle sont également sensibles aux schémas de paramétrisation de la couche limite. Troisièmement, la version améliorée du modèle est utilisée pour étudier la contribution des sources régionales et locales à la pollution atmosphérique dans la région de Fairbanks pendant l’hiver 2019. En utilisant des émissions actualisées, le modèle donne de meilleurs résultats pour l’hiver 2019 que pour l’hiver 2014, lorsqu’on le compare aux observations effectuées sur des sites de fond en Alaska. Les sous-estimations des aérosols modélisés de BC et de sulfate s’expliquent en partie par le manque d’émissions anthropiques locales et régionales. Dans le cas du sulfate , des mécanismes supplémentaires de formation d’aérosols secondaires dans des conditions sombres/froides doivent également être pris en compte
The Arctic region is warming faster than any other region on Earth due to the effect of greenhouse gases, notably CO2, and short-lived climate forcers of anthropogenic origin, such as black carbon (BC). Over the last 20-30 years, remote anthropogenic emissions over mid-latitude regions have been decreasing. Anthropogenic emissions within the Arctic are also contributing and might increase in the future and further affect Arctic air pollution and climate. Natural emissions, such as sea-spray aerosols, also might increase due to on-going climate change. However, the processes and sources influencing Arctic aerosols and trace gases are poorly quantified, especially in wintertime. In this thesis, quasi-hemispheric and regional simulations are performed using the Weather Research Forecast model, coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). The model is used to investigate atmospheric composition over the wider Arctic and during two field campaigns, one in northern Alaska at Barrow, Utqiagvik in January and February 2014 and the second in Fairbanks, central Alaska in November and December 2019 during the French pre-ALPACA (Alaskan Layered Pollution And Chemical Analysis) campaign. First, modelled inorganic and sea-spray (SSA) aerosols are evaluated at remote Arctic sites during wintertime. Then, the model is improved with respect to SSA treatments, following evaluation against Barrow field campaign data, and their contribution to the total aerosol burden within the Arctic region is quantified. A series of sensitivity runs are performed over northern Alaska, revealing model uncertainties in processes influencing SSA in the Arctic such as the presence of sea-ice and open leads. Second, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate processes and sources influencing wintertime BC over the wider Arctic and over northern Alaska, with a focus on removal treatments and regional emissions. Variations in model sensitivity to wet and dry deposition is found across the Arctic and could explain model biases. Over northern Alaska, regional emissions from petroleum extraction are found to make an important contribution to observed BC. Model results are also sensitive to planetary boundary layer parameterisation schemes. Third, the improved version of the model is used to investigate the contribution of regional and local sources on air pollution in the Fairbanks area in winter 2019. Using up-to-date emissions, the model performs better in winter 2019 than in winter 2014, when compared to observations at background sites across Alaska. Underestimations in modelled BC and sulphate aerosols can be partly explained by lacking local and regional anthropogenic emissions. In the case of sulphate, additional secondary aerosol formation mechanisms under dark/cold conditions also need to be considered
2

Mierzwiak, Sara M. "The Development of the Contaminant Exceedance Rating System (CERS) for Comparing Groundwater Contaminant Data". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1345227410.

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3

Winiger, Patrik. "Isotope-based source apportionment of black carbon aerosols in the Eurasian Arctic". Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-134577.

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Abstract (sommario):
Aerosols change the Earth's energy balance. Black carbon (BC) aerosols are a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass burning and cause a net warming through aerosol radiation interactions (ari) and aerosol cloud interactions (aci). BC aerosols have potentially strong implications on the Arctic climate, yet the net global climate effect of BC is very uncertain. Best estimates assume a net warming effect, roughly half to that of CO2. However, the time scales during which CO2 emissions affect the global climate are on the order of hundreds of years, while BC is a short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) with atmospheric life times of days to weeks. Climate models or atmospheric transport models struggle to emulate the seasonality and amplitude of BC concentrations in the Arctic, which are low in summer and high in winter/spring during the so called Arctic haze season. The high uncertainties regarding BC's climate impact are not only related to ari and aci, but also due to model parameterizations of BC lifetime and transport, and the highly uncertain estimates of global and regional BC emissions. Given the high uncertainties in technology-based emission inventories (EI), there is a need for an observation-based assessment of sources of BC in the atmosphere. We study short-term and long-term observations of elemental carbon (EC), the mass-based analog of optically-defined BC. EC aerosol concentrations and carbon-isotope-based (δ13C and ∆14C) sources were constrained (top-down) for three Arctic receptor sites in Abisko (northern Sweden), Tiksi (East Siberian Russia), and Zeppelin (on Svalbard, Norway). The radiocarbon (∆14C) signature allows to draw conclusion on the EC sources (fossil fuels vs. biomass burning) with high accuracy (<5% variation). Stable carbon isotopic fingerprints (δ13C) give qualitative information of the consumed fuel type, i.e. coal, C3-plants (wood), liquid fossil fuels (diesel) or gas flaring (methane and non-methane hydrocarbons). These fingerprints can be used in conjunction with Bayesian statistics, to estimate quantitative source contributions of the sources. Finally, our observations were compared to predictions from a state of the art atmospheric transport model (coupled to BC emissions), conducted by our collaborators at NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research). Observed BC concentrations showed a high seasonality throughout the year, with elevated concentrations in the winter, at all sites. The highest concentrations were measured on Svalbard during a short campaign (Jan-Mar 2009) focusing on BC pollution events. Long-term observations showed that Svalbard (2013) had overall the lowest annual BC concentrations, followed by Abisko (2012) and Tiksi (2013). Isotope constraints on BC combustion sources exhibited a high seasonality and big amplitude all across the Eurasian Arctic. Uniform seasonal trends were observed in all three year-round studies, showing fractions of biomass burning of 60-70% in summer and 10-40% in winter. Europe was the major source region (>80%) for BC emissions arriving at Abisko and the main sources were liquid fossil fuels and biomass burning (wood). The model agreed very well with the Abisko observations, showing good model skill and relatively well constrained sources in the European regions of the EI. However, for the Svalbard and East Siberian Arctic observatories the model-observation agreement was not as good. Here, Russia, Europe and China were the major contributors to the mostly liquid fossil and biomass burning BC emissions. This showed that the EI still needs to be improved, especially in regions where emissions are high but observations are scarce (low ratio of observations to emitted pollutant quantity). Strategies for BC mitigation in the (Eurasian) Arctic are probably most efficient, if fossil fuel (diesel) emissions are tackled during winter and spring periods, all across Eurasia.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.

Libri sul tema "Arctic air pollution":

1

Bernard, Stonehouse, University of Alaska Fairbanks e International Symposium on Arctic Air Pollution (1985 : Scott Polar Research Institute), a cura di. Arctic air pollution. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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2

Hernández, María Dolores Andrés. Distribution and dynamics of inorganic nitrogen compounds in the troposphere of continental, coastal, marine and Arctic areas =: Verteilung und Dynamik anorganischer Stickstoffverbindungen in der Troposphäre mittlerer Breiten und der Arktis. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1996.

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3

Hernández, María Dolores Andrés. Distribution and dynamics of inorganic nitrogen compounds in the troposphere of continental, coastal, marine, and Arctic areas =: Verteilung und Dynamik anorganischer Stickstoffverbindungen in der Troposphäre mittlerer Breiten und der Arktis. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1996.

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4

Stonehouse, B. Arctic Air Pollution. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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5

Stonehouse, B. Arctic Air Pollution. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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6

Stonehouse, B. Arctic Air Pollution. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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7

Pollution of the Arctic atmosphere. London: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991.

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8

Pollution of the Arctic troposphere: Northeast Greenland, 1990-1996. Roskilde, Denmark: National Environmental Research Institute, 1998.

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9

Guenther, Alex Brian. Wind tunnel, field and numerical investigations of plume downwash and dispersion at an Arctic industrial site. 1989.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Arctic air pollution":

1

Arnold, Steve R., Heiko Bozem e Kathy S. Law. "Arctic Air Pollution". In Handbook of Air Quality and Climate Change, 709–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2760-9_19.

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2

Arnold, Steve R., Heiko Bozem e Kathy S. Law. "Arctic Air Pollution". In Handbook of Air Quality and Climate Change, 1–33. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2527-8_19-2.

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3

Arnold, Steve R., Heiko Bozem e Kathy S. Law. "Arctic Air Pollution". In Handbook of Air Quality and Climate Change, 1–33. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2527-8_19-1.

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4

Przybylak, Rajmund. "Air Pollution". In The Climate of the Arctic, 141–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0379-6_8.

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5

Przybylak, Rajmund. "Air Pollution". In The Climate of the Arctic, 165–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21696-6_8.

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6

Gong, Wanmin, Stephen Beagley, Junhua Zhang, Ralf Staebler, Amir A. Aliabadi, Sangeeta Sharma, David Tarasick et al. "Modelling Regional Air Quality in the Canadian Arctic: Simulation of an Arctic Summer Field Campaign". In Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV, 401–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_63.

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7

Dastoor, A. P. "Modeling Anthropogenic Sulfur Transport to the Arctic". In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XI, 37–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5841-5_5.

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8

Jagovkina, S. V., I. L. Karol, V. A. Zubov, V. E. Lagun, A. I. Reshetnikov e E. V. Rozanov. "Model Study of Distribution and Intensity of Methane Fluxes in West Siberia and Russian Arctic". In Air Pollution Modelling and Simulation, 169–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04956-3_18.

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9

Kahl, Jonathan D., Joyce M. Harris, Gary A. Herbert e Marvin P. Olson. "Intercomparison of Long-Range Trajectory Models Applied to Arctic Haze". In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VII, 175–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6409-6_14.

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Christensen, Jesper. "A Three Dimensional Hemispheric Air Pollution Model Used for the Arctic". In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X, 119–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1817-4_14.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Arctic air pollution":

1

Choudhury, A., e S. Bandopadhyay. "The effect of velocity on the dispersion of pollutants in a hypothetical arctic open-pit mine". In AIR POLLUTION 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air160041.

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2

Dai, Guohua, Yufei Wan, Chunyu Liu, Jun Sang, Wenguang Wang, Xin Qian, Ming Hao e Renwei Liu. "A Simple and Effective Method to Predict the Generation of Black Carbon in Oilfields". In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18432.

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Abstract (sommario):
Abstract As an important safety discharge facility in petrochemical industry, flare is widely used in offshore and onshore oil and gas fields to relieve pressure, vent unwanted gases. This open-air combustion system oxidizes the fuel gases into carbon dioxide and water vapor and hence avoids the contamination of air with harmful gases that cause air pollution and climate change. With the increasingly strict requirements of environmental protection and the implementation of low-carbon development policy, the black carbon (soot) caused by incomplete combustion from the flare will be strictly controlled. At present, there is no simple and effective method to determine whether the flare produces visible black carbon which exacerbates the pollution. According to the investigation on site, there are different degrees of black carbon emission from the flares both in the onshore and offshore oilfield, which brings some troubles to the petroleum corporation. Based on a flare tip and the associated gas from an oilfield in Bohai Bay of China, a simulation model, which in accordance with the actual situation, was established with the Computational Fluid Dynamics software. The Non-Premixed Combustion model was used to simulate the Combustion, the P-1 model was adopted to calculate the thermal radiation and the Moss-Brookes model was selected to compute the generation of black carbon. The feasibility of the model was demonstrated by comparing the simulation results with the field test results. Then the limitation of current conventional practice to predict whether the soot is produced, was demonstrated with the model. At the same time, the production rate of black carbon under different conditions of components and fraction were calculated. After a comprehensive analysis and comparison, a simple, directly and effective method to predict the soot was proposed. When the C-to-H ratio of fuel gas is greater than 0.273, it tends to visible soot, and when the C-to-H ratio is greater than 0.285, it tends to heavy soot, which is in line with the actual in site. Therefore, the method can be applied to predict the level of the generation of black carbon in the engineering.
3

Chen, Yu, Yanling Wu, Graham Stewart, Johan Gullman-Strand e Xin Lu. "Numerical Simulation of Wave in Deck Loading on Offshore Structures". In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23847.

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Extreme wave impacts on the decks of offshore structures with insufficient air gap may cause damage or even collapse with safety, economic, and pollution consequences. In this study, the impact loads on a fixed platform deck have been predicted numerically by employing a Navier-Stokes solver with the free-surface captured by the volume of fluid (VOF) method. 3D numerical simulations of wave-deck interactions for long-crested extreme waves were performed. The simulations successfully captured the evolution of impact loads and free surface of the waves during the interaction with the platform deck. A detailed parametric analysis of wave-deck interactions showed significant differences in loads under various situations and confirmed the large magnitudes of the loads to be expected during impact. The results presented include a solid box and a more realistic case of under-deck beams. These provide a useful benchmark for predicting wave loadings on platform decks and through this research programme the longer term aim is to establish improved guidelines for assessing the risk of existing structures.
4

Dospatliev, Lilko, Miroslava Ivanova e Diyana Dermendzhieva. "Interrupted time series ARMA modeling of air pollution (NO2, SO2 and PM10) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria". In “TOPICAL ISSUES OF THERMOPHYSICS, ENERGETICS AND HYDROGASDYNAMICS IN THE ARCTIC CONDITIONS”: Dedicated to the 85th Birthday Anniversary of Professor E. A. Bondarev. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100643.

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5

Clauss, Gu¨nther F., Sascha Kosleck e Mazen Abu-Amro. "Computational Fluid Dynamics for the Simulation of Oil Recovery Systems at High Seas". In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92229.

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The paper presents multi-phase CFD-Calculations for simulating oil skimming processes in heavy seas. During the last years tanker catastrophes showed the shortcomings of existing oil recovery systems, especially while operating in heavy seas. For developing new and more efficient devices complex and expensive model tests must be conducted under special conditions to prevent environmental pollution. To minimize these costs CFD-tools for multi-phase flow simulations have been developed, and are applied to analyse and optimize oil recovery devices. The analysis of local flow phenomena dependent on the motion of an oil recovery system in a given sea state are the basis for the development of an optimized oil recovery device. For this purpose, existing nonlinear numerical methods used for stationary and unsteady viscous computation (based on Volume of Fluid (VOF) methods and Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations (RANSE)) are enhanced and combined to simulate two-phase (air, water) and three-phase-flow (air, water, oil). New methods for simulating motions in three (2D) and six degrees (3D) of freedom as well as for the generation of waves — regular and irregular sea states — are developed. To increase the speed of calculation the RANSE/VOF-method is coupled with a Potential theory method using Finite Element discretization (Pot/FE). Combining the advantage of the Pot/FE-solver, i.e. calculation speed, with the possibilities of the RANSE/VOF-solver to simulate multi-phase flow and free body motion offers the opportunity to simulate a complete test in reasonable time. To validate the procedure, the numerical simulations are compared to WAMIT-calculations and model tests carried out in a physical wave tank.
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Sugahara, Ryo, e Akio Kuroyanagi. "Research Regarding the Conceptual Change Observed in the Sea City Concept". In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77741.

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From the 1960th to 1980th years in the second half of the 20th century, numerous “sea city concepts” were proposed as a new city image. Among these concepts, in Japan, the sea city concept reflecting the current urban development situation of that time, was drawn by the architects as an image of the ideal city. During that period, in Japan for the purpose of the further economic development, the landfilled industrial zones were created in the surroundings of large metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. It led to the concentration of the population due to the people fleeing to the big cities from the provinces for employment, which created various problems of big cities such as population overcrowding, land shortage, traffic jams, air pollution, etc., so the different tasks became apparent. As a way to solve such problems, a sea city plan has been proposed. The oldest initiative was the Tokyo Bay concept of 1958 which proposed the creation of a new city by creating a new land by landfilling Tokyo Bay. However, that initiative only covered the expansion of the existing land, and didn’t make any advantage of “ocean” resources. For that reason, the further proposals subsequently enabled taking advantage of the sea by creating the canals, artificial islands or pile-style structures which led to adoption of proposal to float up. After that, the sea city concepts basing on the floating type had increased, and the subjected water area transited from the shallow water to the offshore area. Furthermore, the authors are planning to arrange the process of transition of the concept of the sea city by taking into account the changes the way oceans are treated and the structures relative to time.
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Kim, Seon Jin, Hyun Ho Lee, Soung Woo Park, Dae Yu Baeg, Jeong Hwan Kim e Jung Kwan Seo. "Blast Loading Profile of Gaseous Hydrogen in Confined Space Under Various Leak Conditions". In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81305.

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Abstract Research on hydrogen facilities in the shipbuilding industry and on hydrogen fuel ships and carriers is growing due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the increasingly strict regulation of environmental pollution. Compared with hydrocarbon-based fuels, hydrogen fuel has low minimum ignition energy and a wide-ranging flammability limit. Therefore, before utilizing hydrogen energy, hazard assessment studies of hydrogen leakage and explosion must be performed to ensure safety. It is hazardous to the release of gaseous hydrogen into confined spaces, such as storage and engine rooms of ships, because the hydrogen gas cloud, which is less dense than air, stagnates and accumulates near the ceiling. The main objective of this study is to examine the effects of gaseous hydrogen leakage conditions in confined spaces on the behavior of flammable gas cloud and blast loading profile. To analyze hydrogen gas cloud behavior, hydrogen release experiments were conducted in a 1.0 m × 1.0 m × 3.0 m enclosure at various leak nozzle heights (0.3, 1.5, and 2.7 m) and leak rates (100, 200, and 300 L/min). The results of hydrogen leakage experiments, the flammable gas cloud volume were found to increase with increasing leakage rate and decreasing leakage nozzle height. Due to the lack of the number of concentration sensors, there was a limit to the analysis of all the concentration field of hydrogen in the enclosure. All flammable concentration fields in the enclosure were evaluated and compared using FLACS, the computational fluid dynamics simulation software. In addition, the effects of ignition heights on hydrogen blast loading were analyzed using FLACS. The simulation revealed that a high hydrogen leak rate and a far leak nozzle-ceiling distance tends to result in a large gas cloud volume, which in turn results in high peak pressure and impulse. The highest overpressure and impulse were approximately 5 barg and 39 kPa·s, respectively. These results suggest that in confined spaces, equipment with high potential for hydrogen leakage (e.g., pipes) should not be designed near the ground. This paper thus contributes to the design standard for hydrogen storage facilities in confined spaces (e.g., ships) and lays the foundation for establishing a standard for marginal safety blast walls for protection from hydrogen explosions.
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Sterenborg, Joost, Mark Paalvast, Willem van Schoten, Lourens Boot e Arjen Tjallema. "Model Tests to Assess Wave and Current Loads on Ocean Cleanup’s Conceptual Plastic Capturing Barrier". In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61702.

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Lot of plastics enters the ocean every day with negative effects on the environment, economy and health. A large portion of the floating plastics accumulate in so-called gyres, where currents converge. One of the aims of the Ocean Cleanup is to develop technologies to extract plastic pollution from the oceans. The idea is to install a flexible barrier in the ocean that is supposed to concentrate the plastic at the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The design of the barrier is still in the conceptual phase and the model tests described in this report are conducted to assist in the development of the barrier. The model tests were carried out in MARIN’s Offshore Basin and served two main goals: 1) provide loads and displacements for numerical model calibrations and 2) examine the 3D fluid-structure interactions and the barrier performance for three different design concepts. A 360m prototype length barrier was considered that consists of a floater with a diameter of 1.5m and a screen with a height of 2m. To model larger lengths of the barrier, various pretensions were applied at the ends of the barrier. For the secondary mooring concept the barrier was moored each 60m via the bottom of the screen to a submerged tension line. For the low mooring and high mooring concepts, the model was only moored at both ends of the bottom of the screen or bottom of the floater. In general mooring loads were found to be the largest for the low mooring configuration. For this same configuration the mooring loads increment with increasing current velocity was the largest. Mooring load fluctuations seemed to be not strongly influenced by the amount of applied pretension. Vertical screen orientations, which are expected to be beneficial for the plastic capturing efficiency, were mostly observed for the secondary mooring and high mooring configurations. For the low mooring concept the offsets along the flow direction were the largest and the screen was more tilted. Additional ballast for the high mooring concept promoted a more vertical orientation of the screen with as downside increasing mooring loads. Overtopping or bridging (air gap exists below the barrier) negatively impact the plastic capturing efficiency and are important to consider. Both events are most likely to happen for shorter wave conditions and higher current velocities. The number of occurrences of overtopping and bridging was the lowest for the secondary mooring and the high mooring setup with a low pretension. For increasing pretension the number of overtopping and bridging events increased.
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Patel, Murlidhar, Shivdayal Patel, Suhail Ahmad e Carlos Guedes Soares. "Numerical Investigation of Air-Blast Performance of Cross-Filled Honeycomb Sandwich Panel". In ASME 2023 42nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2023-104526.

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Abstract Today’s biggest terrorist attack is the blast. The public and property are suffering significant harm as a result of the explosion. However, the modern period is looking for a structure that is blast-proof to safeguard people and pricey properties from explosions. Sandwich panels have an excellent capacity to absorb energy under blast as well as impact loads. As a result, a unique blast-proof sandwich panel was created in this study by using a cross-filled reinforced square honeycomb core. The investigation of blast mitigation performance through experiment is very dangerous, costly, and environmentally polluting. However, to overcome these issues, by using ABAQUS/Explicit, the blast mitigation performance of the modelled honeycomb sandwich panels was examined for a constant stand-off distance (SoD) of 100 mm at 1 kg to 3 kg TNT air-blast loadings. This study was carried out after the mesh convergence and validation studies. The new sandwich panel design’s blast resistance was examined by measuring the face deflection and energy absorption capabilities under air-blast loadings. A sandwich panel made of a reinforced square honeycomb core significantly increases blast resistance by reducing face deflection and increasing energy absorption contribution by the core. Compared to the sandwich panel with a square honeycomb core and a cross honeycomb core, the novel designed sandwich panel exhibits greater core energy absorption contribution, a smaller front face, and smaller rear face deflection at all applied air-blast pressures. Therefore, the sandwich made with a cross-filled square honeycomb core has the greatest blast-proof properties. The newly created sandwich panel may be used for several armoured vehicle components to protect soldiers.
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Alali, Amier, Yehia Abdel-Nasser e Swielm A. Swielm. "Collision Analysis of Stiffened Plates". In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20612.

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Structural design of ships against collision requires prediction of the extent of damage to stiffened plates subjected to impact. Structural components such as stiffened plates, bulkheads are our concern. In ship structures stiffened plates are furnished with vertical or horizontal stiffeners to sustain conventional acting loads such as shearing, bending and local buckling. The consideration of collision in ship structural design is necessary for tankers where accidents may cause serious environmental pollution. In predicting the extent of collision damage, finite elements (FE) modeling of stiffened plates using ABAQUS software is applied to demonstrate collision scenario. Typical stiffened plates of tanker in service with different configurations of stiffeners are selected to examine absorbed energy for each one. The aim of this paper is to select the proper stiffener shape absorbing more deformed energy. These analyses of stiffened plates will guide ship designers to properly select effective stiffener absorbing higher deformed energy when simulate full scale ship against collision.

Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Arctic air pollution":

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Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West e Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, novembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.

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Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.
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The economic consequences of air pollution policies in Arctic Council countries. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), marzo 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/19875eaf-en.

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