Tesi sul tema "Arcs continus"

Un avion de ligne est foudroyé en moyenne une à deux fois par an, en considérant la taille des flottes d’avions dans le monde, c’est un phénomène assez fréquent. Lors du foudroiement, le courant injecté peut varier de 200 à 200kA. L’éclair peut alors être divisé en deux phases distincts : la phase impulsionnelle où l’intensité du courant peut atteindre 200kA pendant quelques microsecondes. Elle génère des chocs associés à un écoulement compressible. La phase continue où l’intensité du courant de quelques centaines d’ampères est quasi constant sur une durée de quelques centaines de millisecondes. L’écoulement autour de l’arc a des caractéristiques d’écoulement incompressible.La modélisation de ce phénomène en une seule simulation est très complexe car elle fait intervenir deux physiques d’écoulement différentes, et donc en général la partie continue est modélisée par des méthodes incompressibles et la partie impulsionnelle par des méthodes compressibles. Or, il n’est pas possible de résoudre des écoulements compressibles avec une méthode incompressible, et à cause de la contrainte sur le pas de temps, une méthode compressible n’est pas adaptée pour la résolution d’écoulement incompressible.Comme on souhaite modéliser un foudroiement dans son intégralité, on va chercher des méthodes compressibles capables de résoudre des écoulements bas Mach pour des valeurs de pas de temps raisonnables. Les méthodes semi-implicites sont des méthodes qui en implicitant une partie des termes des équations de conservations permettent de réduire la contrainte sur le pas de temps et permettent alors de résoudre un écoulement bas Mach avec un schéma compressibles.Après une étude bibliographique sur les méthodes existantes, une nouvelle méthode semi-implicite traitant le gaz réel a été développé dans le cadre de cette thèse et a été implémentée dans le code MHD Taranis. La prise en compte des gaz réels est possible grâce à l’utilisation de tables thermodynamiques qui sont générées par le code Sethi. . Pour diminuer les contraintes sur les temps de simulation des géométries 3D, le code Taranis est couplé avec des outils d’adaptation de maillage anisotrope développé à l’INRIA. Ces outils permettent de générer un maillage qui va s’adapter selon l’écoulement de la configuration et donc mailler uniquement aux endroits où c’est nécessaire. Il a été alors nécessaire d’adapter les critères d’adaptation développés pour les calculs de mécanique des fluides à ceux d’un plasma thermique.Pour valider la capacité du nouveau schéma à modéliser des arcs continus, une configuration d’un arc à combustion libre entre cathode en forme de pointe et une anode en forme de plaque est modélisation en 3D. Cette configuration permettra de montrer la capacité du code Taranis à modéliser des arcs continus, et de montrer les intérêts des outils d’adaptation de maillage dans le cas de modélisation d’écoulement plasma
A commercial aircraft is struck by lightning on average once or twice a year. Considering the size of the global aircraft fleet, this is a fairly common phenomenon. During a lightning strike, the injected current can vary from 200 to 200 kA. The lightning can then be divided into two distinct phases: the impulsive phase, where the current intensity can reach 200 kA for a few microseconds, generating shocks associated with compressible flow; and the continuous phase, where the current intensity of a few hundred amperes remains almost constant over a duration of a few hundred milliseconds. The flow around the arc has incompressible flow characteristics during this phase.Modeling this phenomenon in a single simulation is very complex because it involves two different flow physics, so generally, the continuous part is modeled using incompressible methods, and the impulsive part using compressible methods. However, it is not possible to solve compressible flows with an incompressible method, and due to the time step constraint, a compressible method is not suitable for solving incompressible flow.As we aim to model a lightning strike in its entirety, we will seek compressible methods capable of resolving low Mach number flows with reasonable time step values. Semi-implicit methods are techniques that, by implicitly handling some terms of the conservation equations, reduce the time step constraint and thus allow solving low Mach number flows with a compressible scheme.After a bibliographical study on existing methods, a new semi-implicit method handling real gas was developed as part of this thesis and implemented in the MHD code Taranis. The consideration of real gases is made possible through the use of thermodynamic tables generated by the Sethi code. To reduce constraints on simulation times for 3D geometries, the Taranis code is coupled with anisotropic mesh adaptation tools developed at INRIA. These tools generate a mesh that adapts according to the configuration flow, thus meshing only where necessary. It was then necessary to adapt the adaptation criteria developed for fluid mechanics calculations to those of a thermal plasma.To validate the new scheme's ability to model continuous arcs, a configuration of a free-burning arc between a pointed cathode and a plate anode is modeled in 3D. This configuration will demonstrate the Taranis code's capability to model continuous arcs and show the benefits of mesh adaptation tools in plasma flow modeling

Pour satisfaire la demande croissante en puissance électrique des automobiles modernes, l’actuel réseau sous 14 VDC ainsi que les systèmes de commande qui lui sont rattachés doivent évoluer. C’est le cas en particulier des dispositifs de coupure. Deux solutions envisageables pour répondre à ces besoins en puissance électrique ont tout d’abord été confrontées : l’augmentation du courant sous 14 VDC et le passage à une tension de 42 VDC. L’augmentation de la tension se révèle être l’option la plus intéressante mais exige le développement de nouveaux matériaux de contact. De nouveaux pseudo alliages AgMeO ainsi qu’un matériau composite très innovant ont donc été élaborés et testés électriquement. Ils représentent des solutions matériau très intéressantes en terme de réduction de la durée d’arc et du gap d’extinction. Parallèlement à ces études expérimentales, des calculs théoriques ont été menés afin de simuler l’érosion et le transfert de matière entre les contacts
In order to satisfy the increasing electrical power needs in modern cars, the actual 14 VDC battery and its command systems as switching devices, have to evolve. First, two present tendencies were evaluated: the increase of current levels under 14 VDC and the change of voltage from 14 VDC to 42 VDC. A new 42 VDC system seems to be the more interesting solution, it needs however the development of new electrical contact materials. New silver-oxide composites and an innovating contact material were also elaborated and tested. They exhibit strong improvements in term of arc duration and extinction gap minimization. In addition, a theoretical study using a finite element simulation was led to calculate erosion and material transfer between contacts

Le présent travail se compose de sept articles indépendants. Le premier article fait le point sur la littérature concernant l'estimation des paramètres de processus en temps continu récemment introduits en finance. Le deuxième article montre que, la densité de transition du processus de diffusion des taux ou la tendance et la volatilité sont fonctions affines du niveau des taux, s'exprime par des fonctions confluentes hypergéométriques solutions de l'équation de Kummer. Les troisième et quatrième articles introduisent une nouvelle classe de modèles Arch à seuils ou les variances conditionnelles des valeurs positives et négatives du bruit sont des fonctions linéaires par morceaux de ses valeurs passées ainsi que des valeurs passées de ces variances. Ce type de modèles permet d'appréhender le caractère dissymétrique de la volatilité des cours boursiers d'une part et d'approximer d'autre part une large classe de modèles à volatilité stochastique récemment utilisés dans l'évaluation des options. Nous avons finalement estimé, testé et comparé notre modèle à d'autres modèles Arch. Le cinquième article examine le problème de l'agrégation temporelle des relations multi betas liant la prime de risque d'un actif financier à ses sensibilités par rapport à un ensemble de facteurs. Ceci nous a amenés à une modélisation en temps continu des cours des actions en fonction de facteurs browniens et poissoniens, et à déduire de nouvelles relations multi betas. Aussi, nous avons développé de nouvelles procédures statistiques, basées sur les moindres carrés asymptotiques pour tester ce type de relations. Le sixième article s'intéresse au comportement rationnel des emprunteurs face à une évolution stochastique des taux d'intérêt. Le risque de remboursement anticipé est ainsi caractérisé par l'existence d'un taux de réserve en fonction duquel les emprunteurs forment leurs décisions. Dans ce cadre, la loi des durées de vie des créances est explicitée. Enfin, dans le dernier article, nous appliquons les techniques du mouvement brownien absorbe avec tendance pour trouver des solutions à une large classe de problèmes de changement de régimes qui se posent dans les marches des devises. Nous généralisons ainsi la solution du problème à une barrière absorbante et donnons une méthode alternative à celle basée sur les techniques du calcul des variations

Cette these decrit un procede de mise en oscillation de l'arc afin de creer un zero de courant dans un appareil de coupure. Il utilise, en parallele sur un contacteur, un circuit oscillant lc de commutation et une varistance. Des la separation des contacts, l'oscillation de l'arc peut etre croissante et provoquer un passage par zero. Le courant de ligne est alors derive dans la capacite puis dans la varistance ou l'energie du systeme se dissipe. Le dispositif experimental met en uvre: un capteur destine a extraire la tension d'arc (<200 v) de la tension atteinte aux bornes du contacteur (>1000 v); une matrice de vingt fibres optiques qui permet de determiner la geometrie de l'arc; un systeme de fibres fluorescentes qui mesure son intensite lumineuse. Dans la gamme de tension exploree (jusqu'a 450 v), on peut tirer les conclusions suivantes: la coupure des courants inductifs (<20 a) est realisee avec des durees d'arc tres faibles (quelques ms); l'arc, au cours des oscillations conduisant au zero, reste entre les contacts; le courant d'arc et son intensite lumineuse sont proportionnels. Par rapport a la technique classique de soufflage dans une chambre, qui engendre des durees d'arc importantes (plusieurs dizaines de ms), l'utilisation d'un circuit de commutation permet donc de reduire l'usure des contacts et les dimensions de l'appareil de coupure. Une modelisation du circuit, a partir de l'equation de mayr, permet de simuler l'evolution du courant dans l'interrupteur

The purpose of this qualitative research project is to describe the scaffolding strategies used by a teacher to engage and support students as they work within the continua of biliterate development in the fifth-grade Spanish language immersion classroom. As language immersion programs and dual language schools continue to grow in popularity in Canada and the United States, this study seeks to illuminate and interpret a teacher’s work with students in the Spanish Language Immersion Program (SLIP), a research site located in the urban Midwestern United States.

This instrumental case study employed the lens of Sociocultural Theory to explore the principal research question: How does the teacher scaffold student development of biliteracy within language and content instruction in the immersion school context? The research also explores pre-planned scaffolding versus interactional scaffolding, as well as the tensions and forces within the broader context that the teacher encounters while working with students in this bilingual educational environment. Classroom observations, teacher interviews, administration interviews, and artifacts were analyzed using methods borrowed from Grounded Theory.

Findings from this study highlight the characteristics of the Community of Practice created by the teacher in this classroom that include a focus upon encouragement, knowledge, organization, and literate habitus. Additionally, two visual models were created to present the data including: “Scaffolding Episodes in the Development of Biliteracy,” to illustrate the task-oriented support provided by the teacher, and “Centripetal versus Centrifugal Forces,” to present the forces and tensions that the teacher faced within the historical phases of the Spanish Language Immersion Program.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2003.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-209).
This thesis proposes an alternate paradigm for designing computers using continuous-time analog circuits. Digital computation sacrifices continuous degrees of freedom. A principled approach to recovering them is to view analog circuits as propagating probabilities in a message passing algorithm. Within this framework, analog continuous-time circuits can perform robust, programmable, high-speed, low-power, cost-effective, statistical signal processing. This methodology will have broad application to systems which can benefit from low-power, high-speed signal processing and offers the possibility of adaptable/programmable high-speed circuitry at frequencies where digital circuitry would be cost and power prohibitive. Many problems must be solved before the new design methodology can be shown to be useful in practice: Continuous-time signal processing is not well understood. Analog computational circuits known as "soft-gates" have been previously proposed, but a complementary set of analog memory circuits is still lacking. Analog circuits are usually tunable, rarely reconfigurable, but never programmable. The thesis develops an understanding of the convergence and synchronization of statistical signal processing algorithms in continuous time, and explores the use of linear and nonlinear circuits for analog memory. An exemplary embodiment called the Noise Lock Loop (NLL) using these design primitives is demonstrated to perform direct-sequence spread-spectrum acquisition and tracking functionality and promises order-of-magnitude wins over digital implementations. A building block for the construction of programmable analog gate arrays, the "soft-multiplexer" is also proposed.
by Benjamin Vigoda.
Ph.D.

L’objet de la thèse est le développement d'un modèle numérique de simulation du chauffage d'un bain métallique par plasma d'arc transféré. Cette modélisation est appliquée à la simulation d'un four expérimental de forme géométrique axisymétrique. Ce four pilote à arc transféré, de petite capacité (200kW – 2000A, 300kg de fer), est développé au laboratoire plasma d'EDF-division R & D aux renardières pour étudier les transferts thermiques dans ce type de chauffage. Le modèle permet le calcul des différents champs (vitesse, température, variables électromagnétiques) dans la région de l'arc électrique, dans le bain et dans l'électrode de sole. Les équations de Navier-Stokes couplées aux équations de l'électromagnétisme sont résolues dans chaque domaine par une méthode numérique de type volumes finis. Pour le calcul de l'arc, les transferts radiatifs sont calcules de manière à prendre en compte les forts gradients de température présents dans l'arc électrique. Le transport des vapeurs métalliques et leurs effets sur les propriétés du plasma sont également pris en compte. Un modèle unidimensionnel spécifique est utilisé pour la modélisation de la couche limite anodique au-dessus du bain, il permet de détailler les interactions arc/bain et d'assurer le couplage entre les domaines de calcul arc et bain par des conditions aux limites a l'interface. Deux configurations de fonctionnement du four sont étudiées, avec des longueurs d'arc de 0,15m et 0,25m respectivement. Les résultats sont présentés et comparés avec des mesures de flux effectuées sur le four dans des conditions similaires.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Title as it appears in MIT Commencement Exercises program, June 5, 2015: Amino : a system for out-of-lab synthetic biology and continuous culturing Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 64-65).
With the ability to transfer a trait from one creature to another purposefully, synthetic biology is advancing across unforeseen domains. From algae cells that convert carbon dioxide to fuel, biocementation bacteria to terraform mars, and lab-grown meat, synthetic biology offers new materials for designers, technologists, and artists to explore, and yet, public opinion lags behind these scientific advancements. Anytime science advances faster than our ability to apprehend it, it produces progress but also fear, suspicion and uncertainty. Amino -- an object that allows direct interaction with microorganisms to experiment with biology as material -- sets out not simply to educate but to also be part of the early culture that metabolizes the changes underway. Amino is a design driven mini-lab that allows users to carry out a bacterial transformation and enables the subsequent care and feeding of the cells that are grown. Inspired by Tamagotchis, the genetic transformation of an organism's DNA is performed by the user through guided interactions, resulting in their synthetic organism for which they can care like you would a pet. Amino is developed using low cost ways of carrying out lab-like procedures in the home and is packaged in a suitcase-sized continuous bioreactor for cells.
by Julie Legault.
S.M.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This dissertation was developed among a group of Initial Years teachers of municipal schools from Alegrete /RS, in 2012, and it is focused on the diagnosis, analysis and development of a Science Teaching approach under the perspective of Scientific Literacy (SL) with the focus on Science, Technology and Society (STS). The methodological approach was qualitative, of comprehensive-interpretative nature, and the action-research was the investigation support, divided into two manuscripts. The first is characterized by the diagnosis of the teachers perception about the SL perspective with the focus on STS, when a questionnaire was used with open and closed questions. 58 teachers participated in this research. Results showed that the teachers understand the importance of the topic, but they are not prepared to evolve this theme in class. Besides, a great number of educators do not explicit in their practices the way that this SL perspective with the focus on STS may contribute do the Science Teaching. Likewise, when they were asked about the fact that their curriculum does not contemplate the SL with the focus on SIS, they mentioned that this topic does not contemplate this focus on their formation (68,96%), as well as 96,56% of these teachers do not have courses or graduations about the thematic of SL in STS. The second manuscript is characterized by an analysis of how the continued formation based on SL with the focus on STS impacted a group of teachers of Initial Years. 40 teachers participated, and 12 finalized. A questionnaire with open questions, participant observation and project analysis, besides a field journal, were used as tools to collect data. Results showed that teachers who participated at this research have a conceptual, linear and traditional perception of the Science subjects. However, at the projects reports, 66,67% of the teachers showed a vision of real, interdisciplinary and contextualized Science. With the evidenced results, we realized that the teacher s formation had a positive impact at the understanding about the Science Teaching construction. Thus, we hope that this dissertation may contribute with future educational actions, encouraging the development of problematizing methodologies, that are constituted as an important tool at interdisciplinary projects construction, that aim at an education more contextualized and closer to students reality.
A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida entre um grupo de professores dos Anos Iniciais de escolas da rede municipal de Alegrete/RS no ano de 2012 e focaliza-se no diagnóstico, análise e desenvolvimento de uma proposta sobre o Ensino de Ciências na perspectiva da Alfabetização Científica (AC) no enfoque da Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS). A abordagem metodológica foi qualitativa, de natureza compreensivo-interpretativa, tendo na pesquisa-ação o suporte para a investigação, sendo dividido em dois manuscritos. O primeiro caracteriza-se pelo diagnóstico das percepções dos professores sobre perspectiva da AC no enfoque da CTS, onde foi aplicado um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Participaram desta pesquisa 58 professores. Os resultados demonstraram que os docentes entendem a importância do tema, mas indicaram não estar preparados para desenvolver esta temática em sala de aula. Além disso, grande parte dos educadores não explicita em suas práticas como esta perspectiva da AC com enfoque da CTS pode contribuir para o Ensino de Ciências. Da mesma forma, quando questionados sobre a grade curricular de seus cursos contemplar a AC no enfoque da CTS, eles mencionaram que esse tema não contempla esse enfoque em sua formação (68,96%), bem como 96,56% desses professores não possuem cursos ou pós-graduação sobre a temática AC em CTS. O segundo manuscrito caracteriza-se em analisar como a formação continuada baseada na AC com enfoque CTS impactou um grupo de professores dos Anos Iniciais. Participaram 40 professores e finalizaram 12. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados um questionário com perguntas abertas, observação participante e análise de projeto, além do diário de campo. Os resultados apontaram que os professores participantes da pesquisa têm uma percepção conceitual linear e tradicional a respeito dos conteúdos de Ciências. Contudo, nos relatos dos projetos, 66,67% dos docentes mostraram-se com uma visão de Ciência real, interdisciplinar e contextualizada. Com os resultados evidenciados, percebe-se que a formação dos professores teve impacto positivo no entendimento sobre a construção do Ensino de Ciências. Assim, espera-se que a presente dissertação possa contribuir com futuras ações educacionais, estimulando o desenvolvimento de metodologias problematizadoras, as quais se constituem numa importante ferramenta na construção de projetos interdisciplinares que visem a um ensino mais contextualizado e próximo da realidade dos alunos.

Pour satisfaire la demande croissante en puissance électrique dans l'automobile, la tension va évoluer de 14 à 42 VDC. Cela implique que les dispositifs de coupure du courant vont devoir s'adapter pour conserver leur fiabilité. Aussi, la compréhension de l'arc et de ses interactions avec les contacts sous 14 VDC doit être étendue au 42 VDC. Cette étude sur l'arc d'ouverture et de fermeture sous 42 VDC nous montre que, par rapport au 14 VDC, la longueur de l'arc est rallongée d'un facteur 10, modifiant l'érosion cathodique en érosion bilatérale. De même, l'arc de fermeture persiste pendant toute la durée du rebond engendrant la soudure des contacts au début de l'arc et à la fin. Enfin, cette modification des mécanismes de transfert conduit à des comportements différents entre matériaux. Seul l'utilisation conjointe de dispositifs complémentaires de réduction d'arc et de matériaux plus adaptés assurera une coupure fiable des arcs sous 42 VDC.

Den 20 januari 2017 tillträdde Donald Trump som USA:s 45e president. Redan under valkampanjen, som Trump gick in i som en politisk outsider, såg vi en ny kommunikationsstil träda i kraft som enligt Enli (2017) bättre kan beskrivas som amatörism. Språket var rakt, direkt och ofiltrerat och tog ett stort kliv ifrån den traditionella politiska kommunikationen. Trumps huvudsakliga kommunikationsplattform är den sociala mediesajten Twitter där han kommunicerar frekvent och monologiskt med sin publik. Genom sin kontroversiella kommunikationsstil som väckt en global debatt kan Trumps kommunikation enligt Davis (2013) liknas vid propaganda från andra världskriget. Denna studie tar genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys ett grepp om propagandans definition enligt olika teoretiska perspektiv och har därefter för avsikt att analysera Trumps kommunikation på Twitter ur ett propagandaperspektiv. Syftet med studien är att kartlägga om det går att härleda Donald Trumps kommunikation på Twitter till klassisk propaganda från 1937, samt att även belysa genom vilka element detta görs utifrån frågeställningarna: ”Hur kan Donald Trumps twitterinlägg förstås utifrån ett propagandaperspektiv?” Samt ”Vilka likheter/skillnader finns det mellan Trumps twitterinlägg och klassisk propaganda från 1937?”. Till grund för analysen ligger The Institute for Propaganda Analysis, (IPA) sju klassiska propagandaordningar från 1937 vilka utgörs av punkterna: name-calling, glittering generalities, transfer, testimonial, plain folks, och bandwagon (Institute for Propaganda Analysis, 1937) samt Jacques Elluls teori om olika former av propaganda. För att analysera textmaterialet från Twitter användes en hermeneutisk textanalys som grundar sig i läran om läsning och tolkning. Det insamlade datamaterialet är ett urval från Trumps twitterkonto, @real_DonaldTrump, och kom att bestå av 300 tweets under perioden 20 januari – 20 mars 2017 med motivet att denna period representerar Trumps första dagar som USA:s president vilket därmed innebär att en ny politisk kommunikation tog sin början. Genom att analysera samt tolka Donald Trumps twitterinlägg ur IPA:s propagandaordningar framkom tillslut ett resultat som innebar att denna studie avslöjar att två tredjedelar av Donald Trumps tweets kunde tolkas ur IPA:s propagandaordningar. Slutsatsen är således att Donald Trumps kommunikation, trots nya högteknologiska hjälpmedel, kan tolkas ur och liknas vid ett klassiskt propagandaperspektiv som går hela 80 år tillbaka i tiden och kategoriserar därigenom in sig vid Elluls politiska samt horisontella propaganda.
January 20th 2017, Donald Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States of America. Since the start of the campaign, where President Trump entered as a political wild-card, he skillfully displayed a way of communicating never before seen at this level of politics. This style of communicating is according to Enli (2017) better described as unprofessional. The unfiltered, direct and straight-forward language was far from the traditional political environment historically utilized in presidential campaigns. Trumps primary platform for communicating with the surrounding world is the social media site Twitter, where his frequent one-way messages can benefit from the structure of the chosen interface. Davis (2013) connects Trumps controversial way of communicating to the propaganda of World War 2. This study will by qualitative content analysis, research the definition of propaganda from different theoretical perspectives and purpose as an analysis of Trumps communication through Twitter as propaganda. The objective of this study is to define if President Trump’s communicative strategy via Twitter is a derivate from the propaganda of 1937 and also emphasize from what elements this is done by answering the following: “How can Donald Trump’s tweets be interpreted from the perspective of propaganda? What are the similarities/differences that link President Trump’s tweets to classic propaganda from 1937 and if yes, what are these specific similarities?” The analysis is based upon The Institute for Propaganda Analysis (IPA) seven orders of classic propaganda from 1937; name-calling, glittering generalities, transfer, testimonial, plain folks, card stacking and bandwagon (Sproule, 1997 s.129ff) and Jacques Elluls theory of propaganda in different forms. A hermeneutical text analysis, coming from the research of reading and interpreting, was the tool used for the twitter text analysis. The collection of data is extractions from President Donald Trump’s twitter account, @real_DonaldTrump, and consists of 300 tweets submitted between January 20th and March 20th of 2017. This timespan was intentionally chosen in order to target the early days of Donald Trump’s presidency and the dawn of this new way of political communication. The analysis and interpretation of the selected twitter submissions show that 2/3 of them lies within the orders of propaganda defined by IPA. This concludes that President Trumps communication, despite new technological resources, can be interpreted as and compared to classic propaganda spanning 80 years back in time and thereby categorizes as Elluls political and horizontal propaganda.

The trajectorv of this thesis is set out like a journey upon which encounters are staged between two films. film theor), and philosophers. such as Slavoj Zizek. Gilles Deletize, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. An encounter with a moment of image suspension. a cut to the blank screen- in Tacita Dean's film, Disappearance atSea (1996). motivates the beginning of this journey's narrative. My reading of this moment counters the way that suspended film moments have been discussed in terms of non-narrative in 1970s film theory and in the contemporary psychoanalýlic filin theory of Slavoj Zizek. Using Gilles Deleuze's notion of narrativization as a process of serialization. I argue that the supposedly non-narrative moment is coextensive with the spectator's dis/continuity in time as opposed to Slavoj Zizek's static suspension or film theory's distanciation. A performative text based on Disappearance at Sea, which I refer to as a 'montage text' and for which precedence is found in Roland Barthes' writing, acts as an interlude that runs in tandem to the main theoretical trajectory. The generativity of absence that emerges from these encounters, both theoretical and poetic. is heightened in the second half of the thesis by the appearance of another 'montage text' based on Chantal Akerrnan's News From Home (1976). In this text. I reconfigure the negativity of historical readings of absence in Neus From Home where it was related to the impossible question of a woman's desire. In my reconfiguration, absence. rather than suspending time. generates a temporalized space and a spatialized time in which the spectator performs the dis/continuity of narrative duration. In the theoretical trajectory of this movement, Gilles Deleuze is hybridized with aspects of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology, my argument being that the sublime infinity of Deleuzian serialization requires a relation to embodiment in order for it to be useftil in considering the spectator's relation to the two film encounters with absence. I read this hybridization in terms of a feminine mode of the sublime, which suggests the possibility of the real rather than its negation in representation and contributes to current thinking in feminist philosophy, particularly the work of Elizabeth Grosz.

Cette recherche porte sur des adultes inseres professionnellement, sont consideres comme "realisateurs", les individus qui declarent etre parvenus au terme du projet de formation qu'ils avaient envisage. Trois approches sont proposees : - tout d'abord, une approche psycho-sociologique dont l'objectif est la verification d'hypotheses degagees par la synthese des travaux anterieurs sur le sujet. Les resultats d'une enquete par questionnaire mettent en evidence, d'une part, les facteurs favorables a la realisation (sexe masculin, niveau d'education eleve, existence de reseaux d'entraide dans le milieu professionnel, familial et de la formation, obtention de diplomes etc. . . ). Ils permettent, d'autre part, de differencier les "realisateurs" (qui beneficient du cumul des conditions favorables) des "non-realisateurs". Les deux autres approches tentent d'eprouver une deuxieme serie d'hypotheses portant sur les aspects de la personnalite dans le contexte des theories cognitives : - une approche experimentale propose la comparaison de deux groupes ("realisateurs" "non-realisateurs"): les scores obtenus a une batterie de tests de personnalite permettent de les discriminer sur le niveau d'estime de soi et le degre d'internalite (locus of control), plus eleves chez les "realisateurs". Cependant un comportement de type a, evalue par l'adaptation francaise de l'echelle de bortner, et les valeurs de travail ne les differencient pas. - une approche clinique effectuee a partir de l'analyse de donnees biographiques, montre l'importance de l'articulation entre une attitude de soutien de l'environnement et une representation positive de soi
This research concerns adults who have integrated into professional life. Those individuals who assert that they have attained the objective of the training project they had planned, are considered to be "achievers". Three approaches are proposed. - first, a psycho-sociological approach whose objective is the verification of hypotheses coming from the synthesis of previous studies. The results of a survey reveal, on the one hand, the factors favorable to successfull realization (masculine sex. High level of education, the existence of networks of mutual assistance in professional, family, and training circles, the acquisition of diplomes, etc. . . ). On the other hand, they make it possible to differentiate the achievers (who benefit from the cumulation of favorable conditions) from the non-achievers. The two other approaches test the hypotheses on aspects of personality in the context of cognitive theories : - an experimental approach proposes the comparison of two groups (achievers non-achievers) : the scores obtained on a battery of personality tests make it possible to differentiate them on the level of self esteem and the degree of interiorization (locus of control), which are higher among the achievers. However, a behavior of type a, as evaluated on the french version of the bortner scale, and work values do not differentiate them. - a clinical approach carried out on the basis of an analysis of biographical data shows the imoortance of the articulation between an attitude of support of the environment and a positive self-concept

L’augmentation du nombre de dispositifs électriques ou électroniques dans les automobiles et l’attrait croissant pour un véhicule automobile hybride (thermique + électrique) en vue de réduire la consommation de carburant pour préserver l’environnement vont engendrer dans les années à venir une forte augmentation de la puissance électrique embarquée. Dans ce but, les constructeurs vont certainement passer à un système d’alimentation sous 42 V (en ce qui concerne l’alternateur) qui permettra de réduire la section des fils et les volumes des différents mécanismes, donc réduire le poids total du véhicule. De plus, du fait de l'arrivée prochaine des systèmes de motorisation hybride pour lesquels la puissance consommée sera de l’ordre de 40 kW, les constructeurs ne s’arrêteront pas à cette valeur de 42 V et il est fort probable que celle-ci soit assez rapidement augmentée. Ceci fera apparaître de nouveaux problèmes concernant, par exemple les différents systèmes relatifs à l’ouverture (ou à la fermeture) et à la protection des circuits électriques. En effet, jusqu’à présent la tension aux bornes des électrodes d’un contact électrique ne pouvait guère dépasser 14 V. Dans ces conditions, la durée d’un arc électrique au niveau de tels dispositifs dépasse rarement quelques millisecondes. A contrario, pour une tension d’alimentation plus importante la durée d’arc peut rapidement augmenter. Cette thèse concerne l'étude de l’ouverture de contacts électriques sous une tension continue dans le cas de fortes intensités (quelques centaines d’ampères). Elle contribue à la connaissance du comportement d’un arc électrique sous 42V et à la quantification de l’érosion des contacts électriques
The increase of the number of electric or electronic devices in cars and the growing interest in hybrid vehicles (thermal + electrical motorization) in order to reduce the fuel consumption and to protect the environment will lead to a great increase of the electrical power on board in the near future. To increase the available power, manufacturers will rise the voltage to at least 42 V (regarding the alternator) in order to reduce the wire sections, the volume of electrical equipment and to prevent an increase of the weight of the vehicles. To implant the hybrid motorization for which the consumed power will be around 40 kW, the manufacturers will not stop at the present value of 42 V but will soon ask for more. In these voltage conditions, new problems will appear, concerning for instance the high current switching : opening or closing and protection of high intensity electrical circuits. Until now the voltage across the electrodes gap of the contacts reached a value of 14 V. In such conditions, the arc cannot last more than a few milliseconds, whereas for higher values of supply voltage, the arc duration may strongly increase. This thesis is about the study of the opening of contacts under DC voltage in the case of high intensity current (a few hundred amperes). It contributes to a better knowledge on the behaviour of the electric arc under 42 V and to quantify the erosion of the electric contacts

L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi és omplir un buit existent en l’àmbit de la investigació leibniziana pel que fa a l’estudi del Système nouveau i posar de manifest la rellevància que té aquest opuscle de 1695 en el conjunt de l’obra de Leibniz. En concret, pretén demostrar que el Système nouveau constitueix una exposició fonamental i indispensable de la teoria leibniziana de la substància i, en conseqüència, una peça clau del sistema filosòfic del pensador alemany. A partir d’una exhaustiva exegesi del text, la investigació posa de manifest que l’obra és el resultat d’una curosa estratègia expositiva per part de Leibniz i n’intenta aclarir el laberint d’intencions i conceptes. Per aquest camí, observa que el filòsof, de manera succinta, però implacable, teixeix una teoria de la substància amb la qual -a través del diàleg més o menys encobert amb filòsofs i filosofies- pretén vèncer els errors que observa en les metafísiques anteriors. Així, va ordenant les nocions tàcticament sota la forma d’una hipòtesi explicativa que finalment esdevé una demostració i acaba vertebrant els principis d’un sistema. Tot plegat, amb un objectiu darrer: fer una presentació sintètica, però màximament precisa, contrastada i convincent de la seva concepció de la substància davant la intel·lectualitat francesa de l’època. L’estudi, per mitjà d’una dilucidació detallada del complex entramat conceptual que presenta el Système nouveau, palesa i descriu les singularitats essencials de la teoria de la substància que conté aquest breu tractat. D’aquesta manera, evidencia que Leibniz, hi presenta la filosofia de la substància com l’única solució a les dificultats derivades de l’intricat problema metafísic de la unitat i el ser o laberint del continu, i que, amb aquest fi, la desenvolupa esglaonadament partint d’una teoria de la substància simple, passant per una concepció de la substància composta i acabant en la hipòtesi dels acords o harmonia preestablerta, amb la qual lliga tots els principis anteriors en la unitat d’un sistema. La investigació també desvela una evolució important entre la filosofia de la substància exposada en el Discours de Métaphysique i la que descriu en aquest opuscle de 1695, que està condicionada per l’intercanvi epistolar del filòsof amb Antoine Arnauld i els avenços que havia fet en el terreny de la dinàmica; a més, destaca la precisió conceptual que assoleix la teoria gràcies al marcat caràcter dialèctic de l’obra, el qual sotmet el pensament leibnizià a un debat continu amb la filosofia escolàstica, el mecanicisme modern i l’ocasionalisme. En darrer terme, la tesi posa de manifest que el Système nouveau desplega una versió demostrativa de la teoria de la substància i dels acords, seguint els paràmetres lògics del propi filòsof, i assenyala que, en aquesta obra, la hipòtesi de l’harmonia preestablerta sofreix una modificació epistemològica rellevant: passa de ser presentada com “una hipòtesi” a ser-ho com “un sistema metafísic”, que alhora en fonamenta un de físic. Tota aquesta tasca d’interpretació i aclariment comporta unes complexes anàlisis que, sovint, s’escapen del text del Système nouveau i cerquen sentit en altres escrits de l’autor, sobretot en el Discours de Métaphysique, la correspondència amb Arnauld i els textos de dinàmica. El resultat d’aquest procés suposa l’establiment d’un ample teixit de relacions conceptuals entre l’opuscle de 1695 i un extens conjunt d’obres leibnizianes, així com un esforç de precisar i arriscar interpretacions sobre determinats aspectes essencials de la filosofia del pensador. Finalment, l’estudi porta a concloure que el Système nouveau és la primera síntesi del sistema filosòfic leibnizià en la seva versió més madura i, com a conseqüència, constitueix l’obra essencial per poder-lo analitzar genèticament i en termes d’evolució.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es llenar un vacío existente en el ámbito de la investigación leibniziana en cuanto al estudio del Système nouveau y poner de manifiesto la relevancia que tiene este opúsculo de 1695 en el conjunto de la obra filosófica de Leibniz. En concreto, pretende demostrar que el Système nouveau constituye una exposición fundamental e indispensable de la teoría leibniziana de la sustancia y, en consecuencia, una pieza clave del sistema filosófico del pensador alemán. A partir de una exhaustiva exégesis del texto, la investigación pone de manifiesto que la obra es el resultado de una cuidadosa estrategia expositiva por parte de Leibniz e intenta esclarecer el laberinto de intenciones y conceptos que contiene. Por este camino, observa que el filósofo, de manera sucinta, pero implacable, teje una teoría de la sustancia con la cual -a través del diálogo más o menos encubierto con filósofos y filosofías- pretende vencer los errores que observa en las metafísicas anteriores. Así, va ordenando tácticamente las nociones bajo la forma de una hipótesis explicativa que concluye finalmente en una demostración y acaba vertebrando los principios de un sistema. Todo ello, con un último objetivo: realizar una presentación sintética, pero máximamente precisa, contrastada y convincente de su concepción de la sustancia ante la intelectualidad francesa de la época. El estudio, mediante una clarificación detallada del complejo entramado conceptual que presenta el Système nouveau, pone de relieve y describe las singularidades esenciales de la teoría metafísica que contiene este pequeño tratado. De este modo, hace patente que Leibniz expone su filosofía de la sustancia como la única solución a las dificultades derivadas del intricado problema metafísico de la unidad y el ser o laberinto del continuo, y con este fin la desarrolla gradualmente partiendo de una teoría de la sustancia simple, pasando por una concepción de la sustancia compuesta y acabando en la hipótesis de los acuerdos o armonía preestablecida, con la cual vincula todos los principios anteriores en la unidad de un sistema. La investigación también desvela una importante evolución entre la filosofía de la sustancia expuesta en el Discours de Métaphysique y la que describe en este opúsculo de 1695, que està condicionada por el intercambio epistolar con Antoine Arnauld y los adelantos que había hecho el filósofo en el campo de la dinámica; además, destaca la precisión conceptual que logra la teoría gracias al carácter dialéctico de la obra, que somete el pensamiento leibniziano a un debate continuo con la filosofía escolástica, el mecanicismo moderno y el ocasionalismo. En último término, la tesis pone de manifiesto que el Système nouveau despliega una versión demostrativa de la teoría de la sustancia y de la armonía preestablecida, siguiendo los parámetros lógicos del propio filósofo, y señala que la hipótesis de los acuerdos, en esta obra, sufre una modificación epistemológica relevante: pasa de ser presentada como una hipótesis a serlo como un sistema metafísico, que a su vez fundamenta un sistema físico. Toda esta tarea de interpretación y elucidación comporta unos complejos análisis que, a menudo, se escapan de los límites del Système nouveau y buscan sentido en otros escritos del autor, sobre todo en el Discours de Métaphysique, la correspondencia con Arnauld y los textos de dinámica. El resultado de este proceso supone el establecimiento de un amplio tejido de relaciones conceptuales entre el opúsculo de 1695 y un extenso conjunto de obras leibnizianas, así como un esfuerzo de precisar y arriesgar interpretaciones sobre determinados aspectos esenciales de la filosofía del pensador alemán. Finalmente, el estudio concluye que el Système nouveau es la primera síntesis del sistema filosófico leibniziano en su versión más madura y, como consecuencia, constituye la obra esencial para poderlo analizar genéticamente y en términos de evolución.
The main aim of this thesis is to fill a gap in the field of Leibnizian research regarding the study of the Système nouveau and to show the relevance of this booklet dated from 1695 to the rest of Leibniz’s work. The specific target is to demonstrate that the Système nouveau constitutes a fundamental and indispensable display of the Leibnizian theory of substances and is consequently a key piece of the German thinker’s philosophical work. Through an exhaustive exegesis of the text, the research shows that the work is the result of a careful strategy of presentation by Leibniz and attempts to clarify the labyrinth of intentions and concepts. That way, it shows that the philosopher, succinctly but implacably, weaves a theory of substances with which –through more or less covert dialogue with philosophers and philosophies- he aims to overcome the errors he observes in earlier metaphysics. Thus, he organises the notions tactically under the form of an explanatory hypothesis that finally becomes a display and ends up structuring the principles of a system. All together, this has a final objective: to make a synthetic presentation, but one that is as accurate, proven and compelling as possible, of his conception of substance to the French intelligentsia of the time. Through a detailed elucidation of the complex conceptual framework that the Système nouveau presents, the study reveals and describes the essential singularities of the theory of substances that this brief treatise contains. This way, it shows that Leibniz presents the philosophy of substances as the only solution to the difficulties derived from the intricate metaphysical problem of the unit and the being or labyrinth of the continuous, and, to this end, he develops it in stages, starting with a simple theory of substances, passing through a conception of the compound substance and ending in the hypothesis of the agreements or pre-established harmony, with which he links it all to the anterior principles of the unity of a system. The research also reveals an important evolution between the philosophy of substances presented in the Discours de Métaphysique and the one he describes in this 1695 booklet, which is conditioned by the epistolary exchange of the philosopher with Antoine Arnauld and the advances he had made in the field of dynamics. Moreover, what stands out is the conceptual precision that the theory reaches thanks to the marked dialectic character of the work, which submits Leibnizian thought to an ongoing debate with scholastic philosophy, modern mechanicism and occasionalism. Lastly, the thesis shows that the Système nouveau deploys a demonstrative version of the theory of substances and the agreements, following the philosopher’s own logical parameters, and indicates that, in this work, the hypothesis of pre-established harmony undergoes a relevant epistemological modification: it goes from being presented as “a hypothesis” to become “a metaphysical system”, which in turn is based on a physical one. All this work of interpretation and clarification leads to a complex analysis that often goes beyond the text of the Système nouveau and seeks sense in other writings by the author, especially the Discours de Métaphysique, the correspondence with Arnauld and the texts on dynamics. The result of this process supposes the establishment of a wide network of conceptual relations between the booklet of 1695 and an extensive set of Leibnizian works, as well as an effort to define and risk interpretations about certain essential aspects of the his philosophy. Finally, the study leads to the conclusion that the Système nouveau is the first synthesis of the Leibnizian philosophical system in its more mature version and, as a consequence, constitutes the essential work to enable it to be analysed genetically and in terms of evolution.

Dans ce moment historique de crise, la formation professionnelle est souvent consideree comme une arme defensive contre la violence du chomage. Le conservatoire national des arts et metiers, une institution de formation prestigieuse, a ete l'objet, pour la premiere fois, d'une etude ethnologique qui montre comment cette fonction de +bouclier; s'inscrit dans un cadre beaucoup plus complexe. On a pu observer, dans un cycle de formation continue, des formes de violence symbolique, mises en place par les +formes; eux-memes, en reponse aux pressions economiques et sociales auxquels ils sont soumis. Les profils sociologiques des stagiaires sont souvent ceux de membres d'une classe moyenne fragilisee, frappee par des formes de precarite professionnelle et familiale, qui va devenir l'objet d'un discours mythologique. Leurs parcours discontinus symbolisent un univers chaotique: +instables;, ils s'opposent aux +stables;, qu'ils admirent. Leur projet professionnel s'incrit dans une perspective, non pas de carriere, mais plutot de+reparation de la violence subie;. Curieusement, ce veritable travail de deuil va devenir collectif: les stables eux-memes entrent dans ce discours uniformisant, par l'elaboration de recits mythiques. Dans le cadre d'une inversion des roles, le stable va se retrouver destabilise, mais - de facon inattendue - l'instable pourra aussi se stabiliser, par un effet de contamination croisee. Dans le droit fil de la morale de l'effort, les premiers sacrifieront leur carriere et leurs affections familiales, tandis que les seconds s'approprieront de nouveaux equilibres. Alors que la quete de la stabilite reste l'objectif vise par l'institution, la figure de l'univers instable s'affirme vigoureusement et perd toute valence negative. La destabilisation est un sacrifice necessaire pour le bien de tous. C'est dans le cadre de cette institution, qui est en meme temps protectrice contre la violence et lieu d'engendrement de celle-ci, que la vie va se recomposer, mais ailleurs et autrement
At this historical moment of crisis, professional training is often considered as a defensive weapon against the violence of unemployement. For the first time, the "conservatoire national des arts et metiers", a prestigious trench institution of professional training, located in paris, has been the matter of an anthropological research. It has been shown that the "shield" function enters within a much more complex framework. In a so-called "cycle" of professional training, i have observed forms of symbolic violence set up by the trainees themselves as a response to the economic and social pressures of events. The sociological trajectories are often those of a middle dass, weakened and affected by breakups at various levels (family life, professional carreer, ideology). As trainees put losses and hopes in common, the initial discourse centered on work is rapidly eclipsed by another discourse making all projects uniform. At a symbolical level, professional training becomes a "mourning of the past", in order to realise the reconstruction of the identity. At this level, a myth is told. The trainees represent themselves as the "stable" or the "unstable". Like in a role inversion, the stable will be destabilised but, the unstable may also become a stable by a cross contamination. In the context of this professional training which enhance the value of sacrifice, the stable will sacrifice his career and family affections but the unstable will get a new stability. The search for stability is the purpose of the institution, the image of an instable world gets a positive value because loosing stability becomes a sacrifice necessary for the good of everybody in the group. In this institution which is,at the same time, an armour against violence and a factor generating violence, life will be recomposed but in a different way

Le but de ce travail est la modélisation de la commutation dans les machines à courant continu basse tension. Plusieurs aspects sont abordés : la notion de circuit électrique, de contact glissant, d'arc électrique. Cette étude a permis la mise au joint d'un banc de mesure pour la caractérisation des balais. Il est possible de déterminer l'incidence de la densité de courant, de la pression, de la température sur la chute de tension au contact. A l'aide de ce même banc, l'influence des matériaux en contact sur la conductivité de la colonne d'arc est mise en évidence ainsi que le rôle joué par la vitesse de rotation du collecteur. D'autre part, l'introduction d'un modèle de contact et d'un modèle d'arc (modèle de Cassie généralisé) dans un logiciel de simulation de machines électriques permet d'appréhender précisément les phénomènes électromagnétiques dans un moteur à courant continu

Mon travail s’origine dans la maison natale disparue, qui est recrée par le geste artistique, lequel se développe en trois moments : rupture, restitution, prolifération. La rupture, manifestée par le déchirage d'un matériau, le papier coréen, à partir duquel commence ma création, dit la perte de la maison. La restitution, opérée par le collage des morceaux déchires, signifie l'enracinement dans un nouvel espace, elle dit le recommencement sous une forme mutante, non habitable, de la maison natale. Enfin I' expansion des morceaux associes les uns aux autres dans un espace donne, celui où je vis, crée la surface artistique. Cette expansion induit la notion de prolifération au sens de "inachevé, toujours ouvert" et ainsi elle manifeste la continuité de la vie à partir de l'origine, la maison natale. Rupture, restitution, prolifération, les trois moments de la composition visuelle sont lies dans une approche faisant appel a des concepts de l' art et de la vie, aussi bien du monde occidental ou je vis que de la sphère orientale où j’ai grandi.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-91).
Measuring the mechanical properties of soft tissue can be an important method to detect pathology. Concerning the brain in particular, correlation between abnormal tissue stiffness and morbidity has been reported for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and brain tumors, among others. On a more fundamental level, the nature and behavior of the brain from a mechanical standpoint is relatively understudied, in comparison to those from the chemical, electromagnetic and optical perspective. Current techniques fall into two main categories: one establishes direct contact to measure the deformation of tissue under various mechanical loads, the other solves the inverse problem based on the tissue displacement data collected through a number of imaging modalities. Both categories, however, have their limitations in providing ideal mechanical measurement of the brain, ranging from form factor compatibility, spatiotemporal resolution and accuracy. In this light, this work aims at developing an implantable measurement device that can bypass these limitations and provide in situ, in vivo, real-time, long-term monitoring of soft tissue biomechanics. The initial goal is to create a functional sensor front-end that can differentiate materials of different stiffness. As this project is to continue beyond the thesis, this thesis will present the current development progress, issues encountered and corresponding counter-measures, and discuss the prospective work in the future.
by Zijun Wei.
S.M.

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This research is about the teachers' continuous development. It emphasizes, as object of study, the Program of Continuous Development for Teachers: Reconstructive Learning of Knowledge - ARCO, designed by a multidisciplinary team of professionals from the Municipal Public School Network in Imperatriz-MA and it was carried out between 2001 and 2004. It evaluates the repercussions of the graduation granted by the program in pedagogical practice for educators, contributing to the re-significance of the continuous development in that county. It analyzes the theoretical-methodological approaches which are its basis, as well as the meaning and repercussions of that graduation experience, starting from the voice and practice of educators. It also investigates the historical-political settlement context of the program. In the dialogic articulation between collected data in the field research and the theoretical study, it seeks in Demo, consultant of the program and main author studied by the faculties, to analyze the main leading axes of the ARCO, such as the research conceptions as educational principles, emancipation and autonomy, these are also based on Paulo Freire, Gramsci and Giroux, who take up the intellectual (conservative and/or radical organic) as mediator, legitimator and producer of ideas and social practices. That latter author works another concept, the one of intellectual transformer. In Helena Freitas we found the defense of the omni lateral conception of the multiple dimensions of the human graduation and of the theory/practice articulation and valorization of the processes of production of knowledge for the investigation and research, in the continuous development. Resulting from a qualitative approach, the aforementioned research chose as subjects: the education manager from the time of settling and implantation of the ARCO, two members of the Base of Assistants Group, four of the Base of Multipliers Group and three participant teachers of the different moments of the graduation (2002, 2003 and 2004). The following procedures were used to collecting data: the study of the Document-base of the ARCO, analysis of the log books written by the teachers, semi-structured interviews and direct observation of the three teachers' educational practice who teach the fundamental school (3rd grade or 4th year, 6th, 7th and 8th grades or 7th, 8th and 9th years). That whole process allowed to assert that the educators of the school network have difficulties in materializing the theoretical-methodological axes worked in the ARCO in their daily practices, due to the short time they tried the methodology, however there is a recognition of the program as formation referencial in a perspective of commitment with the human and political graduation of the students; the textual elaboration and the devolution became frequent in the speeches and practices; they reveal the importance and the need for the continuous development, as permanent space of reflection of the educational practice, orientation, production and socialization of the personal and collectively built knowledge; inclusion feeling into the program; recognition of the self theoretical limitations and the effort to overcome them; change in the conception of evaluation; practice of reflexive records; the conquest of the condition as subject who is known capable to learn, revealed in several initiatives: production and popularization of the elaborated texts, participation in public contests and accomplishment of lectures, interest in studying, research and elaboration resulting in the educators' insertion in graduation, specialization and even master degrees courses. Moreover, we detach the imperious necessity of the definition of Public Politics of Education that include the continued formation as right and necessity of educators of the municipal public net of Empress and that they, in fact, are fulfilled.
Esta pesquisa trata da formação continuada de professoras/es. Enfatiza, como objeto de estudo, o Programa de Formação Continuada de Professores: Aprendizagem Reconstrutiva do Conhecimento ARCO, elaborado por uma equipe multidisciplinar de profissionais da rede pública municipal de Imperatriz-MA que esteve em vigência no período de 2001 a 2004. Avalia as repercussões da formação realizada pelo programa na prática pedagógica de educadoras/es, contribuindo para a re-significação da formação continuada naquele município. Analisa as abordagens teórico-metodológicas que o fundamentam, bem como o significado e repercussões dessa experiência de formação, a partir da voz e da prática de educadoras/es. Investiga, também, o contexto histórico-político de inserção do programa. Na articulação dialógica entre dados coletados na pesquisa de campo e o estudo teórico, busca em Demo, consultor do programa e principal autor estudado pelos formadores, analisar os principais eixos norteadores do ARCO, como as concepções de pesquisa como princípio educativo, emancipação e autonomia, estas fundamentadas também em Paulo Freire, Gramsci e Giroux, que tratam do intelectual (orgânico conservador e/ou radical) como mediador, legitimador e produtor de idéias e práticas sociais. Esse último autor trabalha um outro conceito, o de intelectual transformador. Em Helena Freitas encontramos a defesa da concepção omnilateral das múltiplas dimensões da formação humana e da articulação teoria / prática e valorização dos processos de produção do conhecimento pela investigação e a pesquisa, na formação continuada. Resultante de uma abordagem qualitativa, a referida pesquisa elegeu como sujeitos: a gestora de educação do período de criação e implantação do ARCO, dois membros do Grupo Base de Assessores, quatro do Grupo Base de Multiplicadores e três professoras participantes de momentos distintos da formação (2002, 2003 e 2004). Foram utilizados os seguintes procedimentos para coleta de dados: o estudo do Documento-Base do ARCO, análise dos diários de bordo escritos pelas professoras, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e a observação direta da prática docente das três professoras que atuam no ensino fundamental. Todo esse processo permitiu concluir que, os educadores da rede têm dificuldades em materializar os eixos teórico-metodológicos trabalhados no ARCO em suas práticas cotidianas, pelo pouco tempo em que experimentaram a metodologia, porém há um reconhecimento do programa como referencial de formação numa perspectiva de compromisso com a formação humana e política dos educandos; a elaboração textual e a devolutiva tornaram-se freqüentes nos discursos e práticas; revelam a importância e a necessidade da formação continuada, como espaço permanente de reflexão da prática docente, de orientação, produção e socialização dos conhecimentos construídos pessoal e coletivamente; sentimento de inclusão no programa; reconhecimento dos próprios limites teóricos e o esforço por superá-los; mudança na concepção da avaliação; prática de registros reflexivos; a conquista da condição de sujeito que se sabe capaz de aprender, revelada em diversas iniciativas. Além disso, destacamos a imperiosa necessidade da definição de Políticas Públicas de Educação que incluam a formação continuada como direito e necessidade dos educadores /as da rede pública municipal de Imperatriz e que elas, de fato, sejam cumpridas.

Prior to the 1950s, visual culture within tribal environments could be separated into customary and non-customary. In the early 19th century, customary visual culture maintained visual correspondence with prior painted and carved models of the pre-contact period. In the latter part of the 19th century, non-customary painted and carved imagery inspired by European naturalism informed tribal visual culture. This accommodation of European imagery and practice was trans-cultural in its translation to tribal environments. In the 1960s, an innovative trans-customary art form evolved outside tribal environments, fusing customary visual culture and modernism. This trans-customary art form, which maintained visual empathy with customary form of the 19th century, was introduced into the tribal environment, initially, in a painted mural in 1973, and subsequently in a multimedia mural in 1975. In 1989 and 1990, this trans-customary Maori art practice informed the art of the Taharora Project at Mihikoinga marae in Ohineakai. In this Project, the 1970s transcustomary Maori art precedents were extended with non-customary form and practice. The thesis employs tataitanga kaupapa toi as a paradigm for Maori cultural relativity and relevance en-framing form, content and genealogy. Annexed to this paradigm are a range of methods: a tataitanga reo method for interpreting Maori language texts; a tataitanga korero method, conjoining a kaupapa Maori and an iconographic approach, for interpreting meaning in tribal visual culture, and a tataitanga whakairo method, incorporating stylistic analysis as formal sequence, semiology and intrinsic perception, for analysing a continuum of stylistic development from the Rawheoro School of carving to the Taharora Project. The Taharora Project constitutes the case study where tribal visual culture and contemporary art within tribal environments are contextualised in a trans-cultural continuum. The critical question that underpins this thesis is how do form, content and genealogy contribute to art that resonates with Maori? The thesis concludes that trans-cultural practice in contemporary art can resonate with Maori if the art maintains visual correspondence or visual empathy with customary tribal form. In their absence, cultural resonance can be achieved through a grounding of the content, informing the art, in a paradigm of Maori cultural relativity and relevance, a tataitanga kaupapa toi. The genealogy of the artist is a further determinant for resonance.

Many children in the United States cannot read on level by fourth grade. Traditionally, teachers have delayed reading instruction until first grade. However, involving children sooner in literary activities may provide skills needed to enable them to read on grade level. The purpose for this study was to determine the extent to which daily writing in kindergarten influences the development of invented spelling and learning to read. Five teachers modeled writing with 78 kindergarten children who wrote every day or almost every day for 20 weeks. There were 51 children in an experimental group, and 27 in a control group who were given a pretest and a posttest using the Observation Study (Clay, 1993). Results from a mixed model ANOVA indicated a significant difference between the control group and the experimental group on the Dictation Task F (1, 76) = 11.76, P≤ .001 and the Writing Test F (1, 76) = 4.33, P≤ .01. Results from a z-Test of dependent proportions indicated there were significant differences in the reading levels of the control group from the pretest to the posttest (z = 7.51, P ≥ .05) because (z = 7.51, Zcv = 1.96). The experimental group results from pretest to posttest were also statistically significant (z = 6.48, P ≥ .05) because (z = 6.48, Zcv = 1.96). At the end of kindergarten 82.35% of the experimental group was reading, while only 48.15% of the control group was reading. This research indicates that if kindergarten children are encouraged to write daily and use invented spelling there is a greater possibility they will enter first grade reading.

Continuous response measurement offers a data-rich trace of a listener's experiences of music in time. Listeners' responses are most often studied in collections---each a set of time series of the same response measure to the same stimulus from multiple listenings. Inter-response variability and the challenges of time series analysis complicate the interpretation of these collections. This thesis describes traditional and novel methods of analyzing collections of continuous responses to music with the goal of identifying what information can be found in these collections before trying to establish possible relationships to the features of the stimulating music. Besides mathematical investigations of these analysis methods, their potential outcomes are assessed by applying each to forty experimental collections of continuous rating responses and four artificial collections of unrelated continuous rating responses. The traditional analyses studied include the average response time series and Pearson correlations between continuous responses as a measure of response reliability. The chapter on novel techniques introduces activity analysis and coordination tests, evaluates measures of the relative significance of time points in these collection, and applies cluster analysis in search of distinct patterns of response to the same stimuli. The results of these analyses suggest that though music does not provoke the same continuous response from all listeners, musical works can induce distinct and repeatable listening experiences which are measurable in collections of continuous responses.
L'évaluation des réactions continues permet d'obtenir un tracé riche en données de l'expérience des auditeurs par rapport à la musique au fil du temps. En règle générale, les réactions des auditeurs sont analysées par ensembles, c'est-à-dire par groupes de séries chronologiques portant sur de mêmes relevés de réactions au même stimulus provenant d'écoutes multiples. La variabilité entre les réactions et les défis inhérents à l'analyse des séries chronologiques rendent l'interprétation de ces ensembles encore plus complexe. La présente thèse décrit des méthodes traditionnelles et nouvelles d'analyse d'ensembles de réactions continues à la musique afin d'identifier quelles informations peuvent être recueillies dans ces ensembles avant de tenter d'établir des liens possibles avec les caractéristiques de la musique stimulante. En plus de l'étude mathématique de ces méthodes d'analyse, leurs résultats potentiels ont été évalués en appliquant chacune d'entre elles à quarante de ces ensembles d'évaluation de réactions continues ainsi qu'à quatre ensembles artificiels d'évaluations de réactions continues non apparentés. Les analyses traditionnelles étudiées comprennent les séries chronologiques moyennes et des corrélations de Pearson entre les réactions continues comme évaluation de la fiabilité de la réaction. Le chapitre portant sur les nouvelles techniques commence par une présentation de l'analyse de l'activité et des tests de coordination. Par la suite, il évalue les mesures de pertinence des repères temporels de ces ensembles, puis il rend compte de l'analyse par regroupements visant à identifier des modèles précis de réactions aux mêmes stimuli. Les résultats de ces analyses sous-tendent que bien que la musique ne provoque pas la même réaction chez tous les auditeurs, l'oeuvre musicale peut créer des expériences d'écoute distinctes et reproductibles pouvant être évaluées dans des ensembles de réactions continues.

Electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) is a technique for reducing the apparent contact angle of a fluid droplet, which has many promising applications in the fields of optics, digital displays, and lab-on-a-chip research. In this thesis, a design is presented for a novel single circuit device for achieving continuous droplet motion, by using the current-rectifying properties of valve metals to create diode-like behavior. This contrasts with existing designs, which require an array of individual electrodes to achieve motion in discrete steps. We are able to demonstrate continuous droplet motion across a 28mm-long test strip with an applied voltage of 303 V and a velocity of 5.59 mm/s (at 370 V) using an ionic-fluid electrolyte (BMIM-PF6), and have achieved actuation at as low as 185 V, with a maximum observed velocity (at 300 V) of 13.8 mm/s using a 1M sodium sulfate solution.

This study was conducted to determine if ordained women clergy experience resistance or lack of receptivity to their appointments. If so, does the resistance more readily occur with churches in a rural area? The focus of the study was women clergy of the Holston Conference of the United Methodist Church. My study reveals there are Methodist women clergy who continue to have churches outright refuse their projected appointments. My study also reveals that this problem is more often found with churches in rural areas where the culture is connected to long-standing scriptural interpretations and traditions that do not theologically and practically view woman as legitimate church leaders. Qualitative research methods were used in conducting this research. Six ordained women clergy women from the Holston Conference were interviewed. Statistical information was obtained from the 2005 Journal of the Holston Conference of the United Methodist Church. I also researched past germane studies.

The mass production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a cost effective process is still a challenge for further research and application of CNTs. This research focussed on the deposition of CNTs on a continuously-fed carbon substrate via arc discharge at atmospheric pressure. In this work, modifications, control and optimization of the available arc-discharge reactor were conducted. New reactor support and new tape feeding mechanisms were added to the reactor for better temperature assessment, longer operating period and better control of the speed of the tape. The influence of inter-electrode gap, substrate velocity and arc current on the surface temperature were investigated. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were produced at lower currents (< 20 A) and at larger inter-electrode gaps. Further investigation shows that inter-electrode gap influenced both the arc characteristic and the anode surface temperature (Ts). Here, Ts was measured by an optical pyrometer. The inter-electrode gap was found to indirectly affect the formation of NTs. Anode surface temperature (Ts) varied with gap, reaching a minimum at an intermediate gap. Higher CNTs yield was found at this lowest Ts. This minimum Ts is consistent with the presence of a cloud of nanoparticles ejected by the heated graphite/carbon surfaces. These graphene fragments are thought to later fold and form nanotube “seeds” and then develop into multiwall nanotubes. This cloud of nanoparticles also may affect the electrical conductivity at the front of the anode. Simulation of the arc behaviour, i.e. temperature distributions and flow properties of the plasma, using a computer package Comsol Multiphysics 3.2, was stable only when the electrical conductivity of a dusty plasma near to the electrodes was included. Our experiments show that carbon nanotubes grew better at a Ts range of ~ 3650 K - 3700 K and at the tape speed of 3 mm/s. The results from our work also strongly suggested that tiny carbon crystallites are the main intermediates for CNT growth in an electric arc. The limiting factor for a solid state growth mechanism, therefore, is high temperature annealing of carbon or graphene fragments. Further work should aim to understand the growth mechanism of CNTs, produce comprehensive analysis on the arc plasma composition and also explore the possibility of producing CNTs at higher rates.

[ES] Hoy en día, la arquitectura moderna está orientada principalmente al empleo eficiente de materiales tecnológicos y sostenibles, la tecnificación del proceso de diseño, proyecto y construcción, y la búsqueda de soluciones muy ligeras. Estas ideas se reflejan en las estructuras flexo-activas, que recientemente han atraído considerable atención como nuevo paradigma para construir estructuras ligeras, tanto en el ámbito de la investigación como en la práctica. El término "flexión activa" hace referencia a una categoría de estructuras en las que la flexión se emplea en el proceso de configuración de su forma. Los sistemas estructurales flexo-activos incluyen barras o láminas incurvadas cuya geometría es el resultado de su deformación elástica desde una configuración inicial recta o plana. Hasta el momento, el número de realizaciones es limitado; se trata sobre todo de aplicaciones experimentales con funcionalidad arquitectónica o artística. La obtención de la configuración de equilibrio es una de las principales dificultades que aparecen en la fase de concepción, debido precisamente a la no linealidad de la respuesta estructural de las barras activas, así como a la posible interacción con otros elementos estructurales como membranas o cables, que trabajan por forma, y cuya geometría no se puede fijar de modo arbitrario. Los métodos computaciones de determinación de forma para estructuras flexo-activas incluyen modelos de elementos finitos con cables virtuales no lineales que se acortan hasta alcanzar la configuración final, o algoritmos de relajación dinámica que consideran las variables que caracterizan la deformación de las barras activas. Esta tesis doctoral tiene por objeto proporcionar un análisis en profundidad de la aplicabilidad del principio de flexión activa al diseño de estructuras ligeras, en particular a los puentes peatonales. Para ello, la investigación se aborda desde tres puntos de vista: a) modelización computacional; b) eficiencia estructural; c) diseño y construcción. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo una revisión de la bibliografía existente, haciendo hincapié en los trabajos previos en el diseño de pasarelas con flexión activa. En el campo de la modelización computacional, se desarrolla un novedoso método numérico de determinación de forma para estructuras flexo-activas basado en el modelo geométricamente exacto para piezas alargadas (también conocido como la teoría de vigas de Reissner-Simó). Distintos ejemplos numéricos han sido reproducidos para mostrar la exactitud del método. La parte de la investigación relacionada con el análisis de la eficiencia estructural se centra en el comportamiento del sistema flexo-activo propuesto en esta tesis para el diseño de estructuras ligeras: el arco flexo-activo arriostrado (o atirantado). Se trata de un arco plano compuesto por una barra flexible y continuo que se activa por la acción de los cables principales que tiran de ambos extremos de la varilla, y de los puntales o cables secundarios que desvían el cable principal y actúan en ciertas secciones transversales. La parte computacional-analítica se completa con el desarrollo de un procedimiento numérico basado en algoritmos genéticos, con el fin de obtener configuraciones estructurales eficientes. La tesis finaliza con el diseño, fabricación y montaje de una pasarela flexo-activa hecha con tubos PRFV utilizando este tipo estructural, realizada en el laboratorio de modelos de la Universitat Politècnica de València.
[CA] Hui dia, l'arquitectura moderna està orientada principalment a l'ús eficient de materials tecnològics i sostenibles, la tecnificació del procés de disseny, projecte i construcció, i la cerca de solucions molt lleugeres. Aquestes idees es reflecteixen en les estructures flexo-actives, que recentment han atret considerable atenció com a nou paradigma per a construir estructures lleugeres, tant en l'àmbit de la investigació com en la pràctica. El terme "flexió activa" fa referència a una categoria d'estructures en les quals la flexió s'empra en el procés de configuració de la seua forma. Els sistemes estructurals flexo-actius inclouen barres o làmines incorbades, la geometria de les quals és el resultat de la seua deformació elàstica des d'una configuració inicial recta o plana. Fins al moment, el nombre de realitzacions és limitat; es tracta sobretot d'aplicacions experimentals amb funcionalitat arquitectònica o artística. L'obtenció de la configuració d'equilibri és una de les principals dificultats que apareixen en la fase de concepció, degut precisament a la no linealitat de la resposta estructural de les barres actives, així com a la possible interacció amb altres elements estructurals com a membranes o cables, que treballen per forma, i la geometria de la qual no es pot fixar de manera arbitrària. Els mètodes computacions de determinació de forma per a estructures flexo-actives inclouen models d'elements finits amb cables virtuals no lineals que s'escurcen fins a aconseguir la configuració final, o algorismes de relaxació dinàmica que consideren les variables que caracteritzen la deformació de les barres actives. Aquesta tesi doctoral té per objecte proporcionar una anàlisi en profunditat de l'aplicabilitat del principi de flexió activa al disseny d'estructures lleugeres, en particular als ponts per als vianants. Per a això, la investigació s'aborda des de tres punts de vista: a) modelització computacional; b) eficiència estructural; c) disseny i construcció. En primer lloc, es duu a terme una revisió de la bibliografia existent, amb recalcament en els treballs previs en el disseny de passarel·les amb flexió activa. En el camp de la modelització computacional, es desenvolupa un nou mètode numèric de determinació de forma per a estructures flexo-actives basat en el model geomètricament exacte per a peces allargades (també conegut com la teoria de bigues de Reissner-Simó). Diferents exemples numèrics han sigut reproduïts per a mostrar l'exactitud del mètode. La part de la investigació relacionada amb l'anàlisi de l'eficiència estructural se centra en el comportament del sistema flexo-actiu proposat en aquesta tesi doctoral per al disseny d'estructures lleugeres: l' arc flexo-actiu esbiaixat (o lligat). Es tracta d'un arc pla compost per un membre flexible i continu que s'activa per l'acció dels cables principals que tiren de tots dos extrems de la vareta, i dels puntals o cables secundaris que desvien el cable principal i actuen en certa secció transversal de la vareta. La part computacional-analítica es completa amb el desenvolupament d'un procediment numèric basat en algorismes de tipus genètic, amb la finalitat d'obtindre configuracions estructurals eficients. La tesi finalitza amb el disseny, fabricació i muntatge d'una passarel·la flexo-activa feta amb tubs PRFV utilitzant aquest tipus estructural, realitzada en el laboratori de models de la Universitat Politècnica de València.
[EN] Nowadays, modern architecture is focused on the search of efficient uses of technological and sustainable materials, high-tech concept-design-erection processes and the possibility to produce lightweight solutions with maximum elegance in shape. These ideas are reflected on bending-active structures, which recently attracted considerable attention as a new paradigm to build lightweight structures both in research and practice. The concept 'active bending' refers to a category of structures in which bending is used in the process of shape configuration. Bending-active structural systems include curved rods or shells which have been elastically bent from an initial straight or plane configuration. As of now, the number of realisations is limited; they are mostly experimental ones, with architectural or artistic nature. Form finding of the equilibrium configuration is one of the main difficulties during the conceptual phase, due to the non-linearity of the structural response of the active members, and also to the interaction with other form-active structural elements as membranes or cables, whose geometry cannot be prescribed in advance. Computational form-finding methods for bending-active structures include finite element models with non-linear virtual links that are shortened to reach the final form, or dynamic relaxation (explicit) algorithms to cope with the variables describing the response of the active members. This PhD thesis aims to provide an indepth analysis on the applicability of the active bending principle to the design of lightweight structures, in particular pedestrian bridges. For that purpose, the work is carried out from three points of view: (a) computational modelling and simulation; (b) structural performance and efficiency; (c) design and construction. First of all, a literature review on the topic and a overview of realisations in the fied of bending-active footbridges is provided. In the field of computational modelling, a novel form-finding method based on the geometrically exact rod model (or Reissner-Simo beam theory) is implemented. Numerical examples are also given to show the accuracy of the method. The part of the work related to the analysis of the structural performance and efficiency is focused on the bending-active configuration proposed in this PhD thesis for designing lightweight structures: the bending-active braced (or tied) arch. This is a simple planar arch composed of a continuous flexible member that is activated by the action of main cables pulling at both ends of the rod, and secondary struts or cables that deviate the main cable and act at certain cross-section of the rod. The computational-analytical part is completed with the development of a numerical procedure based on genetic algorithms to obtain efficient structural configurations. The thesis ends with the design, fabrication and assembling of a bending-active short footbridge made of GFRP tubes using this structural type, held in the laboratory of concept models of the Polytechnic University of Valencia.
The author has had the opportunity to join the research project: Sistemas estructuras flexo-activos- Concepción, desarrollo y análisis de nuevos prototipos (FLEXACT - grant BIA2105-69330- P)
Bessini Muñoz, JG. (2021). Form-finding and Performance of Bending-active Structures. Proposals of Application to Lightweight Braced Arches [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/165575
TESIS

Carbon nanotubes have become one of the most important building blocks critical to nanotechnology. Carbon nanotubes have attracted the interests of many scientists since their discovery due to their remarkable properties and have been widely used for various applications. However, the bottle neck in nanotube research has been the lack of a cheap, continuous and fast nanotube production method. This study concerns a reactor where nanotubes are continuously deposited on a carbon substrate using arc discharge at atmospheric pressure. This process appears to be the first to employ an arc discharge as the method for continuous mass deposition of nanotubes on a substrate. This nanotube deposition method eliminates the generic multistep process of nanotube deposition on substrates for its use in many applications. The effect of various parameters influencing growth and morphology of nanotubes on the substrate in the arc reactor (inter-electrode gap, atmosphere composition, current density, flushing, substrate type and speed and catalyst) have been systematically explored to optimise nanotube growth. The field emission properties of the nanotube laden substrate are studied for use and applicability as electron emitters. The nanotube samples demonstrated superior emission properties, low turn-on field and excellent current stability when put into applications such as a luminescent tube and an ionisation sensor. Theoretical modelling of the behaviour of a single nanotube during field emission was performed using finite element analysis software (COMSOL 3.2) to understand the effect of nanotube length, diameter, and vacuum gap on an individual nanotube. The results reveal that resistive heating (temperature) limits the maximum current carried by an individual nanotube. Furthermore, a new growth model is introduced to explain the formation of nanotubes from graphene fragments and nanocrystallites, due to polarisation of carbon species near the electrode surface suggesting that carbon vapour is unlikely to be responsible for nanotube growth.

La projection plasma est une technologie de dépôt qui utilise un jet de plasma pour accélérer, chauffer, fondre et déposer des particules de poudre sur un substrat et ainsi, élaborer un revêtement. La reproductibilité du procédé dépend en grande part des fluctuations d’enthalpie et de vitesse du jet de plasma et de l’usure des électrodes. Les torches à plasma à anode cascadée permettent une longueur d’arc stabilisée et ainsi d’atteindre le premier objectif. Cependant, leur géométrie ne garantit pas l'absence d'érosion des électrodes. L’étude des processus électromagnétiques et thermiques à l'intérieur de la torche peut aider à contrôler les propriétés du jet de plasma et à réduire l’érosion des électrodes, et en particulier de l’anode. Ce travail porte sur la simulation d’une à plasma commerciale (la torche SinplexPro™ d’Oerlikon Metco) fonctionnant à l’argon sous pression atmosphérique. Il a été mené en deux étapes. La première a consisté à développer un modèle à l’équilibre thermodynamique local (ETL) du comportement dynamique de l’arc dans la torche. La tension d’arc et les pertes thermiques de la torche prédites par ce modèle sont est en bon accord avec celles mesurées pour un faible débit de gaz et un courant électrique élevé. Pour de telles conditions de fonctionnement, le modèle prédit un pied d’arc constricté à l’anode. Le modèle ETL a ensuite été utilisé pour tester deux méthodes pour faire tourner le pied d'arc sur la paroi de l'anode: une injection du gaz en vortex et un champ magnétique externe axial. L'injection du gaz avec un angle de 45° tourbillonnaire s'est avérée plus efficace qu’avec l’angle de 25° actuellement utilisé sur ce type de torche. La seconde étape de ce travail a consisté à développer un modèle à deux températures. Ce modèle considère deux formulations pour l’enthalpie des électrons et celle des espèces lourdes, qui différent par l'attribution de l'énergie d'ionisation à l’une ou l’autre des particules. Le modèle 2T avec les deux formulations prédit un pied d’arc diffus à l’anode et des tensions d’arc en bon accord avec les valeurs expérimentales pour une large plage de courant et de débit de gaz. Le mode diffus du pied d’arc anodique semble confirmé par l’observation d’anodes usées ayant fonctionné dans les mêmes conditions. La formulation de l’équation de l’énergie avec l’énergie d’ionisation assignée aux électrons a un coût de calcul acceptable et présente des résultats plus raisonnables en termes de température des électrons et des espèces lourdes. Cette formulation sera utilisée tive pour le développement ultérieur du modèle et son extension à des gaz diatomiques
DC plasma spraying is a coating technology that utilizes the energy of a plasma flow to accelerate, heat up, melt and deposit the coating powder on a substrate. For a high reproducibility in coating production, the plasma flow should have low fluctuations of enthalpy and velocity, and the erosion of electrodes should be limited. Plasma torches with a cascaded anode yield a more stabilized arc length and could achieve the first goal. However, a stabilized arc does not guarantee a low erosion rate of electrodes and in particular anode. An insight into the electromagnetic and thermal processes inside the plasma torch could help to control the properties of the plasma flow issuing from the torch and extend the lifetime of the torch parts. This work dealt with the simulation of the commercial plasma torch SinplexPro™ manufactured by Oerlikon Metco operated in argon under atmospheric pressure. It involved two steps. The first consisted in developing a LTE model with the inclusion of the electrodes in the computational domain. The arc voltage and cooling loss predicted by this model were in good agreement with the experimental values for a low gas flow rate and high electric current. For such operation conditions, the model predicted a constricted anode arc attachment. Then, two methods were tested to rotate the constricted anode arc attachment: gas swirling injection and axial external magnetic field. The swirling gas injection was found to be more efficient for a gas injection angle of 45° than for an angle of 25°, which is the angle used in the actual plasma torch. The second step of this study was about the development of a two-temperature model. The latter considered two formulations for the enthalpy of electrons and heavy species differing in the attribution of the ionization energy to electrons or heavy species. The 2T model with both formulations projected a diffuse anode arc attachment and arc voltage that agreed with the experimental values for a wider range of arc current and gas flow rate. The mode of anode arc attachment was confirmed by the observation of tested anodes. The formulation of the energy equation with the ionization energy assigned to the electrons had an acceptable computational cost and yielded reasonable results in terms of electron and heavy species temperature. It will be used to develop further the model and apply it to diatomic gases

This study contributes to the literature on national long-distance travel demand modeling by providing an analysis of households' annual destination choices and time allocation patterns for long-distance leisure travel purposes. An annual vacation destination choice and time allocation model is formulated to simultaneously predict the different destinations that a household visits and the time it spends on each of these visited destinations, in a year. The model takes the form of a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) structure (Bhat, 2005; Bhat, 2008). The model assumes that households allocate their annual vacation time to visit one or more destinations in a year to maximize the utility derived from their choices. The model framework accommodates variety-seeking in households' vacation destination choices in that households can potentially visit a variety of destinations rather than spending all of their annual vacation time for visiting a single destination. At the same time, the model accommodates corner solutions to recognize that households may not necessarily visit all available destinations. An annual vacation time budget is also considered to recognize that households may operate under time budget constraints. Further, the paper proposes a variant of the MDCEV model that avoids the prediction of unrealistically small amounts of time allocation to the chosen alternatives. To do so, the continuously non-linear utility functional form in the MDCEV framework is replaced with a combination of a linear and non-linear form. The empirical data for this analysis comes from the 1995 American Travel Survey Data, with the U.S. divided into 210 alternative destinations. The empirical analysis provides important insights into the determinants of households' leisure destination choice and time allocation patterns. An appealing feature of the proposed model is its applicability in a national, long-distance leisure travel demand model system. The annual destination choices and time allocations predicted by this model can be used for subsequent analysis of the number of trips made (in a year) to each destination and the travel choices for each trip. The outputs from such a national travel modeling framework can be used to obtain national-level Origin-Destination demand tables for long-distance leisure travel.

Low-volume, high-intensity interval training has been garnering attention in the exercise physiology literature recently due to its proposed time-efficiency. Also, recent work comparing continuous exercise to high-intensity interval training demonstrated superior ratings of perceived enjoyment following interval training. However, the dual-mode model suggests that exercise above ventilatory threshold (VT) done continuously will result in an almost homogenous decline in affect, which may reduce adherence. Numerous studies confirm the dual-mode model's prediction of reduced affect when exercising above VT, but no research to date has applied the model's predictions to interval training. The purpose of this study was to examine the dual-mode model using interval training. Based on the model, interval exercise above VT should produce a homogenous and significant decline in affect during exercise. Ten participants (mean age = 21.6 ± 2.4 yrs) completed the study. Participants were screened by a physician's assistant on their first visit to ensure they were low-risk and had no symptoms (cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, or orthopedic) that would preclude safe participation in an exercise training program. Participants performed a maximal exercise test during their second visit to the lab. The final four visits were exercise trials 20 minutes in duration: 1) continuous at 20% below VT [Continuous-Moderate], 2) continuous at VT [Continuous-Heavy, 3) 10 x 60-second intervals at VT [Interval-Heavy], 4) 10 x 60-second intervals at 20% above VT [Interval-Severe]. Results indicated that enjoyment and affect was significantly greater during Continuous-Moderate and Interval-Heavy compared with Continuous-Heavy. Interval-Severe approached inducing significantly greater enjoyment and affect compared with Continuous-Heavy, however the study was likely underpowered to achieve significance. The findings of this study suggest that utilizing interval training may help preserve affect, even when performing exercise above VT.

During this period of high technology, designers are eager to create environments that have strong emotional appeal to people's physiology and psychology. Our exploration of the natural living space has become all the more an elusive search as modern technology advances. Interior design, in its concern for environmental engineering, endeavors to exploit the spiritual aspect of human resources. Through this message, people are inspired to higher planes of existence.A. PROJECT To design a Chinese Cultural center. B. PURPOSE 1. To introduce the traditional and contemporary Chinese culture to western people. 2. To illustrate and describe the philosophies of Chinese life and thinking to visitors of the center. 3. To create a new space and form combining oriental and western design. 4. To incorporate the use of contemporary materials, structure and technology. 5. To integrate the interior and exterior environment, and the building into a total design concept. 6. To satisfy the functional requirements needed in an exhibition area, guest house facility, restaurant, gift shop, and office area.

Using the methodology and criteria put forth by the Juvenile Justice Evaluation Center (part of the Justice Research and Statistics Association, Washington D.C.), an assessment for evaluation of the Metropolitan Ministries "Uplift UTM" Program was conducted using review of data previously collected by Metropolitan Ministries, examination of documents provided by the organization, participant observation, and interviews with Metropolitan Ministry staff. This assessment reveals that there are significant problems in several areas that must be addressed before their program can be formally evaluated; including data collection and organization, outcomes measures, client selection standards, and how the program is portrayed as opposed to how it is actually run. Preliminary analysis of the collected data suggests that there are no relationships between demographic information such as education, employability, or other factors, and successfully completing their program. Further analysis suggests that other factors related to rules, guidelines, and unpopular restrictions are related to the low success rate they have experienced. Based upon a literature review of successful programs, suggestions for improving the outcomes of Uplift UTM are provided.

Détection de défaut d'arcs intégrée dans un convertisseur intelligent contrôlé par FPGA pour les panneaux photovoltaïques. La mise au point de convertisseur intelligents intégrant des dispositifs de protection est une thématique que cherche à développer l'Institut Technologique de Morelia (Mexique) avec laquelle nous collaborons sur ce projet. L'objectif plus spécifique de ce travail repose sur la détection de défauts d'arc électrique en se basant sur le contrôle intelligent des onduleurs utilisés dans la gestion de l'énergie produite par des panneaux photovoltaïques. Depuis plusieurs années, le développement croissant des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques comme source d’énergie s’est imposé et la sécurité de ces dispositifs liée à la détection de défauts d’arcs électriques est devenu un enjeu majeur. L'approche que nous proposons dans ce travail est le développement d'une stratégie novatrice pour la surveillance et la prédiction de défaillance du réseau électrique constitué de panneaux solaires en présence de défauts d’arcs. Actuellement, la majorité des systèmes de détection comprennent des modules détecteurs disposés dans le circuit électrique à protéger dont la robustesse est loin d'être optimale. L'approche que nous proposons consiste à développer un dispositif de surveillance et de détection de défaut directement intégré dans l'onduleur intelligent. Le contrôle optimal de l'onduleur intelligent assurera une détection fiable de défaut d'arc sans déclenchement intempestif. Le dispositif comprendra également un système de coupure. La méthode de détection que nous privilégions sera basée sur l'analyse du courant et de la tension de ligne. Les algorithmes seront basés sur une analyse temps/fréquence des signatures courant et de tension suivie par une logique pertinente de décision de telle manière à minimiser le taux de fausses détections.Le noyau du convertisseur intelligent est constitué par un FPGA. Le parallélisme des traitements de données assurera le respect des contraintes temps réel. Dans le cadre du projet de thèse, la mise en œuvre, le test des algorithmes de détection et l’implémentation optimale afin de respecter les contraintes temps réel dans le FPGA sera mené dans le cadre d’une cotutelle de thèse entre l’institut technologique de Morelia et l’Université de Lorraine
In this research work, the development of a multilevel inverter for PV applications is presented. The PV inverter, has two stages one DC/DC converter and one DC/AC inverter, and is capable of generating an AC multilevel output of nine levels, it's a transformerless inverter and uses a reduced number of components compared to other topologies. The conception of a novel DC/DC converter is capable of generating two isolated DC voltage levels needed to feed the DC/AC stage. This DC/DC stage is developed in two variants, buck and boost, the _rst to perform the reduction of voltage when the DC bus is too high, and second to increase the voltage when the DC bus is too low to perform interconnection with the grid through the DC/AC inverter. This is achieved thanks to the parallel functioning of the developed topology, which make use of moderated duty cycles, that reduces the stress in the passive and switching components, reducing potential losses. The validation of the PV inverter is performed in simulation and experimental scenarios. In the other hand, the response of the inverter facing an arc fault in the DC bus is studied by performing a series of tests where the fault is generated in strategic points of the DC side, this is possible thanks to the design and construction of an arc fault generator based in the specifications of the UL1699B norm. During the tests is observed that with the apparition of an arc fault, there is a lost in the half-wave symmetry of the AC multilevel output voltage waveform, generating even harmonics which aren't present during normal operation, only when an arc fault is present in the DC system. The monitoring of even harmonics set the direction for developing the detection technique. Since the magnitude of even harmonics in the inverter is very low, the total even harmonic distortion is employed as a base for the detection technique presented in this thesis. The effectiveness of this method is verified with a series of tests performed with different loads

This study contributes to practical discussions on the composition of dynamic music for video games from the composer’s perspective. Creating greater levels of immersion in players is used as a justification for the proposals of the thesis. It lays down foundational aesthetic elements in order to proceed with a logical methodology. The aim of this paper is to build upon, and further hybridise, two techniques used by composers and by video game designers to increase further the reactive agility and memorability of the music for the player. Each chapter of this paper explores a different technique for joining two (possibly disparate) types of gameplay, or gamestates, with appropriate continuous music. In each, I discuss a particular musical engine capable of implementing continuous music. Chapter One will discuss a branching-music engine, which uses a precomposed musical mosaic (or musical pixels) to create a linear score with the potential to diverge at appropriate moments accompanying onscreen action. I use the case study of the Final Fantasy battle system to show how the implementation of a branching-music engine could assist in maintaining the continuity of gameplay experience that current disjointed scores, which appear in many games, create. To aid this argument I have implemented a branching-music engine, using the graphical object oriented programming environment MaxMSP, in the style of the battle music composed by Nobuo Uematsu, the composer of the early Final Fantasy series. The reader can find this in the accompanying demonstrations patch. In Chapter Two I consider how a generative-music engine can also implement a continuous music and also address some of the limitations of the branching-music engine. Further I describe a technique for an effective generative music for video games that creates musical ‘personalities’ that can mimic a particular style of music for a limited period of time. Crucially, this engine is able to transition between any two personalities to create musical coincidence with the game. GMGEn (Game Music Generation Engine) is a program I have created in MaxMSP to act as an example of this concept. GMGEn is available in the Demonstrations_Application. Chapter Three will discuss potential limitations of the branching music engine described in Chapter One and the generative music engine described in Chapter Two, and highlights how these issues can be solved by way of a third engine, which hybridises both. As this engine has an indeterminate musical state it is termed the intermittent-music engine. I go on to discuss the implementation of this engine in two different game scenarios and how emergent structures of this music will appear. The final outcome is to formulate a new compositional approach delivering dynamic music, which accompanies the onscreen action with greater agility than currently present in the field, increasing the memorability and therefore the immersive effect of the video-game music.