Tesi: "Arabic" – Grafiati

1

Al-Qahtani, Saad H. "Arabization in written discourse in Saudi Arabia." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1177981.

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In this study I investigate Arabization as a quasi ideological-linguistic phenomenon in Saudi Arabia. First, the study examines decisions and policies employed in Arabization on the planning level. Second, it evaluates empirically the extent to which a set of Arabized words (288 words) is implemented in written discourse. The study addresses also the linguistic processes of coining Arabic derived words for the replacement of foreign terms.Employing a corpus-linguistic framework, a written corpus of 1,068,263 words was compiled from three Saudi newspapers-Al-Jazirah, Ar-Riyadh, and A1-Massaiah. Using a Microsoft-Access database developed for the purpose of the study, the corpus was searched for instances of 288 Arabized words. The results show that Arabized words occur with reasonable frequency in written discourse in Saudi Arabia.Two main variables were found to be significant in the frequency of Arabized words: context (i.e. topic), and method of coinage (the method by which a word was coined into Arabic). For example, Arabized words are more frequent in scientific discourse than in religious discourse, and words that are coined by morphological derivation are more frequent than those made by compounding. Original (English) forms of some Arabized words do occur (14.23%). On the planning level, the study provides a critical evaluation of Arabization in Saudi Arabia, and on the technical level, it provides statistically-supported indications of how such variables i.e. method of coinage and context affect the frequency of Arabized words in the actual language use. Department of English

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2

Ghūl, Maḥmūd Alī Al-Ghul Omar. "Early southern Arabian languages and classical Arabic sources a critical examination of literary and lexicographical sources by comparison with the inscriptions /." Irbid, Jordan : Yarmouk University Publications, Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies, 1993. http://books.google.com/books?id=42tjAAAAMAAJ.

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3

Aabi, Mustapha. "The syntax of Moroccan Arabic/French and Moroccan Arabic/Standard Arabic code switching." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3493/.

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Contact between different speech communities represents one breeding ground for change and accommodation which can affect the forms as well as the functions of language. Code switching (CS), as one result of this contact situation, is an important site to display the dominance of one language over another, or to witness the resolve of a speech community to incorporate another language so as to satisfy their needs, be them syntactic, lexical or pragmatic. The aim of this thesis is to trace down the formal manifestations of this type of language negotiation whereby switching occurs between two or more languages. It will be shown that, in a CS situation, collision of languages is highly regularised by specific syntactic features. A number of different models to CS structural constraints are considered, and one particular approach based on the analysis of selectional properties of the functional heads is advocated; this I will call the Functional Parameter Constraint (FPC). The underlying assumption of the FPC, which owes it theoretical motivation to recent syntactic research (e. g. Abney 1986, Ouhalla 1991, Chomsky 1995), is that interlanguage parameters, as opposed to language universals, constrain CS. Parameters are restricted to the features of functional categories given that their lexical counterparts are conceptually selected entries which are drawn from an invariant universal vocabulary, and therefore, are not to be parameterised (Chomsky 1995). Following Ouhalla (1991), three selectional properties for which functional categories can be parameterised cross-linguistically are identified, namely c-selection, m-selection and grammatical features. A corpus consisting of naturally occurring data was gathered to test the empirical validity of the hypothesis set for the study. The results of the examination of Moroccan Arabic/French and Moroccan/Standard Arabic bilingual conversations provide the sought empirical support.

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4

Davey, Richard John. "Coastal Dhofārī Arabic : a sketch grammar." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/coastal-dhofari-arabic-a-sketch-grammar(74ebca0b-9ebf-4ab0-b97c-f02f2acef013).html.

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This thesis provides an extensive overview of the main linguistic features of coastal Dhofārī Arabic, the southern-most governorate in the Sultanate of Oman, and in particular the historical Arabic-speaking communities found on its coastal plain. The study is subdivided into key sections on phonology, morphology, local and temporal relations, adverbs and particles, and syntax. It also examines some of the features identified by these sections in a separate chapter on grammaticalization theory, seeking to explain the diachronic development of function words, as well as their synchronic usage in coastal Dhofārī Arabic today. A brief lexicon is given, based on the Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte / Word Atlas of Arabic Dialects (WAD) semantic lexical categories, and supplemented with further lexical data from questionnaire and free speech recordings. The study finds that coastal Dhofārī Arabic shares common features with the Arabic dialects spoken in neighbouring Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and with the northern Arabic dialects of the Sultanate of Oman. It preserves the voiced and voiceless interdental phonemes /θ/, and /ð/, retains the voiceless uvular plosive /q/, and demonstrates variable levels of the vowel raising feature Imāla, which is found in other coastal communities within Arabia. Morphologically, it is typical of northern Omani Arabic dialects by its retention of more complex patterns of feminine plural agreement, both for human referents and for non-human referents. It exhibits feminine plural agreement for personal and demonstrative pronouns, and in the latter there are two separate forms of the pronoun which may indicate traces of a more complex, historical gender and number agreement system. These conservative agreement patterns are also found with verb inflection, where coastal Dhofāri still retains the plural feminine inflection morphology. Unlike the northern Arabic dialects of Oman, this dialect retains only vestiges of the ablaut passive voice, similar to that of its closest neighbouring dialect of Yemeni Arabic in Wadi Ḥaḍramawt, with which there are also strong historical relations. In terms of grammaticalization, this dialect has prominent tense / aspect / and mood verbal prefixes such as the /bi-/ continuous aspect verb prefix, the /bā-/ future marker, and the particles /ʕād/ and /qad/, in common with southern Arabian dialects extending into the Saudi Arabian Nejd, and also with some of the Modern South Arabian Languages. Its use of the analytic genitive possessive linkers /ḥaqq/ and /māl/ are notably more prominent that was previously thought, and warrant further investigation into their functional, grammatical roles. Despite the rich array of features found in this dialect, it faces strong pressure from MSA, and many of the original communities that spoke this dialect have been resettled as part of regional development since the 1970s. It is hoped therefore that this account of CDA will generate interest in its future study as well.

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5

Gralla, Sabine. "Der arabische Dialekt von Nabk (Syrien)." Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41153941m.

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6

Ibn, Mas'ūd Aḥmad ibn 'Alī Åkesson Joyce. "Aḥmad b. ʻAlī b. Masʻūd on Arabic morphology, Marāḥ al-arwāḥ /". Leiden : E.J. Brill, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35562734w.

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7

Abdou, Ashraf Mohamed Ali. "Arabic Idioms." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502997.

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8

Al-Nashashibi, May Yacoub Adib. "Arabic language processing for text classification : contributions to Arabic root extraction techniques, building an Arabic corpus, and to Arabic text classification techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6326.

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The impact and dynamics of Internet-based resources for Arabic-speaking users is increasing in significance, depth and breadth at highest pace than ever, and thus requires updated mechanisms for computational processing of Arabic texts. Arabic is a complex language and as such requires in depth investigation for analysis and improvement of available automatic processing techniques such as root extraction methods or text classification techniques, and for developing text collections that are already labeled, whether with single or multiple labels. This thesis proposes new ideas and methods to improve available automatic processing techniques for Arabic texts. Any automatic processing technique would require data in order to be used and critically reviewed and assessed, and here an attempt to develop a labeled Arabic corpus is also proposed. This thesis is composed of three parts: 1- Arabic corpus development, 2- proposing, improving and implementing root extraction techniques, and 3- proposing and investigating the effect of different pre-processing methods on single-labeled text classification methods for Arabic. This thesis first develops an Arabic corpus that is prepared to be used here for testing root extraction methods as well as single-label text classification techniques. It also enhances a rule-based root extraction method by handling irregular cases (that appear in about 34% of texts). It proposes and implements two expanded algorithms as well as an adjustment for a weight-based method. It also includes the algorithm that handles irregular cases to all and compares the performances of these proposed methods with original ones. This thesis thus develops a root extraction system that handles foreign Arabized words by constructing a list of about 7,000 foreign words. The outcome of the technique with best accuracy results in extracting the correct stem and root for respective words in texts, which is an enhanced rule-based method, is used in the third part of this thesis. This thesis finally proposes and implements a variant term frequency inverse document frequency weighting method, and investigates the effect of using different choices of features in document representation on single-label text classification performance (words, stems or roots as well as including to these choices their respective phrases). This thesis applies forty seven classifiers on all proposed representations and compares their performances. One challenge for researchers in Arabic text processing is that reported root extraction techniques in literature are either not accessible or require a long time to be reproduced while labeled benchmark Arabic text corpus is not fully available online. Also, by now few machine learning techniques were investigated on Arabic where usual preprocessing steps before classification were chosen. Such challenges are addressed in this thesis by developing a new labeled Arabic text corpus for extended applications of computational techniques. Results of investigated issues here show that proposing and implementing an algorithm that handles irregular words in Arabic did improve the performance of all implemented root extraction techniques. The performance of the algorithm that handles such irregular cases is evaluated in terms of accuracy improvement and execution time. Its efficiency is investigated with different document lengths and empirically is found to be linear in time for document lengths less than about 8,000. The rule-based technique is improved the highest among implemented root extraction methods when including the irregular cases handling algorithm. This thesis validates that choosing roots or stems instead of words in documents representations indeed improves single-label classification performance significantly for most used classifiers. However, the effect of extending such representations with their respective phrases on single-label text classification performance shows that it has no significant improvement. Many classifiers were not yet tested for Arabic such as the ripple-down rule classifier. The outcome of comparing the classifiers' performances concludes that the Bayesian network classifier performance is significantly the best in terms of accuracy, training time, and root mean square error values for all proposed and implemented representations.

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9

Al-Nashashibi, May Y. A. "Arabic Language Processing for Text Classification. Contributions to Arabic Root Extraction Techniques, Building An Arabic Corpus, and to Arabic Text Classification Techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6326.

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Abstract (sommario):

The impact and dynamics of Internet-based resources for Arabic-speaking users is increasing in significance, depth and breadth at highest pace than ever, and thus requires updated mechanisms for computational processing of Arabic texts. Arabic is a complex language and as such requires in depth investigation for analysis and improvement of available automatic processing techniques such as root extraction methods or text classification techniques, and for developing text collections that are already labeled, whether with single or multiple labels. This thesis proposes new ideas and methods to improve available automatic processing techniques for Arabic texts. Any automatic processing technique would require data in order to be used and critically reviewed and assessed, and here an attempt to develop a labeled Arabic corpus is also proposed. This thesis is composed of three parts: 1- Arabic corpus development, 2- proposing, improving and implementing root extraction techniques, and 3- proposing and investigating the effect of different pre-processing methods on single-labeled text classification methods for Arabic. This thesis first develops an Arabic corpus that is prepared to be used here for testing root extraction methods as well as single-label text classification techniques. It also enhances a rule-based root extraction method by handling irregular cases (that appear in about 34% of texts). It proposes and implements two expanded algorithms as well as an adjustment for a weight-based method. It also includes the algorithm that handles irregular cases to all and compares the performances of these proposed methods with original ones. This thesis thus develops a root extraction system that handles foreign Arabized words by constructing a list of about 7,000 foreign words. The outcome of the technique with best accuracy results in extracting the correct stem and root for respective words in texts, which is an enhanced rule-based method, is used in the third part of this thesis. This thesis finally proposes and implements a variant term frequency inverse document frequency weighting method, and investigates the effect of using different choices of features in document representation on single-label text classification performance (words, stems or roots as well as including to these choices their respective phrases). This thesis applies forty seven classifiers on all proposed representations and compares their performances. One challenge for researchers in Arabic text processing is that reported root extraction techniques in literature are either not accessible or require a long time to be reproduced while labeled benchmark Arabic text corpus is not fully available online. Also, by now few machine learning techniques were investigated on Arabic where usual preprocessing steps before classification were chosen. Such challenges are addressed in this thesis by developing a new labeled Arabic text corpus for extended applications of computational techniques. Results of investigated issues here show that proposing and implementing an algorithm that handles irregular words in Arabic did improve the performance of all implemented root extraction techniques. The performance of the algorithm that handles such irregular cases is evaluated in terms of accuracy improvement and execution time. Its efficiency is investigated with different document lengths and empirically is found to be linear in time for document lengths less than about 8,000. The rule-based technique is improved the highest among implemented root extraction methods when including the irregular cases handling algorithm. This thesis validates that choosing roots or stems instead of words in documents representations indeed improves single-label classification performance significantly for most used classifiers. However, the effect of extending such representations with their respective phrases on single-label text classification performance shows that it has no significant improvement. Many classifiers were not yet tested for Arabic such as the ripple-down rule classifier. The outcome of comparing the classifiers' performances concludes that the Bayesian network classifier performance is significantly the best in terms of accuracy, training time, and root mean square error values for all proposed and implemented representations. Petra University, Amman (Jordan)

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10

Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib Salim. "Compounding in modern standard Arabic, Jordanian Arabic and English." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3341.

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This study aims to identify types of compounds in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Jordanian Arabic (JA) by applying the cross-linguistic criteria for compoundhood discussed in the relevant literature, with a special focus on English. These criteria -- orthographic, phonological, syntactic and semantic in nature -- have been proposed to make a distinction between compounds and phrases. The analysis reveals that the most reliable cross-linguistic criteria to distinguish between phrases and compounds in MSA, JA and English are adjacency and referentiality. With regard to the former criterion, no intervening elements can be inserted between the head and the non-head of compounds, whilst such insertion is allowed in phrases. With regard to the latter criterion, the non-head of a phrase is always referential, whereas the non-head of a compound is normally non-referential. Other criteria have been found to be partially applicable, e.g. compositionality, possibilities for modification and coordination, and free pluralisation of the non-head. In this study, I also suggest two reliable criteria that are exclusive to Arabic, or potentially Semitic languages in general. The first criterion is the appearance/absence of the possessive marker li-/la ‘for/of’ when the first element is definite. The second criterion deals with the appearance/absence of the possessive marker li-/la ‘for/of’ when the first element is preceded by a cardinal number. In applying the various criteria, several properties of compounding in MSA and JA are examined in detail, such as stress assignment, the behaviour of serial verbs and V + V compounds, headedness, and types of compounds based on Scalise and Bisetto’s (2009) classification. With respect to stress assignment, analysis shows that the default position of stress in both N + N compounds and phrases is on the first element. Concerning serial verbs and V + V compounds, the analysis shows that, although the distinction between them is not always clear-cut, V + V compounds are different from serial verbs with respect to the adjacency criterion. With regard to headedness, my study confirms that compounding in Arabic is predominantly left-headed. Regarding types of compounds, the Arabic data shows the usefulness of Scalise and Bisetto’s (2009) classification, which originally was proposed on the basis of data from 23 languages, excluding Arabic. Finally, the study proposes a definition for compounds that may be applicable cross-linguistically and concludes with recommendations for further research.

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11

Ghadgoud, Khawla. "Negation patterns in Libyan Arabic and Modern Arabic varieties." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/negation-patterns-in-libyan-arabic-and-modern-arabic-varieties(1e47b467-2384-4d77-a4cd-9dd32852af87).html.

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This thesis provides a general descriptive account of the morpho-syntactic expression of negation in fifteen Modern Arabic varieties and investigates three of these varieties in more depth. The thesis contributes to the typological literature on negation through a survey of the negation patterns in a number of related and geographically close varieties. It sheds light on the most influential factors that unify the negation patterns found in these varieties, which are predicate type and form. It is found that the type of the predicate, such as verbal and nonverbal predicates, as well as the form of the verbal predicate, such as active participle as opposed to other verbal forms, play an essential role in determining the negation markers used. In addition, this thesis gives a comprehensive account of a number of negative elements in Libyan Arabic, namely the negative auxiliary, negative particle mÃÂÃÂÃÂ¡, and miÃÂ¡ as a metalinguistic marker, and establishes the morpho-syntactic properties and pragmatic functions of these elements. It concludes that the negative auxiliary is used for a specific pragmatic function, which is to deny assumed background information. It also finds that even though miÃÂ¡ is not a negation marker exclusive for metalinguistic negation, it is a special metalinguistic marker that signals the metalinguistic reading of verbal sentences.

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12

De, Fouchier Pierre-Adrien. "Le manuscrit arabe-chrétien au XIIIe siècle : considérations à partir du fonds de la Vaticane." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP039/document.

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À partir du fonds de la Vaticane cette thèse vise à établir une typologie du manuscrit arabe chrétien au XIIIe siècle. Les différents signes présents sur les manuscrits sont analysés et mis en perspective : la numérotation des cahiers, la numérotation des bifeuillets, la foliotation, les marques de milieu de cahier, les marques de fin de cahier et enfin la réglure. Une analyse chimique du papier et de l’encre est aussi présentée. Les informations récoltées permettent une meilleure connaissance de l’histoire des textes mais aussi d’appréhender les spécificités des pratiques chrétiennes en langue arabe From the funds of the Vatican library this thesis aims to establish a typology of the Christian-Arabic manuscript of the thirteenth century. The different signs found on the manuscripts are analyzed and put into perspective: the numbering of the quires, the numbering of the bifolium, the foliation, the marks of the middle of the quire, marks the end of the quire and finally the ruling. A chemical analysis of the paper and the ink is also presented. The information collected enable a better understanding of the history of the texts and also to understand the specificity of Christian practices in the Arabic language

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13

Chairet, Mohamed. "Fonctionnement du système verbal en arabe et en français." Gap [France] ; Paris : Ophrys, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35852165t.

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14

Al-Ansari, Banan Ahmed. "Interrelated Histories, Practices, and Forms of Communication: Using Arabic Calligraphy to Learn Arabic Typography." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804911/.

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In this self-study inquiry, I studied my graphic design practice in a professional setting, focusing on my Arabic typographic skills and knowledge. My roles as researcher and design educator indivisibly intertwined throughout this research. I worked to understand the value of calligraphy in art and design education, highlighting its power as an art form while also emphasizing its pedagogical potentials. I utilized two theoretical approaches suited to investigating and understanding the Arabic letters as text and image, Ibn Arabi’s science of letters, or 'ilm al-hurûf, and semiotics. I applied my theoretical framework to three distinctive artworks to investigate their uses of the Arabic letters, contemplating their roles in modern and contemporary Arab art. Essential to my research was learning Arabic calligraphy through two approaches: 1) I attended a calligraphy workshop, and 2) I conducted three self-study experimentations. I analyzed my experience through visual representations, commentary, and narrative inquiry to assess Arabic calligraphy’s significance for graphic design education. As such, my experimentations confirmed Arabic calligraphy’s aesthetic and educational value. I employed my findings to create a contemporary Arabic typography curriculum suitable for university-level students. This curriculum is built on learning theories such as visual culture analysis, semiotics, constructivist theory, play principles, and critical thinking, aiming to situate Arabic calligraphy as a modern learning model significant for typography education. Finally, I constructed a basic course for Arabic typography to support students’ development of Arabic typography fluency.

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15

Almohimeed, Abdulaziz. "Arabic text to Arabic sign language example-based translation system." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/345562/.

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This dissertation presents the first corpus-based system for translation from Arabic text into Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) for the deaf and hearing impaired, for whom it can facilitate access to conventional media and allow communication with hearing people. In addition to the familiar technical problems of text-to-text machine translation,building a system for sign language translation requires overcoming some additional challenges. First,the lack of a standard writing system requires the building of a parallel text-to-sign language corpus from scratch, as well as computational tools to prepare this parallel corpus. Further, the corpus must facilitate output in visual form, which is clearly far more difficult than producing textual output. The time and effort involved in building such a parallel corpus of text and visual signs from scratch mean that we will inevitably be working with quite small corpora. We have constructed two parallel Arabic text-to-ArSL corpora for our system. The first was built from school level language instruction material and contains 203 signed sentences and 710 signs. The second was constructed from a children's story and contains 813 signed sentences and 2,478 signs. Working with corpora of limited size means that coverage is a huge issue. A new technique was derived to exploit Arabic morphological information to increase coverage and hence, translation accuracy. Further, we employ two different example-based translation methods and combine them to produce more accurate translation output. We have chosen to use concatenated sign video clips as output rather than a signing avatar, both for simplicity and because this allows us to distinguish more easily between translation errors and sign synthesis errors. Using leave-one-out cross-validation on our first corpus, the system produced translated sign sentence outputs with an average word error rate of 36.2% and an average position-independent error rate of 26.9%. The corresponding figures for our second corpus were an average word error rate of 44.0% and 28.1%. The most frequent source of errors is missing signs in the corpus; this could be addressed in the future by collecting more corpus material. Finally, it is not possible to compare the performance of our system with any other competing Arabic text-to-ArSL machine translation system since no other such systems exist at present.

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16

Eisele, John C. "Arabic verbs in time : tense and aspect in Cairene arabic /." Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39013746s.

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17

Alfalah, Sarah. "Arabic Typography Play." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3073.

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I believe that spoken and written languages are verbal and visual expressions of cultures. Language is used to convey and sustain values and the belief system of people. Arabic is a language of complexity and formal beauty that is being disregarded and pushed away by its own native speakers. It is losing its value in the Arab world. In other words it is dying. Both the written and spoken language is being affected. As the world is interchanging, integrating, and becoming closer, there has been a strong impact on many societies, threatening their original culture. Arab cultures are abandoning the rich tradition of the Arabic language to universalize communication. My thesis investigates the relationships between typography as both a visual form of language and play as a mechanism to help children become more familiar and intimate with their native language.

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18

Shahin, Fadi. "La diglossie et son influence sur la production langagière arabe : Étude théorique et pratique à partir de copies d’examen et d’un extrait télévisé." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040137.

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Cette thèse est une étude de terrain portant sur la diglossie et la production langagière de l’arabe.Depuis l’article de Ferguson (1959), de nombreux travaux sont apparus, très souvent pour critiquer la vision dichotomique proposée par cet auteur.Après avoir retracé l’histoire de la langue arabe de ses origines à nos jours, nous avons étudié les travaux réalisés par les arabophones sur leur langue. Les linguistes arabophones, de l’époque médiévale jusqu’à la Naḥda, ont-Ils été conscients de la situation diglossique ? Partant de cette étude, nous avons voulu démontrer à travers deux corpus, l’un écrit, l’autre oral, l’étendue de l’influence de la variété basse (dialectale) sur la variété haute (littérale) dans la production langagière de la langue arabe. Dans cette perspective, nous avons utilisé des copies d’étudiants de différents niveaux, débutants, intermédiaires et avancés. Pour l’étude de l’oral, nous nous sommes appuyés sur un corpus médiatique.Peut-On faire usage d’une variété sans subir l’interférence de la seconde ? Telle est la question à laquelle nous tentons de répondre dans cette thèse This thesis is a field study on diglossia and Arabic language production. Since the article by Ferguson (1959), numerous studies have appeared, often criticizing the dichotomous vision proposed by this author.After tracing the history of the Arabic language from its origins to the present day, we have studied the works of Arabic-Speakers on their language. From medieval times until the Naḥda, were Arabic-Speaking linguists aware of the diglossic situation?Using this historical perspective as a point of departure, we wanted to demonstrate the extent of the influence of the low variety (vernacular) on the high variety (literary) in Arabic language production through two sets of language production, one written and one oral. With this in mind, we used exam papers of students of different levels: beginner, intermediate and advanced. For the study of the oral, we relied on a television extract.Can we make use of one variety without being subjected to interference from the second? This is the question that we attempt to address in this thesis

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19

Quwaider, Hussain M. "Idiomaticity in Arabic : towards a comparative exploration in English Arabic idiomaticity." Thesis, University of Bath, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299689.

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20

Schippers, Arie. "Arabic tradition and Hebrew innovation : Arabic themes in Hebrew Andalusian poetry /." Amsterdam : Institute for modern Near Eastern studies, Department of Arabic and Islamic studies, University of Amsterdam, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35454451r.

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21

Almutiri, Ahmed Saad. "THE PRODUCTION OF ARABIC GEMINATE STOPS BY ENGLISH LEARNERS OF ARABIC." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1604.

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This study aims to investigate the developmental ability of beginning and advance L1 English learners of Arabic to pronounce standard Arabic geminate consonants when enrolled in a full time L2 program. The results showed that English learners produced shorter closure duration when pronouncing geminates. In particular, the beginners lengthened singletons more than the advanced learners did, while both groups of learners shortened geminates much more so than native speakers of Arabic. The advanced L1 English learners of Arabic produced longer geminate duration than beginners. The ultimate result was a smaller ratio between singleton and geminate consonants in comparison to native speakers of Arabic.

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22

Basonbul, Najwa Abood. "Sign bilingualism and Arabic literacy : using PVR with deaf girls in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10042870/.

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Despite many decades of educational efforts worldwide, Deaf people often do not develop spoken and written language satisfactorily. Now, harnessing the language that Deaf family members naturally develop promises progress in both sign language and community language literacy. Sign bilingual education (SBE) has developed in several countries but has not been applied formally in Saudi schools for Deaf pupils. This exploratory, sequential, mixed‐methods study introduced SBE, applying the preview-view-review (PVR) strategy as a bilingual approach for literacy in a Saudi school for Deaf girls. Five hearing teachers, two Deaf assistants and 17 Deaf pupils participated. Data were collected via a newly developed Arabic Reading Measure for Deaf pupils (ARMD), semistructured interviews, observations, documents and personal records. The first phase of the study was an ethnographic evaluation of teaching strategies for Deaf pupils and their reading levels, to identify the hearing teachers‘ level of sign language and to observe interaction in the school. The second phase was quasi-experimental, applying PVR to pupils‘ reading strategies and performance. This required the development of a new reading test in Arabic for Deaf pupils. The third phase examined how SBE could be applied in Saudi Deaf education and elicited teachers‘ and assistants‘ views of its application. Following the 30-week intervention, reading performance improved, but several factors were found to limit this improvement. Among themes raised by teachers were compartmentalised application of SBE and low expectations of pupils‘ performance. Deaf assistants recognised the importance of improved professionalism and commented on the competence of teachers, by whom they felt exploited. Classroom observation revealed the ineffectiveness of teachers‘ mixing of vernacular and formal Arabic. The findings suggest that Saudi Deaf education should more systematically apply methods supported by effective measurement of pupil performance. This study adds to knowledge of hearing teachers‘ relationships with Deaf people in schools and has policy implications.

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23

Nasir, Hugo. "Usage et représentations de l'Arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan." Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030163.

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Le but de la thèse est de retracer le développement et l’évolution de l’arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan, et son expansion, grâce à l’accroissement de son usage dans la vie quotidienne, comme instrument de communication dans tous les domaines sans exception. On y décrit la situation sociolinguistique de l’arabe de Juba, dans les années récentes, et le rôle d’une nouvelle génération dans le processus de son développement spectaculaire. L’étude est descriptive, analytique, et diachronique; elle donne une image historique des débuts de son existence, à partir du Sud en direction du Nord. Il s’agit d’observer, de près, son progrès dans la société, malgré sa complexité linguistique, face à une soixantaine de langues maternelles [langues vernaculaires], dans une société multi-ethnique, multi-culturelle et géographiquement étendue; l’élargissement de son utilisation dans les occasions officielles, rassemblements populaires, etc. Il s’agit aussi d’analyser le développement de sa structure grammaticale, à partir des données récoltées du corpus. L'objectif est aussi de montrer l’évolution linguistique de l’Arabe de Juba, en particulier son usage moderne et son rapprochement de l’arabe de Khartoum (Dialecte du nord Soudan), son usage quotidien à la radio et à la télévision qui jouent un rôle incontournable. Il s’agit enfin de montrer que l’arabe de Juba a fait un grand pas dans les domaines suivants: la poésie populaire, le théâtre, la chanson, la publicité, les blagues, les programmes télévisés, le discours politique, etc. La thèse dresse le tableau de la situation actuelle de ce phénomène linguistique considérable qu’est l’extension de l’usage de l’arabe de Juba au Nord Soudan, tout en étudiant les représentations dont il est l’objet, chez les locuteurs natifs ou non. Cette étude des nouveaux visages de l’arabe de Juba n’oublie pas de s’appuyer sur l’état ancien de cette langue et sur les travaux qui lui ont été consacrés. Par ailleurs, la thèse comprend la transcription et la traduction d’un vaste corpus recueilli sur place The aim of the thesis, "Use and representations of Juba Arabic in North Sudan" is to relate the development and evolution of Juba Arabic in North Sudan, and its expansion by its increasing use in everyday life as an instrument of communication in all fields without exception. The thesis describes the sociolinguistic situation of Juba Arabic, in recent years, and the role of a new generation in the process of its dramatic growth. The study is descriptive, analytical, and diachronic, giving a historical account of the beginnings of its existence, from the South up to the North. It is a close observation of its progress in society, in spite of its linguistic complexity, confronted with sixty vernacular languages in a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural society spreading out on a wide geographical space, the expansion of its use in formal occasions, public gatherings, etc. It analyzes the development of grammatical structure, based on collected data. The objective is also to show the evolution of Juba Arabic and its modern use and how it is getting closer to the Arabic of Khartoum [dialect of northern Sudan], as well as its daily use on radio and television which play a key role. It is also to show that Juba Arabic has taken a big step forward in the fields of folk poetry, drama, song, commercials, jokes, television programs, political speech, etc. This thesis thus draws an image of contemporary use and representations of Juba Arabic in Sudan, studying the significant linguistic phenomenon of its extension in North Sudan, as well as of how native and non native speakers look at it. It addresses the new faces of Juba Arabic, without losing to take into account the ancient state of the language and the work that had been carried out by previous scholars. Furthermore, an extensive corpus collected locally is given both in transcription and translation

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24

Alresaini, Sami Saleh. "Acquisition of modern standard Arabic by speakers of different Arabic colloquial varieties." Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.583339.

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This thesis conducts an empirical investigation of Arabic speakers' underlying ultimate knowledge of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The goal is to determine whether these speakers' end-state MSA grammar can be classed as a native language (L I) type grammar or a second language (L2) type grammar. The motivation for this research comes from the frequent claim in the literature that there are no native speakers of MSA (e.g., Kaye, 1970; Maamouri, 1998). This claim has been made because MSA is not spoken at home and it is acquired through literacy and formal schooling which does not start for most children until age 5 or 6. Another factor that can support such a claim is that children who start acquiring MSA at school already speak their colloquial varieties which were acquired naturally from birth. Because there are differences between the colloquial varieties and MSA in all linguistic domains (e.g., Altoma, 1969; Ayari, 1996; Maamouri, 1998), this has been assumed to have possibly affected the ultimate attainment of MSA and resulted in different end-state grammars; a characteristic of a second language. However, the claim that there are no native speakers of MSA has not been investigated empirically. In fact, there is a clear scarcity of empirical works in the literature that investigate and discuss Arabic speakers' end-state underlying knowledge of MSA. The current thesis aims to fill in this gap. The current research examines the impact of age of first exposure (AoE) and knowledge of the previously acquired dialect (L I) on the ultimate attainment of MSA acquired by Arabs across three regions of the Arabic-speaking world: Egypt, the Levant and the Gulf regions. The main objective is to explore how MSA's end-state underlying grammar is represented by native speakers of different colloquial varieties whose first exposure to MSA also varied between exceptionally 'early' exposure (from age two or three in MSA immersion nurseries and kindergartens) and typically 'late' exposure to MSA (from age five or six in normal primary schools). Based on results of a corpus study of colloquial varieties, the syntactic variables for investigation were identified as: i) resumption in definite object relative clauses, ii) collective subject-verb agreement in SV sentences, and iii) word order preference in conversational and narrative contexts. 147 adolescent participants were recruited to take part in an experiment designed to examine their underlying knowledge of the three syntactic phenomena in MSA. The participants completed two tasks: an acceptability judgement task and a conversation role-play task. Using ANOV A and planned comparisons, the differences in participants' performance in these tasks were evaluated across five groups corresponding to different AoE and the colloquial varieties the participants speak. The analysis of the data showed no significant effect of AoE or of the L1, and post hoc tests showed no significant differences between the groups of participants. These results were discussed in relation to previous views on L 1 influence and effect of age of onset on the ultimate attainment of a second language. Uniform performance in the tasks of the study, despite variant AoE and LIs, was interpreted to indicate success of typical Arabic speakers in attaining a native-like competence in at least the three MSA syntactic phenomena investigated. Further research that involves investigation of end-state knowledge of more grammatical phenomena in different linguistic domains is required to make a comprehensive assessment of typical Arabic speakers' end- state knowledge of MSA.

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25

Sadiq, Saudi. "Dialect convergence in Egypt : the impact of Cairo Arabic on Minya Arabic." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17775/.

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This is a sociolinguistic study of the diffusion of Cairo Arabic (CA) in Egypt as exemplified by its spread in Minya Governorate. Focus has been placed on how and why Minya Arabic (MA) speakers converge on CA as regards five linguistic variables: (q), (KaLLiM), (XaLLiF), (WaSSaL) and (stress). The respective CA and MA variants are exemplified as follows: [ʔaːl] and [ɡaːl] ‘he said’; [kallɪm] and [kɪllɪm]/[kallam] ‘he spoke to’; [xallɪf] and [xallaf] ‘he begot’; [jɪ-wɑsˤsˤɑl] and [jɪ-wɑsˤsˤɪl] ‘he gives a lift to someone’; and [madˈɾasa] and [ˈmadɾasa] ‘school’. The data on which the study is based is quantitative (recorded sociolinguistic interviews with 62 MA participants sampled according to age, gender, education and place of residence) and qualitative (an online perception questionnaire answered by 61 participants and detailing why MA speakers converge on CA along with the associations with both CA and MA in Minya). The quantitative data was statistically analysed via mixed-effects logistic regression in R. Results show that age and gender are hardly significant or altogether non-significant, while education and place of residence are almost always significant. This refers to two positive correlations: the higher the educational level of speakers and the more time they have spent living in town, the higher the convergence on CA. Results of the perception questionnaire are in harmony with those statistically-obtained. They confirm the significance of education and place of residence in inducing convergence on CA in Minya and associate CA with education and urbaneness. They also suggest that MA speakers converge on CA not only because of the dialect prestige but also for economic reasons and that their linguistic behaviour is affected by their marital status and exposure to CA on TV.

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26

Balius, Planelles Andreu. "Arabic type from a multicultural perspective : multi-script Latin-Arabic type design." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/355433/.

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Multiculturalism constitutes a mixture of expressions where languages are fundamental, not only as the vehicular form of thought, but also as a powerful tool for social cohesion and relationships within a community. Languages are often the first barrier encountered when communicating or relating to other culture. Whereas, typography can provide valid solutions, not only in terms of text layout but also regarding the specific aspects of multilingualism: the design of glyphs for multilingual text composition. Type design is at the core of how communication takes place in our multicultural society. As multilingual communication becomes more apparent, the need for multi-script fonts including more than a single script is unquestionable. This practice-based research focuses on the designing of a multi script Latin-Arabic typeface for literary reading text purposes based on an understanding of Arabic script in order for the result obtained to be respectful of the tradition of Arabic calligraphy. The approach to Arabic has been carried out taking into account the Spanish Arabic tradition from a study on the Arabic types which were designed and in use in Spain during the Printing Press years. The methodology proposed tries to complete every stage in the work process, from sketching to final font production, with the aim of harmonising both Latin and Arabic scripts in the same font file: Pradell Al-Andalus. Pradell Al-Andalus, although not designed to be a revival of any specific Arabic Spanish typeface, establishes a link with Spanish type History in order to build a bridge between tradition and our contemporary multilingual needs.

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27

Alfaifi, Abdullah Yahya G. "Building the Arabic learner corpus and a system for Arabic error annotation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9736/.

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Recent developments in learner corpora have highlighted the growing role they play in some linguistic and computational research areas such as language teaching and natural language processing. However, there is a lack of a well-designed Arabic learner corpus that can be used for studies in the aforementioned research areas. This thesis aims to introduce a detailed and original methodology for developing a new learner corpus. This methodology which represents the major contribution of the thesis includes a combination of resources, proposed standards and tools developed for the Arabic Learner Corpus project. The resources include the Arabic Learner Corpus, which is the largest learner corpus for Arabic based on systematic design criteria. The resources also include the Error Tagset of Arabic that was designed for annotating errors in Arabic covering 29 types of errors under five broad categories. The Guide on Design Criteria for Learner Corpus is an example of the proposed standards which was created based on a review of previous work. It focuses on 11 aspects of corpus design criteria. The tools include the Computer-aided Error Annotation Tool for Arabic that provides some functions facilitating error annotation such as the smart-selection function and the auto-tagging function. Additionally, the tools include the ALC Search Tool that is developed to enable searching the ALC and downloading the source files based on a number of determinants. The project was successfully able to recruit 992 people including language learners, data collectors, evaluators, annotators and collaborators from more than 30 educational institutions in Saudi Arabia and the UK. The data of the Arabic Learner Corpus was used in a number of projects for different purposes including error detection and correction, native language identification, Arabic analysers evaluation, applied linguistics studies and data-driven Arabic learning. The use of the ALC highlights the extent to which it is important to develop this project.

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28

Alaiyed, Majedah Abdullah Saleh. "Diglossic code-switching between Standard Arabic and Najdi Arabic in religious discourse." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12578/.

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This study investigates the linguistic structural constraints of diglossic intra-sentential code-switching between Standard Arabic and Najdi Arabic in religious speeches by six Saudi preachers: three males and three females. To analyse the data, both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis are used. In accounting for the structural constraints found in the diglossic intra-sentential code-switching, diglossic variants of four linguistic variables are considered: negation, relative pronouns, demonstratives and future particles. This study shows that both male and female preachers switched from one variety to the other across sentence boundaries and within the same sentence. This process does not proceed randomly but is instead governed by particular principles. In the case of Standard Arabic variants of the four variables investigated, where Standard Arabic is the non-dominant variety, diglossic code-switching is restricted as its variants are found to co-occur mostly only with Standard Arabic or neutral lexis. On the other hand, in the case of Najdi Arabic, which is considered the dominant variety, Najdi Arabic variants are found to co-exist with both Standard Arabic and Najdi Arabic as well as neutral lexis. The study supports the validity of the ‘dominant language hypothesis’ proposed by Petersen (1988) and the word-internal mixing constraints. It also partially supports Eid’s (1982, 1988) constraints. The directionality and the contradictory effect constraints are shown to be relevant to the data. Moreover, the study demonstrates the validity of the triggering hypothesis (Clyne, 2003) and the neutralization site hypothesis (Clyne, 1987) for analysing diglossic code-switching. The study makes a number of contributions to the field of sociolinguistics and code-switching in particular. Firstly, it adds to sociolinguistic knowledge on Standard Arabic and Najdi Arabic spoken in Saudi Arabia. Secondly, to date there is only limited knowledge about the mixed speech of educated speakers in Saudi Arabia. The current study shows in detail how this mixed speech is derived, with the analysis of the four key variables; and it argues that the process is one of diglossic intra-sentential code-switching. Focusing on religious preachers’ extemporaneous monologues therefore helps to fill this research gap. Thirdly, previous studies of religious speeches have focused only on male preachers, and previous studies of Saudi Arabic have disproportionately investigated the speech of men. Given the gender segregation of this speech context, and the sociolinguistic studies of Arabic showing some gender variation (Walters, 1991; Daher, 1998, 1999; Al-Wer, 1999), there is a question over whether there may be gender variation in code-switching in religious speeches in segregated speech contexts. By analysing the code-switching of both male and female preachers, this study makes an original contribution by demonstrating that there is no obvious correlation between gender and any variation in code-switching in this religious speech context in this corpus of data. Fourthly, this study contains original data which has not been previously published or analysed.

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29

Herin, Bruno. "Le parler arabe de Salt, Jordanie: phonologie, morphologie et éléments de syntaxe." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210120.

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Etude descriptive du parler arabe de Salt en Jordanie. La description couvre des questions relatives à la phonologie, morphologie et à la syntaxe. Le parler de Salt est un parler de type sédentaire, du groupe levantin (sud), proche des dialectes du Horan. Il s'agit de la première description exhaustive d'une variété jordanienne.Descriptive study of the arabic dialect of Salt in Jordan. The study covers issues in phonology, morphology and syntax. The dialect of Salt is a sedentary variety and belongs to the southern levantine group. This is the first comprehensive description of a Jordanian variety Doctorat en Langues et lettres info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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30

Al-Osaimi, Saleh. "Beliefs about Arabic Language Learning Held by Students and Their Teachers at ITANA (Institute for the Teaching of Arabic to Non-Arabs) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515437.

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31

Jamari, Abderrahim. "Clitic phenomena in Arabic." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300139.

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32

Mehdi, S. A.-S. "Computer interpretation of Arabic." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329402.

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33

Moubaiddin, Asma. "Quantificational phenomena in Arabic." Thesis, University of Essex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315724.

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34

Benajiba, Yassine. "Arabic named entity recognition." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/8318.

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En esta tesis doctoral se describen las investigaciones realizadas con el objetivo de determinar las mejores tecnicas para construir un Reconocedor de Entidades Nombradas en Arabe. Tal sistema tendria la habilidad de identificar y clasificar las entidades nombradas que se encuentran en un texto arabe de dominio abierto. La tarea de Reconocimiento de Entidades Nombradas (REN) ayuda a otras tareas de Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (por ejemplo, la Recuperacion de Informacion, la Busqueda de Respuestas, la Traduccion Automatica, etc.) a lograr mejores resultados gracias al enriquecimiento que a~nade al texto. En la literatura existen diversos trabajos que investigan la tarea de REN para un idioma especifico o desde una perspectiva independiente del lenguaje. Sin embargo, hasta el momento, se han publicado muy pocos trabajos que estudien dicha tarea para el arabe. El arabe tiene una ortografia especial y una morfologia compleja, estos aspectos aportan nuevos desafios para la investigacion en la tarea de REN. Una investigacion completa del REN para elarabe no solo aportaria las tecnicas necesarias para conseguir un alto rendimiento, sino que tambien proporcionara un analisis de los errores y una discusion sobre los resultados que benefician a la comunidad de investigadores del REN. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es satisfacer esa necesidad. Para ello hemos: 1. Elaborado un estudio de los diferentes aspectos del arabe relacionados con dicha tarea; 2. Analizado el estado del arte del REN; 3. Llevado a cabo una comparativa de los resultados obtenidos por diferentes tecnicas de aprendizaje automatico; 4. Desarrollado un metodo basado en la combinacion de diferentes clasificadores, donde cada clasificador trata con una sola clase de entidades nombradas y emplea el conjunto de caracteristicas y la tecnica de aprendizaje automatico mas adecuados para la clase de entidades nombradas en cuestion. Nuestros experimentos han sido evaluados sobre nueve conjuntos de test. Benajiba, Y. (2009). Arabic named entity recognition [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8318 Palancia

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35

Sabbagh, Abdulmoomin Z. I. "Adjective order in Arabic." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20165.

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This thesis is based on a computerized corpus of Modern Standard Arabic. The Oxford Concordance Programme was employed in order to process the data and pick out different functions of the Arabic adjectives. The data is taken from over two thousand two hundred pages of the 20th century Arabic texts. This thesis discusses adjective types, word classes and order when they occur in the same NP or predicatively modifying the same head noun. Reference is also made to adjectives in other languages such as English. A prototypical account for the various types of Arabic adjectives is suggested according to which three main types are postulated : Simple, Participal and Denominal. These types are shown to relate to some syntactic, semantic, and morphological criteria features, which also play an important role in deciding the order of adjectives in Arabic. An argument for an independent adjective word class in Arabic is put forward since the inclusion of Arabic adjectives with nouns by the traditional and by some modern linguists is found to be inadequate. Some new criterial tests with respect to Arabic adjectives have been developed which provide supporting evidence for a separate adjective word class. The denominal adjectives are further investigated and shown to have an infinite number of meanings which can only be determined with respect to a specific modified head N. They are shown to have some nominal characteristics which decide their order when they cooccur with other types of adjectives. It is argued that although Arabic denominal adjectives are morphologically unified since they take one suffix, those derived from concrete bases are not predictable, whereas those derived from quadrilateral abstract bases are predictable.

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36

Dahlgren, Sven-Olof. "Word order in Arabic /." Göteborg : Acta universitatis gothoburgensis, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39007104z.

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37

Al-Amri, Khalid Hadi. "Arabic/English/Arabic translation : shifts of cohesive markers in the translation of argumentative texts : a contrastive Arabic-English text-linguistic study." Thesis, Durham University, 2004. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1753/.

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38

Jlassi, Mohamed. "The multiple subject construction in Arabic : evidence from subject doubling in Tunisian Arabic." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1890.

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This dissertation explores the syntax of set of subject constructions in Tunisian Arabic (TA) comprising a NP and a third person free-standing pronoun, known in the literature of Arabic grammar as an H-Form (Fassi Fehri 1993). The subject NP-H pair has three main realisations, each of which will be shown to have a distinct information structure: an NP-H sequence, where the NP is doubled by the H-form, conveying contrastive topic, an H-NP sequence, where the NP is again doubled by the H-form, expressing a thetic meaning, and an NP-H sequence conveying contrastive/exhaustive focus where the H-form is a nominal copula of a cleft construction. The two subject doubling sequences are analysed as realisations of the same syntactic structure, a multiple subject construction (MSC), but for the values of the syntactic information-structural features [Top(ic)] and [Foc(us)]. The NP-H sequence has the NP in the spec(ifier) of a Top head and the H-form in the spec of the head Fin(ite), specified for Focus. The combination of [+Top] and [+Foc] yields the contrastive topic reading. The H-NP sequence has the H in the spec of Top and the NP in the spec of Fin. The combination of the expletive H in spec of Top and the focused NP in spec of Fin yields the thetic reading. The parameter distinguishing between languages with subject doubling of the TA type and languages without, as English, is about the specification of Fin. In English Fin has an EPP feature attracting any subject, topic or focus or expletive. In TA, Fin is specified for [Foc EPP] only. Topic-marked subjects are attracted by a higher Top head, marked for [Top, EPP], where the latter can be satisfied by an expletive in the absence of a topical subject. It will be shown that Finnish and Icelandic have the same parameter specification as TA, therefore exhibiting a MSC with properties similar to the MSC in TA. The NP-H pair is base-generated as a Small Clause embedded in a so called ‘big DP’, where the NP is the subject and the H-pronoun the predicate. There is only partial agreement between the two terms; in particular there is no person agreement. The MSC is derived by separate movement of the NP and the H-pronoun.

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39

El-Badry, Nawal H. "Bilingual dictionaries of English and Arabic for Arabic-speaking advanced learners of English." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.255346.

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Several aspects of bilingual lexicography of English with Arabic are investigated in this study. Responses from 499 subjects to a questionnaire survey are analyzed in order to acquire information concerning a number of issues. Among these are the image of the English-Arabic dictionary as perceived by this population as well as the habits of dictionary use that prevail among the respondents. The historical development of this type of dictionary is outlined and the theoretical background to Arabic-English lexicography is surveyed. Some interesting characteristics of the investigated population of dictionary users emerge, e. g. the vast scale of dictionary ownership and the great degree of enthusiasm for dictionary use. After the Introduction In Chapter I, Chapter II provides the historical perspective of bilingual dictionaries of Arabic and English. Chapter III surveys the theoretical background to the study and presents the empirical methods used. Chapters IV and V provide a discussion of the data gained from the dictionary user survey. Chapter VI forms the conclusion to the study which includes some recommendations. Areas such as bilingual lexicography with Arabic as a source language, and Arabic monolingual lexicography were found to be in urgent need of further investigation.

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40

Sharīf, Muḥammad Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. "al-Sharṭ wa-al-inshāʼ al-naḥwī lil-kawn baḥth fī al-usus al-basīṭah al-muwallidah lil-abniyah wa-al-dalālāt /". Tūnis : Jāmiʻat Manūbah, Kullīyat al-Ādāb, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=1BhjAAAAMAAJ.

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41

Bakker, Barbara. "Arabic dystopias in the 21st century : A study on 21st century Arabic dystopian fictionthrough the analysis of four works of Arabic dystopian narrative." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Arabiska, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28495.

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Dystopian fiction as intended in the Western literary tradition is a 20 th century phenomenon on the Arabic literary scene. This relatively new genre has been experiencing an uplift since the beginning of the 21 st century and many works that have been defined dystopias have been published and translated into English in the last 10 – 15 years. In order to find out their main features, Claeys’s categorization of literary dystopias is applied and a thematic analysis is carried out on four Arabic dystopian works of narrative, written by authors from different parts of the Arabic world. The analysis shows that 21 st century Arabic dystopias are political dystopias, with totalitarianism as their main variation. Rather than on society, their focus is on the individual, and more specifically on personal freedom. The totalitarian constraints are mainly caused by religious fundamentalism and bureaucratic procedures. Surveillance and control over population are implemented by means of religious precepts and bureaucratic constructions, together with, in some instances, control over language and technological devices. Political totalitarianism regardless of a specific political ideology is identified as main theme. The thesis suggests that a Western-based classification framework is only partially suitable for Arabic dystopian fiction of the 21 st century and that further research, including but not limited to a specific classification theory for Arabic dystopian fiction, is necessary to properly investigate this new literary trend in Arabic literature.

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42

Soliman, Abdelmeneim. "The changing role of Arabic in religious discourse a sociolinguistic study of Egyptian Arabic /." Open access to IUP's electronic theses and dissertations, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2069/110.

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43

Turjoman, Mona O. "Saudi gender differences in greetings and leave-takings." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1325998.

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This research investigates the differences between how men and women greet and take leave of someone of the same sex in Saudi Arabia, a gender segregated society. Age, social status, relationship between participants, and setting were also tested to see if they have any effect on how Saudis greet and take leave of each other.A total of 237 participants: 127 males and 110 females were recorded in naturally occurring conversations. The participants were from all social classes and included three age groups: 18-30, 31-50, and over 50. Relationship between participants included close friends, relatives, acquaintances, and strangers. Data was collected in social and family gatherings, work, school, and the hospital. The data was analyzed in light of Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory. Variables like formulaic expressions, length, and hyperbole were also tested.The results of the study indicate that age had a significant affect on how Saudis greet, take leave/reply to a leave-taking of someone of the same sex. Based on my corpus, social status had no significant affect on how Saudis greet/reply and take leave/reply of someone of the same sex. The relationship between participants showed a significant correlation with how Saudis greet/reply and take leave/reply of someone of the same sex. Setting had no significant affect of how Saudis greet and take leave of someone of the same sex. But it did show a significant affect of how Saudis reply to greetings and leave-takings of someone of the same sex. Gender did not on any significant affect on how Saudis greet and reply to greetings of someone of the same sex. Whereas, gender showed a significant correlation with how Saudis take leave and reply to a leave-taking.Results of the study indicate that women consistently took longer to greet and take leave of someone of their own sex, regardless of age, social status, relationship between participants, or setting. Women also used more metaphors and superlatives while greeting or taking leave of someone of their own sex. Women were found to repeat their greetings and leave-takings more than men. Department of English

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44

Natij, Salah. "Adab : recherches sur la pensée éthique, esthétique et politique dans la littérature arabe classique." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040246.

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Ce travail se propose d’apporter une contribution à la reconstruction et à l’étude de la pensée arabe classiques développée dans le champ de l’adab. Remarquons que nous disons bien la pensée arabe classique développée dans le champ de l’adab, car nous pensons que si nous voulons connaître la manière dont la pensée arabe classique avait tenté de construire une vision éthique et esthétique, c’est dans l’espace de questionnement propre à l’adab qu’il faut la chercher. C’est dire que ce n’est ni dans la philosophie dite islamique, ni dans le système moral mis en place par l’Islam qu’il serait possible de trouver la vision éthique arabe ancienne telle qu’elle avait tenté de s’élaborer et de s’exprimer. En effet, si la pensée arabe classique avait et a encore quelque chose d’original à apporter à la pensée et à la culture universelles, ce ne serait ni à travers le système moral élaboré par la religion islamique, ni au moyen des réflexions menées par les philosophes, mais grâce aux idées développées dans le champ de l’adab. C’est en effet dans et à travers la pensée de l’adab que la culture arabe classique se présente comme étant véritablement elle-même, c’est-à-dire telle qu’elle nous parle à travers les éléments qui lui appartiennent proprement et intrinsèquement. Car si, comme il est souvent dit, la poésie constitue le Diwān des Arabes, c’est-à-dire l’archive de leurs traditions et de leurs sentiments, l’adab, lui, constitue à la fois leur sagesse, leur éthique et leur esthétique This work aims to contribute to the reconstruction and the study of classical Arab thought developed in the field of adab. Note that we say good classical Arabic thought developed in the field of adab, because we believe that if we want to know how the classical Arabic thought had tried to build an ethical and aesthetic vision is in space specific to the adab questions must be sought. This means that it is not in the so-called Islamic philosophy, or in the set up by Islamic moral system it would be possible to find old Arabic ethical vision as had tried to develop and express themselves. Indeed, While classical Arabic thought had and still has something original to bring to the mind and universal cultural thing would not be developed through the Islamic religion moral system, or through discussions by philosophers, but thanks to the ideas developed in the field of adab. Indeed, it is in and through the thought of the classical Arabic adab culture as truly present itself, that is to say, as it speaks to us through the elements that belong to it properly and intrinsically. For if, as is often said, poetry is the Diwān of the Arabs, that is to say, the archive of their traditions and their feelings, adab, he is both their wisdom, ethics and aesthetics

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45

AlQahtani, Saleh Jarallah. "The Structure and Distribution of Determiner Phrases in Arabic: Standard Arabic and Saudi Dialects." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35081.

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This thesis investigates the syntactic structure of determiner phrases (DP) and their distribution in pre- and postverbal subject positions in Standard Arabic (SA) and Saudi dialects (SUD). It argues that indefinite DPs cannot occupy preverbal subject positions unless they are licensed by modification. Working within the theory of syntactic visibility conditions (visibility of the specifier and/or the determiner) put forth by Giusti (2002) and Landau (2007), I propose that adjectives, diminutives or construct states (CS) together with nunation can license indefinite DPs in preverbal subject positions. The syntactic derivation of the licensed indefinite DP depends on its complexity. In other words, in the case of simple DPs (e.g., a noun followed by an adjective), the correct linear word order is achieved by the syntactic N-to-D movement which takes place in the syntax proper. By contrast, if the DP is complex as in diminutives or CSs, the narrow syntax may not be able to derive the correct linear order. Therefore, I propose a novel analysis that accounts for the mismatches between the spell out of the syntax and the phonological form. I argue that the derivation of diminutives and CSs is a shared process between the narrow syntax and the phonological component (PF). I show that movement operations after-syntax (Lowering and Local-dislocation) proposed by Embick and Noyer (1999, 2001, 2007), in the sense of Distributed Morphology (DM), can account for the mismatch. The last theoretical chapter of the thesis investigates the linguistic status of nunation. I argue that nunation is an indefinite marker that performs half of determination with a full lexical item satisfying the other half. As far as the subject position is concerned, the current thesis includes two experimental studies that investigate processing of syntactic subjects in different word orders (SVO/VSO) by two groups: Native speakers (NSs) and Heritage speakers (HSs) of Arabic whose dominant language is English. The first study aims to answer two questions: a) which word order is more preferred by NSs, SVO or VSO? and b) which word order requires more processing? The second study aims to answer the same questions but with different participants, HSs. It also aims to check whether or not the dominant language grammar affected the heritage language grammar. Results showed that VSO is more preferred than SVO by both groups. As far as processing is concerned, NSs significantly processed subjects in VSO faster the SVO; they showed no significant difference when processing postverbal subjects in definite and indefinite VSO. By contrast, HSs processed subjects in SVO faster than VSO; however, the difference was not significant. The slow processing of VSO shown by HSs might be attributed to the effect of the dominant language which has a different word order from the heritage language.

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46

Saeed, Aziz T. "The pragmatics of codeswitching from Fusha Arabic to Aammiyyah Arabic in religious-oriented discourse." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1063206.

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This study investigated the pragmatics of codeswitching from FuSHa Arabic, the high variety of Arabic (FA), to Aammiyyah Arabic, the low variety or vernacular (AmA), in the most formal type of discourse, namely religious-oriented discourse.The study posited the following five hypotheses:1) CS occurs with considerable frequency in religious discourse; 2) these switches are communicatively purposeful; 3) frequency of CS is related to the linguistic make-up of the audience addressed, 4) to the AmA of the speaker, and 5) to the section of the discourse delivered.To carry out the investigation, the researcher analyzed 18 audio and videotapes of religious discourse, delivered by 13 Arabic religious scholars from different Arab countries. Ten of these tapes were used exclusively to show that CS occurs in religious discourse. The other eight tapes were used to investigate the other hypotheses. The eight tapes involved presentations by three of the most famous religious scholars (from Egypt, Kuwait, and Yemen) delivered 1) within their home countries and 2) outside their home countries.Three of the five hypotheses were supported. It was found that: CS from FA to AmA occurred in religious discourse with considerable frequency; these switches served pragmatic purposes; and the frequency of the switches higher in the question/answer sections than in the lecture sections.Analysis showed that codeswitches fell into three categories: iconic/rhetorical, structural, and other. The switches served numerous communicative functions, some of which resemble the functions found in CS in conversational discourse.One finding was the relationship between the content of the message and the attitude of the speaker toward or its source. Generally, what the speakers perceived as [+positive] was expressed by the H code, and whatever they perceived as [-positive] was expressed by the L code. Scrutiny of this exploitation of the two codes indicated that FA tended to be utilized as a means of upgrading, whereas AmA was used as a means of downgrading. Department of English

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47

Mercho, Hassan Malak. "Arab World Institute, Washington, D.C. : the Arabic modernism outside of the traditional Arabic city." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845979.

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The actual need for such a building as the Arab World Institute is wellestablished because Arabs are searching for a solid relationship with Westerners. Growth is possible only through education. The Arab World Institute offers the opportunity for education, information, and entertainment, and serves as a hub of activity where all people-Arabs and otherwise-can meet and share cultural distinctions.The Arab World Institute will have at once:A cultural center for the need of the understanding of Arabic civilization,A museum to show the struggle for development in the Arabic world and to illustrate the cultural impact in a symbol of the city's past development,A library to express the architecture's poetic dimension.The Arab World Institute's buildings do not represent a single and imaginary moment in time, but a place of evolution and change. The Arab World Institute's mission will be:To develop a deeper knowledge and better understanding of Arabic culture, language, and civilization,To improve communication and cultural exchange between nations,To further The United States' relationship with the Arab world in order to contribute to developments in the rest of the world. Department of Architecture

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48

Al-Khairy, Mohamed Ali. "Acoustic characteristics of Arabic fricatives." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011399.

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49

Nakao, Shuichiro. "A Grammar of Juba Arabic." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225334.

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50

Nouhi, Youssef. "Wh-constructions in Moroccan Arabic." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9463.

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This thesis is designed to study various Moroccan Arabic (MA) wh-constructions both within the Government and Binding (GB) framework and the Minimalist Program (MP). It is, specifically, confined to relative clause formation, left dislocation (topicalization) and questions. A detailed analysis of relative clause formation is provided. It is particularly argued that the resumptive pronoun insertion in relatives is a last resort strategy which is used only where movement fails. It is also shown that resumptive pronouns function as variables which are bound by null operators in LF. In the course of this analysis, the issues of the Binding Theory and of the A$\sp\prime$-disjointness requirement with respect to resumptive pronouns are also discussed. Subsequently, an examination of yes-no questions is given. Additionally, Cheng's (1991) generalization that the availability of question particles correlates with the lack of syntactic wh-movement is investigated in detail. Finally, the recent minimalist version (Chomsky 1995) is applied to the issue of optionality in word orders and to certain wh-constructions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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