Tesi sul tema "Applied Economics"
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Chen, Zhihong. "Three essays in applied econometrics". Thesis, Boston College, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/0.
Testo completoThis dissertation consists of three self-contained papers in applied econometrics. The frrst chapter, Testing Multivariate Distributions (joint with Jushan Bai), proposes a new method to test multivariate distributions with a focus on multivariate normality and multivariate t distribution, motivated in part by examination of financial market data. Using Khmaladze's martingale transformation to purge the effect of parameter estimation, our test generates a distribution-free statistic and can be easily applied to cases with complicated parameters. Simulation shows our test has good size and power. Finally, we apply our test procedure to a real multivariate financial time series. The result is consistent with the well-known fat tail property of financial data. The second chapter, Measuring the Poverty Line in China - An Equivalence Scale Method, is motivated by the current urban poverty issue in China. The fundamental question is: given the poverty threshold for an individual, how should that threshold vary across households with different demographic characteristics? This paper uses urban Household survey (uHS) data of China to estimate the equivalence scales for Chinese urban households. The results provide a quantitative reference to calculate the comparable poverty lines for households with different demographic compositions. It also can be used to determine appropriate subsidy levels for demographically different households. A useful byproduct of this exercise is the specification of a demand system for China. The third chapter, Dynamics of City Growth: Random or Deterministic? Evidence From China (joint with Shihe Fu), tests the random growth theory and the endogenous growth theory in urban economics using Chinese city size data from 1984-2002. We implement unit root and cointegration tests on pooled heterogeneous cities in the country. Since China is still in the period of rapid urbanization, we can only tentatively conclude that the overall Chinese city growth does not follow either random growth or parallel growth. However, we find that a small number of cities with certain common characteristics do grow parallel
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2005
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Ager, Philipp. "Essays in applied economics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119325.
Testo completoAquesta tesi consisteix en quatre articles. En el primer assaig, s’examina com l’èlit històrica del sud dels EUA va afectar el desenvolupament econòmic a nivell de comtat entre 1840 i 1960. He trobat que els comtats amb una èlit relativament més rica abans de la Guerra Civil empitjoraven significativament en les dècades de la postguerra i fins després de la Segona Guerra Mundial. En el segon assaig s’investiga la relació entre l’afiliació religiosa i el risc de pluja a través dels comtats dels Estats Units en la segona meitat del segle XIX. Els nostres resultats indiquen que la comunitat de l’església i el nombre de seients van ser significativament majors en els comtats amb probabilitats d’haver estat subjectes a un major risc de pluja. En el tercer assaig, s’analitza l’efecte de l’eliminació de restriccions a l’entrada de bancs en la fallida de bancs que exploten la introducció de les lleis del “free banking” als estats dels EUA durant el període 1837-1863. La nostra principal conclusió és que els comtats en els estats amb “free banking” experimentaven significativament més fracassos bancaris. En el quart assaig s’examinen els efectes que els canvis dins del comtat en la composició cultural de la població dels EUA, van tenir en el creixement de la producció durant l’era de la migració massiva. La nostra principal conclusió és que l’augment de fragmentació cultural, van augmentar significativament la producció, mentre que l’augment de la polarització cultural, disminuia significativament la producció.
Anguera, Torrell Oriol. "Essays in applied economics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393855.
Testo completoAquesta tesi està formada per tres capítols independents. En el primer, proposo un model teòric que mostra que la confiança en desconeguts és un dels canals a través dels quals les institucions determinen resultats econòmics positius com l'emprenedoria, però també d'altres negatius com la corrupció. El model prediu que la relació a nivell individual entre honestedat i confiança varia en funció de la qualitat institucional. Presento evidència empírica que dóna suport a aquesta predicció. En el segon capítol, estudio fins a quin punt l'existència d'spillovers que operen a nivell d'indústria-localització entre compatriotes determina els enclavaments ètnics als EUA. Amb aquest objectiu, proposo un model que permet estimar la intensitat d'aquests spillovers. Estimo aquest índex utilitzant dades del cens del EUA i concloc que els immigrants que poden tenir més dificultats en interaccionar amb no-compatriotes es beneficien més d'aquest tipus d'spillovers. En el tercer capítol, documento empíricament que les principals relacions sobre les decisions d'internacionalització que s'han trobat a la literatura de comerç internacional de les empreses multinacionals també s'estenen a la indústria hotelera espanyola.
Saberianranjbar, Fatemeh. "Essays on Applied Economics". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37540.
Testo completoWang, Kunyu. "Essays in Applied Economics". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37607.
Testo completoGupta, Sonam. "Essays in Applied Economics". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305364.
Testo completoCheng, Hui-Pei. "Essays on applied economics". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/110627/.
Testo completoGrant, Alan Michael. "Essays in applied economics". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38610.
Testo completoIncludes bibliographical references.
This dissertation is composed of three chapters, the first demonstrates that natural gas violates many of the simplifying assumptions frequently used in modeling its behavior. Careful analysis of futures contracts written on gas suggests that gas prices are seasonal while returns are non-Gaussian and evidence stochastic volatility. In addition, examination of options prices indicates the intermittent presence of jumps. We find that models which disregard these properties struggle to recover options prices with any precision. Thus, we propose an alternative nonparametric approach to gas options pricing that captures these salient features while also shedding light on the nature of risk aversion embedded in gas markets. The second chapter presents new estimates and approaches to estimating the home bias puzzle. It uses micro-level data to calculate households' foreign equity exposure as a function of wealth. We find simple estimates have significant errors-in-variables problems and we construct an estimator using grouping to account for this issue. Our estimates still imply low aggregate investment in foreign equity. Finally, we disaggregate the investment decision by incorporating two step decisions that allow households to forgo participating in the market.
(cont.) As a result of the decoupling, we find foreign equity levels closer to that of standard portfolio theories. The final chapter considers principal-agent models in which the principal cannot measure the output nor the effort level of agents. To model this situation, we use utility models that include identity, justified partly by empirical results from peer-effects, and apply these extended utility functions. In the single agent case, introducing identity amounts to modifying the utility function and does not lead to dramatic results. In the multiple agent case, we find that the addition of identity can lead to more efficient outcomes than cases where identity is ignored. The addition of identity, however, can also lead to counter-intuitive results due to the interactions among agents and may produce second-best outcomes that are worse than the case without identity. Finally the addition of identity can help explain some empirical results that may be difficult to explain with standard models.
by Alan Michael Grant.
Ph.D.
Nistico, Roberto. "Essays in applied economics". Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654478.
Testo completoEllingsen, Sebastian. "Essays in applied economics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672805.
Testo completoEsta tesis estudia el impacto de políticas enfocadas en facilitar una mejor comunicación sobre el desarrollo económico y político. En el primer capítulo exploro la relación entre la persistencia espacial de largo plazo y el comercio de bienes utilizando una aproximación econométrica de forma reducida, junto con un modelo dinámico espacial de equilibrio general. En el artículo demuestro que cuando un país enfrenta reducciones en los costos de comerciar con otros países, el nivel de desarrollo de dicho país es un fundamental para determinar la importancia que el comercio internacional tendrá sobre la ubicación geográfica de la actividad económica. El segundo capítulo estudia el papel de los cambios en la red de telecomunicaciones en Noruega sobre el comportamiento político de las masas. El artículo investiga el efecto que tuvo la liberalización de los derechos de radiodifusión en Noruega sobre el comportamiento político. Encontramos evidencia de que dicha liberalización redujo la participación política de la ciudadanía. El tercer capítulo estudia una política que expandió el acceso a red de banda ancha en Noruega. Encontramos que el mayor uso de internet de alta velocidad tuvo un efecto positivo en la participación electoral en elecciones municipales, pero solo un pequeño efecto sobre la polarización observada en la elección de los votantes.
Brodeur, Abel. "Essays in Applied Economics". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0099.
Testo completoThis thesis applies quasi-natural experiments to test insights from economic theory, The primary focus is to test economic theories in the fields of health and urban economics using data from developed and developing countries. The second chapter documents the development of the Thai sex industry over the past decades and shows that uncertainty about quality leads to the concentration of firms. In addition, I also analyze in another chapter whether taxes or bans of addictive goods may affect agents' utility. I study whether smoking policies could affect smokers' well-being. I find that the introduction of a smoking ban has a negative impact on smokers' life satisfaction just before the introduction and a positive impact afterward. The fourth chapter verifies whether neighbors' income affect well-being. Neighbors' income may affect well-being through many channels and the strength of those channels may depend on the size of the. Locality. The results suggest that the effect of neighbors' income on well-being is driven by income comparisons and amenities. The fifth chapter analyzes the impacts of child care subsidies on parents' labor force participation and health. We find that child care subsidies have large and positive effects on the self-reported well-being of lower-educated mothers. These positive effects are also felt on health measures such as a good sleep and lower stress. This last piece of evidence is consistent with a Second Shift hypothesis. The sixth chapter focuses on research transparency in economics and documents how incentives to publish affect the distribution of test statistics
Bago, Jean-Louis. "Essays in applied economics". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40071.
Testo completoThis thesis consists of three essays, encompassing the fields of development and personnel economics, under the broad banner of applied economics. The first two essays of my thesis contribute to the literature of personnel economics by using multiples field experiments to provide empirical insights to the missing risk-incentives trade-off observed in contractual data. The third essay focuses on the causal effects of motherhood and education on female selfemployment in developing countries. In the first chapter, we investigate the internal and external robustness of risk-preference revealing experiments. We estimate the individual risk preference parameters using field experiments from a medium-sized tree-planting firm in British Columbia. We conducted riskrevealing experiments using the approach of Holt and Laury (2002) successively with low payoff lotteries (low-stakes treatment) and high payoff lotteries (high-stakes treatment). During the low-stakes treatment, workers could win between two 2 and 77 dollars. During the high-stakes treatment, workers could win between 4 and 154 dollars. We find that the aggregate distribution of risk preferences is stable across the two treatments but individual attitudes toward risk change across the low-stake treatment and the high-stake treatment. We explore the ability of the estimated risk preference parameters from the two treatments to predict workers choices between a piece-rate contract and a fixed-wage contract. The results show that the risk preferences measured from the high-stakes treatment predict effectively the contract choice decisions while the risk preference parameters measured from the low-stakes treatment are largely irrelevant. We argue that the increase in stakes led workers to take the lottery more seriously, hence the results from the high-stakes treatment are better measures of their true risk preferences. In the second chapter, we analyse the presence of risk perception bias among workers who are paid piece rates. A possible explanation for the lack of risk-incentives trade-off in observed contractual data is that workers have biased perceptions of the income risk that they face in contractual settings. For example, if workers underestimate the risk that is present, they will be willing to work in very risky settings for a reduced earnings premium. This would decrease the firm’s cost of implementing incentives in risky settings and would suppress the risk-incentives trade-off in observed contractual data. We investigate this issue using daily payroll data on the earnings of workers who are paid piece rates. We construct the actual distribution of earnings for individual workers in a tree-planting firm. We then elicit each worker’s perceived earnings distribution, using a questionnaire. We compare the perceived distribution to the actual distribution. Our results suggest that workers overestimate their average daily earnings and underestimate the standard deviation of their daily earnings and hence the earnings risk that they face. This under-estimation of the risk, increases workers’ likelihood of choosing piece rate contracts over the fixed wage contract. In the third chapter, we present new evidence on the impacts of motherhood and education on women’s self-employment probabilities, by accounting for the features of self-employment in a developing country context. Using micro-level data, we estimate the effects of motherhood and education on the self-employment probabilities of women in Uganda. Our estimation framework accounts for selection bias and the endogeneity of motherhood and education jointly, in both the self-employment and the labor force participation regression equations. Consistent estimators of the effects of motherhood and education are obtained by using a Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimator’s method combined with a control function approach for endogenous regressors. We find no evidence of a causal effect of motherhood on women’s self-employment probabilities. In contrast, education has a negative causal effect on these probabilities. Both these results differ from the existing literature showing that motherhood, not education, drives women’s self-employment probabilities in developed countries. Our results suggest that these findings from the existing literature are not universal, as they do not obtain in the context of a developing economy, where self-employment is predominantly a feature of the insecure informal sector. In this specific context, public policies most effective at reducing the gender gap in pay are likely to be those that pull women out of self-employment, through better education and access to affordable childcare services.
Lotti, Giulia. "Essays in applied economics". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/77521/.
Testo completoMaurer, Stephan. "Essays in applied economics". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3546/.
Testo completoDanda, Giacomo <1990>. "Essays in Applied Economics". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9370/1/Essays%20in%20Applied%20Economics_GDanda_022020.pdf.
Testo completoCERRUTI, GIANLUCA. "Essays in Applied Economics". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1048850.
Testo completoChapter 2. Employment protection legislation and household formation: evidence from Italy. While many studies have investigated the determinants of household formation and fertility of young adults, only a few focused on the impact of employment protection legislation (EPL) on these outcomes. In this paper, we study the differentiated impact of the EPL reduction associated to the Jobs Act in 2015 in Italy on the household formation and fertility intentions of young Italians in various districts. To do this, we use data from a survey conducted on a sample of 18-34 years old for the years 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The identification strategy exploits local variation in the level of efficiency of courts, measured in terms of average duration of proceedings, to assess the existence of within country and across district heterogeneity of the reform impact. Indeed, firing costs used to be relatively larger in those districts characterized by a larger duration of labor trials. The Jobs Act, by reducing firing costs, and modifying the autonomy of judges, should have had a larger impact in districts with less efficient courts. According to our results, the reform seems to have indirectly levelled out the fertility and household formation intentions of young Italians living in districts with more and less efficient courts.
Chapter 3. The effects of the Affordable Care Act on time use. In that chapter, through the analysis of the American Time Use Surveys daily diary data, we study the impact of the Affordable Care Act on the time allocation of childless adults focusing on two key pillars of the Affordable Care Act: Medicaid expansion and Tax Premium Subsidies. We adopt a triple differences-in-differences approach that hinges on income eligibility thresholds and cross states variation in the time of implementation of these two pillars, to conclude that individuals newly eligible to Medicaid reduced their labour supply at the intensive margin, while potential beneficiaries of Tax Credit Premium Subsidies increased their labour supply at the extensive margin. In particular, our estimates suggest that people newly eligible to Medicaid may reduce long working hours and spend lesser time waiting to and receiving care. On top of that, they perform more household chores and management tasks, and also dedicate more time to caring for individuals from other households and volunteering. In contrast, potential beneficiaries of Tax Credit Premium Subsidies reduce their leisure time, on average. The rationales for these findings are discussed and our results are set in perspective of earlier studies.
ROBBIANO, SIMONE. "Essays in Applied Economics". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1008711.
Testo completoSANTAGATA, MARTA. "Essays in Applied Economics". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1008741.
Testo completoVIRKOLA, Tuomo. "Essays in applied economics". Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69755.
Testo completoExamining Board: Professor Andrea Ichino (European University Insitute); Professor Matteo Cervellati (University of Bologna); Professor Dominik Sachs (University of Munich); Professor Roope Uusitalo (University of Helsinki)
This thesis consists of three articles in applied economics. In the first essay, I consider the extent to which informational frictions between workers and jobs can be alleviated with short-term contracts in the early career. I leverage a program at a Finnish university which gave out randomly selected students an internship subsidy for a three-month paid internship. I match these students to administrative data to track their transition to labor markets in the years around the program and find evidence that the program significantly improved early labor market success. In the second essay, I study the effect of social sorting on family formation and inequality across households. I leverage the institutional features of Finnish high-school assignments to evaluate how exposure to high- skilled, high-socioeconomic -status peers affect the quality of social ties individuals form. I find that while high schools are an important meeting place for future spouses, but that exposure to higher quality peers will not affect the eventual partner characteristics. This suggests that policies aiming to mix individuals from various backgrounds may not always work anticipated. In the third essay, I study with two co-authors the causes and consequences of broadly defined inequality and democratization using Finland as a natural experiment. We find evidence that the 19th famine affected inequality and labour coercion and thus the balance of political power. On the other hand, we find that these developments were critical in explaining both the increasing threat of revolution and participation in the Finnish civil war in the early 20th century and a subsequent shift to democratization. Areas that initially experienced higher growth in inequality, also experienced the most significant shift to redistribution in the aftermath of the war.
-- Part 1. Abstract -- Part 2. Internships and the Allocation of Talent -- Part 3. Social Sorting, Family Formation and Inequality -- Part 4. The Violent Origins of Finnish Equality
JANDAROVA, Nurfatima. "Essays in applied microeconomics". Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/72563.
Testo completoExamining Board: Prof. Andrea Ichino, EUI, Supervisor, Prof. Giacomo Calzolari, EUI, Co-Supervisor, Prof. Stephen Machin, London School of Economics, Prof. Giulio Zanella, University of Bologna.
This thesis consists of four essays in applied microeconomics. Chapter 1 studies the effects of parental job loss on various outcomes of children and provides new evidence on the heterogeneity of these effects along the cognitive ability distribution of children. I find that higher intelligence score protects children from the negative effects, but only in the long run. In the shorter term, instead of protecting, high intelligence exacerbates the cost of parental unemployment in terms of educational outcomes. This forces high-intelligence children with unemployed parents to start their careers at lower-paying jobs. Nevertheless, they can prove themselves via work performance and switch to better-paying jobs. I also provide suggestive evidence that their lifetime earnings could be higher had they continued their education. Chapter 2, joint with Michele Boldrin and Aldo Rustichini, studies the relationship between fertility decisions and intelligence. We document that fertility may be negatively associated, at least in advanced societies, with higher intelligence. A possible explanation of the finding is provided in models describing the choice of individuals (in particular women) facing a trade-off between parenthood and career concerns. With positive complementarity between intelligence and effort in education and career advancement, higher intelligence individuals, particularly women, will sacrifice parenthood to education. Thus, current education and labor market policies may be imposing an uneven penalty on more talented women. We test and find support for the model in a large data set for the UK (Understanding Society), using several alternative measures of fertility. Our results provide a new interpretation of the well documented fact in demographic studies that education is negatively associated with fertility: it is not education as an outcome, but as an aspiration that reduces fertility. Chapter 3 investigates the joint effect of local economic conditions on educational decisions and subsequent labour market outcomes using the instrumental variable approach. I find that adverse economic conditions at age 14 reduce educational attainment, except for the children aiming at university degrees. Second, exposure to a higher unemployment rate at age 14 permanently reduces real hourly wages over the life cycle. The IV estimator suggests that a year of education lost due to initial economic conditions corresponds to about 8% lower wages at ages 26-30 and 6% lower wages at ages 41-45. Chapter 4, joint with Johanna Reuter, attempts to differentiate the degree attainment in the UK by type of higher education institutions. Historically higher education in the UK has been shaped by a dual system: elite universities on the one hand and polytechnics and other higher education institutions on the other. Despite the formal equivalence of both degrees, the two institution types faced different financing, target populations, admission procedures and subjects taught. Nevertheless, in survey data they are often indistinguishable. We overcome this problem using a multiple imputation technique in the UKHLS and BHPS datasets. We examine the validity of inference based on imputed values using Monte Carlo simulations. We also verify that the imputed values are consistent with university graduation rates computed using the universe of undergraduate students in the UK.
-- 1 Does intelligence shield children from the effects of parental unemployment? -- 2 Fertility Choice and Intelligence in Developed Countries -- 3 From bad to worse: long-term effects of recession in adolescence -- 4 Multiple Imputation of University Degree Attainment
Tesei, Andrea. "Three essays in applied economics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/85412.
Testo completoAquesta tesi investiga diferents aspectes socials i polítics de les economies modernes. El primer capítol versa sobre el debat a l'entorn dels recursos naturals, mostrant que l'impacte dels guanys imprevistos dels recursos és diferent entre democràcies i autocràcies. Els resultats també indiquen l'existència d'una àmplia heterogeneïtat entre autocràcies en la seva reacció davant a variacions dels recursos. El segon capítol se centra en les àrees metropolitanes dels EUA i tracta el tema de la formació de capital social. He examinat un aspecte important del capital social, la confiança, i, argumento que és baixa quan, en la mateixa zona metropolitana, hi ha una gran desigualtat en les rentes dels diferents grups racials. El tercer capítol estudia la relació entre la influència dels mitjans de comunicació i el vot electoral a Itàlia. He relacionat els resultats electorals a nivell municipal amb les diferències en la recepció del senyal dels canals privats de televisió de Silvio Berlusconi. El resultat mostra que una gran exposició a la televisió comercial incrementa el suport polític al partit de Berlusconi.
Suarez, Moran Eugenia. "Three essays in applied economics". Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/17717/.
Testo completoRossi, MartıÌn Antonio. "Essays in applied regulatory economics". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404875.
Testo completoDai, Guang. "Three essays in applied economics". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44882.
Testo completoGrinis, Inna. "Essays in applied computational economics". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3580/.
Testo completoRuben, Erik Charles. "Essays in applied financial economics". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41711.
Testo completoIncludes bibliographical references.
This dissertation is composed of three chapters. The first demonstrates that natural gas violates many of the simplifying assumptions frequently used in modeling its behavior. Careful analysis of futures contracts written on gas suggests that gas prices are seasonal while returns are non-Gaussian and evidence stochastic volatility. In addition, examination of options prices indicates the intermittent presence of jumps. We find that models which disregard these properties struggle to recover options prices with any precision. Thus, we propose an alternative nonparametric approach to gas options pricing that captures these salient features while also shedding light on the nature of risk aversion embedded in gas markets. The second chapter offers a parametric approach to pricing derivatives written on natural gas futures designed to overcome the shortcomings of existing parametric schemes. First, it proposes a model of the underlying futures prices that admits stochastic volatility. Second, it makes use of a state-of-the-art Bayesian particle filtering technique to estimate the underlying process parameters along with a simulation-based technique for option pricing. While it trades off some performance relative to nonparametric approaches, such as the kernel scheme employed in the first chapter, the strategy employed is very general and allows for the pricing of more complex derivatives. The final chapter presents new estimates and approaches to estimating the home bias puzzle. It uses micro-level data to calculate households' foreign equity exposure as a function of wealth. We find simple estimates have significant errors-in-variables problems and we construct an estimator using grouping to account for this issue. Our estimates still imply low aggregate investment in foreign equity.
(cont) Finally, we disaggregate the investment decision by incorporating two step decisions that allow households to forgo participating in the market. As a result of the decoupling, we find foreign equity levels closer to that of standard portfolio theories.
by Erik Charles Ruben.
Ph.D.
Ghiani, Marco. "Essays in Applied Health Economics". Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108088.
Testo completoInjuries and violence are a major public health issue and represent a threat to individual wellbeing, productivity, and societal development at large. In recent years, the public health approach to reduce violence and injury has become crucial in guiding research and public policy. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations are strengthening data collection and surveillance systems to promote research and inform policy making. Yet the idea that violence and injuries can be prevented through systematic monitoring and research is still a novel one. The three essays that comprise this dissertation make advancements in this direction focusing on the United States. The first two chapters focus on child safety, examining the issues of bullying and firearm violence at school. The third chapter expands on the topic of gun violence examining the impact of firearm legislation on the broader problem of suicide deaths. From a methodological point of view, this dissertation combines economic models with a public health approach employing both structural estimation techniques and a quasi-experimental approach. While quasi-experimental methods are effective in uncovering broad causal relationships between legislative changes and outcome measures, structural estimation methods are essential when interested in recovering deep preference parameters and performing counterfactual policy analysis. As such, this dissertation represents an example of multidisciplinary work combining Economics and Public Health, and highlights the importance of employing diverse methodologies to uncover crucial behavioral patterns and their policy implications. The first essay, titled Is School Bullying Contagious?, uses a nationwide cross-section of students to uncover peer effects in adolescent bullying behavior at school. Victimization at school has been linked to a number of adverse effects for child development and well-being, including depression, higher drop-out risk, and lower earnings during adulthood. While understanding social interactions in bullying behavior is essential to designing effective policies, previous empirical work has overlooked the impact of classmates’ behavior on the individual inclination for bullying. This essay estimates a structural model of bullying with social interactions where the individual bullying effort depends on the average effort among classmates. The model controls for individual and family characteristics, classmates’ characteristics, as well as classroom unobservable factors. The results present strong evidence of peer effects in a large number of bullying behaviors. Considering a median classroom of 20 students with five bullies, the introduction of a new bully would spawn two additional bullies due to peer influences. This suggests that social interactions can be targeted to reduce the prevalence of bullying. In particular, counter-factual policy experiments indicate that schools may achieve sizable reductions in the number of bullies by spreading them out over classrooms. The second essay, titled Gun Laws and School Safety, is joint with Summer Hawkins and Christopher Baum. Motivated by the documented link between school safety and psychological well-being, this essay examines the impact of state-level gun control on adolescent school safety. The analysis uses data on 926,639 adolescents from 45 states in the 1999-2015 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. Students self-reported on weapon carrying at school, the number of times they had been threatened or injured with a weapon at school, the number of school days missed due to feeling unsafe, and weapon carrying at any location. For each state and year, 133 gun laws were combined into an index of gun control strength. Difference-in-differences logistic regressions were used to evaluate the impact of stricter gun laws on binary measures of school safety. Each regression controlled for individual and state characteristics, as well as year and state fixed effects. An interquartile-range (IQR) increase in the index (i.e. a 15-point increase corresponding to a strengthening of gun control) was associated with a 0.8 percentage point decrease in the probability of weapon threats at school (p=0.038) and a 1.2 percentage point decrease in the probability of missing school due to feeling unsafe (p=0.004). While we did not find a significant impact of gun laws on weapon carrying at school, an IQR increase in the index was associated with a 2-percentage point decrease in the probability of carrying weapons at any location (p=0.002). Our results suggest that the adoption of stricter state gun laws may improve school climate and subjective perceptions of safety. The third essay, joint with Summer Hawkins and Christopher Baum, is titled Gun Laws and Firearm Suicides. Between 2005 and 2015, suicide rates have been steadily increasing in the US, with firearm suicides representing over half of all suicides and the primary cause of firearm mortality. As such, firearm suicides represent an urgent policy matter and a prompt policy response is required. Using a 10-year-long panel of the 50 states, we investigated whether stricter gun laws may reduce firearm suicides, possibly by reducing firearm availability. As a reduction in firearm availability may simply result in a substitution towards alternative suicide methods, we further explored whether stricter gun laws are associated with an increase in non-firearm suicides. We analyzed 2005-2015 National Vital Statistics System mortality files from the 50 states, with 212,804 firearm suicides and 206,795 non-firearm suicides. We measured the strength of state-level gun control using an index that combines 133 different laws. We conducted difference-in-differences regression models to assess whether changes in the index were associated with changes in the number of firearm and non-firearm suicides. We found that implementing an additional gun law would result in a decrease in the number of firearm-related suicides by 2 to 4 percentage points. In addition, significant interactions between the gun score and demographic characteristics suggest that the effectiveness of stronger gun laws is the highest among individuals age 20 to 49, but seems to be null among black individuals. Although we found no overall association between a stricter gun law environment and non-firearm suicides, stricter gun laws seem to increase non-firearm suicides among white and black individuals, suggesting that additional policy actions are required to prevent suicides in these groups. Our findings are robust to controlling for demographic characteristics, state time-varying characteristics, state and year fixed effects, as well as state-specific time trends. We also provide graphical evidence that trends in suicide rates were not dependent on the level of strength of gun control, supporting the parallel trend assumption and a causal interpretation of our estimates
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Menon, Carlo. "Essays in applied spatial economics". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2763/.
Testo completoGroom, Benjamin David. "Applied economics of resource conservation". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445533/.
Testo completoBorowczyk-Martins, Daniel. "Essays on applied labor economics". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.679956.
Testo completoXiao, Suiwu. "Studies in applied financial economics". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/97358/.
Testo completoLe, Saout Ronan. "Three Essays in Applied Economics". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2015. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01184020/document.
Testo completoThis thesis is based on works in econometrics and the use of original data. It focuses on three themes : the economics of natural disasters, the relationship between the price of crude oil and the price of gasoline, and the effects of internships on employability, wages and satisfaction at work
Shanghavi, Amar. "Three essays in applied economics". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3089/.
Testo completoDeiana, Claudio. "Three essays in applied economics". Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/18635/.
Testo completoMalki, Mostafa Thompson Henry. "Essays in applied international economics". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1307.
Testo completoVilain, Jean-Baptiste. "Three essays in applied economics". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0009/document.
Testo completoIn this dissertation, I investigate several questions of interest in the fields of economics of education and economics of teams. In the first chapter, based on initial work with Laurent Rossignol, we focus on tracking in education. We provide evidence of tracking gaps in the French education system: tracking does not solely depend on academic performance but also on gender and socio-economic status. Our main contribution is to disentangle the impact of differences in students' aspirations from the impact of teachers' grading and track recommendations on these tracking gaps. The second chapter, joint with Antoine Chapsal, aims at understanding some of the incentives and psychological effects associated to teamwork, based on team squash data. We show that players value the fact of being responsible for the success of their team, which partly explains that team-based contests can yield higher effort than individual-based contests. The third chapter, built upon initial work with Rodrigo Lopez-Kolkovsky, aims at developing an estimation procedure to measure individual productivity in teams, based on European football data. We confront this measure to players' market value and provide evidence for racial discrimination on the football market
Zanghieri, Paolo <1973>. "Essays in Applied Insurance Economics". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8473/1/Paolo_Zanghieri.pdf.
Testo completoArabadzhyan, Anastasia <1992>. "Essays on Applied Public Economics". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9096/1/tesi_Arabadzhyan.pdf.
Testo completoROSSETTI, CLAUDIO. "Essays in applied health economics". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/635.
Testo completoChapter 1 focuses on the issue of reporting bias in self-rated health. This chapter shows that gender and regional differences in self-rated health in Europe are only partly explained by differences in the prevalence of the various chronic conditions. However, a non-negligible part of these differences is due to other causes, which may include differences in reporting own health. The tool of "anchoring vignettes" is employed to understand whether and how women and men living in different regions differently report levels in a number of health components or domains. The analysis is based on Release~2 of the first (2004) wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). This survey is ideal for the purpose because it contains information on subjective measures of health (such as self-rated health) and more objective measures (such as hospitalization and interviewer-measured grip strength), as well as detailed information on chronic health conditions. Release 2 of the data also includes the use of vignettes in self-administered questionnaires given to a randomly selected subsample of respondents. Vignettes are found to help identifying gender and regional differences in response scales. After correcting for these differences, both gender and regional variation in reported health is substantially reduced, although not entirely eliminated. The results suggest that differences in response styles should be taken into account when using self-assessment of health in socio-economic studies. Failing to do so may lead to misleading conclusions. Focusing on a specific chronic condition, hypertension, Chapter 2 studies the relationship between medical compliance and health outcomes (hospitalization and mortality rates) using a large panel of patients residing in a local health authority in Italy. These data allow to follow individual patients through all their accesses to public health care services until they either die or leave the local health authority. The results show that health outcomes clearly improve when patients become more compliant to drug therapy. At the same time, it is possible to infer valuable information on the role that drug co-payment can have on compliance, and as a consequence on health outcomes, by exploiting the presence of two natural experiments during the period of analysis. The results show that drug co-payment has a strong effect on compliance, and that this effect is immediate. Chapter 3 improves the analysis of the relationship between health and medical care provided in Chapter 2. In fact, looking at the raw correlation between medical care and health cannot be expected to give the right answer, because of simultaneity through the unobservable components of deterioration. In this chapter, it is used a dataset where very detailed information about medical drug use, hospitalization, and mortality, is collected over time for a sample of individuals suffering from hypertension, a chronic asymptomatic pathology affecting a large share of the adult population. All those variables are expected to be strongly dependent on each other. For analysing the amount of information embedded in such variables, a dynamic factor model is proposed, where medical treatments and mortality may all in principle be driven by latent individual stock of health. Dynamics is introduced by including the effects of lagged treatment on latent health. The model is estimated by Maximum Simulated Likelihood (MSL). In line with findings provided so far in the literature, the results indicate that better health is associated to lower medical treatments. In addition, lagged medical drug use is found to have positive effects on current health. This is consistent with the fact that not taking the medication today may result in poorer health tomorrow. Nonetheless, taking more pills than needed cannot improve health. These findings have important policy implications. In fact, the results suggest that policies aimed at improving awareness of hypertensive diseases and the importance of the treatment of high blood pressure may help reduce cardiovascular risks, and consequent hospitalization and mortality. This is expected to have positive implications both for the large share of adult population suffering from hypertension and for the National Health Systems themselves.
DELUGAS, ERICA. "Essays on Applied Welfare Economics". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/285332.
Testo completoGeorgoutsos, D. "Essays in applied factor demand theory". Thesis, University of Essex, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235460.
Testo completoAndrade, Isabel C. "Three essays in applied multivariate econometrics". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241034.
Testo completoMitra, Arnab. "Essays in Applied Microeconomics". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204292.
Testo completoSands, Emily Glassberg. "Essays in Applied Microeconomics". Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11338.
Testo completoEconomics
Steiner, Christopher Paul. "Three essays in applied microeconomics". Thesis, University of California, San Diego, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3709661.
Testo completoThese three essays investigate three different cases where naïve good intentions – policy or econometric – actually lead to suboptimal policy or measurement outcomes.
In the first chapter, James Hilger and I investigate bias in the commercial passenger fishing vessel (CPFV) industry when a naïve researcher estimates willingness to pay estimates (WTP), derived from random utility models (RUM), in the context of vessel sellouts. Using incorrectly estimated WTP measures may lead to undervaluation of natural resources.
In the second essay, Richard Carson, Melissa Famulari, and I simulate a university with a benevolent higher level administrator who wants to keep per-student funding roughly the same, or same with adjustment for preferences, across the university in a CES-style fashion. If students also prefer to major in departments with high per-student funding, these two goals are in conflict and necessitate the higher-level administrator to lower per-student funding for popular departments. Using data from UCSD, we find that departments with large numbers of students are less expensive per degree, have higher modified student-to-faculty ratios, and graduate students sooner than other departments.
In the third essay, I investigate the transition from methyl tertiary-buthyl ether- (MTBE-) enhanced to ethanol-enhanced (E-10) fuel in the Northeastern United States. Using a complicated set of phase-ins and phase-outs, I use difference-in-difference estimation to show that ambient acetaldehyde pollution substantially increased in percentage terms because of E-10 -- although this is a small level increase, since the level of acetaldehyde is low in the area. Using a stylized calculation based on cancer risk still shows damages of this pollution are levels of magnitude lower than the billion dollar water pollution cleanup costs from MTBE additive.
Al-Ali, Bilal Salah. "Asymptotic methods applied to problems in finance". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299324.
Testo completoLee, Hoan Soo. "Essays on Applied Microeconomics". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10837.
Testo completoKapoor, Shruti. "Three applied essays in development economics". Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=2019836981&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1274716131&clientId=48051.
Testo completoIncludes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 19, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.
Caprettini, Bruno. "Essays in development and applied economics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/309752.
Testo completoLa tesi és una col.lecció de tres treballs de recerca independents. En el primer treball analitzo els efectes de noves tecnologies agrícoles sobre el canvi estructural d’una economia. Utilitzo la introducció de llavors de soja genèticament modificades a Brasil per ensenyar que quan les noves tecnologies agrícoles són “strongly labor saving”, promouen el creixement industrial també en economies obertes. En el segon treball, estudio una reforma que va eliminar una taxa distorsionadora a Brasil. Trobo que el fet de considerar processos productius seqüencials afecta significativament els beneficis de la reforma, i demostro que aquests beneficis augmenten quan les empreses intercanvien bens intermedis més sovint. En el tercer treball, utilitzo l’assignació casual dels equips de futbol als grups de la UEFA Champions League per ensenyar que tenir un equip esportiu a la pròpia ciutat estimula la visibilitat d’aquesta entre els turistes. Evidencio que les connexions aèries entre dues ciutats amb equips que hagin quedat en el mateix grup, porten entre un 5 i un 8 per cent més de passatgers durant els següents tres mesos després de la fi de la fase de grups de la Champions League.
Ebner, André. "Three essays in applied empirical economics". Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-111594.
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