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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Appareil locomoteur – Développement"
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Tesi sul tema "Appareil locomoteur – Développement"
Toscano, Meneses da Silva Ana Elisa. "Dénutrition prénatale : répercussion sur le développement du système locomoteur chez le rat". Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1781.
Testo completoIn this thesis, we studied the effects of intra-uterine undernutrition on the development of locomotor system of rats. It was use offspring from mothers fed either with a control diet (control group – C, 17%, protein) or with a low-protein isocaloric diet (undernourished group - D, 7. 8%, protein) during gestation. After birth, all animals received normoproteic diet. At 25 and 90 days of age, the contractile and elastics properties of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were studied under isolated conditions. The histological analyses of muscles were also performed. Somatic growth, maturation of physical features, and reflexes of offspring were daily analyzed over the 1st to 21st of age. At 8th, 14th, 17th, 21st and 90th day of age, locomotor activity and the trajectory of animals were examined by the analysis of the movement of animals in a circular field. The D group showed a muscular atrophy, reduced strength, and an increase of shortening maximal velocity of soleus and EDL muscles at 25th and 90th days of age. In the D group, the stiffness of series elastic component was enhanced in the soleus muscles, while EDL muscles showed a decrease at 25th day of age. Similarly, at 25th days of age, D group showed an increase in the passive stiffness of both muscles. The histological analysis showed an increase in the proportion of Type IIa fibers in soleus muscles at 25th and 90th days of age, while EDL showed an increase of type IIb fibers at 25th and 90th days of age. There was a reduction in the somatic growth, as well as a delay in the physical reflex maturation in the D group. The analysis of locomotor activity showed hyperactivity in rats of D group at 14th and 17th days of age. In contrast, it was seen a locomotor hypo-activity in adult age. The data show that fetal undernutrition induces several alterations in the muscle functions and in the somatic and sensorial maturation. The long-term effects of some functional alterations show that the intra-uterine adaptations of skeletal muscles system can impair the locomotion of animal
Ferraz, Teixeira de Barros Karla Mônica. "Dénutrition natale : Aspects structuraux et biomécaniques du développement de l'activité locomotrice chez le rat". Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1657.
Testo completoStil, Aurélie. "Contribution des co-transporteurs cation chlorure KCC2 et NKCC1, à la maturation et la modulation des réseaux locomoteurs spinaux". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20693.
Testo completoThe mature brain and spinal cord are precisely wired to process sensory information into coherent patterns of activity that form the basis of our perception and motor behaviors. This precise wiring is not fully developed at birth. The pattern of connections that emerges during prenatal development only roughly approximates the final wiring. This initially coarse pattern of connections is subsequently refined by activity-dependent mechanisms that match precisely the presynaptic neurons to their appropriate target cells. In spinal cord, spontaneous activity (SA) is responsible for spontaneous limb movements and myoclonic twitching observed in all immature mammals, including human babies. SA can be seen as the first steps of the locomotor network since its participates in the development of the locomotor system.Locomotion is produced by neural networks located in the spinal cord (Central Pattern Generators (CPGs). Activation of CPGs, evokes a fictive locomotor pattern consisting of alternation between the motor bursts on the left and right sides of the spinal cord, as well as alternation between flexor and extensor bursts on the same side. Operation of neural networks depends on the balance between excitation and inhibition. At early stages of development, neuronal assemblies are hyperexcitable mainly because of GABA and glycine, the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in adults,that are depolarizing. GABA and glycine action depends on the intracellular concentration of chloride ([Cl-]i) which is finely regulated by specific cation-chloride co-transporters, called KCC2 and NKCC1
Dupuis, Orlane. "Altérations de la fonction motrice induites par une restriction sensorimotrice précoce chez le rat : implication du dialogue muscle-cerveau". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS106.
Testo completoChildhood is a period of construction of the organism, during which interactions with the environment and regular physical activity are necessary for the maturation of neuronal networks. Thus, a constant dialogue between muscle and brain ensures the harmonious development of motor functions. However, atypical sensorimotor activity (whether due to lack of physical activity, neurodevelopmental disorders or pathological situations such as prolonged bed rest) disrupts the muscle-brain dialogue and a deleterious and self-perpetuating cycle is established: atypical sensorimotor activity generates abnormal/atypical movements which induce atypical somatosensory feedback to the immature central nervous system. This leads to disorganization of sensorimotor circuits and motor control is altered. Muscle properties are affected, which impacts movement and reinforces the production of abnormal movements. All of these elements could ultimately affect the child's future life. However, the consequences of atypical sensorimotor activity on the development of the neuromuscular system remain fragmentary to date and deserve special interest.The main objective of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the effects of sensorimotor restriction (SMR) on muscle-brain dialogue. To address this issue, studies were carried out using an animal model of SMR, which consists of immobilizing hindlimbs of the pups from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to PND28. This model reproduces a motor phenotype close to that described in patients with developmental coordination disorder (long-lasting musculoskeletal changes, locomotor deficits, spinal hyperreflexia, etc.).A first study focused on the effects of SMR on the maturation of the neuromuscular system through analysis of neurodevelopmental reflexes which are closely related on muscle development and are also reliable indicators of neurological and behavioral development. In addition to the sensorimotor neuronal pathway, muscle and brain also communicate via the endocrine pathway, especially through myokines, molecules secreted by skeletal muscles in response to physical activity. Among these myokines, interest has focused on irisin and its precursor (FNDC5). Irisin is considered to be a true mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise in the central nervous system, where it notably induces BDNF expression. Thus, in a second study, we quantified myokines (irisin) levels in muscle dans brain. Finally, we wanted to determine whether early RSM (from P1 to P28) could have long-term functional effects (P60-P90).These studies demonstrate that SMR induces 1) a decrease in body weight and atrophy of hindlimb muscles, preferentially affecting the soleus; 2) a delay in motor development and in the appearance of the main neurodevelopmental reflexes; 3) an increase in FNDC5/irisin in soleus, plasma and some brain structures, without any change for BDNF and 4) long-term effects including motor performance impairment.Thus, SMR and weak interactions with the environment during development lead to impaired maturation of neuromuscular system. The increase in FNDC5/irisin in the soleus suggests the existence of an adaptive mechanism that could reduce impact of SMR. Finally, the effects of SMR at P60-P90 support the idea that there are critical, “programming” periods, during which negative factors such as physical inactivity can lead to short- and long-term consequences
Khabazi, Ali. "Anatomie comparée du développement du système ostéo-musculaire des oiseaux : implications des contraintes fonctionnelles sur la croissance". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0008.
Testo completoWe investigated the impact of contrasting mechanical constrains on duck leg structure (Anas platyrhynchos) to understand the influence of the environment on phenotypic variability. Ducks were raised under four experimental conditions: 1/ restricted walking, 2/ free walking 3/ increased walking 4/ walking and swimming. The twenty-eight muscles and three long bones of the leg of these birds were measured. A comparison was made between locomotive devices of quail, ducks and magpies to establish a link between the types of walking and the morphology of the legs. The results show that the muscles are mainly affected by a restriction of movement, while the bones are mainly affected by an increase in exercise. The variations in the shape of the bones mainly affect the knee. This joint is also the one that shows the most variability during the locomotion of the different compared species
Mercé, Théo. "High-throughput zebrafish larval locomotion assays of neuronal and muscular functions : Application to organophosphorus toxicity and antid". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0011.
Testo completoThe growing prevalence of chemical contaminants poses major public health concerns, necessitating efficient methodologies for toxicological risk assessment. An initial work was carried out to optimize a new approach methodology (NAM) using zebrafish pre-feeding larvae, called the electric field pulse (EFP) motor response test (EFPMRT). The method aims to perform a high-throughput screening of chemicals inducing motor capabilities and postural control defects. The robustness, reproducibility, productivity, and transferability of EFPMRT were enhanced by developing a novel software tool, DanioTracker, performing the automated analysis of endpoints linked to EFP-induced locomotor behavior. Then, using a battery of tests, the neurotoxicity induced by organophosphorus (OPs) compounds and their metabolites was assessed. Behavioral disruptions were evaluated using EFPMRT and a complementary sensory-dependent neurobehavioral test, the visual motor response test (VMRT). Contributions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) inhibition to behavioral disruptions were tested. Chlorpyrifos, parathion and tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate disturbed integrative swimming control functions in quantitatively distinct manners and decreased the neuromuscular capacities of pre-feeding larvae. Their respective metabolites chlorpyrifos-oxon, paraoxon and cresyl-saligenin-phosphate fully inhibited AChE, thus inducing a cholinergic syndrome. Comparative study of the antidotal efficacy of an AChE reactivator, pralidoxime, in mitigating some toxic effects was performed. The antidote induced a recovery of the cholinergic syndromes associated with metabolites exposure. Strikingly, pralidoxime (2-PAM) also partially restored hyperactivities induced by parent compounds apparently independently of the activities of AChE and NTE. However, it did not restore neuromuscular dysfunctions induced by parathion or tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate. This suggests the existence of one or more unknown OP-specific multiple modes of action (MOAs) associated with parent compound but not corresponding metabolites, of which some are restorable by 2-PAM. Overall, this work offers a robust, transferable NAM that contributes to a comprehensive chemical risk assessment strategy. It also uncovers potential alternative MOA for selected OPs, suggesting the need for further research on metabolites within regulatory frameworks, and contributes to understanding and preventing neurobehavioral disorders induced by environmental exposures alone or in mixtures