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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Animal populations"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Animal populations"

Gilpin, Michael. "Minimum animal populations". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 192, n. 1 (ottobre 1995): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)90052-7.

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Nunney, Leonard. "Minimum animal populations". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, n. 3 (marzo 1995): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89016-3.

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Fisher, David N., e Jonathan N. Pruitt. "Insights from the study of complex systems for the ecology and evolution of animal populations". Current Zoology 66, n. 1 (23 aprile 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz016.

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Abstract Populations of animals comprise many individuals, interacting in multiple contexts, and displaying heterogeneous behaviors. The interactions among individuals can often create population dynamics that are fundamentally deterministic yet display unpredictable dynamics. Animal populations can, therefore, be thought of as complex systems. Complex systems display properties such as nonlinearity and uncertainty and show emergent properties that cannot be explained by a simple sum of the interacting components. Any system where entities compete, cooperate, or interfere with one another may possess such qualities, making animal populations similar on many levels to complex systems. Some fields are already embracing elements of complexity to help understand the dynamics of animal populations, but a wider application of complexity science in ecology and evolution has not occurred. We review here how approaches from complexity science could be applied to the study of the interactions and behavior of individuals within animal populations and highlight how this way of thinking can enhance our understanding of population dynamics in animals. We focus on 8 key characteristics of complex systems: hierarchy, heterogeneity, self-organization, openness, adaptation, memory, nonlinearity, and uncertainty. For each topic we discuss how concepts from complexity theory are applicable in animal populations and emphasize the unique insights they provide. We finish by outlining outstanding questions or predictions to be evaluated using behavioral and ecological data. Our goal throughout this article is to familiarize animal ecologists with the basics of each of these concepts and highlight the new perspectives that they could bring to variety of subfields.

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Kaledin, A. P. "Prediction the number of hunting animal populations in the Yaroslavl region based on matrix verified models". Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), n. 7 (20 giugno 2022): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2207-06.

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Prediction the dynamics of the level and structure of regional hunting resources is relevant from the standpoint of their rational use. Matrix models are widely used to make predictions on the dynamics of hunting animal populations. The algorithm of the modified P. H. Leslie matrix model with a correction matrix is used. The accuracy of predictions on the dynamics of hunting animal populations based on matrix models is improved by their verification. In the proposed study, model verification is considered not only as a method for determining the correspondence of the model to the corresponding modeling object, but also as a tool for clarifying model parameters under conditions of possible uncertainty of information. A retrospective verification of models of the dynamics of prediction the number of hunting animal populations is considered, the results of which are verified by prospective verification. On the basis of retrospective verification under the conditions of incompleteness of the available information, the parameters of the models are clarified. The proposed prediction algorithm works well with a steady increase in the population of hunting animals. In practice, there are regressive and unstable scenarios of the dynamics of the number of hunting animal populations. In a regressive and stable scenario, the proposed algorithm for predicting the number of hunting animal populations works well, but regressive results give predictions for a decrease and even degradation of the population. In this case, the prediction tasks change. For example, for determining the percentage of production of a given type of hunting animals while maintaining the population size or its insignificant growth. As a result of the research, predictions were made on the dynamics of the populations of the main hunting animals in the Yaroslavl region (moose, bear, fox, white hare, grouse and capercaillie) based on verified matrix models.

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Bogdanovic, V., R. Djedovic, P. Perisic e M. M. Petrovic. "Breeding strategy in small and closed livestock populations". Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, n. 5-6-1 (2007): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0701269b.

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This paper reviews the main characteristics of small and/or closed livestock populations. Although the emphasis during the realization of the genetic improvement in animal breeding is put on commercial breeding programmes, autochthonous breeds, races, strains, even herds of domestic animas, at the same time represent a potentially important segment for achieving the maintenance of the overall livestock production. These programmes are particularly important for the improvement of populations of animal genetic resources, as well as for the improvement of production in rural marginal areas. One of the main parameters for determining the size, and also the potential danger of a population is a so called effective size of the population (Ne). This parameter is determined according to the available number of male and female head of breeding stock in the population or in the herd and it varies under the influence of the sexes, changes in the size of the families, changes in the size of the population during time, as well as overlapping of the generations. Apart from the improvement of the economically important traits, the breeding programmes in small populations first of all must provide the increase of the effective size of the population aiming to limit or decrease the inbreeding, as well as the decrease of the variance in the size of the family. This is mainly achieved with so called "circular breeding plans" the sires being replaced by sons in the reproduction, and dams by daughters. The shortage of the generation interval by the change of the presence of some age categories i.e. larger number of young animals and animals that are at the peak of production comparing to a small number of older animals, can additionally influence on the genetic improvement of the traits.

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Andrew Edwards, Todd. "Monitoring Plant and Animal Populations". Pacific Conservation Biology 8, n. 3 (2002): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020219.

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ELZINGA et al. have brought together a wealth of experience from their employment in private, governmental, educational and voluntary organizations to produce Monitoring Plant and Animal Populations. This knowledgeable book is intended to assist a range of audiences, from students to experienced wildlife biologists, encouraging them to produce high-quality population monitoring studies, with adaptations for community monitoring.

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McDonald, Lyman L. "Estimating Animal Abundance: Closed Populations". Ecology 84, n. 9 (settembre 2003): 2517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[2517:eaacp]2.0.co;2.

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Fewster, Rachel M. "Estimating Animal Abundance: Closed Populations". Journal of the American Statistical Association 99, n. 466 (giugno 2004): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2004.s326.

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Noon, Barry R. "Radio Tracking and Animal Populations". Auk 119, n. 2 (1 aprile 2002): 580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.2.580.

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Hu, J., e R. D. H. Barrett. "Epigenetics in natural animal populations". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 30, n. 9 (20 luglio 2017): 1612–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13130.

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Tesi sul tema "Animal populations"

Brännström, Åke. "Modelling animal populations". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Matematik och matematisk statistik, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-205.

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This thesis consists of four papers, three papers about modelling animal populations and one paper about an area integral estimate for solutions of partial differential equations on non-smooth domains. The papers are: I. Å. Brännström, Single species population models from first principles. II. Å. Brännström and D. J. T. Sumpter, Stochastic analogues of deterministic single species population models. III. Å. Brännström and D. J. T. Sumpter, Coupled map lattice approximations for spatially explicit individual-based models of ecology. IV. Å. Brännström, An area integral estimate for higher order parabolic equations. In the first paper we derive deterministic discrete single species population models with first order feedback, such as the Hassell and Beverton-Holt model, from first principles. The derivations build on the site based method of Sumpter & Broomhead (2001) and Johansson & Sumpter (2003). A three parameter generalisation of the Beverton-Holtmodel is also derived, and one of the parameters is shown to correspond directly to the underlying distribution of individuals. The second paper is about constructing stochastic population models that incorporate a given deterministic skeleton. Using the Ricker model as an example, we construct several stochastic analogues and fit them to data using the method of maximum likelihood. The results show that an accurate stochastic population model is most important when the dynamics are periodic or chaotic, and that the two most common ways of constructing stochastic analogues, using additive normally distributed noise or multiplicative lognormally distributed noise, give models that fit the data well. The latter is also motivated on theoretical grounds. In the third paper we approximate a spatially explicit individual-based model with a stochastic coupledmap lattice. The approximation effectively disentangles the deterministic and stochastic components of the model. Based on this approximation we argue that the stable population dynamics seen for short dispersal ranges is a consequence of increased stochasticity from local interactions and dispersal. Finally, the fourth paper contains a proof that for solutions of higher order real homogeneous constant coefficient parabolic operators on Lipschitz cylinders, the area integral dominates the maximal function in the L2-norm.

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Brännström, Åke. "Modelling animal populations : tools and techniques /". Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-205.

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Alston, Robert David. "The statistical analysis of animal populations". Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294317.

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Campana, Michael Gray. "Diachonic DNA analyses of animal breeds and populations". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/236764.

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Humans are dependent on the animals they raise and breed for food and secondary products. Archaeological and genetic investigations can provide critical insights into the history and development of these breeds and help understand human activities in the past. Furthermore, many well-adapted breeds are endangered and archaeological and genetic data can help inform future breed conservation choices. Utilising ancient DNA data could potentially permit detailed diachronic analyses of the development of animal breeds. Ancient DNA analyses have typically focussed on large-scale biogeographic patterns in time and space, such as the spread of domesticates or the movements of peoples. Few studies have attempted fine-scale diachronic analysis within single animal populations or breeds. This is largely due to restricted sample availability and the limited phylogenetic resolution provided by the mitochondrial genome, the most commonly used ancient DNA marker. In this thesis, I demonstrate that fine-scale diachronic analyses within single animal populations and breeds over short time scales are feasible. First, in order to address the limitations of sample size, I assessed three sample screening methods’ abilities (maximum mitochondrial DNA amplicon length, NanoDrop® spectrometry and collagen preservation) to select samples in which DNA was preserved and analysed the utility of parchment as a novel source of ancient and historic DNA. None of the screening methods accurately predicted DNA preservation, but collagen preservation was able to weed out extremely poorly preserved samples from further analysis. All but one of the tested parchments produced multiple sequences matching several different species. Parchment therefore was not appropriate for fine-scale diachronic analyses. Next, I assessed whether analysing the nuclear genome could permit fine-resolution diachronic genetic studies. Since single nucleotide polymorphisms are ideal candidate nuclear markers for diachronic DNA analyses, I assessed the accuracy of the nuclear SNP-typing methodology, SNaPshot™, by genotyping three coat colour markers for a sample of historic Thoroughbred horses for which both phenotypic and correct genotypic information were known from pedigree information in the General Stud Book. The SNaPshot™ protocol was found to provide accurate genotypic information in all cases. Finally, as a proof of method, I compared the diachronic information provided by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Icelandic and Thoroughbred horses. Specifically, in the Icelandic horse, I analysed the mitochondrial D-loop and three coat colour genes in modern and historic populations. In the Icelandic horse, I found statistically significant evidence for genetic change in the mitochondrial genome over the last 150 years. I found no evidence for change in coat colour allele frequencies. Conversely, in the biased and small historic Thoroughbred dataset, the mitochondrial genome was insufficient to provide population-level information, but I was able to show that allele frequencies in the nuclear MSTN gene, a gene previously shown to influence racing performance, have changed significantly in the past century.

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Laine, Kari. "Long-term variations in plant quality and quantity in relation to cyclic microtine rodents at Kilpisjärvi, Finnish Lapland". Oulu, Finland : University of Oulu, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18696609.html.

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Waldick, Ruth. "Assessing the status of the endangered North Atlantic right whale using genetic and demographic data". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ66244.pdf.

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Okell, Claire Natasha. "Animal health in arid lands and recommendations for strategic animal health service provision in mobile populations". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.731270.

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Simonis, Molly C. "Monitoring Ohio Bat Communities and Populations Using Mobile Acoustics". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1532278749872479.

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Ward, Eric John. "Incorporating model selection and decision analysis into population dynamics modeling /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5319.

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Koons, David Nelson Grand James Barry. "Transient population dynamics and population momentum in vertebrates". Auburn, Ala, 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2005/SPRING/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Dissertation/KOONS_DAVID_55.pdf.

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Libri sul tema "Animal populations"

Remmert, Hermann, a cura di. Minimum Animal Populations. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5.

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Hermann, Remmert, a cura di. Minimum animal populations. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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J, Millspaugh Joshua, a cura di. Radio tracking and animal populations. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001.

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T, Buckland S., e Zucchini W, a cura di. Estimating animal abundance: Closed populations. London: Springer, 2002.

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Andrew, Cockburn. Social behaviour in fluctuating populations. London: Croom Helm, 1988.

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Caughley, Graeme. Analysis of vertebrate populations. Caldwell, N.J: Blackburn Press, 2005.

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Caughley, Graeme. Analysis of vertebrate populations. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1993.

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van der Werf, Julius, Hans-Ulrich Graser, Richard Frankham e Cedric Gondro, a cura di. Adaptation and Fitness in Animal Populations. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9005-9.

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A, Maineri Sarah, Daniel Kathryn S e Delta Education (Firm), a cura di. Plant and animal populations: Teacher's guide. 3^a ed. Hudson, NH: Delta Education, 2004.

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DeVos, James C. Natural mortality in wildlife populations. Washington, D.C: International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 1995.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Animal populations"

Remmert, H. "Introduction". In Minimum Animal Populations, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_1.

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Klaus, S. "To Survive or To Become Extinct: Small Populations of Tetraonids in Central Europe". In Minimum Animal Populations, 137–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_10.

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Ryan, P. G., e W. R. Siegfried. "The Viability of Small Populations of Birds: an Empirical Investigation of Vulnerability". In Minimum Animal Populations, 3–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_2.

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Bezzel, E. "Small World Populations in Birds: An Attempt of a Brief General Survey". In Minimum Animal Populations, 23–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_3.

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Korn, H. "Genetic, Demographic, Spatial, Environmental and Catastrophic Effects on the Survival Probability of Small Populations of Mammals". In Minimum Animal Populations, 33–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_4.

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Villwock, W. "On Micropopulations in Fish and Their Effects on Differentiation and Speciation". In Minimum Animal Populations, 51–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_5.

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Wissel, C., T. Stephan e S. H. Zaschke. "Modelling Extinction and Survival of Small Populations". In Minimum Animal Populations, 67–103. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_6.

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Haffer, J. "“Very Small” Bird Populations in Amazonia". In Minimum Animal Populations, 105–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_7.

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Bujalska, G. "Minimum Population of Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber 1780)". In Minimum Animal Populations, 119–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_8.

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Grüm, L. "Minimum Populations of Carabid Beetles (Col., Carabidae)". In Minimum Animal Populations, 131–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78214-5_9.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Animal populations"

Iovenko, V. M., K. V. Skrepets, H. O. Yakovchuk e H. I. Rukavnikova. "The polymorphism of gene quantitative signs in the Ascanian selection sheep populations". In Current problems of modern animal husbandry. �� "��-��" - �� -�� , 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33694/978-966-1550-33-8-2021-0-0-81-83.

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Giorgadze, Anatoli, e Marine Barvenashvili. "Local and endemic animal genetic resources of Georgia". In Scientific and practical conference with international participation: "Management of the genetic fund of animals – problems, solutions, outlooks". Scientific Practical Institute of Biotechnologies in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61562/mgfa2023.15.

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The article describes some of animal external characteristics and yield indicators. The mentioned animals are important for the country's agro-biodiversity, having valuable genes and their alleles, the loss of which will significantly limit the possibilities and efficiency of providing breeding works. Also Georgia is a country of great diversity of freshwater fish species that is facilitated due to the landscape diversity and richness of water resources. In addition, local breed varieties and populations are valuable because they are considered as the best adapted to local conditions and resistant to various diseases. Unfortunately, today their number is significantly reduced, their genetic purity is also in question. We consider the use of in- situ, ex- situ, in vivo, in vitro conservation methods to be the best way out of the situation.

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Agafonov, G. M. "Determination of the boundaries of game animal populations for the purchase of furs". In Эволюция биосферы и техногенез. Чита: Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт природных ресурсов, экологии и криологии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57245/978_5_9293_3064_3_2022_2_293.

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Rusdin, Muh, La Ode Nafiu, Takdir Saili, Achmad Selamet Aku, Rahman e Rusli Badaruddin. "The Analysis of Morphometric Index of Four Buffaloes Populations in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia". In International Conference on Improving Tropical Animal Production for Food Security (ITAPS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220309.011.

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Molchanov, Vladimir, e Anna Popova. "VARIATIONS OF ACORN MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE VORONEZH REGION". In Modern problems of animal and plant ecology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mpeapw2021_50-55.

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The acorn morphometric analysis was carried out. Acorns of Quercus robur collected in populations of the Shilovo, Krasnolesnyy, BSSC «Maklok», Shipov forest. The indicators of acorn were weight, in g., acorn length and width, in cm. The widest limits of variation in weight, length, and diameter are observed in acorns from the experimental territory «Shipov forest»: from 0.55 to 10.43 g, from 1.52 to 4.7 cm, and from 0.86 to 2.31 cm, respectively. The smallest differences between the maximum and minimum weight (from 1.53 to 5.48 g) and the diameter (from 1.1 to 1.69 cm) are observed in the experimental territory «Krasnolesny», and the minimum variation in length was observed in acorns from the experimental territory of «Shilovo» from 2.29 to 3.36 cm.

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Williams, Amber, e Mark Niedre. "Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Clusters Using a 2-Fluorophore Diffuse in Vivo Flow Cytometer". In Optical Molecular Probes, Imaging and Drug Delivery. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/omp.2023.om4e.4.

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We discuss development and validation of a new two-fluorophore diffuse in vivo flow cytometer instrument designed to detect two populations of circulating tumor cells and multi-cellular clusters in small animal metastasis models.

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STANKEVIČIŪTĖ, Jolanta, Solveiga Marija BARKAUSKAITĖ e Gediminas BRAZAITIS. "DETECTION OF XENOBIOTIC SUBSTANCES IN MUTE SWANS’ (CYGNUS OLOR) BLOOD". In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.064.

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During recent years the attention towards the effects of xenobiotic substances on wild nature has been steadily increasing. Literature reviews have revealed that active hormone-disintegrating substances might affect the reproduction of some wild animal species. Research shows anomalies of reproduction and development in various animal groups such as birds, fish, invertebrates and reptiles. Species inhabiting water and its surroundings cause the highest concern. Due to insufficient baseline information it is difficult to determine the extent of the problem in these wild populations on an ecological scale. The research described in this article is the first attempt to analyse xenobiotic substances and evaluate possible accumulation of pharmaceuticals in animals higher up in the food chain in Lithuania. This research tests new methods for to analyse for xenobiotics substances, which might be used in the future. Blood samples of 7 swans were examined using liquid chromatography, however, no xenobiotics were detected. Negative results do not eliminate the necessity for further investigate of larger samples, other species or to search for non-pharmaceutical xenobiotics.

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Bobeck, Elizabeth. "Bioactive lipids and related nutrients in companion animal and poultry diets for reducing inflammation and improving immunity". In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vqxl3869.

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Beyond meeting nutritional requirements for growth and maintenance, select dietary ingredients can have additional effects, intended or not, on animal physiology and immune function. Diets can be enriched to benefit the animal, and a dual benefit can be achieved in the case of enriching animal products for the downstream human consumer. Many immune-altering nutrients are fat-soluble, including Vitamin E and D. Importantly, dietary lipids themselves can impact immune function; therefore, a focused and intentional selection of specific dietary fats, specifically omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), is one method to alter inflammatory cascades in animals consuming the diet. Examples of other related ingredients to which the immune system is responsive include zinc and probiotics. While work in human, livestock, and companion animal models is working to identify therapeutic inclusion rates for these nutrients and ingredients, it should be noted that physiological alterations are seen in both over and under-inclusion and are nutrient-specific. For example, inclusion above currently recommended levels may optimize immune function and reduce inflammation in the case of vitamin D or omega-3 PUFA, while for zinc, additional pharmacological supplementation above requirements may inhibit immune function. Importantly, when a diet is formulated to reduce overall systemic inflammation, it must be considered that important â€œbackgroundâ€ functions of the immune system, including monitoring for and clearing pathogenic microbial populations, may be down-regulated due to a general reduction in immune reactivity. Continued work to understand how diet and nutrition impact immunity, and how to balance inflammation through nutrition, is an area of active research and will inform downstream users how to best use data to impact consumers of that feed in desirable ways.

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"Percolation on a spatial network with individual heterogeneity as a model for disease spread among animal host populations". In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.b2.davis.

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Junqueira, V. S., G. S. Campos e F. F. Cardoso. "357. INTERGEN: an efficient and flexible tool for large-scale genetic evaluation of complex animal and plant populations". In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_357.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Animal populations"

Loehle, C. S. Social and behavioral barriers to pathogen transmission in wild animal populations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/666220.

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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin e Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, febbraio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.

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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.

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Gove, Jeffrey H., Ernst Linder e Walter M. Tzilkowski. Some results on the combined removal and signs-of-activities estimators for sampling closed animal populations. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-gtr-199.

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Jones, Landon R., Jared A. Elmore, B. S. Krishnan, Sathishkumar Samiappan, Kristine O. Evans, Morgan B. Pfeiffer, Bradley F. Blackwell e Raymond B. Iglay. Dataset for Controllable factors affecting accuracy and precision of human identification of animals from drone imagery. Mississippi State University, luglio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54718/xblo5500.

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Dataset from the results of an experiment to determine how three controllable factors, flight altitude, camera angle, and time of day, affect human identification and counts of animals from drone images to inform best practices to survey animal communities with drones. We used a drone (unoccupied aircraft system, or UAS) to survey known numbers of eight animal decoy species, representing a range of body sizes and colors, at four GSD (ground sampling distance) values (0.35, 0.70, 1.06, 1.41 cm/pixel) representing equivalent flight altitudes (15.2, 30.5, 45.7, 61.0 m) at two camera angles (45° and 90°) and across a range of times of day (morning to late afternoon). Expert human observers identified and counted animals in drone images to determine how the three controllable factors affected accuracy and precision. Observer precision was high and unaffected by tested factors. However, results for observer accuracy revealed an interaction among all three controllable factors. Increasing flight altitude resulted in decreased accuracy in animal counts overall; however, accuracy was best at midday compared to morning and afternoon hours, when decoy and structure shadows were present or more pronounced. Surprisingly, the 45° camera enhanced accuracy compared to 90°, but only when animals were most difficult to identify and count, such as at higher flight altitudes or during the early morning and late afternoon. We provide recommendations based on our results to design future surveys to improve human accuracy in identifying and counting animals from drone images for monitoring animal populations and communities.

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Kumban, Wannisa, Anoma Santiworakul e Salila Cetthakrikul. The effect of Animal Assisted Therapy on physical activity in elderly. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, settembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0049.

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Review question / Objective: What are the effect of Animal Assisted Therapy on physical activity in elderly. PICOs P: Elderly; I: Animal Assisted Therapy; C: Compare; O: Physical activity, physical fitness, health-related fitness; S: experimental study/ compare between group/ pre-post test. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria comprised any studies that provided experimental study design or observational data on cross-sectional comparisons between groups. The outcome analyzed in this review was the effect of animal assisted or pet or human-animal interaction on physical activity that was studied in all elderly populations (age > 60 years), in any setting e.g., home, community-based, or hospital. The articles were published in English full-text articles only between 2012 and 2022.

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Duffield, John, e Chris Neher. Incorporating wildlife passive use values in collision mitigation benefit-cost calculations. Nevada Department of Transportation, settembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2019.09.

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This document is a task report for a larger Wildlife Vehicle Collision (WVC) Reduction and Habitat Connectivity pooled fund study. It addresses the potential use of passive use economic values for wildlife to inform the mitigation of wildlife-vehicle collisions. Passive use, also known as non-use values, are the values individuals place on the existence of a given animal species or population as well as the bequest value of knowing that future generations will also benefit from preserving the species. This report provides a summary of the current literature of wildlife passive use value estimates and provides per-animal passive use values for selected species and populations. Additionally, an example of applying these values to a Montana road segment is outlined. Finally, a discussion of regional economic impacts of mitigation structure spending is outlined.

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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller e Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, agosto 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.

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Lamont, Susan J., E. Dan Heller e Avigdor Cahaner. Prediction of Immunocompetence and Resistance to Disease by Using Molecular Markers of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. United States Department of Agriculture, settembre 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568780.bard.

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This project utilized two live-animal populations in an integrated research program to identify molecular markers for immune response and disease resistance. The populations each had their foundation from meat-type commercial breeder chicken lines of their respective countries. Investigations effectively used unique availability of resources in each country to study commercial-type environments in Israel and line-crosses with diverse inbred lines in the US. Two bacterial systems were investigated to cover both respiratory and gastrointestinal, and primary and secondary, infections. Individual experimental groups of animals were evaluated for combinations of vaccine antibody levels, response to pathogen challenge, growth parameters, genetic background and molecular markers. The positive association of antibody level with resistance to disease was confirmed. Effectiveness of genetic selection for vaccine antibody response level was demonstrated. Molecular markers, both inside and outside the MHC region, were associated with antibody response and resistance to disease. Markers were shown to have a generalized effect, by association with multiple traits of immune response and disease resistance. The impact of genetic background on marker effect was shown to be important. The overall results demonstrate the effectiveness of selection on vaccine antibody response and the potential of molecular marker-assisted selection to improve efficiency of production of meat-type chickens by reducing genetic susceptibility to disease.

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Gallego Sánchez, Gerardo J., Patricia Zapata, Oscar Castañeda, Harold Suárez Baron, Ana Elizabeth Díaz Montilla, Wilson Vásquez e Joseph M. Tohme. Use of DNA sequences for identification of possible biotypes of the fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), an important pest of Andean solanaceous fruits. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2015.1.

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In Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil and Honduras, the tomato borer, Neoleucinodes elegantalis, is the most important fruit-related plague of the Solanaceae family. A suitable molecular characterization using a DNA barcoding system is necessary to clarify different issues inside the taxonomy of Neoleucinodes genus. Additionally, other DNA sequences used for molecular identification and phylogenetics studies, can be implemented to obtain a better understanding of the genetic variability across different animal groups and allows to acquire a enhanced description of the population s genetic variation. The main objectives of this study are: 1. Evaluate the performance of DNA barcoding sequences (COI gen and 18S rDNA gene), in the genetic characterization of populations of N. elegantalis, collected in different wild and cultivated solanaceous plants in Colombia and Ecuador. 2. Determination of possible haplotypes related with each population belonging to this species. 3.Identification of geographical patterns associated with the distribution of this insect.

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