Articoli di riviste: "Anguilla"

1

Elgendy, Mamdouh Yousif, Amany Mohamed Kenawy e Ahmed E. Noor El-Deen. "Gyrodactylus anguillae and Vibrio vulnificus infections affecting cultured eel, Anguilla anguilla". Comunicata Scientiae 7, n. 1 (10 maggio 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v7i1.1248.

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Gyrodactylus anguillae and Vibrio vulnificus are pathogens of critical significance in anguilliculture. Both agents were involved in mortalities affecting earthen pond cultured European eel, Anguilla anguilla, in Egypt during the period extended from June to September 2014. Moribund eels showed excessive slimy mucus and haemorrhages on the external body surface. All investigated eels were parasitized with the monogenean, Gyrodactylus anguillae. Majority of specimens 93.3 % were concomitantly found to be infected with V. vulnificus. No other parasitic or bacterial infections were noticed in the investigated fish samples. V. vulnificus was detected in Gyrodactylus anguillae homogenates collected from diseased fish. Bacterial isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). G. anguillae were demonstrated in skin and gills histopathological sections. Varieties of circulatory, proliferative as well as degenerative changes were noticed in haemopoietic tissues. It was concluded that G. anguillae presumably enhanced eels vulnerability to V. vulnificus infections through providing portals of entry as well as acting as mechanical vectors.

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Kuroki, Mari, Jun Aoyama, Michael J. Miller, Shun Watanabe, Akira Shinoda, Donald J. Jellyman, Eric Feunteun e Katsumi Tsukamoto. "Distribution and early life-history characteristics of anguillid leptocephali in the western South Pacific". Marine and Freshwater Research 59, n. 12 (2008): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08041.

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Freshwater eels are important fisheries species in parts of the western South Pacific, but little is known about their oceanic early life history or spawning areas. The age, growth, morphology and geographic distribution of five species of genetically identified anguillid leptocephali collected in 1995, 2000 and 2005 were compared. The sizes and ages of the leptocephali collected, Anguilla australis (n = 18), Anguilla marmorata (n = 15), Anguilla reinhardtii (n = 12), Anguilla megastoma (n = 2) and Anguilla obscura (n = 1), ranged from 19.0 to 50.9 mm and from 25 to 155 days, respectively. Leptocephali were mostly collected in the South Equatorial Current region. The total myomere ranges overlapped among species, but anodorsal myomere numbers clearly divided shortfinned and longfinned eels. The myomere ranges of the leptocephali were similar to the reported ranges of the numbers of vertebrae in adults. Larval growth rates suggested that the temperate species A. australis had slightly slower growth than the tropical species A. reinhardtii. The present study suggests that both temperate and tropical anguillid eels use the South Equatorial Current region for spawning and larval development, although some species might have different early life parameters and migration routes to their recruitment areas.

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Ernst, I., A. Fletcher e C. Hayward. "Gyrodactylus anguillae (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) from Anguillid Eels (Anguilla australis and Anguilla reinhardtii) in Australia: A Native or an Exotic?" Journal of Parasitology 86, n. 5 (ottobre 2000): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284842.

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Kennedy, C. R., e C. Moriarty. "Co-existence of congeneric species of Acanthocephala: Acanthocephalus lucii and A. anguillae in eels Anguilla anguilla in Ireland". Parasitology 95, n. 2 (ottobre 1987): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000057759.

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SUMMARYA population of eels Anguilla anguilla from Lough Derg, R. Shannon, Ireland, harbouring infections of both Acanthocephalus lucii and A. anguillae was studied over three years. Both parasite species had the same intermediate host and eels appeared to be the only definitive host for A. anguillae. Throughout the whole period, A. lucii was the dominant parasite, was over-dispersed throughout the eel population and most frequently occurred as a single species infection. A. anguillae was far less common, its dispersion was close to random at most times and it almost invariably occurred as a mixed species infection. The proportions of the two species remained fairly constant over the period. Despite some indication of site selection in the intestine, the distribution of both species overlapped considerably and there was no evidence of competitive displacement of one species by the other or of resource partitioning in space. The life-histories of both species were similar: they infected eels, bred and were lost from fish at the same time of year and there was no indication of resource partitioning in time. Congeneric species of acanthocephalans can thus co-exist in apparently stable equilibrium in fish as predicted and without any evidence of interactions, but it is still considered that exploitation competition between the species may be occurring in eels.

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van Nieuwstadt, AP, SG Dijkstra e OLM Haenen. "Persistence of herpesvirus of eel Herpesvirus anguillae in farmed European eel Anguilla anguilla". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 45 (2001): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao045103.

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Hilario, Joyce, Casiano Jr Choresca, Ma Jodecel Dantinga, Faith Loraine Magbanua e Ma Theresa Oclos. "Identification of Tropical Freshwater Eels, Anguilla spp., in Cagayan River, Philippines". Philippine Agricultural Scientist 105, n. 3 (1 settembre 2022): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.62550/abc001021.

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Anguillid eels are high-value food fish with 16 known species worldwide. Due to its taxonomic ambiguity and insufficient data on species composition, this family of freshwater eels were inadvertently regarded as a single species. This study collected 63 freshwater eels at 3 life stages (glass eel, elver, yellow eel) from Cagayan River, Philippines, to evaluate the accuracy of morphological identification in comparison with molecular analysis. Morphological results displayed clear distinctiveness between Anguilla bicolor and Anguilla marmorata despite some overlapping physical characteristics between Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla luzonensis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 15 out of 23 glass eel specimens were molecularly identified as A. marmorata, while 8 were identified as A. bicolor pacifica. For elver specimens, there were A. bicolor pacifica (n = 10), A. marmorata (n = 8), and A. luzonensis (n = 2). For yellow eels, there were A. bicolor pacifica (n = 10) and A. marmorata (n = 10). The results showed the inaccuracy of morphological identification in determining the richness and composition of Anguillids, which otherwise proved that molecular analysis is a more reliable approach in identifying freshwater eel species.

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Nuryanto, Agus, Dian Baghawati, Kusbiyanto Kusbiyanto, Moh Husein Sastranegara e Farida Nur Rachmawati. "Molecular Characterization of Anguilla from Cibereum and Sapuregel Rivers Segara Anakan Watersheds Cilacap, Central Java". Biogenesis: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 8, n. 2 (30 dicembre 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/bio.v8i2.15532.

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The taxonomic status of Anguilla species' in river watershed that empties into Segara Anakan Cilacap is uncertain, thereby making it difficult for further studies to be carried out to determine its genetic in that area. Therefore, this study evaluates Anguilla's taxonomic status and population genetic in Cibeureum and Sapuregel River watersheds. Data were obtained from molecular characterization study using cytochrome c oxidase 1, with fourteen Anguilla specimens collected from two sequenced watersheds. Taxonomic status was determined based on homology and divergence values and monophyly of the samples to the reference species. Meanwhile, genetic divergences among samples to the reference species were calculated based on the Juke-Cantor substitution model in DnaSP6. A homology test was performed using a basic local alignment search tool, with monophyly inferred from the cladogram, which was developed using neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood algorithms in MEGAX with 1000 pseudoreplicates and out-group comparison. Furthermore, population genetic was analyzed through polymorphism, haplotype, nucleotide diversity within the population, divergence, and genetic differences. All calculations conducted in Arlequin 3.5 had Anguilla samples comprising of high (99.23% to 99.84%) to low genetic divergences (0.224% to 1.127%). The result shows that cladogram with all Anguilla samples formed a monophyletic clade with A. bicolor, separated from their taxa. Furthermore, Anguilla samples from both watersheds have low genetic polymorphisms with medium to high haplotype and nucleotide diversity. The population's comparison proved that both populations have low genetic divergence, and no genetic difference based on variance analysis (p=0761). Therefore, Anguilla resources in river watersheds that empty into Segara Anakan are a single genetic conservation unit.

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BENAJIBA, MOHAMED HASSAN, ADAM MARQUES, JIŘÍ LOM e GEORGES BOUIX. "Ultrastructure and Sporogony of Eimeria (syn. Epieimeria) anguillae (Apicomplexa) in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 41, n. 3 (maggio 1994): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1994.tb01500.x.

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9

Jakob, E., H. Neuhaus, D. Steinhagen, B. Luckhardt e R. Hanel. "Monitoring ofHerpesvirus anguillae(HVA) infections in European eel,Anguilla anguilla(L.), in northern Germany". Journal of Fish Diseases 32, n. 6 (giugno 2009): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01009.x.

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10

Zan, Nur Dhabita, Ain Sarbini, Hussein Taha, Iy Vonne Tan, Azie Azri, Rafhiah Kahar, Faizah Metali, Norhayati Ahmad e Takaomi Arai. "Occurrence and ecological implication of a tropical anguillid eel, Anguilla marmorata, in Brunei Darussalam, Borneo Island". Zoologia 37 (3 giugno 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e39468.

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Tropical anguillid eels account for two-thirds of the 19 species in Anguilla Schrank, 1798. However, information on the species diversity, geographical distribution, and life histories of the tropical eels is very limited. Recent studies suggested that morphological species identification of the tropical anguillid eels should be validated by molecular analysis for accurate identification. After surveying for three years, two anguillid eels were found in Brunei Darussalam, Borneo Island. They were firstly identified as Anguilla marmorata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 using morphological analysis and further gene analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) confirmed the species identification. This study is the first comprehensive description of A. marmorata in Brunei Darussalam, Borneo Island. Furthermore, it is also the first study to validate two anguillid eels collected from the tropical Bonin Islands of Japan as A. marmorata by means of morphological and COI analyses. The molecular phylogenetic tree and haplotype network analyses suggest that A. marmorata found in Brunei Darussalam would belong to the North Pacific population of the westernmost distribution.

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Norarfan, Ahmad Fathi, Siti Shazwani Azreena Mokti, Hussein Taha, Muhamad Amin, Muhamad Ali e Takaomi Arai. "DNA barcoding of a tropical anguillid eel, Anguilla bicolor (Actinopterygii: Anguilliformes), in Indo-Pacific region and notes on its population structure". Zoologia 38 (24 marzo 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.38.e59332.

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The tropical anguillid eel, Anguilla bicolor McCelland, 1844, includes two subspecies, Anguilla bicolor bicolor McCelland, 1844 and Anguilla bicolor pacifica Schmidt, 1928, and is distributed across the Indo-Pacific region. Although A. bicolor is widely distributed and recognized as an important fish resource in the Indo-Pacific region, few studies have been conducted on its genetic variation and population structure. DNA barcoding of A. bicolor specimens collected in the Indo-Pacific region was carried out in this study using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. Anguilla bicolor was found to diverge genetically, which supported its classification into two different subspecies. In addition, our study showed that A. bicolor bicolor had two genetically distinct populations/groups, and these different populations co-occur geographically in Indonesia and Malaysia in the eastern Indian Ocean. Our findings suggest that the eel larvae might be transported from at least two geographically different spawning grounds in the Indian Ocean, and then recruited to and settled in the same habitats in Indonesian and Malaysian waters. The molecular evidence calls for further research on the life history, stock assessment and protection of the populations of A. bicolor bicolor in Indonesia and Malaysia.

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12

Li, Ying-Ying, Jin-Xian Yang, Xi Chen, Qiang Chen, Tie-Ying Song e Jun-Qing Ge. "Proteomic Profiling Skin Mucus of European Eel Anguilla anguilla Infected with Anguillid Herpesvirus". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n. 19 (24 settembre 2022): 11283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911283.

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Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV) is an important viral pathogen affecting eel. This study was designed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms and immune response elicited at the protein levels in the skin mucus of AngHV-infected Anguilla anguilla. Tandem mass tag (TMT)-labelling proteomics with the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for performing quantitative identification of the proteins. In addition, the quantitative protein amount was detected by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis. A total of 3486 proteins were identified, of which 2935 were quantified. When a protein fold change was greater than 1.3 or less than 0.76, it indicated a differentially expressed protein (DEP). Overall, 187 up-regulated proteins and 126 down-regulated proteins were detected, and most of the DEPs were enriched in the CAMs pathway, intestinal immune pathway, herpes simplex virus 1 infection pathway, phagosome pathway and p53 signaling pathway. The results of the DEPs detected by PRM were highly consistent with the results of the TMT-labelled quantitative proteomic analysis. The findings of this study provide an important research basis for further understanding the pathogenesis of AngHV.

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Robson, Harry, Soren H. Andersen, Oliver Craig e Kenneth Ritchie. "Eel Fishing in the Late Mesolithic and the Early Neolithic: A Preliminary Report from the Stratified Kitchen Midden at Havnø, Denmark". Archaeofauna, n. 22 (1 ottobre 2013): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/archaeofauna2013.22.013.

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Havnø es un conchero danés bien estratificado que discurre desde la cultura Ertebølle del Mesolítico tardío y la cultura de los vasos de embudo del Neolítico inicial (5.000- 3.500 cal a.C.). Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio llevado a cabo con los huesos de peces recuperados en una columna completa de muestreo que incorpora todos los niveles del conchero estratificado. El material fue cuantificado y se proporcionaron estimaciones sobre las longitudes totales de los especímenes. La interpretación se centra sobre la tafonomía y la importancia relativa de los peces aparecidos. Entre éstos, destaca la anguila (Anguilla anguilla), la relevancia del espinoso (Gasterosteus aculeatus) así como la distribución de los restos de peces, los posibles métodos de pesca utilizados y la(s) estación(es) de captura.

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Nielsen, M. E. "An enhanced humoral immune response against the swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus, in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, compared with the European eel, A. anguilla". Journal of Helminthology 73, n. 3 (marzo 1999): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x99000359.

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The humoral immune response in the two eel species, Anguilla japonica and Anguilla anguilla against two fractions of antigens in Anguillicola crassus were studied.Within species, both eel species showed significantly elevated titres compared with controls when immunized with antigens from Anguillicola crassus.In interspecific comparison, Anguilla japonicashowed significantly elevated titres in comparison with Anguilla anguilla. Immunization of Anguilla anguillacaused a significantly decrease in the plasma levels of protein in comparison with control fish and all groups of Anguilla japonica. In contrast, Anguilla japonica showed significantly lower plasma levels of Ig in all groups compared with Anguilla anguilla.The different susceptibilities to Anguillicola crassus between the natural host, Anguilla japonica, and the naı¨ve, Anguilla anguilla, is partly due to differences in the ability of the two eel species to mount a humoral immune response.

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Nielsen, M. E. "An enhanced humoral immune response against the swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus, in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, compared with the European eel, A. anguilla". Journal of Helminthology 73, n. 3 (marzo 1999): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00700472.

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Abstract (sommario):

The humoral immune response in the two eel species, Anguilla japonica and Anguilla anguilla against two fractions of antigens in Anguillicola crassus were studied.Within species, both eel species showed significantly elevated titres compared with controls when immunized with antigens from Anguillicola crassus.In interspecific comparison, Anguilla japonicashowed significantly elevated titres in comparison with Anguilla anguilla. Immunization of Anguilla anguillacaused a significantly decrease in the plasma levels of protein in comparison with control fish and all groups of Anguilla japonica. In contrast, Anguilla japonica showed significantly lower plasma levels of Ig in all groups compared with Anguilla anguilla.The different susceptibilities to Anguillicola crassus between the natural host, Anguilla japonica, and the naı¨ve, Anguilla anguilla, is partly due to differences in the ability of the two eel species to mount a humoral immune response.

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Hangalapura, BN, R. Zwart, MY Engelsma e OLM Haenen. "Pathogenesis of Herpesvirus anguillae (HVA) in juvenile European eel Anguilla anguilla after infection by bath immersion". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 78 (31 ottobre 2007): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao01849.

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F. Mattar, Shimaa, Rania S. Ali, Nehad M. Ibrahim e Ahmed I. Dakrory. "ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE CRANIAL NERVES AND CRANIAL GANGLIA OF ANGUILLA ANGUILLA (LINNAEUS, 1758) EYE MUSCLE NERVES". International Journal of Advanced Research 9, n. 10 (31 ottobre 2021): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13515.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the ocular muscle nerves and the ciliary ganglion of the anguillid fish Anguilla anguilla. The ocular muscle nerves comprise the nervi oculomotorius, trochlearis and abducens. The oculomotor nerve leaves the cranial cavity together with the nervus abducens through a common foramen. It innervates four eye muscles rectus superior, rectus inferior, rectus medialis and the obliquus inferior muscles. It carries pure somatic motor fibers and visceromotor (parasympathetic) ones. There is no ciliary ganglion but, there is one ciliary nerve arising from the nervus oculomotorius. The trochlear nerve has its own foramen and carries pure somatic motor fibers to the superior obliquemuscle. The abducens nerve has a single root. It leaves the cranial cavity through a common foramen together with the nervus oculomotorius. It carries pure somatic motor fibers to the rectus lateralis muscle.

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Fenske, Kari H., Michael J. Wilberg, David H. Secor e Mary C. Fabrizio. "An age- and sex-structured assessment model for American eels (Anguilla rostrata) in the Potomac River, Maryland". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, n. 6 (giugno 2011): 1024–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-038.

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American eel ( Anguilla rostrata ) and European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) populations have declined since the 1980s prompting concern about their status and the causes of decline, but stock assessment approaches to estimate effects of fishing on these populations are lacking. Since 1964, 16% of United States commercial American eel harvest came from the Potomac River, yet American eel abundance, production, and fishing mortality is poorly understood in this system. We developed an age- and sex-structured assessment model for 1980–2008 and compared results with the F50% biological reference point (BRP). The model included natural mortality, fishing mortality, and sex- and age-specific maturation mortality and selectivity. Between 1980 and 2008 estimated recruitment, biomass, and abundance decreased 82%–89%. In all years since 1993, the exploitation rate exceeded the F50% BRP. The model was moderately sensitive to changes in natural mortality, standard deviation for fishery and recruitment catch-per-unit-effort indices, and initial fishing mortality. The multidecadal decline in recruitment in Chesapeake eels matches those reported elsewhere for American and European eels, suggesting large-scale processes have affected anguillid eel recruitment in the North Atlantic.

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SCHABUSS, M., C. R. KENNEDY, R. KONECNY, B. GRILLITSCH, F. SCHIEMER e A. HERZIG. "Long-term investigation of the composition and richness of intestinal helminth communities in the stocked population of eel, Anguilla anguilla, in Neusiedler See, Austria". Parasitology 130, n. 2 (12 novembre 2004): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004006444.

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Data from a long-term study of the intestinal helminth parasite community of eels, Anguilla anguilla, stocked into the shallow eutrophic Neusiedler See, Austria, were collected over an 8 year period (1994–2001). In total, 720 eels from 2 sampling sites were examined. The parasite community showed characteristics similar to those in the natural eel populations in rivers of the UK and mainland Europe: it was species poor, with only 5 species (Acanthocephalus lucii, Acanthocephalus anguillae, Raphidascaris acus, Proteocephalus macrocephalus, Bothriocephalus claviceps) comprising the component community and a maximum infracommunity richness of 4 species. Over the period, the intestinal parasite community of the sampling site in Illmitz, which was originally dominated by A. lucii, changed. As levels of A. anguillae increased to a point at which it dominated the community, diversity increased whilst dominance of a single species decreased. By contrast the community in the southern sampling site remained rather constant with a continuous high infection level of A. anguillae and low abundance of A. lucii. Both acanthocephalan species exhibited higher infection levels in larger eels and in different seasons of the year and the infection parameters were significantly different between the years of study. The significant differences in the infection levels of the 2 acanthocephalan species at the 2 sampling sites were surprising as both acanthocephalan species use the same intermediate host, Asellus aquaticus, and the sampling sites were in close proximity and were similar in terms of water quality, host size and invertebrate abundance. Differences in the fish communities of the 2 sampling sites and eel movements rather than interspecific competition are discussed as possible explanations for the differences in the parasite communities of the 2 sampling sites.

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Jamaluddin, Nur Atina e Yonelian Yuyun. "The Analysis of Protein Level and Amino Acid Profile in Eels (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard and Anguilla bicolor) of Lake Poso". Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences 9, n. 1 (5 gennaio 2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2019.09.01.6.

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In this study used a sample of eel fish species Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard and Anguilla bicolor from Poso lake that has a high protein content and is a fish endemic to Central Sulawesi. These eels are consumed by the surrounding community of the lake, but the nutritional content remains unknown. The present research was aimed to determine the protein level and amino acid profile of Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard and Anguilla bicolor eels. The protein level testing used Kjeldahl method, and amino acid profile used High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results demonstrate the protein level of the two samples Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard eels have a protein content of 41.84% and Anguilla bicoloreels at 33.75%. Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard and Anguilla bicolor eels contain 18 types of amino acid, comprised of 9 types of essential amino acids and 9 types of non-essential amino acids. Of the two samples of eel species Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard and Anguilla bicolor, have complete protein quality because it has all kinds of essential amino acids.

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Dyrud, J. O. "Anguilla". Trusts & Trustees 13, n. 8 (25 giugno 2007): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttm051.

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Jerk�, H., I. Turunen-Rise, P. S. Enger e O. Sand. "Hearing in the eel (Anguilla anguilla)". Journal of Comparative Physiology A 165, n. 4 (1989): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00611234.

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Falah, Iffan Nadhif, Ratih Ida Adharini e Susana Endah Ratnawati. "Molecular Identification of Elvers (<I>Anguilla</I> spp.) from River Estuaries in Central Java, Indonesia Using DNA Barcoding Based on <I>mt</I>DNA CO1 Sequences". Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 15, n. 1 (27 gennaio 2023): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v15i1.36416.

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Highlight Research The elvers of Anguilla were identified through the morphological and molecular markers The result of morphological and molecular identification is different The molecular identification helps to confirm the morphological identification Based on this study molecular identification of the elvers of Anguilla found in river estuaries of Central Java is Anguilla bicolor bicolor Abstract An inventory of the presence and diversity of Anguilla spp. needs to be carried out as a basis for sustainable resource management. Conventional techniques based on morphological characteristics—are often less effective considering the morphological characteristics of Anguilla spp. are very identical and not so many can be observed, especially at the young eel stage. DNA-based molecular identification can be a way to determine diversity and phylogeny for conservation and inventory purposes. This research aimed to determine the diversity and phylogeny of Anguilla spp. obtained at the estuaries of Serayu River in Cilacap, Luk Ulo River in Kebumen, and Jali River in Purworejo in Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 10 samples were taken from each research location were analyzed morphologically, then it is known that there are 4 morphologically different samples at each research location so that a total of 12 samples were taken for molecular analysis. MEGA was used to construct the phylogenetic trees via Neighbour Joining (NJ) algorithms using the Kimura 2-parameter model with uniform rates and obtained by 1000 bootstraps replication. There are four species of Anguilla spp. identified morphologically, namely Anguilla bicolor bicolor, Anguilla bicolor pacifica, Anguilla obscura, and Anguilla australis. The species of Anguilla spp. that is molecularly identified is Anguilla bicolor bicolor with an identity percentage of > 98%. All samples are also known to be related to Anguilla bicolor bicolor identified in other countries.

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Wilson, Jonathan Mark, José Carlos Antunes, Patricío Duro Bouça e João Coimbra. "Osmoregulatory plasticity of the glass eel of Anguilla anguilla: freshwater entry and changes in branchial ion-transport protein expression". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, n. 3 (1 marzo 2004): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-010.

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The glass-eel stage of the life history of Anguillid eels (Anguilla spp.) makes the important physiological transition from seawater (SW) to freshwater (FW) osmoregulation. Central to successful adaptation to fresh water is the switch from active hypoosmoregulation (ion excretion) to active hyperosmoregulation (ion uptake) to counter passive fluxes imposed by concentration gradients. Anguilla anguilla (L.) glass eels, captured from the lower Minho River estuary and maintained in brackish water (BW; 24), were fully capable of adapting to FW following acute transfer. In a comparison between SW- (34) and FW-adapted glass eels, gill Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+:K+:2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) expression were both markedly reduced in the FW group. Branchial mitochondria-rich chloride cells (MRCs) were also significantly larger in SW-adapted glass eels. Apical CFTR Cl channel immunoreactivity associated with branchial MRCs was also only present in SW-adapted glass eels. The expression of these three ion-transport proteins is strongly associated with active ion excretion in SW teleost fishes. In FW-adapted glass eels, cortisol treatment increased branchial Na+/K+-ATPase expression but was without effect on NKCC expression. Glucocorticoid receptor blockade by RU-486 had no effect on Na+/K+-ATPase or NKCC expression.

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Burgerhout, Erik, Sebastiaan A. Brittijn, Tagried Kurwie, Paul Decker, Ron P. Dirks, Arjan P. Palstra, Herman P. Spaink e Guido EEJM Van den Thillart. "First artificial hybrid of the eel species Anguilla australis and Anguilla anguilla". BMC Developmental Biology 11, n. 1 (2011): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213x-11-16.

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26

Jun, Liang, Li Daoji e Lu Liqiong. "Microsatellite variation between Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla)". Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 23, n. 4 (dicembre 2005): 448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02842690.

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27

Jang, Yo-Soon. "Development of the Method for Authentication of the Genus Anguilla Sold on the Korean Fish Market and Current Status of Distribution". GEO DATA 4, n. 1 (31 marzo 2022): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22761/dj2022.4.1.002.

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This study was carried out to identify the mislabeling of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) sold on the fish markets in Korea and to develop a method for determining the authenticity of fresh and trimmed eels. Between January and December 2018, 31 test samples were collected from restaurants and fish markets in Seoul, South Korea, and the collected samples were analyzed. The results showed that over two-thirds of the samples tested were mislabeled. Molecular identification of 31 test samples revealed that 10 Anguilla japonica, 9 Anguilla Anguilla, 2 Anguilla rostrate, 1 Anguilla marmorata, 7 Ophichthus remiger, 1 Brachysomophis crocodilinus, and 1 Conger myriaster. We have developed the NdeⅠPCR-RFLP assay for determining the authentication of fresh and trimmed eels sold on the fish markets in Korea, and this assay enables rapidly and accurately identify the genus Anguilla.

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28

Arai, Takaomi, Aya Kotake, Chris Harrod, Michelle Morrissey e T. Kieran McCarthy. "Ecological plasticity of the European eel Anguilla anguilla in a tidal Atlantic lake system in Ireland". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, n. 5 (7 febbraio 2019): 1189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000031.

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AbstractRecent studies have shown that anguillid eel populations in habitats spanning the marine–freshwater ecotone can display extreme plasticity in the range of catadromy expressed by individual fish. The apparent use of marine and freshwater habitats by the European eel Anguilla anguilla was examined by analysing the strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in otoliths of eels collected from a tidal Atlantic lake system in Ireland. Variations of the Sr:Ca ratio in the otoliths indicated that a variety of environmental salinities had been experienced in the habitats that were occupied during the growth phase of these individuals in the tidal Atlantic lake system. The otolith microchemistry of these eels indicated that most of the eels had entered each salinity environment (freshwater (FW); brackish water (BW); marine-dominated water (MW) and full seawater (SW)) from fresh water to full seawater just after recruitment and had stayed in each environment until maturation without movement to other salinity environments. Only 2 of 93 (2%) eels had shifted their habitat once in their lives. This result suggests that each individual might have an environmental habitat preference, although each individual could move along a short (<2 km) salinity gradient.

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Fahmi, Melta Rini, Laurent Pouyaud e Patrick Berrebi. "DISTRIBUTION OF TROPICAL EEL GENUS Anguilla IN INDONESIA WATER BASED ON SEMI-MULTIPLEX PCR". Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 7, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2012): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.7.2.2012.139-148.

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Tropical eels living in Indonesian waters are known to be composed of several species, but their real listing together with their distribution ranges need to be established. The main difficulties are the very high number of islands with perennial rivers where these species are living during the growth phase of their life cycle. It is difficult, sometimes impossible, to determine the species using morphological characters, moreover on glass eels. In order to establish the geographic distribution of tropical eels of the genus Anguilla in Indonesian waters, a total 1,115 specimens were collected between 2008 and 2012. Sample collection was done in the growth habitats that are rivers and estuaries by commercial nets of different categories according to the fish size. All samples were identified genetically using the recently developed semimultiplex PCR method. We recognized four species and subspecies with wide distribution: Anguilla bicolor bicolor, Anguilla bicolor pacifica, Anguilla marmorata, and Anguilla interioris; two species with limited distribution, close to endemism: Anguilla celebesensis and Anguilla borneensis and one subspecies Anguilla nebulosa nebulosa that is only spread in river flowing into Indian Ocean.

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30

Abdallah, L. Gargouri-Ben, e F. Maamouri. "Cycle évolutif de Bucephalus anguillae Špakulová, Macko, Berrilli & Dezfuli, 2002 (Digenea, Bucephalidae) parasite de Anguilla anguilla (L.)". Systematic Parasitology 53, n. 3 (novembre 2002): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1021163528452.

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31

Buchmann, K. "Spatial distribution of Pseudodactylogyms anguillae and P. bini (Monogenea) on the gills of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla". Journal of Fish Biology 32, n. 5 (maggio 1988): 801–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05422.x.

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32

Nie, P., e C. R. Kennedy. "Occurrence and seasonal dynamics of Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae (Yin & Sproston) (Monogenea) in eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), in England". Journal of Fish Biology 39, n. 6 (dicembre 1991): 897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04419.x.

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33

Nuryanto, Agus, Sri Riani, Dian Bhagawati, Elly Tuti Winarni e Farida Nur Rachmawati. "Molecular Characterization of Anguilla sp. with Special Notes on Its Population Genetic in the Rivers of Cilacap Central Java, Indonesia". Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 14, n. 1 (13 aprile 2022): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v14i1.35421.

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Taxonomic status of Anguilla species in the rivers of Cilacap is vital for further study, such as population genetics and evolutionary history. Taxonomic status, population genetic, and evolutionary histories of Anguilla can be assessed using single genetic marker, such as cytochrome oxidase 1 gene. This study aimed to determine taxonomic status, genetic diversity and connectivity, and evolutionary history of Anguilla populations in the rivers of Cilacap. Anguilla samples were collected from Doplang-Serayu and Segara Anakan watersheds. Sequence homology test to the conspecific sequence in GenBank proved that all samples from Doplang-Serayu watershed were genetically identified as Anguilla bicolor (98.23 to 100% homology). The decision was supported by monophyly between samples and their conspecific references. Anguilla bicolor from both watersheds had high haplotype (gene) diversity. Amova and Fst analysis proved that no genetic difference (p=0.623) was observed between Doplang-Serayu and Segara Anakan watersheds, indicated panmixing. Haplotype network proved that both populations were evolved from two primitive ancestors. This study concluded that Anguilla bicolor was the only freshwater eel observed in the rivers of Cilacap. Anguilla bicolor in the rivers of Cilacap has high genetic diversity but no genetic differentiation was observed among populations. Anguilla bicolor population in the rivers of Cilacap evolved from two primitive ancestors.

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34

Westin, L. "Migration failure in stocked eels Anguilla anguilla". Marine Ecology Progress Series 254 (2003): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps254307.

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35

Edeline, E., L. Beaulaton, R. Le Barh e P. Elie. "Dispersal in metamorphosing juvenile eel Anguilla anguilla". Marine Ecology Progress Series 344 (23 agosto 2007): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps06988.

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36

Macrì, Francesco, Giuseppe Rapisarda, Carmelo De Stefano, Massimo De Majo, Teresa Bottari e Giulio Aiudi. "Coelioscopic Investigation in European Eels (Anguilla anguilla)". Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 23, n. 2 (aprile 2014): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2014.02.014.

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37

May, Denise, Christopher M. Todd e Mariann Rand-Weaver. "cDNA cloning of eel (Anguilla anguilla) somatolactin". Gene 188, n. 1 (marzo 1997): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00777-9.

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38

Marinovic, Zoran, Ilija Scekic, Jelena Lujic, Juan German Herranz-Jusdado, Béla Urbányi, Tamás Müller, Juan F. Asturiano e Ákos Horváth. "Cryopreservation Of European Eel (Anguilla Anguilla) Spermatogonia". Cryobiology 91 (dicembre 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.10.038.

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39

MAYO-HERNÁNDEZ, ELVIRA, EMMANUEL SERRANO, JOSE PEÑALVER, ALFONSA GARCÍA-AYALA, ROCÍO RUIZ DE YBÁÑEZ e PILAR MUÑOZ. "The European eel may tolerate multiple infections at a low biological cost". Parasitology 142, n. 7 (25 febbraio 2015): 968–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000098.

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SUMMARYMost animals are concurrently infected with multiple parasites, and interactions among them may influence both disease dynamics and host fitness. However, the sublethal costs of parasite infections are difficult to measure and the effects of concomitant infections with multiple parasite species on individual physiology and fitness are poorly described for wild hosts. To understand the costs of co-infection, we investigated the relationships among 189 European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from Mar Menor, parasites (richness and intensity) and eel's ‘health status’ (fluctuant asymmetry, splenic somatic index and the scaled mass index) by partial least squares regression. We found a positive relationship with 44% of the health status variance explained by parasites. Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) was the strongest predictor variable (44·72%) followed by Bucephalus anguillae (Platyhelminthes: Bucephalidae), (29·26%), considered the two most relevant parasites in the analysis. Subsequently, 15·67 and 12·01% of the response variables block were explained by parasite richness and Deropristis inflata (Platyhelminthes: Deropristiidae), respectively. Thus, the presence of multiple parasitic exposures with little effect on condition, strongly suggests that eels from Mar Menor tolerate multiparasitism.

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40

Nurtamin, Tomy, Resty Yulianita Nurman e Indria Hafizah. "Antibacterial Activity of Eel (Anguilla spp.) Mucus against Salmonella typhi". Indonesian Biomedical Journal 8, n. 3 (1 dicembre 2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v8i3.231.

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BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever has become one global health problem. Typhoid fever is caused by a Gram-negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Eel (Anguilla spp.) is a fish which lives in the sea or in freshwater. Several previous studies have found that Anguilla spp. mucus has the ability as antibacterial against Gram-positive and negative. Although the antibacterial activity of Anguilla spp. against various pathogens had been reported, very little is known about its activity against Salmonella typhi. The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial activity of Anguilla spp. mucus against Salmonella typhi bacteria.METHODS: Present study was an experimental in vitro test. Antibacterial activity assays were carried out by the disc diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was determined by the clear zone formed around the paper disc and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by observing the lowest concentration which could inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi.RESULTS: Result of the present study showed that the Anguilla spp. mucus has inhibitory effects against Salmonella typhi. Minimum inhibitory concentration from the Anguilla spp. mucus was 12.5%.CONCLUSION: Anguilla spp. mucus has antibacterial activity against the Salmonella typhi bacteria.KEYWORDS: eel fish mucus, Anguilla spp., antibacterial activity, Salmonella typhi

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41

Kulsum, Yuni, e Husna Nugrahapraja. "Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Eel Fish Trypsin (Anguilla bicolor McClelland) as Potential Candidates Protease Enzyme". BIO Web of Conferences 75 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237502001.

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Trypsin is one alkaline protease type widely used in various industry fields. One type of potential fish trypsin source is Anguilla bicolor. This study aims to characterize biochemical and molecular characterization of eel fish trypsin (Anguilla bicolor McClelland) as a possible candidate protease enzyme. The method used in this research is experimental research consisting of biochemical and molecular characterization. Fish Trypsin Extract was isolated from the digestive organs and then crushed using an electric homogenizer. During the pulverization process, 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer was added at a ratio of 1: 8 (w/v). The supernatant was then collected and can be stored at -80°C to measure enzyme activity. The treatment was given to juveniles and adults with stadia of Anguilla bicolor. While the molecular method was carried out using In Silico analysis in the analysis of the diversity of trypsin sequences in various fish species, preparation of specific primers, and analysis of Whole Genome Sequencing diversity of different species of Anguilla Spp. After that, extraction of Anguilla bicolor DNA, optimization of primer annealing temperature, DNA amplification, fish trypsin DNA fragments using the Sanger and Nanopore methods, and analysis of sequencing and phylogenetic results. The result of the protein content of the trypsin extract in the juvenile stage of Anguilla bicolor had an average of 0.488 ± 0.004 g/dL, and the adult stage of Anguilla bicolor had an average of 1.778 ± 0.080 g/dL. The highest trypsin activity was obtained in the juvenile stadia, 0.529 ± 0.016 (U/mL), and in the adult stadia, 0.399 ± 0.009 (U/mL). Trypsin activity increases with increasing temperature used and reaches a maximum of 40ºC. The molecular character of the fish enzyme Anguilla bicolor shows that the sequence analyzed tend to be close to the Trypsinogen and Trypsin-like genes from Anguilla japonica, Anguilla anguilla, and Megalops cyprinoides.

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42

Hewavitharane, C. A., T. D. Pickering, C. Rico e N. Mochioka. "Early life history of tropical freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) recruiting to Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, in the western South Pacific". Marine and Freshwater Research 71, n. 4 (2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19047.

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Abstract. The oceanic early life histories of three species of tropical anguillid glass eels, namely Anguilla marmorata, Anguilla megastoma and Anguilla obscura, recruiting to Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, in the western South Pacific, were studied using otolith microstructures of 94 individuals. A. megastoma had the shortest leptocephalus duration, age at recruitment and metamorphosis stage (mean±s.d. 104.7±7.2, 141.3±8.7 and 36.6±8.5 days respectively), followed by A. marmorata (September–October recruitment peak: 113.0±11.9, 115.1±8.3 and 39.2±11.1 days respectively; April recruitment peak: 152.2±13.5, 154.0±12.5 and 38.9±10.1 days respectively) and A. obscura (118.0±10.2, 168.4±16.5 and 49.6±12.5 days respectively). A. obscura also had the shortest oceanic glass eel duration of (12.2±3.4 days), followed by both peaks of A. marmorata (23.3±3.2 and 20.2±3.3 days) and A. megastoma (20.7±6.7 days). Otolith increment rates during the leptocephalus stage did not differ significantly among the three species, but there were significant differences between the leptocephalus duration and metamorphosis stage of A. megastoma compared with A. marmorata and A. obscura, as well as in the oceanic glass eel duration of A. obscura compared with A. marmorata and A. megastoma. There were also significant differences in the age at recruitment among all three species. Back-calculated hatch dates suggest separate peak seasonal spawning periods for each of the three species.

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Munk, Peter, Michael M. Hansen, Gregory E. Maes, Torkel G. Nielsen, Martin Castonguay, Lasse Riemann, Henrik Sparholt et al. "Oceanic fronts in the Sargasso Sea control the early life and drift of Atlantic eels". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, n. 1700 (23 giugno 2010): 3593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0900.

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Anguillid freshwater eels show remarkable life histories. In the Atlantic, the European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) and American eel ( Anguilla rostrata ) undertake extensive migrations to spawn in the oceanic Sargasso Sea, and subsequently the offspring drift to foraging areas in Europe and North America, first as leaf-like leptocephali larvae that later metamorphose into glass eels. Since recruitment of European and American glass eels has declined drastically during past decades, there is a strong demand for further understanding of the early, oceanic phase of their life cycle. Consequently, during a field expedition to the eel spawning sites in the Sargasso Sea, we carried out a wide range of dedicated bio-physical studies across areas of eel larval distribution. Our findings suggest a key role of oceanic frontal processes, retaining eel larvae within a zone of enhanced feeding conditions and steering their drift. The majority of the more westerly distributed American eel larvae are likely to follow a westerly/northerly drift route entrained in the Antilles/Florida Currents. European eel larvae are generally believed to initially follow the same route, but their more easterly distribution close to the eastward flowing Subtropical Counter Current indicates that these larvae could follow a shorter, eastward route towards the Azores and Europe. The findings emphasize the significance of oceanic physical–biological linkages in the life-cycle completion of Atlantic eels.

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Ernst, I., A. Fletcher e C. Hayward. "Gyrodactylus anguillae(Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) From Anguillid Eels (Anguilla australisandAnguilla reinhardtii) in Australia: A Native or an Exotic?" Journal of Parasitology 86, n. 5 (ottobre 2000): 1152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1152:gamgfa]2.0.co;2.

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45

MacNamara, Ruairí, e T. Kieran McCarthy. "Size-related variation in fecundity of European eel (Anguilla anguilla)". ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, n. 8 (12 luglio 2012): 1333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss123.

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Abstract MacNamara, R., and McCarthy, T. K. 2012. Size-related variation in fecundity of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . Declining European eel (Anguilla anguilla) recruitment has focused attention on conservation of potential spawners leaving continental waters. Fecundity of wild, seaward-migrating silver-phase eels was shown to be size-related and higher than previously reported from artificial maturation experiments. Reliable information on fecundity is essential for stock modelling and future development of eel management policies.

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46

Viñas, A., C. Gómez, P. Martínez e L. Sánchez. "Localization of rDNA genes in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) by FISH". Genome 39, n. 6 (1 dicembre 1996): 1220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-156.

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A probe containing most of the transcription unit of the major ribosomal genes of Xenopus laevis has been used to localize the rDNA cluster of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Only one NOR-bearing chromosome pair has been found. The results obtained with this technique confirm the size polymorphism of the NOR revealed previously by other classical cytogenetic techniques. Key words : Anguilla anguilla, rDNA, NOR, FISH, heteromorphism.

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47

Monni, G., e A. M. Cognetti-Varriale. "Antigenicity of Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae and P. bini (Monogenea) in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla, L.) under different oxygenation conditions". Fish & Shellfish Immunology 13, n. 2 (agosto 2002): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2001.0387.

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48

Richards, John L., Victoria Sheng, Chung Wing Yi, Chan Lai Ying, Ng Sin Ting, Yvonne Sadovy e David Baker. "Prevalence of critically endangered European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Hong Kong supermarkets". Science Advances 6, n. 10 (marzo 2020): eaay0317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay0317.

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European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a critically endangered species requiring CITES permits for international trade. Despite the fact that no imports to Hong Kong were declared within the last 2 years, our study found that this species is still commonly sold in major supermarket chains across Hong Kong. In a COI barcoding survey of 49 retail vendors encompassing 13 brands, 9 of 13 carried A. anguilla, and 45% of all eel products available at retail outlets (n = 49) were unambiguously identified as A. anguilla. Considering the visual similarity of eel species and disproportionate amount of undeclared A. anguilla available for consumption, this finding raises urgent concerns regarding the enforcement of international CITES trade regulations. Furthermore, the prevalence of A. anguilla in supermarkets highlights how illicit wildlife products are not solely limited to specialized affluent buyers; some species have entered mainstream distribution networks for the average consumer.

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Caron, Antoine, Pauline Pannetier, Maikel Rosabal, Hélène Budzinski, Mathilde Lauzent, Pierre Labadie, Bouchra Nasri, Fabien Pierron, Magalie Baudrimont e Patrice Couture. "Organic and inorganic contamination impacts on metabolic capacities in American and European yellow eels". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, n. 10 (ottobre 2016): 1557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0473.

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American (Anguilla rostrata) and European (Anguilla anguilla) eel populations are declining since the 1980s, and contamination is thought to play a role. To determine the influence of organic (organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) and inorganic (Zn, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Ag, Se, Hg) contaminants on wild yellow eels liver and muscle metabolic capacities, enzymatic assays were performed. In A. rostrata liver, G6PDH moderate negative correlations with Ag, Pb, and As suggest impacts on lipid metabolism, and correlations between Cd and age (positive) and between Cd and relative condition factor (Kn; negative) indicate impacts on older eels health. Anguilla anguilla liver proteins, pyruvate kinase (PK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were positively linked to Zn, Pb, and Cu, suggesting effects on glycolytic and anaerobic capacities. In A. anguilla muscle, absence of correlation between age and lipids plus strong positive correlations between age and OCPs, PBDEs, PCBs, and Hg suggest lipid storage impairment in older contaminated eels. Overall, our study indicates contamination impacts on both species’ metabolic capacities, but the broader range of contaminants found in A. anguilla brings greater impacts compared with A. rostrata.

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Czeczuga, Bazyli. "Aquatic fungi growing on eel fry montée Anguilla anguilla L." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 24, n. 2 (31 dicembre 1994): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1994.24.2.05.

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