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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Anaerobic bacteria Molecular aspects"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 29 gennaio 2023

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1

Oren, Aharon. "Bioenergetic Aspects of Halophilism". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63, n. 2 (1 giugno 1999): 334–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.63.2.334-348.1999.

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SUMMARY Examinination of microbial diversity in environments of increasing salt concentrations indicates that certain types of dissimilatory metabolism do not occur at the highest salinities. Examples are methanogenesis for H2 + CO2 or from acetate, dissimilatory sulfate reduction with oxidation of acetate, and autotrophic nitrification. Occurrence of the different metabolic types is correlated with the free-energy change associated with the dissimilatory reactions. Life at high salt concentrations is energetically expensive. Most bacteria and also the methanogenic archaea produce high intracellular concentrations of organic osmotic solutes at a high energetic cost. All halophilic microorganisms expend large amounts of energy to maintain steep gradients of NA+ and K+ concentrations across their cytoplasmic membrane. The energetic cost of salt adaptation probably dictates what types of metabolism can support life at the highest salt concentrations. Use of KCl as an intracellular solute, while requiring far-reaching adaptations of the intracellular machinery, is energetically more favorable than production of organic-compatible solutes. This may explain why the anaerobic halophilic fermentative bacteria (order Haloanaerobiales) use this strategy and also why halophilic homoacetogenic bacteria that produce acetate from H2 + CO2 exist whereas methanogens that use the same substrates in a reaction with a similar free-energy yield do not.

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2

Loo, C. Y., D. A. Corliss e N. Ganeshkumar. "Streptococcus gordonii Biofilm Formation: Identification of Genes that Code for Biofilm Phenotypes". Journal of Bacteriology 182, n. 5 (1 marzo 2000): 1374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.5.1374-1382.2000.

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ABSTRACT Viridans streptococci, which include Streptococcus gordonii, are pioneer oral bacteria that initiate dental plaque formation. Sessile bacteria in a biofilm exhibit a mode of growth that is distinct from that of planktonic bacteria. Biofilm formation ofS. gordonii Challis was characterized using an in vitro biofilm formation assay on polystyrene surfaces. The same assay was used as a nonbiased method to screen isogenic mutants generated by Tn916 transposon mutagenesis for defective biofilm formation. Biofilms formed optimally when bacteria were grown in a minimal medium under anaerobic conditions. Biofilm formation was affected by changes in pH, osmolarity, and carbohydrate content of the growth media. Eighteen biofilm-defective mutants ofS. gordonii Challis were identified based on Southern hybridization with a Tn916-based probe and DNA sequences of the Tn916-flanking regions. Molecular analyses of these mutants showed that some of the genes required for biofilm formation are involved in signal transduction, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and adhesion. These characteristics are associated with quorum sensing, osmoadaptation, and adhesion functions in oral streptococci. Only nine of the biofilm-defective mutants had defects in genes of known function, suggesting that novel aspects of bacterial physiology may play a part in biofilm formation. Further identification and characterization of biofilm-associated genes will provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation of oral streptococci.

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St-Arnaud, S., J. G. Bisaillon e R. Beaudet. "Microbiological aspects of ammonia oxidation of swine waste". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, n. 12 (1 dicembre 1991): 918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-159.

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Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were present at 102 MPN/mL (most probable number per millilitre) in swine waste, and they were outnumbered by a factor of 105 by the heterotrophs of the indigenous flora. To study these ammonia-oxidizing bacteria we attempted to isolate them in pure culture. We succeeded in increasing the concentration of these bacteria by successive transfers to an inorganic medium, but the heterotrophs were always dominant. To overcome this problem Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 was adapted to grow in stabilized swine waste. With this adapted strain it was shown that the number of cells inoculated into swine waste rapidly decreased both under the aerobic conditions used to oxidize the organic matter of swine waste and under the anaerobic conditions found in stored swine waste. Ammonia oxidation was delayed when adapted N. europaea was inoculated into a partially stabilized swine waste as compared with results in a completely stabilized waste. A biofilm of 107 MPN/cm2 of N. europaea was developed after 114 days of incubation at 29 °C on polyvinyl chloride discs covered with geotextile in a rotating biological contactor using an inorganic medium. This biofilm was gradually adapted to stabilized swine waste and the rate of disappearance of ammonia reached 270 mg∙L−1∙day−1 in the compartment of the reactor containing 2.5 L of waste. Key words: amonia-oxidizing bacteria, swine waste, ammonia oxidation, biofilm, most probable number.

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4

Anandkumar, Balakrishnan, Rani P. George, Sundaram Maruthamuthu, Natarajan Parvathavarthini e Uthandi Kamachi Mudali. "Corrosion characteristics of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and the role of molecular biology in SRB studies: an overview". Corrosion Reviews 34, n. 1-2 (1 marzo 2016): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0055.

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AbstractSulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), an anaerobic bacterial group, are found in many environments like freshwater, marine sediments, agricultural soil, and oil wells where sulfate is present. SRB derives energy from electron donors such as sulfate, elemental sulfur or metals, and fermenting nitrate. It is the major bacterial group involved in the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), souring, and biofouling problems in oil-gas-producing facilities as well as transporting and storage facilities. SRB utilizes sulfate ions as an electron acceptor and produce H2S, which is an agent of corrosion, causing severe economic damages. Various theories have been proposed on the direct involvement of H2S and iron sulfides in corrosion; H2S directly attacks and causes corrosion of metals and alloys. Many reviews have been presented on the aforementioned aspects. This review specifically focused on SRB corrosion and the role of molecular biology tools in SRB corrosion studies viz. cathodic and anodic depolarization theories, corrosion characteristics of thermophilic SRB and influence of hydrogenase, temperature, and pressure in thermophilic SRB corrosion, SRB taxonomy, molecular approaches adopted in SRB taxonomical studies, sulfate and citrate metabolism analyses in completed SRB genomes, and comparative studies on SRB’s dissimilatory sulfite reductase structures.

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5

Damianovic, M. H. R. Z., I. K. Sakamoto e E. Foresti. "Biofilm adaptation to sulfate reduction in anaerobic immobilized biomass reactors sujected to different COD/sulfate ratios". Water Science and Technology 54, n. 2 (1 luglio 2006): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.494.

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Various aspects of biofilm adaptation to sulfate reduction in horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactors subjected to increasing sulfate concentrations and different COD/sulfate ratios are presented and discussed. Four bench-scale HAIB reactors filled with vegetal carbon (R1 and R2) and polyurethane foam matrices (R3 and R4) were utilized. Influent sulfate concentrations ranging from 500 to 3000 mg/L were applied at COD/sulfate ratios ranging from 5.0 to 1.7. Reactors R1 and R4 were operated with higher sulfate loads than those applied to R2 and R3. For the same COD/sulfate ratio, the highest sulfate reduction efficiency (∼80%) was displayed by the vegetal carbon reactor (R2) subjected to low sulfate loads. According to the results of our molecular biology analyses, the different support materials provided different biomass colonization conditions. The lowest diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria was found in the HAIB filled with polyurethane foam matrices operating with high sulfate loads.

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6

Katsenos, Stamatis, Iosif Galinos, Panagiota Styliara, Nikoletta Galanopoulou e Konstantinos Psathakis. "Primary Bronchopulmonary Actinomycosis Masquerading as Lung Cancer: Apropos of Two Cases and Literature Review". Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/609637.

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Actinomycosis is a rare and slowly progressive infectious disease that can affect a variety of organ systems including the lung. It is caused by filamentous Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria of the genusActinomyces. Despite its rarity, pulmonary actinomycosis can involve lung parenchyma, bronchial structures, and chest wall. The disease can mimic lung malignancy given its nonspecific clinical and radiological presentation, thus posing a diagnostic dilemma to the attending physician. In this paper, we describe two patients with pulmonary actinomycosis mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma; the former presented with peripheral infiltrate and associated hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy and the latter presented with a foreign body-induced endobronchial mass. Clinical, imaging, diagnostic, and therapeutical aspects of the disease are discussed, demonstrating the paramount importance of the histological examination of lung tissue specimens in the confirmation of the infection given either its low culture yield or the limited use of new molecular diagnostic tools in routine clinical practice.

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7

Kelm, Matthias, Simon Kusan, Güzin Surat, Friedrich Anger, Joachim Reibetanz, Christoph-Thomas Germer, Nicolas Schlegel e Sven Flemming. "Disease- and Medication-Specific Differences of the Microbial Spectrum in Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease—Relevant Aspects for Antibiotic Therapy". Biomedicines 10, n. 11 (23 ottobre 2022): 2682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112682.

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Perianal fistulizing Crohn’s Disease (CD) with abscess formation represents an aggressive phenotype in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) with increased morbidity. Treatment is multidisciplinary and includes antibiotics, but knowledge about the microbial spectrum is rare often resulting in inadequate antimicrobial therapy. In this single center retrospective study, all patients who were operated due to perianal abscess formation were retrospectively analyzed and the microbial spectrum evaluated. Patients were divided into a CD and non-CD group with further subgroup analysis. 138 patients were finally included in the analysis with 62 patients suffering from CD. Relevant differences were detected for the microbial spectrum with anaerobic bacteria being significantly more often isolated from non-CD patients. In a subgroup-analysis of CD patients only, medical therapy had a relevant effect on the microbial spectrum since Streptococcus groups and Enterobacterales were significantly more often isolated in patients treated with steroids compared to those being treated by antibodies. In conclusion, the microbial spectrum of patients suffering from CD varies significantly from non-CD patients and immunosuppressive medication has a relevant effect on isolated pathogens. Based on that, adaption of antibiotic treatment might be discussed in the future.

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8

Ksembaev, Said, Elena Nesterova, Ol'ga Torgashova, Elima Agatieva e Dinar Busheev. "ETHIOPATHOGENETIC ASPECTS ACUTE ODONTOGENIC INFECTION". Actual problems in dentistry 17, n. 2 (12 agosto 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-20-17-2-19-26.

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Subject. A review of the literature on the topical problem of dentistry — the etiology and pathogenesis of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases is presented. The purpose of the research is to study the materials of publications. dedicated to the etiopathogenetic aspects of acute odontogenic infection. Methodology. The etiology and pathogenesis of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases are described in detail, in the light of modern concepts. Results. The unfavorable factors influencing the increase in the frequency of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases and the worsening of the clinical course are presented. It is noted that these diseases are explained by the effect of microbial associations, one of the frequent representatives of which are anaerobic bacteria, which significantly worsen the clinical picture of the disease. All theories of the pathogenesis of jaw osteomyelitis (vascular, allergic and neuro-trophic) are considered. At the same time, it was noted that the vascular, allergic and neuro-reflex components in the emergence and development of osteomyelitis of the jaws are realized against the background of a decrease in the level of general immunological and specific reactivity of the whole organism, as well as the failure of local immunity. Particular importance is attached to disorders of the systems of neuroregulation and microcirculation. It is noted that sensitization and neuroreflex effects on the inflammation focus are factors contributing to the transition of the reversible phase of inflammation (osteitis) to the irreversible one (osteomyelitis), and microcirculation disorders in the inflammation focus are characterized as the main stage in the chain of pathophysiological processes leading to irreversible changes. Attention is drawn to the fact that in recent years, great importance in maintaining homeostasis in acute odontogenic pyoinflammatory diseases has been given to the antioxidant system, which is directly involved in the regulation of the molecular mechanisms of nonspecific resistance of the organism to the damaging action of various pathogenic factors. Findings. The results of the review indicate that knowledge of the peculiarities of the etiology and pathogenesis of acute odontogenic pyoinflammatory diseases is necessary for correct diagnosis, timely and adequate treatment, prognosis and prevention of complications. However, it should be recognized that this problem continues to remain relevant to this day due to the complexity of its study.

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9

Bauer, Carl, Sylvie Elsen, Lee R. Swem, Danielle L. Swem e Shinji Masuda. "Redox and light regulation of gene expression in photosynthetic prokaryotes". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, n. 1429 (29 gennaio 2003): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1189.

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All photosynthetic organisms control expression of photosynthesis genes in response to alterations in light intensity as well as to changes in cellular redox potential. Light regulation in plants involves a well–defined set of red– and blue–light absorbing photoreceptors called phytochrome and cryptochrome. Less understood are the factors that control synthesis of the plant photosystem in response to changes in cellular redox. Among a diverse set of photosynthetic bacteria the best understood regulatory systems are those synthesized by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus . This species uses the global two–component signal transduction cascade, RegB and RegA, to anaerobically de–repress anaerobic gene expression. Under reducing conditions, the phosphate on RegB is transferred to RegA, which then activates genes involved in photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, carbon fixation, respiration and electron transport. In the presence of oxygen, there is a second regulator known as CrtJ, which is responsible for repressing photosynthesis gene expression. CrtJ responds to redox by forming an intramolecular disulphide bond under oxidizing, but not reducing, growth conditions. The presence of the disulphide bond stimulates DNA binding activity of the repressor. There is also a flavoprotein that functions as a blue–light absorbing anti–repressor of CrtJ in the related bacterial species Rhodobacter sphaeroides called AppA. AppA exhibits a novel long–lived photocycle that is initiated by blue–light absorption by the flavin. Once excited, AppA binds to CrtJ thereby inhibiting the repressor activity of CrtJ. Various mechanistic aspects of this photocycle will be discussed.

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10

Vinga, S., A. R. Neves, H. Santos, B. W. Brandt e S. A. L. M. Kooijman. "Subcellular metabolic organization in the context of dynamic energy budget and biochemical systems theories". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, n. 1557 (12 novembre 2010): 3429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0156.

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The dynamic modelling of metabolic networks aims to describe the temporal evolution of metabolite concentrations in cells. This area has attracted increasing attention in recent years owing to the availability of high-throughput data and the general development of systems biology as a promising approach to study living organisms. Biochemical Systems Theory (BST) provides an accurate formalism to describe biological dynamic phenomena. However, knowledge about the molecular organization level, used in these models, is not enough to explain phenomena such as the driving forces of these metabolic networks. Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory captures the quantitative aspects of the organization of metabolism at the organism level in a way that is non-species-specific. This imposes constraints on the sub-organismal organization that are not present in the bottom-up approach of systems biology. We use in vivo data of lactic acid bacteria under various conditions to compare some aspects of BST and DEB approaches. Due to the large number of parameters to be estimated in the BST model, we applied powerful parameter identification techniques. Both models fitted equally well, but the BST model employs more parameters. The DEB model uses similarities of processes under growth and no-growth conditions and under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, which reduce the number of parameters. This paper discusses some future directions for the integration of knowledge from these two rich and promising areas, working top-down and bottom-up simultaneously. This middle-out approach is expected to bring new ideas and insights to both areas in terms of describing how living organisms operate.

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Thorakkattu, Priyamvada, Anandu Chandra Khanashyam, Kartik Shah, Karthik Sajith Babu, Anjaly Shanker Mundanat, Aiswariya Deliephan, Gitanjali S. Deokar, Chalat Santivarangkna e Nilesh Prakash Nirmal. "Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry". Foods 11, n. 19 (5 ottobre 2022): 3094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11193094.

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Postbiotics are non-viable bacterial products or metabolic byproducts produced by probiotic microorganisms that have biologic activity in the host. Postbiotics are functional bioactive compounds, generated in a matrix during anaerobic fermentation of organic nutrients like prebiotics, for the generation of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. The byproducts of this metabolic sequence are called postbiotics, these are low molecular weight soluble compounds either secreted by live microflora or released after microbial cell lysis. A few examples of widely studied postbiotics are short-chain fatty acids, microbial cell fragments, extracellular polysaccharides, cell lysates, teichoic acid, vitamins, etc. Presently, prebiotics and probiotics are the products on the market; however, postbiotics are also gaining a great deal of attention. The numerous health advantages of postbiotic components may soon lead to an increase in consumer demand for postbiotic supplements. The most recent research aspects of postbiotics in the food and pharmaceutical industries are included in this review. The review encompasses a brief introduction, classification, production technologies, characterization, biological activities, and potential applications of postbiotics.

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12

Maas, Lori K., e Thomas L. Glass. "Cellobiose uptake by the cellulolytic ruminai anaerobe Fibrobacter (Bacteroides) succinogenes". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1991): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-021.

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Cellobiose transport by the cellulolytic ruminal anaerobe Fibrobacter (Bacteroides) succinogenes was measured using randomly tritiated cellobiose. When assayed at the same concentration (1 mM), total cellobiose uptake was one-fourth to one-third that of total glucose uptake. The abilities of F. succinogenes to transport cellobiose or glucose were not affected by the sugar on which the cells were grown. Aspects of the simultaneous transport of [14C(U)]glucose and [3H(G)]cellobiose, the failure of high concentrations of cold glucose to compete with hypothetical [3H(G)] glucose (derived externally from [3H(G)]cellobiose), and differential metal-ion stimulation of cellobiose transport indicate a cellobiose permease, rather than cellobiase plus glucose permease, was responsible for cellobiose transport. Glucose (10-fold molar excess) partially inhibited cellobiose transport. This was enhanced by prior incubation of the cells with glucose, suggesting subsequent metabolism of the glucose was responsible for the inhibition. Compounds interfering with electron transport or maintenance of transmembrane ion gradients inhibited cellobiose uptake, indicating that active transport rather than a phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferase system catalyzed cellobiose transport. Na+, but not Li+, stimulated cellobiose transport. Key words: Fibrobacter (Bacteroides) succinogenes, cellobiose transport, rumen bacteria.

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13

Krüger, Larissa, Christina Herzberg, Hermann Rath, Tiago Pedreira, Till Ischebeck, Anja Poehlein, Jan Gundlach et al. "Essentiality of c-di-AMP in Bacillus subtilis: Bypassing mutations converge in potassium and glutamate homeostasis". PLOS Genetics 17, n. 1 (22 gennaio 2021): e1009092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009092.

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In order to adjust to changing environmental conditions, bacteria use nucleotide second messengers to transduce external signals and translate them into a specific cellular response. Cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is the only known essential nucleotide second messenger. In addition to the well-established role of this second messenger in the control of potassium homeostasis, we observed that glutamate is as toxic as potassium for a c-di-AMP-free strain of the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis. In this work, we isolated suppressor mutants that allow growth of a c-di-AMP-free strain under these toxic conditions. Characterization of glutamate resistant suppressors revealed that they contain pairs of mutations, in most cases affecting glutamate and potassium homeostasis. Among these mutations, several independent mutations affected a novel glutamate transporter, AimA (Amino acid importer A, formerly YbeC). This protein is the major transporter for glutamate and serine in B. subtilis. Unexpectedly, some of the isolated suppressor mutants could suppress glutamate toxicity by a combination of mutations that affect phospholipid biosynthesis and a specific gain-of-function mutation of a mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (YfkC) resulting in the acquisition of a device for glutamate export. Cultivation of the c-di-AMP-free strain on complex medium was an even greater challenge because the amounts of potassium, glutamate, and other osmolytes are substantially higher than in minimal medium. Suppressor mutants viable on complex medium could only be isolated under anaerobic conditions if one of the two c-di-AMP receptor proteins, DarA or DarB, was absent. Also on complex medium, potassium and osmolyte toxicity are the major bottlenecks for the growth of B. subtilis in the absence of c-di-AMP. Our results indicate that the essentiality of c-di-AMP in B. subtilis is caused by the global impact of the second messenger nucleotide on different aspects of cellular physiology.

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Finegold, Sydney M., e Hannele Jousimies–Somer. "Recently Described Clinically Important Anaerobic Bacteria: Medical Aspects". Clinical Infectious Diseases 25, s2 (settembre 1997): S88—S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516237.

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Kapatral, Vinayak, Iain Anderson, Natalia Ivanova, Gary Reznik, Tamara Los, Athanasios Lykidis, Anamitra Bhattacharyya et al. "Genome Sequence and Analysis of the Oral Bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum Strain ATCC 25586". Journal of Bacteriology 184, n. 7 (1 aprile 2002): 2005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.7.2005-2018.2002.

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ABSTRACT We present a complete DNA sequence and metabolic analysis of the dominant oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum. Although not considered a major dental pathogen on its own, this anaerobe facilitates the aggregation and establishment of several other species including the dental pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus. The F. nucleatum strain ATCC 25586 genome was assembled from shotgun sequences and analyzed using the ERGO bioinformatics suite (http://www.integratedgenomics.com ). The genome contains 2.17 Mb encoding 2,067 open reading frames, organized on a single circular chromosome with 27% GC content. Despite its taxonomic position among the gram-negative bacteria, several features of its core metabolism are similar to that of gram-positive Clostridium spp., Enterococcus spp., and Lactococcus spp. The genome analysis has revealed several key aspects of the pathways of organic acid, amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Nine very-high-molecular-weight outer membrane proteins are predicted from the sequence, none of which has been reported in the literature. More than 137 transporters for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as peptides, sugars, metal ions, and cofactors have been identified. Biosynthetic pathways exist for only three amino acids: glutamate, aspartate, and asparagine. The remaining amino acids are imported as such or as di- or oligopeptides that are subsequently degraded in the cytoplasm. A principal source of energy appears to be the fermentation of glutamate to butyrate. Additionally, desulfuration of cysteine and methionine yields ammonia, H2S, methyl mercaptan, and butyrate, which are capable of arresting fibroblast growth, thus preventing wound healing and aiding penetration of the gingival epithelium. The metabolic capabilities of F. nucleatum revealed by its genome are therefore consistent with its specialized niche in the mouth.

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Srečnik, Špela, Irena Zdovc, Urška Javoršek, Tina Pirš, Zlatko Pavlica e Ana Nemec. "Microbiological Aspects of Naturally Occurring Primary Endodontic Infections in Dogs". Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 36, n. 2 (giugno 2019): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898756419873639.

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Dental fractures are common in dogs, but data on microbiology of naturally occurring primary endodontic infections, and their relation to clinical and radiographic signs, are lacking. Samples were obtained from root canals of 32 periodontally healthy fractured teeth under aseptic conditions and immediately cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Cultures were further identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, time of flight technology. Sixty-one bacteria (30 bacterial species) were isolated from root canals; 54% were Gram-negative bacteria, 53% were facultative anaerobic, and 42% were anaerobic bacteria. Number of bacterial species in the root canals declined with the duration of fractures over 12 months. No statistically significant association was found between the number of bacterial species involved in the root canal infection and any of the clinical or radiographic signs of endodontic disease. Naturally occurring primary endodontic infections in dogs appear to be polymicrobial and involve only a selected number of opportunistic pathogen species.

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Jousimies–Somer, Hannele. "Recently Described Clinically Important Anaerobic Bacteria: Taxonomic Aspects and Update". Clinical Infectious Diseases 25, s2 (settembre 1997): S78—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516227.

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Zhilina, Tatyana N., e George A. Zavarzin. "Extremely halophilic, methylotrophic, anaerobic bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Letters 87, n. 3-4 (dicembre 1990): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04930.x.

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Buckel, Wolfgang. "Unusual dehydrations in anaerobic bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Letters 88, n. 3-4 (giugno 1992): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04989.x.

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Antranikian, Garabed, e Friedrich Giffhorn. "Citrate metabolism in anaerobic bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Letters 46, n. 2 (giugno 1987): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02458.x.

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Oh, Herin, Maria Hedberg, David Wade e Charlotta Edlund. "Activities of Synthetic Hybrid Peptides against Anaerobic Bacteria: Aspects of Methodology and Stability". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2000): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.1.68-72.2000.

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ABSTRACT The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria requires development of new antimicrobial agents. One line of investigation is the synthesis of antimicrobial hybrid peptides. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the in vitro activities of 16 cecropin-melittin hybrid peptides (CAMEL analogues) against 60 anaerobic bacterial strains, to compare their activities with those of seven clinically used antimicrobial agents, and to compare different methods for anaerobic susceptibility testing of these peptides. The stability of one of the peptides, temporin B, with different stereoisomeric configurations was investigated in a fecal milieu. The CAMEL analogues showed antimicrobial activity against the anaerobic bacteria, with MICs ranging from 0.125 to 32 μg/ml. The overall activities (the MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited) of the CAMEL analogues against anaerobic bacteria were mainly inferior to those of imipenem, clindamycin, and piperacillin but were equal to or superior to those of metronidazole, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. The agarose dilution method was found to be an accurate method for the testing of large numbers of bacterial strains. The d isomer of temporin B was inactivated more slowly in feces than the l isomer. This study shows that the CAMEL analogues are potential agents for the treatment of anaerobic infections.

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Kato, Naoki, e Haru Kato. "Molecular Detection and Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 3, n. 1 (1997): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02489178.

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Zhao, Tianyuan, Jungyul Song, Yuzhuo Ping e Meihua Li. "The Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) in the Treatment of Peri-Implantitis". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (12 maggio 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3547398.

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Background. This literature review evaluates the mechanisms and efficacy of different types of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for treating peri-implantitis by reviewing existing experimental studies to provide guidance for the clinical application of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in oral implants. Materials and Methods. From February 2001 to February 2021, we have collected 152 randomized controlled trials of aPDT for peri-implantitis by searching the experimental studies and clinical trials published in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases via online search. After screening the retrieved literature, we finally selected 10 statistically significant literature for evaluation and review. Results. Compared with the traditional nonsurgical treatment of peri-implantitis, the aPDT was superior to the traditional mechanical irrigation treatment group in terms of periodontal indexes PD, BOP, PLI, and postoperative effect, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ). Furthermore, the combination of the aPDT and other treatments shows the synergistic antibacterial effect, signifying better clinical effect in many aspects ( P < 0.05 ). In these 10 papers, by comparing the probe depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), synosteosis, and periodontal pathogenic bacteria detection, etc., obtained after treating peri-implantitis by application of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and using the SPSS data analysis software for statistical data processing, we found that the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy combined with other periodontal treatments has a more prominent postoperative effect. Meanwhile, the antibacterial photodynamic therapy with targeted action of photosensitizer has strong specificity to some bacteria, while the synthetic photosensitize for antibacterial photodynamic therapy can show good inactivation effect on broad-spectrum periodontal anaerobes without side effect. Conclusion. The experimental studies and clinical data of antibacterial photodynamic therapy for treating peri-implantitis show a good postoperative treatment effect. In addition, it did not develop resistance due to the use of antibiotic drugs. Owing to multiple advantages from combining antibacterial photodynamic therapy and other treatments, it is applicable for clinical treatment.

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24

Urbán, Edit, e Márió Gajdács. "Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Actinomyces Infections: What Have We Learned?" Antibiotics 10, n. 2 (3 febbraio 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020151.

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25

Cervantes, Francisco J., e André B. Dos Santos. "Reduction of azo dyes by anaerobic bacteria: microbiological and biochemical aspects". Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 10, n. 2 (19 gennaio 2011): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11157-011-9228-9.

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26

Ramos, Antonio. "Sternoclavicular Joint Infection Caused by Anaerobic Bacteria". JONA's Healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation 1, n. 4 (dicembre 1999): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00128488-199912000-00009.

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27

Diekert, Gabriele. "CO2reduction to acetate in anaerobic bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Letters 87, n. 3-4 (dicembre 1990): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04942.x.

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28

Andersen, I., e H. P. Olesen. "Anaerobic bacteria in rheumatoid arthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 49, n. 7 (1 luglio 1990): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.49.7.568-b.

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29

Morris, J. Gareth. "Obligately anaerobic bacteria in biotechnology". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 48, n. 2 (agosto 1994): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02796164.

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30

Lubbe, Maria M., Kim Stanley e Lynda J. Chalkley. "Prevalence ofnimgenes in anaerobic/facultative anaerobic bacteria isolated in South Africa". FEMS Microbiology Letters 172, n. 1 (marzo 1999): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13453.x.

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31

Fernandez, Fresia, e Matthew D. Collins. "Vitamin K composition of anaerobic gut bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Letters 41, n. 2 (aprile 1987): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02191.x.

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32

Buckel, Wolfgang, Berta M. Martins, Albrecht Messerschmidt e Bernard T. Golding. "Radical-mediated dehydration reactions in anaerobic bacteria". Biological Chemistry 386, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2005): 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2005.111.

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AbstractMost dehydratases catalyse the elimination of water from β-hydroxy ketones, β-hydroxy carboxylic acids or β-hydroxyacyl-CoA. The electron-withdrawing carbonyl functionalities acidify the α-hydrogens to enable their removal by basic amino acid side chains. Anaerobic bacteria, however, ferment amino acids via α- or γ-hydroxyacyl-CoA, dehydrations of which involve the abstraction of a β-hydrogen, which is ostensibly non-acidic (pKca. 40). Evidence is accumulating that β-hydrogens are acidified via transient conversion of the CoA derivatives to enoxy radicals by one-electron transfers, which decrease the pKto 14. The dehydrations of (R)-2-hydroxyacyl-CoA to (E)-2-enoyl-CoA are catalysed by heterodimeric [4Fe-4S]-containing dehydratases, which require reductive activation by an ATP-dependent one-electron transfer mediated by a homodimeric protein with a [4Fe-4S] cluster between the two subunits. The electron is further transferred to the substrate, yielding a ketyl radical anion, which expels the hydroxyl group and forms an enoxy radical. The dehydration of 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA involves a similar mechanism, in which the ketyl radical anion is generated by one-electron oxidation. The structure of the FAD- and [4Fe-4S]-containing homotetrameric dehydratase is related to that of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, suggesting a radical-based mechanism for both flavoproteins.

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33

van Bruggen, J. J. A., K. B. Zwart, C. K. Stumm e G. D. Vogels. "Symbiosis of methanogenic bacteria and anaerobic ciliates". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 51, n. 4 (luglio 1985): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02275078.

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34

LAMM, Lydia, Gernot HECKMANN e Paul RENZ. "Biosynthesis of Vitamin B12 in Anaerobic Bacteria". European Journal of Biochemistry 122, n. 3 (3 marzo 2005): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06476.x.

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35

van Bruggen, J. J. A., C. K. Stumm e G. D. Vogels. "A novel anaerobic amoeba with endosymbiotic bacteria". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 51, n. 5-6 (settembre 1985): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00404564.

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36

Odelson, David A., Jeanette L. Rasmussen, C. Jeffrey Smith e Francis L. Macrina. "Extrachromosomal systems and gene transmission in anaerobic bacteria". Plasmid 17, n. 2 (marzo 1987): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-619x(87)90016-3.

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37

Bilynets, Tetyana, Igor Vysekantsev e Tatyana M. Gurina. "105. Cryopreservation of asporogenic anaerobic bacteria". Cryobiology 53, n. 3 (dicembre 2006): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2006.10.106.

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38

Yu, Ying-Cui, Yu Tao e Da-Wen Gao. "Effects of HRT and nitrite/ammonia ratio on anammox discovered in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor". RSC Adv. 4, n. 97 (2014): 54798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06148a.

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Abstract (sommario):

There are three key aspects of substrate effect on anaerobic ammonia oxidizing (anammox) bacteria: (1) substrate concentration-based nitrogen loading rate (NLR), (2) hydraulic retention time (HRT)-based NLR and (3) nitrite/ammonia ratio.

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39

Rudolphi, Angelika, Andreas Tschech e Georg Fuchs. "Anaerobic degradation of cresols by denitrifying bacteria". Archives of Microbiology 155, n. 3 (febbraio 1991): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00252207.

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40

Dangel, Werner, Andreas Tschech e Georg Fuchs. "Anaerobic metabolism of cyclohexanol by denitrifying bacteria". Archives of Microbiology 150, n. 4 (agosto 1988): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00408307.

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41

Tsarev, V. N., E. N. Nikolaeva, M. V. Vitovich, M. S. Podporin e E. V. Ippolitov. "Morphological aspects of microbial biofilm formation on atherosclerotic plaque fragments". Bacteriology 5, n. 2 (2020): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/2500-1027-2020-2-8-17.

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Modern research indicates the presence of living bacteria in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the potential of microbes in the formation of biofilms in arterial plaques has not been studied. Purpose of the study. Identification of biofilms on fragments of arterial vessels with atherosclerotic plaques. Materials and methods. Fragments of atherosclerotic plaques isolated during coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with coronary artery disease were cultured in an exhaustive fluid system under anaerobic conditions in vitro for 1 or 14 days. The presence of biofilms was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Results. Mixed biofilms, represented by rod-shaped bacteria and cocci, were identified after in vitro cultivation in all fragments of atherosclerotic plaques. The characteristic ultrastructure revealed the main stages of the biofilm life cycle. Conclusions. Modeling biofilms on biotic surfaces in a system of exhausted fluids under anaerobic conditions will allow us to study in detail the phenotype of biofilms and provide a significant understanding of the pathophysiology of infectious processes in blood vessels and atherosclerotic plaques. Key words: atherosclerotic plaque, chronic periodontitis, biofilm-forming microbes, periodontal pathogens, causative agents of nosocomial infections, fluid technology

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42

Cotta, Michael A., Matthew B. Wheeler e Terence R. Whitehead. "Cyclic AMP in ruminal and other anaerobic bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Letters 124, n. 3 (dicembre 1994): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07308.x.

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43

Raffi, Fatemeh, e Carl E. Cerniglia. "An anaerobic nondenaturing gel assay for the detection of azoreductase from anaerobic bacteria". Journal of Microbiological Methods 12, n. 2 (settembre 1990): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7012(90)90024-z.

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44

Jones, C. P., F. B. Carter, W. L. Thomas, C. H. Peete e W. L. Cherny. "NONSPORE-FORMING ANAEROBIC BACTERIA OF THE VAGINA". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 83, n. 2 (15 dicembre 2006): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb40899.x.

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45

Davidova, M. N., N. B. Tarasova, F. K. Mukhitova e I. U. Karpilova. "Carbon monoxide in metabolism of anaerobic bacteria". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, n. 6 (1 giugno 1994): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-069.

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46

Unden, G., S. Becker, J. Bongaerts, J. Schirawski e S. Six. "Oxygen regulated gene expression in facultatively anaerobic bacteria". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 66, n. 1-3 (1994): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00871629.

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47

Stams, Alfons J. M. "Metabolic interactions between anaerobic bacteria in methanogenic environments". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 66, n. 1-3 (1994): 271–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00871644.

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48

Kushkevych, Ivan, Jiří Procházka, Márió Gajdács, Simon K. M. R. Rittmann e Monika Vítězová. "Molecular Physiology of Anaerobic Phototrophic Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n. 12 (15 giugno 2021): 6398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126398.

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There are two main types of bacterial photosynthesis: oxygenic (cyanobacteria) and anoxygenic (sulfur and non-sulfur phototrophs). Molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis in the phototrophic microorganisms can differ and depend on their location and pigments in the cells. This paper describes bacteria capable of molecular oxidizing hydrogen sulfide, specifically the families Chromatiaceae and Chlorobiaceae, also known as purple and green sulfur bacteria in the process of anoxygenic photosynthesis. Further, it analyzes certain important physiological processes, especially those which are characteristic for these bacterial families. Primarily, the molecular metabolism of sulfur, which oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to elementary molecular sulfur, as well as photosynthetic processes taking place inside of cells are presented. Particular attention is paid to the description of the molecular structure of the photosynthetic apparatus in these two families of phototrophs. Moreover, some of their molecular biotechnological perspectives are discussed.

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49

Boquet, Patrice, Patrick Munro, Carla Fiorentini e Ingo Just. "Toxins from anaerobic bacteria: specificity and molecular mechanisms of action". Current Opinion in Microbiology 1, n. 1 (febbraio 1998): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5274(98)80144-6.

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50

Baumgartner, A., Th Giger e P. Rohner. "Antibiotic susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria determined by agar dilution". Experientia 42, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01975962.

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