Tesi: "Amazon River region"

1

Kjüllerstrüm, Mónica Isabel Bento De Braga. "Reservation income and the decision to borrow : an empirical analysis of interlinked informal credit contracts in the Peruvian Amazon". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29446.

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This thesis examines factors that determine household reliance on interlinked informal credit contracts for fish in the Peruvian Amazon, and the degree to which implicit interest rates in these contracts are explained by transaction costs, administrative costs and lender risk.
A probit model was used to determine household likelihood to borrow, using survey data collected in the region. This likelihood is found to depend on access to alternative activities to generate income, household resilience to income volatility, and demographics: age, education and mobility.
High implicit interest rates (112%) are not explained by the average costs (67%) incurred by local lenders. Market access and household demand elasticity seem to be the main factors determining the degree to which forest peasants are exploited. Local lenders are found to receive credit at rates below the cost to non-resident lenders who use the credit relationship to secure a supply of fish.

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Perrault-Archambault, Mathilde. "Who manages home garden agrobiodiversity? : patterns of species distribution, planting material flow and knowledge transmission along the Corrientes River of the Peruvian Amazon". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83198.

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Agrobiodiversity constitutes an essential resource for traditional rural populations. Home gardens are "hotspots" of agrobiodiversity and important loci of in situ conservation efforts. This study seeks to understand the factors affecting gardeners' choices and to assess the accessibility of planting material in rural communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Household surveys and garden inventories conducted in 15 villages of the Corrientes river (n = 300), and case studies in three of these villages (n = 89), allowed to describe the local and regional patterns of garden agrobiodiversity and the structure of planting material exchange networks. Analyses reveal a strong link between species diversity and both household cultural and socioeconomic characteristics, and village ethnicity and size. Planting material flows primarily through matrilineal bonds, from advice-givers to advice-seekers, from old to young and from rich to poor. Farmers with exceptional species diversity, propensity to give and/or expertise are identified and their role in the conservation of cultivated plants is assessed. Expertise is not found to be as closely related to high species diversity as expected, but knowledge and planting stock dissemination go hand-in-hand.

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3

Lerch, Natalie Corinna. "Home gardens, cultivated plant diversity, and exchange of planting material in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve area, northeastern Peruvian Amazon". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0019/MQ54998.pdf.

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4

Ioris, Edviges Marta. "A forest of disputes struggles over spaces, resources, and social identities in Amazonia /". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0012680.

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5

Zhang, Yan. "Influence of biomass burning aerosol on land-atmosphere interactions over Amazonia". Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07122005-120105/.

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6

Manzi, Maya. "Peasant adaptation to environmental change in the Peruvian Amazon : livelihood responses in an Amerindian and a non-Amerindian community". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83193.

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One of the primary challenges facing researchers and practitioners in their efforts to address issues of poverty and environment is the need to deepen our understanding of the logic that guides local people's decisions over resource use, particularly among the rural poor whose livelihoods depend on fragile and dynamic environments. This study seeks to identify the set of factors that influences how rainforest people respond to abrupt natural disturbances and resource scarcity through changes in livelihood and resource management practices in two rural poor communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Data were gathered through in-depth survey interviews (n=95 households) between June and December 2003 in the Amerindian community of Arica Viejo (Ucayali River) and the mestizo (ribereno) community of Roca Fuerte (Maranon River). The results reveal that socioeconomic characteristics such as forest experience and knowledge, and access to agricultural land explain striking differences among households in livelihood responses to environmental change, particularly concerning resource use behavior, resilience to disturbance, and the propensity to adopt sustainable resource management strategies.

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7

Cohalan, Jean-Michel. "River trading in the Peruvian Amazon : market access and rural livelihoods among rainforest peoples". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111508.

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Access to markets is increasingly regarded in development circles as a critical factor in determining livelihood choices in peasant economies. In the northeastern Peruvian Amazon, a multitude of river transporters and market intermediaries based in the central city of Iquitos provide essential services and market opportunities for remote peasant producers across the region. Using a multi-scalar, multi-method approach involving extensive fieldwork in the Peruvian Amazon, this research (re)assesses the meanings and implications of "remoteness" and "connectedness" for rural peasants. At the regional scale, I examine the functional heterogeneity of river trading networks and marketing agents. Given the high-risk/high-transaction-cost environment, river trading is found to be expensive for producers and traders alike. High costs are exacerbated by the low gross returns of rural production (mainly food and natural building materials). Thin or missing markets for credit, labour, land and insurance increase the hardships associated with limited access to product markets. Regional findings are complemented with a comparative livelihoods analysis in two remote communities of the Alto Tigre River that benefit from differential access to oil-labour. My study reveals that differential access to labour has significant impacts on the livelihood strategies of working households. However, given limited access to external markets, cash-income from oil-labour is found to offer limited opportunities for growth. In sum, the research proposes insights for advancing the debate on livelihoods and poverty in the Peruvian Amazon.

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8

Araujo, Lima Carlos A. R. M. "Larval development and reproductive strategies of Central Amazon fishes". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22855.

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Larval development and reproduction of 19 species of Central Amazonian fish (five cichlids, two siluriforms, one osteoglossiform and 11 characiforms) were studied over two years. Most species spawn during the flooding season. The cichlids, the siluriforms and two species of characiform are nest spawners, reproducing in the littoral areas of the floodplain. The osteoglossiform is a mouth-brooder. The remaining characiforms spawn in the river channels and show no parental care. Two main strategies explain 90% of the variability of reproductive traits found among the 19 species. The first strategy is used by riverine spawners (characiforms). They have high fecundity , high to very high reproductive expenditure (calories per spawn per wet weight of female) and spawn once a year during a short season. Their eggs vary in size from 0.06 to 0.3 mg and have intermediate to high calorific value. The second strategy is used by the cichlids and two species of characiforms. They have low fecundity, low reproductive expenditure, long spawning season, multiple spawnings per season and some of them show parental care. Their eggs vary in size from 0.4 to 1.2 mg and have an intermediate calorific content. The other three species show distinct combinations of reproductive traits, but have as common feature a high reproductive expenditure, a short annual spawning season and parental care. Patterns of larval development are correlated with egg size and adult spawning sites. Egg size explained most of variability of larval body size at hatching, pectoral fin bud, eye pigmentation, jaw formation, swim bladder inflation, onset of swimming, first feeding and maximum size attained with exclusively endogenous feeding. The pattern of blood circulation of the larvae was correlated with the spawning sites. Larvae of riverine spawners are small, utilize yolk efficiently and are relatively resistant to starvation. Newly hatched larvae of riverine spawners seem to be very sensitive to physico-chemical conditions of the floodplain lakes, but by the first feeding stage they develop some resistance to the low availability of oxygen. Larvae of littoral spawners are large, utilize yolk less efficiently, and seem to be resistant to low concentrations of oxygen. The resistance of larvae to oxygen deficiency is correlated with the development of the larval respiratory system. It is suggested that egg size of riverine spawners was selected to optimize the distance of the dispersal of the larvae in a range of floodplain lakes. Conversely, egg size of floodplain spawners seemed to be selected to optimize larval survival in the spawning lake. The results are further discussed in relation to life history models.

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9

Luizao, Flavio J. "Ecological studies in contrasting forest types in central Amazonia". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2160.

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Most of the Amazonia is covered by the lowland evergreen rain forest (LERF) formation. A small proportion of the region (5-6% in total) is covered by heath forest, which is particularly common in the Rio Negro basin on Spodosols - white sand soils with a layer of mor humus. The smaller facies of heath forest (SHF) is called 'Camping' in Brazil and often lacks the mor humus; the taller facies (TBF) is called 'Campinarana'. The present study was made in central Amazonia, on a gradient from SHF through THF to well developed LERF. Soil, vegetation, and nutrient dynamics were studied in three 50 m x 50m plots in each type of forest. Litterfall was measured during one year and litter standing crop was measured three times a year. Three decomposition experiments, using bagged leaf litter, were made using leaves of two common species from the heath forests and one from the LERF. Fertiliser addition experiments in the field and in the laboratory were carried out to determine the potential nutrient limitations for plants in the three forest types. Annual litterfall was highest in the dry season and was 3.8 t ha-1 yr-1 in the SHF, 6.3 t ha-1 yr-1 in the THF and 7.8 t ha-1 yr-1 in the LERF. The rates of weight loss of the enclosed leaf litter were most rapid in the LERF and slowest in the SHF. The leaves of the LERF species Clitoria racemosa decomposed faster than those of the heath forest species. Fine roots penetrating litter-bags differed significantly among forest types and leaf species, and increased the decay rates. There were no significant differences in decomposition rates between the wet and dry season experiments. Significant differences in the release of chemical elements were observed: higher immobilization of iron and aluminium in the LERF; higher potassium and copper release in THF; and lower calcium, but higher boron release rates in SHF. Significantly higher immobilization of iron and aluminium (mainly in LERF) was found in bags penetrated by fine roots, while release of magnesium, calcium, manganese and zinc was significantly increased by fine roots, particularly in the TI-IF. Leaf mass loss and nutrient release were mostly controlled by abiotic factors in the SHF, but organisms were more active in the THF and LERF. Diplopoda were the dominant decomposers, particularly in the THF. Fertiliser addition showed an overall positive effect of liming, especially in heath forest soils. Nitrogen and phosphorus additions did not induce higher biomass production, while calcium chloride addition invariably induced a high mortality. 11÷ ion toxicity, together with a higher concentration of soil phenolics are suggested as causes of the poor growth in the heath forests, but in the SHF, where it lacks mor humus, limitation by nutrients, especially basic cations, may occur.

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10

Brisson, Stéphanie. "Labor access and unequal land holdings among peasant farmers in a lowland and upland community of the Peruvian Amazon". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19549.

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Researchers recognize the need to better understand the factors influencing indigenous land use in order to design sustainable tropical forest management programs. A key relationship that has been long overlooked in peasant societies is the one between communal labor access through social networks and land acquisition/accumulation. This study examines land distribution and labor patterns in traditional agriculture of a lowland and a upland community on the Maranon River near Iquitos, Peru. Data were gathered through household interviews (n=76) and field visits (n=396) between June and November 2001. Results reveal marked variations in access to land and communal labor between and within communities. Household age, initial land wealth and initial inputs of labor are crucial in explaining land and labor inequalities within villages. This research contributes to a better understanding of the factors that give rise to local heterogeneity in wealth holdings and livelihood strategies, necessary tools to promote conservation throughout the region and beyond.

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11

Cloutier, Dominic. "Conservation genetics of exploited Amazonian forest tree species and the impact of selective logging on inbreeding and gene dispersal in a population of Carapa guianensis". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102969.

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The Amazon region is one of the richest areas on the planet in terms of its biodiversity and natural resources. The large scale harvesting of trees in this region is a relatively new activity, and it is uncertain whether the exploitation of timber species will result in depletion of forest genetic resources. To examine this, I have assessed levels of inbreeding, gene flow, and genetic diversity in populations of Amazonian forest trees undergoing logging. Because of their high variability within populations, microsatellite genetic markers were chosen for the study, and it was verified through an initial sampling experiment that this class of markers is sufficiently stable within somatic tissue of large and long-lived trees such that population studies could be undertaken with them. By sampling adult trees and seed progenies at several microsatellite loci, high levels of gene flow and low levels of inbreeding were found within populations of Sextonia rubra and Carapa guianensis, two important insect-pollinated Amazonian forest tree species. Comparing seed progeny collected before versus after selective logging of a population of Carapa guianensis, no measurable evidence was found that that the population genetic dynamics is impacted by logging. In particular, levels of inbreeding, gene flow, and population substructure were the same before and after logging. Comparing different populations distributed over the Amazon basin, a phylogeographical structure in the chloroplast DNA of Carapa guianensis that corresponds to major tributaries of the Amazon river was discovered, suggesting that seed dispersal through rivers may contribute to genetic connectivity among populations. Overall, the results of this thesis suggest that the large effective population sizes, the high levels of gene flow, and the low levels of inbreeding in exploited Amazonian tree populations may allow them to counteract potential negative genetic impacts of selective logging, at least at the levels of harvesting carried out during this study, and for the Carapa guianensis population investigated.

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12

Ochoa, Quintero Jose Manuel. "Drivers and biodiversity consequences of landscape-scale deforestation in the western Brazilian Amazon". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648753.

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13

Abizaid, Christian. "Floodplain dynamics and traditional livelihoods in the upper Amazon : a study along the central Ucayali River, Peru". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102779.

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Poor people in rural areas of developing countries are considered to be particularly vulnerable. Research shows that the rural poor tend to live in risky environments and face greater difficulties coping because they are excluded from formal safety nets and have few assets. Today, there is much concern that risk, especially environmental risk, contributes to perpetuate poverty and threatens livelihood security, yet our understanding of the implications of environmental risk for rural livelihood remains incipient. This dissertation explores peasant livelihood within the context of environmental change through a study of peasant responses to rapid river changes along the Central Ucayali River, a highly active meandering river and a major Amazon tributary in Peru.
Livelihood responses to floodplain dynamics were examined using the case of a recent meander cut-off near the city of Pucallpa as a "natural experiment." Participant observation and a household survey with 68 ribereno households, in three different villages upstream and downstream from the cut-off, served to investigate: (1) livelihood before and after the cut-off; (2) the role of humans in facilitating the cut-off, (3) land tenure; and (4) the links between shocks and asset evolution.
Descriptive analysis indicates that riberenos modified their livelihoods in response to the biophysical changes attributed to the cut-off and derived important economic opportunities. Results suggest that riberenos actually intervened to facilitate the cut-off to reduce travel time and make boat travel safer. Despite the potential for unclear rights and overlapping claims, due to land instability and the coexistence of formal and customary tenure rules, land disputes did not result in physical violence. Examples from two villages were used to illustrate how tenure rules are renegotiated as the resource base expands or contracts. Descriptive and statistical analyses show that riverbank slumps were the main form of risk along the Ucayali and, despite their direct effect on land holdings, environmental shocks did not necessarily constrain land accumulation or increase inequality. This study argues that environmental risk can increase vulnerability and reduce welfare but, under certain circumstances it creates new opportunities for rural people in developing countries. The implications of these findings for vulnerability reduction, human adaptation to environmental change, and Amazonian cultural ecology are discussed.
Les populations pauvres des regions rurales des pays en développement sontconsidérées comme étant particulièrement vulnérables. Les recherches passées ontdémontré que les membres de ces populations tendent à vivre dans des environnements àrisques et font face à de plus grands défis parce qu'exclus du filet de sécurité socialeformel et parce que possédant comparativement moins de biens mobiliers et immobiliers.Aujourd'hui, de beaucoup s'inquiètent de la contribution de ces risques, en particulier desriques environnementaux, à perpétuer la pauvreté et du danger qu'ils posent pour lemaintient des modes de vie. Malgré ces inquiétudes, notre compéhension desimplications des risques environnementaux pour les modes de vie ruraux demeure faible.Cette dissertation explore le mode de vie paysan en période de changementsenvironnementaux. Il s'agit d'une étude de la réponse des paysans du moyen Ucayali auxrapides changements dans la dynamique du fleuve. L'Ucayali est un affluent majeur dufleuve Amazone, au Pérou.

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14

Zhang, Yan. "The radiative effect of aerosols from biomass burning on the transition from dry to wet season over the amazon as tested by a regional climate model". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26510.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Fu, Rong; Committee Member: Dickinson, Robert E.; Committee Member: Nenes, Athanasios; Committee Member: Webster,Peter J.; Committee Member: Yu, Hongbin. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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15

Morris, Nyasha Monique. "Satellite-derived tropospheric ozone measurements over the amazon basin and proposed causes of interannual variability". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25783.

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16

Chandler, Mark. "The evolutionary ecology of parasitism in relation to recombination in a neotropical community of anurans". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39826.

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The rate of recombination and parasite load of species of anuran from Peruvian Amazonia were examined to test the idea that recombination functions to diversify progeny in order to resist the continual counter-adaptation of parasites. The anurans were found to be hosts to over 32 species of macroparasite, as well as a wide variety of protistan and moneran parasites. It was found that a combination of three variables (diet, habitat, abundance), together with host body size accounted for a substantial proportion of the variation in mean parasite richness and parasite species distribution among host species. The relationship between parasites and ecology was found to be independent of host phylogeny. The demonstration of substantial environmental heterogeneity in parasitization predicates that a positive relationship between parasite richness and recombination should be found in this case. This prediction was supported by the data: highly parasitized species of anuran had higher rates of recombination. This is the first study to demonstrate a direct positive relationship between recombination (rather than sex) and parasites.

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17

Zeng, Ning. "Climatic impact of Amazon deforestation: A study of underlying mechanism through simple modeling". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186999.

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An intermediate level model for tropical climatology including atmosphere-land-ocean interaction is developed. The model contains basically linearized steady state primitive equations with simplified thermodynamics. A simple hydrological cycle is also included. Special attention has been paid to land surface processes in attempting to study climate change caused by Amazon deforestation. In comparison with previous simple modeling work on tropical climatology or anomaly, the present model is more sophisticated in the sense that it predicts all the important meteorological variables with little input, while being computationally simple. The modeled tropical climatology appears to be realistic. The model generally better simulates the ENSO anomaly compared to many previous simple model simulations. We provide analysis of model results and discuss model deficiencies and possible improvements of the model. The climatic impact of Amazon deforestation is studied in the context of this model. Model results show a much weakened Atlantic Walker/Hadley circulation as a result of the existence of a strong positive feedback loop in the atmospheric circulation system and the hydrological cycle. The regional climate is very sensitive to albedo change and sensitive to evapotranspiration change. The pure dynamical effect of surface roughness on convergence is small, but the surface flow anomaly displays intriguing features. Analysis of the thermodynamic equation reveals the balance among convective heating, adiabatic cooling and radiation largely determines the deforestation response. The model provides a plausible mechanism for the common results of many GCM simulations. Studies of the consequences of hypothetical continuous deforestation suggest that the replacement of forest by desert may be able to sustain a desert-like climate. When a simple mixed layer ocean model is coupled with the atmospheric model, the results suggest a 1 °C decrease in SST gradient across the equatorial Atlantic ocean in response to Amazon deforestation. The magnitude of the decrease depends on the coupling strength.

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18

Li, Wenhong. "What are the mechanisms responsible for the wet season onset over tropical South America". Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180312/unrestricted/li%5fwenhong%5f200312%5fphd.pdf.

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19

Daly, Lewis. "The symbiosis of people and plants : ecological engagements among the Makushi Amerindians of Amazonian Guyana". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6bb0c864-68d3-4909-b6d1-362e653229b1.

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This ethnoecological study of the Makushi Amerindians of Amazonian Guyana explores the place of plants in the indigenous culture and cosmology. The North Rupununi, the homeland of the Makushi people, is a bioculturally diverse mosaic of neotropical savannahs, forests, and wetlands. As subsistence hunters, fishers, and horticulturalists, the Makushi live in a constant and dynamic interaction with their ecologically rich surroundings. Against the human-faunal bias latent in much Amazonian anthropology, I place plants firmly at the centre of analysis, a positioning that mirrors their centrality in the ethnographic context. Human-plant encounters explored herein include swidden agriculture, the cultivation of bitter cassava, the fermentation of cassava drinks using a domesticated fungus, the use of a category of charm plants, and the consumption of plant substances in shamanic ritual. With the Makushi, I emphasise the status of plants as living selves and agents of semiosis, occupying perspectives on the world in and outside of their interactions with human beings. In order to investigate ethno-theories of life, I attempt to understand the constitution of the person - and associated notions of body and soul - in the indigenous cosmology. Makushi ontology can be characterised as animic - though as I argue, it also incorporates naturalistic and analogic elements. Thus, it is poly-ontological. This study pursues a dual goal: first, to pay heed to the trans-specific domain of living entities revealed in the Makushi ethnoecology, and second, to rethink conventional symbolic frameworks characteristic of anthropological approaches to culture. I explore the application of a more robust approach to sign-flows in nature - Peircian ecosemiotics - that allows for the analysis of plant communication, birdcalls, insect stings, and leaf patterns, as well as human language. In tracing these interspecific webs of signification, conclusions are drawn about the varied ways in which Makushi people engage with and think about their living environment. At the same time, many Makushi multispecies engagements are based on the physical transfer of substances between bodies of different kinds. In order to better account for this pervasive 'substance logic', greater attention must be paid to indigenous notions of corporeality and personhood. In doing so, I propose a dual analytical model that takes both the flows of signs and the flows of substances as its combined objective. This approach enables new conclusions to be drawn about multispecies relationality in indigenous Amazonian cosmologies.

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Ferreira, Luciana Raffi Menegaldo [UNESP]. "Parasitas gastrointestinais de Peltocephalus dumerilianus no Parque Nacional do Jaú, Barcelos, Amazonas: taxonomia-alfa e aspectos da relação parasita-hospedeiro". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141535.

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Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Chelonia: Podocnemididae) é um quelônio amplamente distribuído na Bacia Amazônica, encontrado preferencialmente em rios, igapós e lagos de água preta. Ocorrem em simpatria com outros animais da família Podocnemididae, embora sofram menor pressão cinegética por concentrarem seus ninhos em locais mais reclusos, no interior das florestas de igapó. Apesar de sua ampla distribuição e importância como fonte de proteína para os moradores da Amazônia, são raras as pesquisas relacionadas à patógenos desses répteis, inclusive de helmintos parasitos, fato que motivou este projeto. Para o estudo da helmintofauna de P. dumerilianus, 21 espécimes foram obtidos através de caça de subsistência na comunidade Tapiíra, situada às margens do rio Unini e inserida no Parque Nacional do Jaú, Barcelos, Estado do Amazonas, região bastante preservada e caracterizada por diversas Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável e de Uso Integral. Após a colheita do conteúdo gastrointestinal, os helmintos obtidos foram identificados por métodos morfológicos de rotina aliados a estudos com microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foram identificados espécies de nematódeos, Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus, Paratractis hystrix, Atractis trematophila, Klossinemella conciliatus, e mais três espécies indeterminadas do gênero Klossinemella. Também foram identificados os digenéticos Nematophila grandis, Helicotrema spirale e Telorchis hagmanni. Os resultados apresentados enriquecem o conhecimento acerca da biodiversidade parasitária amazônica e demonstram aspectos sobre a relação parasita-hospedeiro do P. dumerilianus.
Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Chelonia: Podocnemididae) is a chelonian widely distributed in the Amazon Basin, preferably found in rivers, flooded forests and black water lakes. Occur sympatric with other animals Podocnemididae family, although they suffer less pressure hunting by concentrating their nests in more prisoners locations within igapó forests. Despite its wide distribution and importance as a protein source for the inhabitants of the Amazon are few studies related to pathogens such animals, including helminth parasites, a fact that motivated this project. For the study of helminth parasites of P. dumerilianus, 21 specimens were obtained through subsistence hunting in Tapiíra community, situated on the banks of the river Unini and inserted in the Jau National Park, Barcelos, State of Amazonas; region well preserved and characterized by several Conservation Units of Sustainable Use and Full Use. After harvesting of gastrointestinal contents, helminths obtained were identified by traditional morphological methods combined with studies with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Four species of nematodes were identified, Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus, Paratractis hystrix, Atractis trematophila, Klossinemella conciliatus, and more three undetermined species of the genus Klossinemella. Also were identified digeneas Nematophila grandis, Helicotrema spirale and Telorchis hagmanni. The results presented enrich the knowledge of the Amazon parasitic biodiversity and demonstrate aspects of the host-parasite relationship of P. dumerilianus.

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Valerio, Aline de Matos. "Assessment of the spatiotemporal variability of optical and biogeochemical parameters in the Lower Amazon region and of the carbon content in the Amazon River continuum using in situ and Remote Sensing data". Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2018. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21c/2018/05.21.13.25.

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O continuum do Rio Amazonas é uma região determinante no balanço de carbono global, mas sua extensão geográfica dificulta sua observação in situ. Considerando as características de alta resolução temporal e cobertura sinóptica, o sensoriamento remoto da cor da água (SRCA) representa uma ferramenta importante para monitorar a distribuição e variabilidade das frações de carbono e outros parâmetros biogeoquímicos nas águas amazônicas. Entretanto, a eficácia dos produtos gerados por SRCA para estudar a dinâmica biogeoquímica de um sistema aquático, depende da acurácia e precisão para representar as propriedades bio-ópticas da área investigada. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no continuum do Baixo Rio Amazonas, onde uma descrição abrangente da variabilidade espaço-temporal de dados radiométricos, bio-ópticos e biogeoquímicos foi realizada com o objetivo de mapear as frações de carbono por SRCA. Na região do Baixo Amazonas (RBA), foram feitas amostragens in situ de reflectância de sensoriamento remoto, parâmetros bioópticos como os coeficientes de absorção pela matéria orgânica colorida dissolvida (aCDOM), material particulado total (ap), fitoplâncton (aphy) e partículas não-algais (anap), e parâmetros biogeoquímicos como o material particulado em suspensão (SPM), concentração de clorofila-a, concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (DOC), e pressão parcial do dióxido de carbono (pCO2) para todas as estações hidrológicas - enchente, cheia, vazante e baixa, durante o período de 2014-2017. Na pluma do Rio Amazonas (PRA), dados in situ de pCO2, salinidade da superfície do mar (SSS) e temperatura da superfície do mar (SST) foram adquiridos durante as estações de cheia, vazante e baixa durante os anos de 2010-2012. As características bio-ópticas descritas neste trabalho permitiram uma clara distinção entre o corpo de água principal do Rio Amazonas, dominado por NAP e CDOM, e os tributários de águas claras e dominados por CDOM. A análise da variabilidade espaço-temporal das propriedades bio-ópticas evidenciou: 1) o impacto da diluição dos parâmetros biogeoquímicos causados pela contribuição dos tributários assim como os processos de degradação do DOM no curso do Rio Amazonas; 2) a homogeneidade das características bio-ópticas durante as estações hidrológicas de cheia, vazante e baixa, em contraste com a estação da enchente (característica predominante do SPM); 3) a vulnerabilidade das águas amazônicas às condições hidrológicas excepcionais; 4) a pouca influência de processos de menor escala (por exemplo, xiv efeito de maré) nas características bio-ópticas regionais. Foram desenvolvidos algoritmos de inversão regionais de CDOM, (aCDOM(412) e da inclinação da curva no intervalo do UV, S275-295), DOC e pCO2. Primeiro foram desenvolvidas formulações empíricas de aCDOM(412) (N = 100, R2 = 0.67, p<0.05) e S275-295 (N = 100, R2 = 0.83, p<0.05), baseados em modelo linear multivariado e não linear, respectivamente. Devido a diferentes padrões sazonais de DOC (clara distinção da enchente em relação às demais), sua estimativa foi particularmente complexa. A pCO2 foi estimada satisfatoriamente a partir de uma relação multivariada usando CDOM e temperatura (N = 69, R2 = 0.80, p<0.05). Os modelos desenvolvidos para estimar aCDOM(412), S275-295, DOC e pCO2, foram aplicados em imagens sazonais do sensor orbital Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) para os anos de 2010- 2011 para demonstrar a dinâmica das frações de carbono nas águas amazônicas. O Rio Amazonas foi fonte de carbono durante todas as estações com a maior (menor) emissão de carbono durante a cheia (baixa). A variabilidade intra-sazonal destaca a forte dinâmica em áreas de transição entre águas de rio e oceano. Na PRA, a pCO2 foi satisfatoriamente estimada a partir de uma relação multivariada usando SSS e SST (N = 76, R2= 0.74, p<0.05) e o modelo foi aplicado em dados do sensor Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) para os anos de 2010-2014. A análise dos mapas da pCO2-SMOS evidenciou o impacto do padrão hidrológico na variabilidade inter e intra-anual na pCO2. Em geral, a PRA durante as estações de enchente e cheia atuou como uma fonte de CO2, enquanto que durante as estações de vazante e baixa se comportou como um sumidouro de CO2. Os resultados aqui apresentados demonstram que a PRA sequestra menos carbono do que se presume atualmente e que inclusive, pode também agir como emissor de CO2 durante alguns períodos do ano. Este estudo enfatiza a necessidade de se obter informações adicionais in situ (principalmente na área de transição entre o rio e o oceano) para refinar e melhorar a validação dos modelos aqui desenvolvidos e assim obter uma melhor compreensão do papel do continuum do Rio Amazonas no balanço global de carbono. Os métodos propostos por este estudo para estimar as frações de carbono no continuum do Rio Amazonas tem potencial para aplicação em outros grandes rios globais, especialmente em regiões tropicais.
The Amazon River continuum plays a crucial role to the global carbon budget but its geographic extension challenges in situ observations. Due to its high temporal and synoptic coverage, the water colour remote sensing (WCRS) represents a relevant observation tool to monitor the distribution and variability of carbon content and other biogeochemical parameters on the Amazon waters. However, the optimal exploitation of the information provided by WCRS for investigating biogeochemical dynamics of a water system relies on accurate retrieval of bio-optical properties of the area investigated. This work focused on the Lower Amazon River continuum where a comprehensive description of the spatiotemporal variability of radiometric, bio-optical and biogeochemical parameters was performed with the aim of mapping carbon content from remote sensing observation. In the Lower Amazon River region (LAR), in situ sampling of remote sensing reflectance, bio-optical parameters (absorption properties of the coloured dissolved organic matter (aCDOM), total particulate matter (ap), phytoplankton (aphy) and non-algal particles (anap)) and biogeochemical parameters (suspended particulate matter (SPM), chlorophyll-a, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, and partial pressure of dioxide carbon (pCO2)) were acquired for all regional hydrological seasons (i.e. rising water (RW), high water (HW), falling water (FW) and low water (LW)), over the 2014-2017 time period. In the Amazon River plume (ARP), in situ pCO2, sea surface salinity (SSS) and water surface temperature (SST) were acquired during HW, FW and LW seasons during 2010-2012. The general description of the bio-optical characteristics of the Lower Amazon River performed from this original data set has allowed a clear optical distinction between waters from the Amazon mainstream (NAP and CDOM dominated) and those corresponding to the Amazon tributaries (clear waters and CDOM dominated). The analysis of the spatiotemporal variability of the Lower Amazon bio-optical properties emphasized: 1) the predominant impact of Amazon tributaries dilution on biogeochemical parameters and degradation processes of the DOM along the Amazon course; 2) the homogeneity in the Amazon bio-optical characteristics during the HW, FW, LW seasons the latter contrasting with the RW season (SPM major characteristics); 3) the sensitivity of the Amazon water to exceptional hydrological conditions; 4) the restricted influence of small scale processes (e.g. tidal effects) on the regional biooptical characteristics. Regional CDOM (aCDOM(412) and CDOM spectral slope in the UV, S275-295), DOC and pCO2 inversion algorithms were developed. aCDOM(412) and S275-295 empirical formulations based on a multiband linear relationship (N = 100, R2 = 0.67, p<0.05) and a nonlinear relationship (N = 100, R2 = 0.83, p<0.05), respectively, were first developed. The DOC retrieval from aCDOM(412) in the LAR has been shown to be relatively complex relying on the specific consideration of the seasonal pattern in the algorithm definition (distinction between RW and the other seasons). pCO2 was satisfactorily retrieved from a unique algorithm using CDOM and temperature as input parameters (N = 69, R2 = 0.80, p<0.05). The models developed here for estimating aCDOM(412), S275-295, DOC and pCO2 were applied on Medium Resolution Imaging xii Spectrometer (MERIS) seasonal composite images for the years of 2010-2011 to illustrate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the carbon contents in the Amazon waters. Amazon River was found to represent a source of carbon during all seasons, with the highest (lowest) carbon export during the RW (LW). The intra-seasonal variability underlines the strong dynamics of the transition areas between the river and oceanic waters. In the ARP, pCO2 was satisfactorily retrieved using SSS and SST as proxies (N = 76, R2= 0.74, p<0.05) and the model was applied on Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) images for the years of 2010-2014. The analysis of SMOS-based pCO2 maps has illustrated the impact of the hydrological pattern on inter and intra-annual pCO2 variability. The ARP during the RW and HW seasons was generally representing a net source of CO2. Conversely, during the FW and LW seasons, the ARP was a net sink of CO2. The latter results restricted carbon sink area when compared to previous observations and net source of CO2 (during some periods of the year) are particularly original. This study emphasized the crucial need of additional in situ information (especially in the river to ocean transition area) for refining and better validating the models developed in this study and thus obtain a better insight into the understanding of the role of the Amazon River Continuum on the global carbon budget. The methods here proposed to assess the carbon content in the Amazon River continuum might be potentially applied to other large river systems, especially over tropical areas.

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22

Müller, Maria Isabel 1982. "Fauna helmintologica das especies amazonicas de peixes (Cichla monoculus e Brycon amazonicus) introduzidas nas lagoas da Fazenda Rio das Pedras, Campinas, SP". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315191.

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Orientador: Marlene Tiduko Ueta
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Coletas de tucunaré (Cichla monoculus) e matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) foram feitas quinzenalmente nas duas lagoas da Fazenda Rio das Pedras, Campinas, SP, no período de junho de 2005 a setembro de 2006, com o objetivo de pesquisar a fauna helmintológica das espécies amazônicas introduzidas nestas lagoas. Um total de 38 tucunarés e 16 matrinxãs foram coletados, os quais foram levados para o laboratório de Helmintologia do Departamento de Parasitologia, IB, Unicamp, onde foi feita a biometria, determinados os sexos dos peixes e analisados os órgãos a procura de ecto e endoparasitos. No tucunaré, cestódeos adultos da espécie Proteocephalus microscopicus (Prevalência = 76,3%, Intensidade de infecção = 280,9 vermes/peixe, Abundância média = 214,5) e Bothriocephalus cuspidatus (P= 5,3%, I=2 vermes/peixe, A=0,10) apresentaram-se parasitando o intestino. Nos olhos foram encontrados metacercárias do gênero Diplostomum sp. (P=28,9%, I=4,36 larvas/peixe, A=1,26). Monogênea do gênero Notozothecium (P= 47,4%, I=2,33 vermes/peixe, A=1,10)foi encontrado parasitando as brânquias e o nematódeo adulto Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus no intestino, (P = 5,3%, I= 1 verme/peixe, A=0,05). Um típico padrão de distribuição agregada foi observado em P. microscopicus, além disso observou-se correlação negativa entre intensidade de infecção e comprimento dos peixes, mostrando que peixes menores albergaram maior número deste cestódeo. Ainda para P. microscopicus, a intensidade de infecção e a transparência da água apresentaram correlação positiva. Correlação negativa entre a prevalência da infecção e pH da água foi observado para Notozothecium sp., indicando maior presença de monogêneas em águas mais ácidas. A presença deste gênero de monogênea em Cichla monoculus pode evidenciar especificidade ecológica, pois é um parasita habitual de Serrasalmidae. A espécie Bothriocephalus cuspidatus ainda não foi descrita parasitando Cichla monoculus, sendo a primeira ocorrência deste parasita em tucunaré. No matrinxã foram encontrados nematódeos adultos de Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus no intestino (P= 56,3%, I = 1,44 vermes/peixe, A= 0,81) comumente encontrado nesta espécie e monogêneas não identificadas nas brânquias
Abstract: Samples of tucunaré (Cichla monoculus) and matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) were collected biweekly in two lakes of Rio das Pedras farm, Campinas - SP, from June 2005 to September 2006 with the objective of researching the helminthological fauna of the Amazonian species introduced at these ponds. A total of 38 tucunarés and 16 matrinxãs were collected, taken to the Laboratory of Helminthology, Parasitology Department, Biology Institute, UNICAMP, where we made the biometry and sexed the fish and analyzed the organs, searching for ecto and endoparasites. In the tucunaré, adult cestodes of the species Proteocephalus microscopicus (Prevalence = 76.3%, Intensity of infection = 280.9 worms/fish, Mean Abundance = 214.5) and Bothriocephalus cuspidatus (P= 5.3%, I = 2 worms/fish, MA= 0.10) were found in the intestine. In the eyes we have found larvae of Diplostomum sp. (P= 28.9%, I = 4.36 larvae/fish, MA= 1.26). Monogenean Notozothecium sp. (P= 47.4%, I = 2.33, worms/fish, MA= 1.10) was found parasitizing the gills and the adult nematode Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (P = 5.3%, I = 1 worms/fish, MA= 0.05) in the intestine. A typical pattern of aggregate distribution were observed in P. microscopicus; the infection intensity and host length were found to be negative correlated, showing that smaller fish housed larger number of P. microscopicus. Between infection intensity and transparency of the water, there was a positive correlation. Negative correlation were found between prevalence of the infection and the water pH for Notozothecium sp, indicating higher presence of monogeneans in more acid water, in Cichla monoculus this parasite can evidences ecological specificity, because this parasite is usual in the Serrasalmidae family. The species Bothriocephalus cuspidatus is not commonly found in the Cichla monoculus, been this one its first appearance. In the matrinxã we have found adult nematodes of the species Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (P = 56.3%, I = 1.44 worms/fish, MA= 0.81) in the intestine, a commom nematode for this specie and unidentified monogeneans in the gills
Mestrado
Mestre em Parasitologia

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23

Kirby, Kathryn. "Land-use change in the Neotropics : regional-scale predictors of deforestation and local effects on carbon storage and tree-species diversity". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82264.

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Land-use change, and in particular tropical deforestation, is the leading cause of species extinctions globally, and is the second most important source of CO2 emissions after fossil fuel combustion. I examine two policy-relevant questions that relate to tropical deforestation and land use change: (1) At regional scales, what biophysical and infrastructure-related factors are associated with deforestation? and (2) At a local scale, what are some of the impacts of land use change on above- and below-ground carbon stocks and on tree-species richness? The first question was examined for the Brazilian Amazon through spatially-explicit correlation analyses of deforestation and a series of predictor variables that included highways and roads, annual rainfall, dry season length, soil characteristics, site accessibility, and population density. The proximity of a site to roads and highways was the strongest predictor of deforestation, with more accessible sites more likely to be deforested. Dry season length was also a strong, positive predictor of deforestation. The results suggest that current plans to expand road infrastructure in Amazonia will have a significant impact on the forests of the areas transected.
The second question was examined in the context of a 3,198 ha area in Eastern Panama that is managed collectively by an Indigenous Embera community.

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24

Campanera, Reig Mireia. "¿Para quién se conserva la laguna Jacinto? Conflictividad socioambiental en el Bajo Marañón, Amazonía peruana". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398394.

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Unas jornadas de pesca en la laguna Jacinto (Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria, Perú) en 2009, evidenciaron un conflicto latente entre distintas formas de concebir, estar e intervenir en un área natural protegida amazónica y en una laguna en particular. Situación que representa a su vez las contradicciones y encrucijadas en que se hallan dos modelos socioambientales que conviven en esta área protegida, el desarrollo sostenible y el que aquí se denomina cuidado – un modelo local -. La tesis doctoral aborda el estudio de las jornadas de pesca a partir de la identificación y análisis de cada agente social implicado. Por parte del Estado están la Jefatura de la Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria y la Dirección Regional de Producción. Como agente del desarrollo sostenible está la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo. Y en el ámbito local, la comunidad de San Jacinto, el grupo de pesca Tigres Negros y desde su perspectiva, la Boa de la laguna (ser no humano con intencionalidad reconocida). El estudio revela como cada uno de ellos tiene propósitos, vínculos y representaciones distintas respecto la laguna. Por lo que todos ellos tratan de posicionarse desde su propia y compleja perspectiva en este escenario lacustre heterogéneo. Esta tesis analiza la cultura acuática y pesquera de San Jacinto y la zona del bajo Marañón, desde una perspectiva histórica, política y cultural. Hecho que ha permitido comprender la complejidad de la conflictividad socioambiental latente que se expresa en el interior de la Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria.
A few days of fishing in 2009 reveal a latent conflict in the Jacinto lagoon (Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, Peru), raising different ways of conceiving, being, and intervening in the protected area and the lagoon. This situation is the consequence of the contradictions and dilemmas of two socio-environmental models: the sustainable development model and the local model of 'cuidado'. This research identifies and analyzes every agent involved in the fishing activity. First of all, the state institutions are the Direction of the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve and the Regional Department of Production. Second, the Spanish International Agency for Cooperation and Development (AECID). The first and the last one are a good example of the sustainable development agents. At the local level, there are three agents: the citizens of the San Jacinto community, the fishers of the organization called ‘Tigres Negros', and the Snake of the lake (a non-human being with recognized intention, from the local perspective). The conclusion shows that each agent has its relations, representations, and agenda around the lagoon. Thus, every agent takes its particular and complex position in this heterogeneous aquatic space. With a historical, political and cultural perspective, this doctoral dissertation analyzes the aquatic and fishery culture of San Jacinto and the low Marañón area. This case study contributes to understanding the complexity of the latent social and environmental conflict within the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve.

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25

García, Arregui Aníbal. "La selva tecnológica. Sistemas Sociotécnicos y Antropología Simétrica en Comunidades Ribereñas del Bajo Amazonas". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/104557.

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En esta tesis se reinterpreta la idea de “tecnología” partiendo de los ejemplos etnográficos de varias comunidades ribereñas del Bajo Amazonas. La situación híbrida de estos ribereños, que mantienen las técnicas tradicionales indígenas y a la vez se acomodan al influjo de la modernidad, permite establecer un eje de simetría entre la tecnología amazónica y la occidental. El objetivo teórico es demostrar que la idea de “tecnología” se ha definido desde Occidente en términos etnocéntricos, esto es, identificándola con las máquinas y artefactos que han generado el desarrollo industrial a base de dominar un entorno natural opuesto simbólicamente a la cultura humana. La tecnología de los ribereños, sin embargo, no se cifra en esos parámetros, sino que debe rastrearse en sus modos de utilizar el cuerpo, en el conocimiento implícito y en las circunstancias (más sociales que técnicas) de la modernización y la política agraria brasileña. Partiendo de estas cuatro dimensiones sociotécnicas, se verá cómo la perspectiva antropológica puede proporcionar un cuadro interpretativo de la tecnología que la llevaría más allá de su caracterización occidental. Si el pensamiento moderno la ha presentado como el instrumento con el que la sociedad logra emanciparse de la naturaleza, aquí se van a invertir dichos términos, para definirla como una estrategia de relación con el entorno por la que precisamente se refuerza la mímesis entre lo “social” y lo “natural”.
This thesis develops a reinterpretation of the idea of “technology” by focusing on the ethnographical examples of several Lower Amazon riverine communities. The hybrid situation of the riverines, who still maintain the indigenous traditional techniques and at the same time are influenced by modernity, allows us to establish an axis of symmetry between native and western technologies. The theoretical objective is to show that technology has been defined by the West in ethnocentric terms, this is, identifying it with the machines and artefacts that generated the industrial development by dominating a natural environment that is symbolically opposed to human culture. Riverines technology, however, can’t be understood through these parameters, but rather through their body uses, their implicit knowledge and the circumstances (more social than technical) of modernization and the Brazilian agrarian politics. Regarding to these four sociotechnical dimensions, it will be seen how anthropology provides an interpretative frame that leads technology beyond its Western characterisation. While modern thought has represented it as the instrument with which society becomes emancipated form nature, here these terms will be reversed, aiming to define technology as a strategy of relation with the environment that precisely reinforces the mimesis between the “social” and the “natural”.

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26

Luizao, Regina C. C. "Soil biological studies in contrasting types of vegetation in central Amazonian rain forests". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2274.

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Studies were carried out in a lowland evergreen rain forest (LERF), on an ultisol, in the 'Reserva da Campina', 45 km north of Manaus, and in two facies of the highly distinct formation called heath forest, on spodosols. The spodosols had a layer of mor humus of thickness varying from nil in some parts in the smaller facies of heath forest (SHF) to 35 cm in the taller facies (THF). The overall aim was to investigate the forest soil biota and its role in nutrient turnover by comparing the SHF, THF and LERF. Microbial biomass, soil respiration and nitrogen transformation rates were measured in the three forest types in both wet and dry seasons. Field and laboratory fertilization experiments were made to investigate potential limiting nutrients for microorganisms and plants. The role of fine roots in decomposition and litter animal colonization was assessed in litter bag studies. SHF soils have a small microbial population with no net nitrification in any season. THF soils showed a variable microbial population adapted to high acidity, which immobilises nitrogen during the wet season, but which allows a net release during the dry season. LERF showed the most diverse population which causes mineralization and nitrification in both seasons. A bioassay with nutrient addition showed that the low pH, and nitrogen and sulphur supply were likely to be limiting nitrogen dynamics in all forest types, but especially in THF and LERF. The ingrowth bags showed that despite the lower values of fine root growth in the SHF (particularly when the white sand of the spodosol was used as the substrate), the roots showed in all plots an increased production with added calcium as carbonate or sulphate. In the decomposition bioassay to evaluate the role of roots in the nutrient turnover it was shown that in all forest types there was no effect of roots on the mass loss of Clitoria leaves but there was a significant effect on concentrations of some nutrients. In general, roots contributed to the accumulation of aluminium and iron and to a faster release and uptake of calcium, magnesium and zinc. A survey of the mycorrhizal associations in all forest types showed that both VAM and ECM fungi with some unknown VAM fungal species are common. VAM and ECM adaptation to low pH and high phenolic compounds in the soils may be important in the maintenance of these ecosystems.

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27

Reig, Alejandro. "When the forest world is not wide enough we open up many clearings : the making of landscape, place and people among the Shitari Yanomami of the upper Ocamo basin, Venezuela". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669819.

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Creado, Eliana Santos Junqueira. "Entre lugares e não-lugares : restrições ambientais e supermodernidade no Parque Nacional do Jau (AM)". [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280528.

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Orientador: Lucia da Costa Ferreira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta tese estuda os conflitos e as alianças relativos à criação, implantação e implementação de uma área natural de proteção integral, o Parque Nacional do Jaú, no estado do Amazonas, Brasil, em cujas teias inserem-se diversos grupos, instituições e indivíduos com diferentes modos de se relacionar com o espaço, com a proposta conservacionista e com as políticas públicas voltadas às áreas naturais protegidas e aos seus quase-sujeitos. Tendemos a ver essas múltiplas influências como potencializadoras da transformação da área do próprio parque e da região do baixo e médio rio Negro naquilo que Marc Augé (2003) denominou de não-lugares. A pesquisa permitiu verificar que tal tendência, entretanto, não se dá de forma absoluta, pois existem iniciativas que visam enfrentar as forças que atuam sinergicamente para isso, embora permaneçam dentro de limites pré-estipulados estruturalmente, tanto no âmbito sócio-político quanto nos âmbitos técnico-científico e jurídico
Abstract: This research studies the conflicts and alliances relative to the creation, implantation and implementation of a natural area of integral protection, the National Park of Jaú, in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, in the webs of which various groups, institutions and individuals with different manners of relationship with the space with the conservationist proposal and with the public policies aim at natural protected areas and to their quasi-subjects. We tend to see these multiple influences as potentializers of the transformation of the area of the park itself and the regions of the low and middle Negro River, which Marc Auge (2003) denominated as non-places. This research permitted the verification of this tendency; however, it does not occur in an absolute form since there are initiatives that have the purpose of facing the forces that act in this synergy, although they remain within the structural pre-stipulated limits, both in the socio-political and the technical-scientific and juridical ambits
Doutorado
Ciencias Sociais
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

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Sanz, Biset Jaume. "Estudi etnofarmacològic de la vall de Chazuta (Amazònia peruana)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/247078.

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La vall de Chazuta de l'Amazònia peruana presenta un ecosistema interessant per a la recerca de medicaments d'origen natural. D'una banda, els boscos tropicals de la vall contenen una gran biodiversitat. D'altra banda, en comparació amb regions veïnes, a la vall de Chazuta l'ús de plantes medicinals sembla molt freqüent i estès. La vall és una de les regions amb major presència del grup indígena anomenant quítxues de San Martín (també coneguts com a quítxues de Lamas). Aquest grup quítxua, així com la regió de Chazuta mateix, gairebé no han estat estudiats acadèmicament. Aquesta tesi aprofundeix en el coneixement de l'ús general de plantes medicinals a Chazuta, incloent-hi també l'estudi de diferents aspectes de la medicina tradicional de la regió associats a l'ús de plantes medicinals, en particular el concepte de depuració i la noció de les dietes estrictes. Les dades que es presenten en aquesta tesi provenen en primera instància del treball de camp realitzat a la vall de Chazuta de l'octubre del 2004 a l'agost del 2005. La informació es va obtenir a través d'entrevistes de camp fetes al 6,3% de la població adulta rural del districte (140 individus, el 75% dels quals van ser considerats quítxues). Posteriorment, els resultats es van analitzar i confrontar amb les dades bibliogràfiques existents. Es van registrar 1.058 reports d'usos medicinals pertanyents a 318 espècies diferents de plantes superiors, les quals pertanyen a 219 gèneres i 87 famílies botàniques. Principalment, els remeis vegetals s'empren per al tractament de des-ordres musculoesquelètics (el 30,7% de tots els reports d'usos), molèsties gastrointestinals (12,1%) i patologies de la pell (11,9%). Es van registrar 122 dietes estrictes, en les quals es van utilitzar 106 espècies vegetals diferents. Les dietes estrictes són pràctiques medicinals tradicionals ben estructurades, amb un significat simbòlic en el cicle vital de l'home chazutí. Les plantes utilitzades en les dietes estrictes poden contribuir als principals efectes a través d'accions antiinflamatòries, antimicrobianes, de psicoactivitat i d'altres activitats depuratives relacionades. La correlació entre dades bibliogràfiques d'activitats de les plantes més utilitzades i els efectes reportats de les corresponents dietes (en les quals es va fer servir la planta en qüestió) són el 36% per a activitat antiinflamatòria, el 29% per a activitat antimicrobiana, el 18% per a psicoactivitat i el 5% per a activitats depuratives relacionades. Els percentatges augmenten al 77%, 64%, 73% i 32%, respectivament, quan es consideren dades bibliogràfiques de taxons relacionats. En general, a Chazuta sovint s'utilitzen plantes medicinals pels seus efectes depuratius. Es va registrar l'ús de 114 espècies diferents en 191 pràctiques depuratives. Aquestes pràctiques es caracteritzen per la ingesta de plantes medicinals amb efectes emètics (i algunes vegades també purgatius), juntament amb una reducció del consum d'aliments. La gran varietat d'usos medicinals reportats per a les pràctiques depuratives justifica la consideració de respostes adaptatives a l'estrès i la contemplació de les plantes emprades en aquestes pràctiques com a "estimuladors medicinals d'estrès". A través de l'estimulació moderada d'estrès a nivells segurs, les pràctiques depuratives de Chazuta podrien originar respostes adaptatives amb efectes protectors per a la salut. Aquesta hipòtesi podria ajudar a comprendre la diversitat d'usos medicinals registrats durant l'estudi de camp. A Chazuta, les plantes medicinals s'utilitzen dins d'un marc de medicina tradicional que confronta la salut i la malaltia des d'una visió integral, on s'han de considerar els usos medicinals de les plantes i la seva combinació amb modificacions de l'estil de vida.
The Peruvian Amazonian valley of Chazuta is an interesting area to carry out ethnopharmacological research. As Chazuta represents one of the main reservoirs of the indigenous group known as San Martin Quechuas, and the valley stretches along biologically rich rainforests. This thesis contributes to the ethnopharmacological knowledge of this hardly studied region, by investigating the general use of medicinal plants. AIso, this thesis studies some aspects of the local traditional medi cine that are related to the use of plants, such as the concept of depuration and the notion of the strict diets. The data presented in this thesis was firstly obtained from a field survey carried out in Chazuta from October 2004 to August 2005. The information was col1ected through interviews performed to the 6.3% of the district rural adult population. Thereafter, results were analysed and confronted to the existing literature. Overall, 1,058 medicinal use-reports were recorded of 318 plant species collected in Chazuta. Mainly, plant remedies were employed to treat musculoskeletal disorders (30,7% of all the medicinal use-reports), gastrointestinal complaints (12,1%) and skin conditions (11,9%). In total, 122 strict diets were recorded, where 106 different plant species were used. Strict diets are well-structured traditional medicinal practices, also with a symbo1ic significance in the life cycIe of chazutian men. Bibliographic data suggests that some ofthe substances likely to be found in the plants used in strict diets could contribute to the main effects registered in these practices. In general, depurative practices, based on taking emetic plants and the restriction of calorie intake, are often used in the traditional medicine of Chazuta, not only to restore health but also to maintain it. By inducing moderate stress within safe levels, depurative practices in Chazuta could produce adaptive responses that protect health. This hypothesis could help to understand the diversity of the medicinal uses recorded in the field. In Chazuta, medicinal plants are used within a context of a traditional medicine that confronts health and illness from an integral vision, which often considers the medicinal uses of plants in combination with lifestyle changes.

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Queiroga, Gonçalves Alessandra. "Epidemiología y diagnóstico de Calodium hepaticum y parásitos intestinales en áreas remotas amazónicas". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134691.

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Introducción: Las infecciones por parásitos transmitidos por vía fecal-oral son frecuentes en áreas remotas de la Amazonia. No obstante, la epidemiología de estos parásitos en la Amazonia y la validez de técnicas de laboratorio tradicionales empleadas en el diagnóstico permanecen hasta hoy poco estudiadas. Objetivos: Estudio 1: Estudiar la dinámica de la transmisión de Calodium hepaticum en una comunidad rural del municipio de Presidente Figueiredo, estado del Amazonas, Brasil; Estudio 2: Estimar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales y estudiar factores de riesgo para las infecciones por helmintos en una cuidad remota (Barcelos) del municipio de Barcelos, estado del Amazonas; Estudio 3: Evaluar el desempeño de dos técnicas de sedimentación espontánea (Técnica de sedimentación espontánea de Lutz -SST- y Paratest) para el diagnóstico de parásitos intestinales. Material y métodos: Para el estudio 1 se analizaron muestras de heces de 135 personas (y 2 perros) y tejido hepático de un pecarí. Las heces de los perros fueron recogidas del jardín de los domicilios de personas que presentaron infección espuria por C. hepaticum. Fueron investigados los hábitos alimentarios de la población. Para el estudio 2, un estudio transversal fue realizado con 594 personas de 137 domicilios. Fueron recogidos datos socio-demográficos y características de los domicilios. En el estudio 3, una única muestra de heces de 143 individuos fue evaluada realizando tres réplicas para cada prueba. Fueron evaluados los resultados de la homogeneidad y concordancia entre réplicas y entre pruebas. La sensibilidad y especificidad fueron estimadas usando un modelo de clase latente bayesiano. Resultados: Estudio 1: La incidencia poblacional de infección espuria fue del 6.7% (IC 95%: 2.08 - 11.24) y la intradomiciliar entre el 50 a 83.3%. El riesgo de infección espuria fue 10 veces mayor en personas que consumen hígado de mamífero silvestre (P = 0.02). El hígado del pecarí y una muestra de heces de perro presentaron huevos de C. hepaticum. El consumo del hígado infectado fue identificado como la causa de las infecciones espurias diagnosticadas en uno de los domicilios. Estudio 2: Las prevalencias de Ascaris lumbricoides, anquilostoma, complejo Entamoeba histolytica, Trichuris trichiura y multiparasitosis por helmintos fueron del 53.4%, 27.1%, 13.6%, 8.8% y 24.6%, respectivamente. Los principales factores de riesgo detectados fueron no tener letrina (OR= 1.71, IC 95% 1.05 - 2.78) para la infección por A. lumbricoides; ser varón (OR= 2.43, IC 95% 1.58 - 3.75) y tener suelo de tierra o madera en el domicilio (OR= 1.74, IC 95% 1.04 - 2.90) para la infección por anquilostoma; finalmente ser varón para la infección múltiple por helmintos (OR= 2.26, IC 95% 1.30 - 3.93). Fueron identificados cuatro barrios con mayor riesgo de infección por helmintos. Estudio 3: Ambas pruebas presentaron una alta repetibilidad para la detección de parásitos intestinales exceptuando para Blastocystis spp. y anquilostoma. La concordancia entre pruebas fue alta (coeficiente de correlación de concordancia, 0.72 - 0.88) excepto para Blastocystis spp., anquilostoma y T. trichiura. Las dos pruebas presentaron una baja sensibilidad (39.4% - 49.2% para SST, 35.8% - 53.8% para Paratest) y una alta especificidad (93.2% - 97.2%). Conclusiones: Hemos descrito una alta incidencia intradomiciliar de C. hepaticum relacionada al hábito de comer hígado de mamífero silvestre y este mecanismo de transmisión fue importante en la dinámica de transmisión del helminto en la comunidad. La identificación de factores de riesgo y barrios de mayor riesgo de infección por helmintos en la ciudad puede ayudar en la implementación de medidas específicas para el control de las infecciones. Las dos técnicas de sedimentación presentaron elevada repetibilidad y concordancia en general, baja sensibilidad y elevada especificidad para el diagnóstico de parásitos intestinales.
Introduction: There are few studies on the epidemiology of parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route in remotes areas of Amazonia and the validity of the laboratory techniques used to diagnose these parasites. Objectives: (1) Study the dynamics of the transmission of Calodium hepaticum in a community of the state of Amazonas, Brazil. (2) Estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites and study the risk factors of helminth infections in a city of the state of Amazonas. (3) Evaluate the performance of the Lutz spontaneous sedimentation technique and the Paratest for diagnosis. Material and methods: (1) Stool samples of 135 people (and 2 dogs), the liver of a peccary and the alimentary habits of the population were evaluated; (2) Stool samples from 584 subjects were evaluated and sociodemographic data collected; (3) Stool samples (n=143) were evaluated performing three replicates/test. Homogeneity results and concordance between replicates and tests were assessed. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated using a Bayesian latent class model. Results: (1) The incidence of spurious infection was 6.7% (95% CI: 2.08-11.24) and the intradomicile incidence was 50%-83.3%. The risk of infection was 10-fold greater in persons consuming wild mammal liver (P=0.02). The consumption of peccary liver caused infection in one household. (2) The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura was 53.4%, 27.1% and 8.8%, respectively. The main risk factors were lack of latrine (OR=1.71; 95% CI 1.05-2.78) for A. lumbricoides infection; being male (OR=2.43; 95% CI 1.58-3.75) and having a earth or wood floor at home (OR=1.74; 95% CI 1.04-2.90) for hookworm; being male for multiple infection by helminths (OR=2.26; 95% CI 1.30-3.93). Four neighborhoods presented greater risk of helminth infection. (3) Both tests presented a high repeatability except for Blastocystis spp. and hookworm diagnosis. Concordance between tests was high except for Blastocystis spp., hookworm and T. trichiura. Both tests presented a low sensitivity (35.8%-53.8%) and a high specificity (93.2%-97.2%). Conclusions: We found a high intradomicile incidence of C. hepaticum related to the habit of eating mammal liver. Identification of risk factors may help to implement control measures. Both tests showed little sensitivity for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites.

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Souza, Patricia Ines Garcia de. "Buscadores do Sagrado : as transformações da maçonaria em Belem do Para". [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280708.

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Orientador: Maria Suely Kofes
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A presente tese investiga as transformações da maçonaria na cidade de Belém do Pará, dando ênfase aos aspectos relacionados à religiosidade. Para tanto, faz um levantamento histórico dos embates da instituição na cidade e de sua presença, relevando também a forma como se deu a constituição de um campo maçônico. Em seguida, para comprovar a existência desse campo, destaca os lugares em que um maçom compõe sua identidade, a partir de um habitus, o da instituição. Essa conserva suas próprias leis e modos de funcionamento e de transformação, admitindo transformações internas dentro de limites. Se a reprodução de um habitus constitui o maçom, lugares como a ritualística agenciam diversos lugares de interesse, produzindo-se assim vários tipos de maçons. Para comprovar tal fato descreve-se o ritual de iniciação ao grau de aprendiz, do Rito Escocês Antigo e Aceito, que é quando o indivíduo começa a conhecer a instituição, dando início à incorporação de um habitus e a inscrição desse como uma pessoa particularizada - um maçom - que então passa a fazer parte de uma comunidade. Mas nem todos vivem essa ritualização desse modo, na cidade, não passando por nenhuma performance transformadora e colocando em questionamento os significados da instituição. As reações a esse estranhamento são variadas. E então os lugares de interesse que enformam a instituição entram em crise, a partir de uma crise dos próprios maçons, tomando-se lugares de incerteza - um campo de embates. Esses embates se vêem mais intensificados com o surgimento de uma maçonaria mista na cidade, segmento considerado "espúrio" pela maçonaria "regular", que, além de dar entrada às mulheres no ritualismo maçônico, também surge para recuperar um "espírito tradicional maçônico" que julga estar perdido pela maçonaria regular, em inter-relação com o espiritismo kardecista. A invenção dessa maçonaria rompe com os limites estabelecidos. Para se compreender esse processo, faz-se uso do conceito de Das, de evento crítico. Em seguida, se abordam duas trajetórias pertinentes para se traduzir o processo de transformação local da maçonaria: a etno-biografia do fundador da maçonaria mista e, do mesmo modo, a de um maçom considerado uma estrela do esoterismo contemporâneo na cidade, pois concentra redes de relações pessoais que interconectam a maçonaria com o movimento do esoterismo. Por fim, se explora o termo "buscadores do sagrado" termo êmico recolhido durante a pesquisa, tradutório de embates internos locais da maçonaria
Abstract: This thesis investigates the transformations of Free Masonry in the city of Belém do Para, emphasizing the aspects related to religiousness. In order to do this a historical survey was made of the clashes with the institution and its presence in the city, also emphasizing the way in which a Masonic field was constituted. In sequence, in order to prove the existence of this field, emphasis is given to the places in which the Mason builds his identity, that is, starting from a recurring habitus, within the institution. This conversation has its own rules and modes of operation and transformation in the institution, allowing for the internal transformations within limits. The reproduction of a habitus constitutes a Mason. However since the places like the rituals represent various places of interest, this habitus also produces various types of Free Masons. To prove such a fact a description is given of the initiation ritual to the degree of apprentice, of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, which is when the individual begins to learn about the institution, beginning the incorporation of a habitus and his subscription as a particularized person - a Mason - who then begins to be a part of a community. But not everyone goes through this ritual in this way, in the city; some do not undergo any transforming performance or questionings of the meanings of the institution. The reactions to this questioning are varied. And then the places of interest that inform the institution face a dilemma, starting with the dilemma of the Free Masons themselves, thus becoming places of uncertainty - a field of conflicts. These conflicts become intensified with the appearance of a Mixed Masonry in the city, a segment that is considered "spurious" by "regular" Free Masons, which besides allowing the entrance of women to the Masonic rituals has also arisen to recuperate the "traditional Masonic spirit" that is deemed lost by the regular Masonry in an inter-relationship with Kardecist spiritism. The invention of this Mixed Free Masonry breaks with the established limits. To understand this process the Das concept of a critical event is applied. This is followed by two pertinent approaches to interpret the local process of Masonry transformation: the ethnic-biography of the founder of Mixed Free Masonry, and in the same way that of a Free Mason considered a star of contemporary esotericism in the city, since he concentrates networks of personal relationships that interconnect masonry with the esoteric movement. Finally the term "searchers of the sacred" - an emic term collected during the survey that interprets the local internal conflicts of Free Masonry
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Doutor em Ciências Sociais

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Silva, Maria do Socorro Rocha da. "Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Amazonas: contribuição para o enquadramento e preservação". Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3152.

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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The present study was conducted in the Amazon River Basin, comprising the states of Amazonas, Roraima, Pará and Rondônia in order to rank the river water types by taking their natural characteristics into account. Two hundred eighty-nine (289), samples were collected from collecting stations placed along the Amazon River and its tributaries, based on class 2 of the CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005, following the, high, and low water periods from March 2009 to July 2012. The techniques used were potentiometric condutometria, in visible spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (A.A). The physical and chemical characteristics of the rivers are heterogeneous, with pH ranging from acid (3.6) to alkaline (7.56), dissolved oxygen from 1.41 mg/L (slightly oxygenated) to 10.00 mg/L (well oxygenated). In the rainy season the water is acidified, with more oxygen and higher levels of turbidity, suspended solids and silica. The waters of the Amazon River basin are bicarbonated and those of Andean origin (main channel of the Amazon River) are calcic. Data was grouped with the aid of descriptive statistics of R, and the natural water type boundaries were determined according to their regional standards. To assess whether there were differences in the types of water within the Amazon basin , we used cluster analysis (HCA), which showed the existence of three regions: a) the one further west that receives the influence of the Andean and pre-Andean rivers with higher electrical conductivity (40.00 to 80.00 μS/cm), pH ranging from slightly acidic to alkaline (values between 6.5 and 7.6) ex. the Amazon River and some tributaries of the right bank; b) the one to the north, influenced by the Guyana Shield, presenting slightly acidic water (pH between 4.6 and 6.5), and conductivity <40.00 μS/cm, such as. the tributaries of the left bank, and c ) a third region that is under the influence of the Brazilian Shield, the water going from slightly acidic to neutral ( pH between 6.0 and 7.0 ), also featuring low ionic charges with conductivity < 40.0 mS / cm, e.g., tributaries of the right bank of the lower Amazon, such as the Tapajós and Xingu. To estimate the natural limits of some variables considered to be critical, such as pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) , we used the median and quartiles ( percentiles, quartiles and deciles), obtaining the following results for each region: rivers of Andean or pre Andean origin presenting pH ranging from 6.03 to 7.23 OD and 2.12 to 6.04 mg / L, while the rivers originating from the Brazilian Shield the pH ranges from 6.16 to 6.94 OD 6.27 and 9.63 mg / L, and rivers that originate in Guyana Shield it showed to be between 4.66 and 6.66, while the outer diameter was between 2.05 and 7.79 mg/L. In addition to the above variables, we also have the natural color, which can reach 170.54 mgPt / L above legislation. Some metals also exceed the limits of Class 2, CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005, namely: Ba (8.25 mg/L), Cd (0.87 mg/L), Zn (1.40 mg / L), Mn (1.045 mg/L), Al (0.18 mg / L) Ni (0.05 mg/L) Cr (0.17 mg/L) and Cu (0.14 mg/L). The Amazon presents its own regional peculiarities and our big challenge will be to classify, manage and preserve its natural resources along with both large and small watercourses. Considering the Amazon Basin large extent and number of its tributaries, the present study on sub-surface river waters, still shows to be insufficient for determining its regional standards.
O estudo foi realizado na bacia hidrográfica do rio Amazonas, abrangendo os estados do Amazonas, Roraima, Pará e Rondônia com o objetivo de classificar os tipos de água dos rios respeitando suas características naturais, tendo como referência a classe 2 da Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005. Foram realizadas 289 coletas, sendo 100 ao longo do rio principal ( Amazonas ), com estações a montante e a jusante das principais cidades e 189 em tributários, seguindo o período de águas altas/cheia e águas baixas/estiagem, no período de março de 2009 a julho de 2012. As técnicas usadas foram potenciometria, condutometria, espectofotometria no visível, espectofotometria de massa, Plasma acoplado por indução (ICP) e espectroscopia de absorção atômica (A.A). As características físicas e químicas das águas dos rios são bastante diversificadas, o pH varia de ácido (3,6) a alcalino (7,56), o oxigênio dissolvido oscila entre 1,41 mg/L (pouco oxigenada) a 10,00 mg/L (bem oxigenada). No período chuvoso as águas são mais acidificadas, mais oxigenadas e com valores mais elevados de turbidez, material em suspensão e sílica. As águas da bacia hidrográfica do rio Amazonas são bicabornatadase os de origem andina (calha principal do rio Amazonas) são cálcicas. Os dados foram agrupados com auxílio da estatística descritiva do R e estabelecidas as faixas dos limites naturais dos tipos de água, a princípio, os padrões regionais. Para avaliar se existem diferenças de tipos de água dentro da própria bacia Amazônica, foi utilizada a análise de agrupamento (AHC), ficando evidenciada a existência de três regiões: a) uma mais a oeste recebendo influência das regiões Andina e pré-Andina, rios com maiores valores de condutividade elétrica (40,00 80,00 μS/cm), o pH variando de pouco ácido a alcalino (valores entre 6,5 e 7,6) ex. rio Amazonas e alguns tributários da margem direita; b) uma ao Norte, influenciada pelo Escudo das Guianas, com águas entre ácidas e ligeiramente ácidas (pH entre 4,6 e 6,5), pouco mineralizadas, com condutividade <40,00 μS/cm, ex. os tributários da margem esquerda; e c) uma terceira região que está sob influência do Escudo Brasileiro, indo de águas ligeiramente ácidas a neutras (pH entre 6,0 e 7,0), apresentando também baixas cargas iônicas com condutividade <40,0 μS/cm, ex. tributários da margem direita do baixo Amazonas, como o Tapajós e o Xingu. Para estimar os limites naturais de algumas variáveis consideradas críticas, como o pH e oxigênio dissolvido (OD), foram utilizados a mediana e o quartil (percentil, quartil e decil), obtendo-se os seguintes resultados para cada região: nos rios de origem Andina ou pré-Andina a faixa de pH foi 6,03-7,23 e OD 2,12-6,04 mg/L; já os rios originários no Escudo Brasileiro tiveram o pH na faixa de 6,16 a 6,94 e o OD entre 6,27 e 9,63 mg/L; e os rios que se originam no Escudo das Guianas o pH ficou entre 4,66 e 6,66, estando o OD entre 2,05 e 7,79 mg/L. Além das variáveis acima, temos ainda a cor natural que pode chegar a 170,54 mgPt/L, ultrapassando em muito a legislação. Alguns metais também naturalmente ultrapassam os limites para classe 2, Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005, são eles: Ba (8,25 mg/L), Cd (0,87 mg/L), Zn (1,40 mg/L), Mn (1,045 mg/L), Al (0,18 mg/L), Ni (0,05 mg/L), Cr (0,17 mg/L) e Cu (0,14 mg/L). Na Amazônia cada região apresenta suas peculiaridades e o grande desafio na gestão destes recursos será o enquadramento dos grandes rios. Considerando a extensão da bacia Amazônica e o grande número de tributários, este estudo nas águas coletadas apenas na sub-superfície dos rios ainda é insuficiente para definir padrões regionais para toda bacia.

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Rocha, Hélio Rodrigues da 1965. "O mar e a selva = relato da viagem de Henry Major Tomlinson ao Brasil : estudo e tradução". [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269935.

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Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Ornelas Berriel
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Estudar as representações da Amazônia brasileira e elaborar a tradução de The Sea and Jungle, de Henry Major Tomlinson, são os objetivos centrais desta tese de doutorado. O autor do referido relato de viagem é um jornalista britânico que, no final de dezembro de 1909, dispensado de seus ofícios no Morning Leader, embarcou no navio S. S. England, em Swansea, País de Gales e, depois de cruzar o oceano Atlântico, aportou em Belém do Pará, Brasil; dali seguiu, via rios Pará, Amazonas e Madeira, para Porto Velho, atual capital do Estado de Rondônia, ponto inicial da Estrada de Ferro MadeiraMamoré. O navio levava suprimentos e maquinaria para a referida ferrovia. É justamente ao longo de parte de seu traçado, na extensão entre Porto Velho e a cachoeira denominada Caldeirão do Inferno, que esse peregrino londrino empreende uma excursão tendo como guia o texano Marion Hill, com quem se encontrou ao chegar àquele porto, em plena selva. O Mar e a Selva estabelece fios tessitivos com Odisséia de Homero, e se compõe, portanto, tanto de histórias de marinheiros e de aventuras do herói, quanto de descrições do mundo real e de um mundo mítico e fictício que contribuem na constituição do sujeito. Em se tratando de um discurso de um viajanteperegrino adoto, então, certos paradigmas: a noção de discurso e "artes da existência" cunhadas por Michel Foucault; a primeira em A arqueologia do Saber e A ordem do discurso e, a segunda, em A história da sexualidade: o uso dos prazeres; adoto, também, alguns conceitos advindos dos Estudos PósColonialistas, Utópicos, Crítica Literária, Filosofia e Estética. O Mar e a Selva reflete e refrata uma determinada realidade social de dois mundos, o do viajante e o do viajado, ou seja, do nativo e, a partir dessa "dança de espelhos", investigo em que medida o narrador critica sua sociedade pelos olhares que lança a outras comunidades amazônicas. Verifico também como ele reconstroi a si mesmo a partir da convocação de antigos viajantes (Hakluyt, Humbolt, Wallace, Bates), de correntes filosóficas (Pirronismo e Gymnosofismo), de escritores como Thoreau, Emerson, Drake, Spruce, Pikes, Raleigh, Burney, Defoe; de personagens bíblicos (Moisés, Jonas, Josué), de lendas e mitos gregos e romanos, etc. ao palco de sua composição literária e, conjuntamente, do "si mesmo". O eixo argumentativo desta tese é que este relato se apresenta, em primeiro lugar, como uma crítica políticomoral à Inglaterra e ao Brasil e serve como um exercício de elevação dos pensamentos rumo ao Sublime, "a alma do corpo retórico", diz Weiskel via Longino. Em segundo, as representações da Amazônia a configuram ora como o Campos Elísios, ora como o Tártaro. Assim, alto e baixo, vastidão e infinitude, luzes e trevas, vilania e nobreza, paraíso e inferno, feiúra e beleza, ordem e desordem, vida e morte se entrelaçam no percurso do viajante ideal. Portanto, ele vai além da escrita do que ele vê, e faz com que o leitor também veja
Abstract: To study the representations of Brazilian Amazon and to translate Henry Major Tomlinson's The Sea and the Jungle are the main purposes of this thesis. The book was written by a British journalist who in the month of December 1909, released from his work at Morning Leader and boarded S. S. England in a coal port in Swansea, Wales. After crossing Atlantic ocean, the author arrived in Para, Brazil, and from there, he steamed up the Amazon and Madeira Rivers to Porto Velho the current capital of Rondonia State that was then the initial point of MadeiraMamore Railway. The steamership carried coal and machinery to the railway. It is exactly alongside of its track, between Porto Velho and Hell's Cauldron Falls extension that the londoner peregrin undertakes his journal with Marion Hill, his Texan guide whom he met when he arrived at that port in the Jungle. The Sea and the Jungle stablishes relation of intertextuality to Homer's Odissey and it contains sailor's stories and hero's adventures and descriptions of true and mythical world that contribute to the subject's construction. As the book explores travelers and peregrin's discourses, we follow some paradigms: Michel Foucault's notion of discourse and "arts of existence"; the first is in his books A arqueologia do saber and A ordem do discurso; the second is in História da sexualidade: o uso dos prazeres. We follow too some notions derived from PostColonial and Utopian Studies, Literary Criticism, as well as Phylosophy and Asthetics. The Sea and the Jungle reflects and refracts determined social reality of two worlds, traveler's and travelee's, that is the object of the traveler's writing. Throughout this "dancing of mirrors" we investigate to what dimension the narrator criticizes his society from some glances that he projects on others communities. Moreover, we ask how the narrator builds up himself by using references to old travelers, (Hakluyt, Humbolt, Pikes, Wallace, Bates, etc.), some philosofic streaming (Pyrronism e Gymnosofism), to writers such as H. D. Thoreau, R. W. Emerson, F. Drake, D. Spruce; biblical characters as (Moses, Jons, Josuah), to some legends and Greek and Roman myths which he brings to the stage of his literary composition. The argumentative pivot of this thesis is that this travel writing presents itself first as a political and moral criticism to England and Brazil. Second, as an exercise of high thoughts towards the Sublime, "the soul of rethoric body", according to Weiskel when quoting Longino. The representations of the Amazon are configured now as Elysium sometimes as Hell. So, height and lowness, vastness and infinity, light and darkness, villainy and nobility, heaven and hell, ugliness and beauty, order and disorder, life and death are interlaced in the ideal traveller's enterprise. Therefore the author goes beyond writing about the seen, he also makes the reader see
Doutorado
Historia e Historiografia Literaria
Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

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Stickler, Claudia Margret. "Defending public interests in private forests land-use policy alternatives for the Xingu River headwaters region of southeastern Amazonia /". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041028.

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Cardoso, Cynthia Franceska. "Caminhos percorridos, percalços encontrados: um estudo de caso a respeito do acesso aos benefícios e programas sociais por povos indígenas no município de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21193.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The objective of this work was to map the path taken by indigenous people to access the benefits and social services offered by the Social Assistance and Social Security policies, in São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM). The municipality has a territorial extension of 109,184.9 km². Located in the extreme northwest of the state, it borders the west with Colombia and the north with Venezuela. Approximately 95% of the inhabitants are indigenous belonging to more than 30 indigenous group of at least 23 languages. This sociocultural diversity and geographic isolation set several challenges to the implementation of social policies Two methods were used in this research: the ethnography, that required a long stay in the place, the interaction with the subjects, the continuous observation, and a detailed transcription of the information collected; also the research-action-participation (RAP), that proposes to study certain groups through a dialogical relationship between the researcher and the community, in which both are active subjects in the construction of research and knowledge, and that presupposes a devolution to the community. In the case of this work, there was a denunciation report on several situations of violations of social rights, later sent to the Federal Public Ministry of Amazonas. The instruments used included a bibliographical survey, participant and non-participant observation, structured interviews with open and semi-structured questions, field reports, participation in events, holding meetings, formal and informal conversations, tabulation of the information collected and the transformation into quantitative and qualitative data, as well as their analysis. The sample of the universe was 130 people. Of these, 43 were users of the services, 54 users of the Social Security Policy who were not interviewed, but had the attendance observed, 22 were technicians and managers of social services and 11 were members of organized civil society. Fieldwork lasted four months and has led us to reflect that access to social benefits and services by indigenous people poses challenges to every society, especially the indigenous movement, the state and the scientific community
O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear o caminho percorrido por indígenas para acessar benefícios e serviços sociais ofertados pelas políticas de Assistência e Previdência Social, em São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM). O município possui uma extensão territorial de 109.184,9 km², está localizado no extremo noroeste do estado, faz fronteira a oeste com a Colômbia e ao norte com a Venezuela. Aproximadamente 95% dos habitantes são indígenas, pertencentes a mais de trinta povos falantes de, no mínimo, 23 línguas. Esta diversidade sociocultural e o isolamento geográfico estabelecem diversos desafios à execução das políticas sociais. Dois métodos foram utilizados nesta pesquisa: a etnografia, que exigiu uma longa permanência no local, a interação com os sujeitos envolvidos, a observação contínua e a transcrição minuciosa das informações coletadas; e a investigação-ação-participação (IAP), que propõe estudar determinados grupos por uma relação dialógica entre pesquisador e comunidade, na qual ambos são sujeitos ativos na construção da investigação e do conhecimento, pressupondo-se uma devolutiva à comunidade. No caso deste trabalho, houve a produção de um relatório denúncia sobre as diversas situações de violações de direitos sociais apuradas, encaminhado ao Ministério Público Federal do Amazonas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o levantamento bibliográfico, a observação participante e não participante, as entrevistas estruturadas com perguntas abertas e as semiestruturadas, os relatórios de campo, a participação em eventos, a realização de reuniões, as conversas formais e informais, a tabulação das informações coletadas e a transformação em dados quantitativos e qualitativos, bem como sua análise. A amostra do universo foi de 130 pessoas. Destas, 43 eram usuários dos serviços, 54 usuários da Política de Previdência Social que não foram entrevistados, mas tiveram o atendimento observado, 22 eram técnicos e gestores dos serviços sociais e onze eram integrantes da sociedade civil organizada. O trabalho em campo durou quatro meses e nos levou a refletir sobre o acesso aos benefícios e serviços sociais por povos indígenas, que impõe desafios a toda sociedade, sobretudo ao movimento indígena, ao Estado e à comunidade científica

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LOPES, PAULA R. C. "Estudo de compostos orgânicos voláteis biogênicos nas florestas tropicais da Amazônia, da Guiana Francesa e da Mata Atlântica". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23234.

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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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ACKER, Antoine. "The Amazon's last pioneers : the rise and fall of Volkswagen's development project in the Brazilian rain forest (1973-1986)". Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/33075.

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Defence date: 9 October 2014
Examining Board: Professor Kiran Klaus Patel, Maastricht University (EUI Supervisor); Professor Claudia Damasceno Fonseca, EHESS; Professor Christof Mauch, LMU/RCC; Professor Dirk Moses, EUI
This thesis explores the rise and decline of the farming project Vale do Rio Cristalino, run by Volkswagen in the Amazon from 1973 to 1986. This large-scale development project was built within the framework of a colonization program launched by the Brazilian military regime to promote the territorial occupation of the region. Celebrated as a technological revolution in tropical farming, the ‘VW ranch’ was supposed to be a model of civilization in the jungle, to pave the way for the conversion of the Amazon into a modern export economy and to elaborate solutions to overcome hunger in the ‘Third World’. However, this consensual image was tarnished after Cristalino became the subject of various socio-environmental scandals, leading to the mobilization of transnational networks against the project. This thesis analyzes the transformation of Cristalino from a scientifically and politically legitimized project to a space of conflict. It is a multi-layered case study of how a development project was negotiated between different groups of actors and in dialogue with environmental factors. It argues that there were three main reasons for the demise of Cristalino: the conflicting interests behind an apparent consensus of development, a growing awareness of the scarcity of resources, and disappointing results in the area of labor conditions. This historical example leads one to question the loss of authority of the politics of development in Brazil and at the international level from the second half of the 1970s. By showing how a deterministic view of development—which fixed the intensive exploitation of nature as the Amazon’s unique historical outcome—was progressively unravelled, this thesis reveals the process of politicization of a place. With the dismantling of the ‘developmentalist’ consensus, the future of the rain forest became an open issue, negotiated through the prism of multiple projections, viewpoints and scales of intervention.

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Salisbury, David Seward. "Overcoming marginality on the margins: mapping, logging, and coca in the Amazon borderlands". Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3162.

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The ecologically and culturally rich Amazonian border zones are increasingly targeted for development and the exploitation of natural resources, even as these zones often double as existing or proposed sites for the conservation of biodiversity and protection of indigenous lands. Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations alike project their goals from central offices onto borderland landscapes assumed to be empty of local people but full of valuable resources, biodiversity or development potential. Simultaneously, loggers, miners, drug traffickers, and others operate illegally or quasi-legally within these border zones and, in the absence of a strong governmental presence, cultivate the borderland's reputation as a violent hinterland. Within this complex borderland reality, the local people (indigenous and non-indigenous), largely invisible to authorities, struggle to survive with subsistence strategies while either negotiating with illegal interlopers to supplement their income or resisting them for their very survival. The resulting landscape is a tangle of overlapping and competing concessions, conservation units, and indigenous territories whose contestation and resulting confusion advances the agenda of illegal extractivists and drug traffickers. This study highlights the continued importance of fieldwork in geography. Here, field-based research provides insight into the poorly understood borderlands of Peru and Brazil. Research used a combination of participatory methods, Geographic Information Systems, ethnography, document research, and remote sensing to analyze mapping, logging, and coca cultivation within four borderland watersheds. These data were combined with regional data on coca eradication, resource concessions, conservation units, and indigenous territories from both Brazil and Peru. Field-based results demonstrate these borderlands to be highly contested and poorly mapped with an exploitative and poorly managed timber industry and a dynamic front of coca cultivation contributing to social disruption and environmental degradation. More fieldwork is needed to generate the geographic information necessary for sustainable development and conservation planning and to help local people defend their territory from illegal operators and the imposition of state resource concessions. Ecological Economic Zoning is recommended as a participatory policy framework to improve geographic information and long term planning.
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Rosenblatt, David Louis. "Regional versus federal interests in the development of Brazil's Amazon region". 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33002386.html.

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Murray, Tamsyn P. C., University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science e School of Natural Sciences. "Rhythm of the rivers : an ecosystem approach to child nutrition and health on the Amazon frontier". 2006. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/17170.

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This research investigated the application of an ecosystem approach to the problem of child nutrition and health in the Ucayali region of the Peruvian Amazon. Poor health and widespread poverty in frontier communities has long been recognized as a significant issue. The annual flooding and extensive inundation of large areas of the floodplain challenges every aspect of human settlement. The overall goal of the thesis was to determine if, and to what extent, child nutrition and health is affected by seasonal ecosystem dynamics. The research investigated the interactions across three seasons- the dry season, the start of the rains, and the wet season. Based on the results of this study, the scarce resources of the government and communities can be more appropriately focused on those groups most in need, during their season of greatest need. Intervention strategies for food security will now concentrate efforts for the indigenous population during the height of floods, the period of greatest stress for these children; whereas efforts for mestizo children in the uplands and floodplain will be targeted during the onset of the rains. In contrast, health intervention will be most effective in the dry season in all populations, as this was when the incidence of diarrhoeal infections was highest, and water quality the poorest.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Campari, Joao Santo. "Challenging the turnover hypothesis of Amazon deforestation evidence from colonization projects in Brazil /". 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3108478.

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Caldas, Marcellus Marques. "Settlement formation and land cover and land use change a case study in the Brazilian Amazon /". Diss., 2008.

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Murray, Tamsyn P. C. "Rhythm of the rivers : an ecosystem approach to child nutrition and health on the Amazon frontier". Thesis, 2006. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/17170.

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This research investigated the application of an ecosystem approach to the problem of child nutrition and health in the Ucayali region of the Peruvian Amazon. Poor health and widespread poverty in frontier communities has long been recognized as a significant issue. The annual flooding and extensive inundation of large areas of the floodplain challenges every aspect of human settlement. The overall goal of the thesis was to determine if, and to what extent, child nutrition and health is affected by seasonal ecosystem dynamics. The research investigated the interactions across three seasons- the dry season, the start of the rains, and the wet season. Based on the results of this study, the scarce resources of the government and communities can be more appropriately focused on those groups most in need, during their season of greatest need. Intervention strategies for food security will now concentrate efforts for the indigenous population during the height of floods, the period of greatest stress for these children; whereas efforts for mestizo children in the uplands and floodplain will be targeted during the onset of the rains. In contrast, health intervention will be most effective in the dry season in all populations, as this was when the incidence of diarrhoeal infections was highest, and water quality the poorest.

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Tesi sul tema "Amazon River region"

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