Articoli di riviste: "Aluminium melting"

1

Mohammadifard, S., J. Langner, M. Stonis, S. Sauke, H. Larki Harchegani e B. Behrens. "Optische Schmelzbadüberwachung*/Optical monitoring of the melting bath in an Al-melting furnace". wt Werkstattstechnik online 108, n. 11-12 (2018): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2018-11-12-20.

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In einem Aluminium (Al)-Schmelzofen sind der Füllstand des Schmelzbades und die Oxidschichtmenge mit Kontaktsensoren nicht überwachbar, da das Schmelzbad aufgrund der hohen Haltebereich-Temperaturen von über 600 °C nicht zugänglich ist. Deshalb wird ein Online-Überwachungssystem des Aluminium-Schmelzbades mithilfe optischer Sensoren erforscht. Dafür wird das Schmelzbad mit geeigneten optischen Messsystemen identifiziert. Schließlich werden durch Bildanalyse-Algorithmen die Höhenänderung der Schmelze herausgearbeitet. Zudem werden Oxidschichten im Ofen auf der Badoberfläche mithilfe der Algorithmen detektiert.   The melt level and oxide layer quantity in an aluminum melting furnace cannot be monitored by contact sensors, since the melting bath is not accessible due to the high holding temperature (above 600 °C). Therefore, the method of monitoring the melting bath by means of optical sensors is investigated for the first time. For this purpose, suitable optical measuring systems can be applied which will be able to record the melting bath. The height change of the melt is to be elaborated by means of image analysis and any oxide layer on the bath surface is to be detected.

2

Maulana, Ilham Taufik. "Perancangan Alat Bantu Pemanfaatan Gas Buang dari Proses Melting Recycle untuk Memanaskan Chips sebelum Masuk Melting Furnace". Jurnal Teknik Mesin ITI 4, n. 2 (15 giugno 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31543/jtm.v4i2.416.

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Melting recycle merupakan proses pemisahan logam pengotor yang bersifat feromagnetik, dan proses peleburan aluminium chips menjadi logam aluminium cair. Aluminium Chips adalah aluminium padat berbentuk serpihan hasil proses permesinan CNC. Akan tetapi dalam proses pengeringan ini masih memiliki suatu kendala, yaitu temperatur aluminium chips yang masuk ke proses peleburan di melting furnace terlalu rendah, sehingga beberapa chips tidak bisa melt dan terbakar menjadi abu ketika chips dilebur di melting furnace. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh performa burner yang tidak maksimal. Dirancanglah alat yang mampu meningkatkan temperatur aluminium chips sebelum masuk kedalam burner dengan memanfaatkan gas buang hasil dari proses melting recycle. Adapun perancangan ini dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak SolidWork 2014. Perancangan dengan menghitung konversi energi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi. Dari hasil perancangan maka didapatkan temperatur output pada pipa adalah = 333,43 ℃.

3

VEIT, S., D. ALBERT e R. MERGEN. "SURFACE MELTING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS". Le Journal de Physique Colloques 48, n. C7 (dicembre 1987): C7–127—C7–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1987722.

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Newman, Peter. "Dry Hearth Melting Furnaces". Materials Science Forum 630 (ottobre 2009): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.630.103.

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This paper outlines various aluminium melting furnaces arrangement alternatives and their related benefits as well as the physical and practical challenges of the aluminium melting process using fuel fired reverberatory furnaces. Performance comparisons are made between dry hearth and wet hearth furnaces to highlight the benefits of dry hearth melting as well as the impact of melting practice on ultimate equipment performance. Both single chamber and twin chamber dry hearth furnaces are described in various configurations including the unique benefits of each design.

5

Flores Saldívar, Alfredo Alan, Rodrigo Juárez Martínez, Alfredo Flores Valdés, Jesús Torres Torres, Rocío Maricela Ochoa Palacios e Yun Li. "Mathematical Modelling for Furnace Design Refining Molten Aluminum". Metals 11, n. 11 (9 novembre 2021): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111798.

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The design of an aluminium melting furnace has faced two challenges: mathematical modelling and simulative optimization. This paper first uses fluid dynamics to model the aluminium process mathematically. Then, the model is utilized to simulate a round shaped reverberatory furnace for melting aluminium alloys. In order to achieve the highest thermal efficiency of the furnace, modelling and simulation are performed to predict complex flow patterns, geometries, temperature profiles of the mixture-gas air through the main chamber, as well as the melting tower attached to the furnace. The results led to the establishment of optimal position and angle of the burner, which are validated through physical experiments, ensuring recirculation of the combustion gases through the melting chamber and the melting tower. Furthermore, a proper arrangement of refractory materials is derived to avoid heat losses through the outer surface of the furnace. Temperature profiles are also determined for the optimization to arrive at the final design of the furnace. Compared with manual designs previously practiced, the simulation-based optimal design of furnaces offers excellent guidance, an increase in the aluminium processing and magnesium removal for more refined alloys, and an increased processing rate of aluminium chip accession.

6

Huynh, Khanh Cong, e Luc Hoai Vo. "Modification of aluminium and aluminium alloys by AL-B master alloy". Science and Technology Development Journal 17, n. 2 (30 giugno 2014): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i2.1315.

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Chemical compositions and microstructures affect on mechanical – physical and working properties of aluminium and aluminum alloys. Transition elements, such as Ti, V, Cr, Zr in solid solution greatly reduce the electrical conductivity of aluminium and its alloys. For reduction of detrimental effects of transition elements, Al-B master alloys are added into molten aluminium to occur reactions of boron and transition elements to form diborides of titanium, vanadium, chromium and zirconium, which are markedly insoluble in molten aluminium, then these transition elements have an insignificant effects on conductivity. In addition, Al-B master alloys is also used as a grain refiner of aluminium and aluminium alloys. Aluminium borides particles in Al-B master alloys act as substrates for heterogeneous nucleation of aluminium and its alloys. Al-B master alloys are prepared from low cost materials, such as boric acid H3BO3 and cryolite Na3AlF6, by simple melting method, easily realize in electrical wire and cable factories.

7

Novak, Jakob. "Molecular dynamics simulation of aluminium melting". Materials and Geoenvironment 63, n. 1 (1 giugno 2016): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rmzmag-2016-0002.

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AbstractSolid–liquid phase transition has been simulated by the molecular dynamics method, using isobaric–isoenthalpic ensemble. For interatomic potential, glue potential has been selected. The original algorithm for bookkeeping of the information on neighbouring relationships of the atoms has been developed and used in this research. Time consumption for calculation of interatomic forces has been reduced from o(N2) to o(N) by the use of this algorithm.Calculations show that phase transition from solid to liquid occurs between 1,000 K and 1,300 K. The simulated temperature of phase transition is higher than the experimental value due to the absence of crystal defects. If constant heat flux is supplied, temperature decreases during melting because the superheated state becomes unstable. During the cooling process, no significant changes of the observed variables were detected due to the high cooling rate, which prevents crystallisation.

8

Louvis, Eleftherios, Peter Fox e Christopher J. Sutcliffe. "Selective laser melting of aluminium components". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 211, n. 2 (febbraio 2011): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.09.019.

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9

Molenbroek, A. M., e J. W. M. Frenken. "Surface-melting induced faceting of aluminium". Surface Science 366, n. 3 (novembre 1996): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(96)00827-8.

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Butnariu, Ilie, D. Butnariu e I. Butnariu. "Studies and Researches Concerning the Presence of Iron in Secondary Aluminium Meltings and Valorification of Some Aluminium Waste". Materials Science Forum 690 (giugno 2011): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.250.

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Present in the metallurgical industry one of the most frequently problem is the presence of Fe and his compound in secondary aluminum melting. This problem appears when using chip inadequate technologies. This work makes a survey on the problems which can appear because of the presence of Fe and his compound in aluminum. Two systems, Al-Si and Al-Si-Li, are analyzed, by taking into consideration metallographies, as well as the systems mechanical properties. The end presents metallographic evidence of the problems which Fe and his compound can cause in secondary aluminum meltings.

11

Shcherbakova, Galina I., Maxim S. Varfolomeev e Pavel A. Storozhenko. "Solution to Technological Problems of Raising the Reliability and Quality of Castings Based on Titanium Alloys". Materials Science Forum 946 (febbraio 2019): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.258.

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We consider the problems of the complex application of the aluminium-yttrium binder in the fabrication of high-temperature resistant melting crucibles and investment molds thermoschemically resistant to titanium melts. The results of the contact interaction investigations of a molten titanium alloy with a material of aluminum-yttrium ceramics are presented. The usage of ceramic products of α-Al2O3–Y3Al5O12∙α-Al2O3 composition under conditions of high-temperature melting and pouring under vacuum minimizes the physicochemical interaction and significantly reduces the alpha case layer on cast products, thereby improving their operational properties.

12

Puga, Hélder, Joaquim Barbosa e Carlos Silva Ribeiro. "Factors Affecting the Metal Recovery Yield during Induction Melting of Aluminium Swarf". Materials Science Forum 730-732 (novembre 2012): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.781.

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Machining operations of cast parts usually generate considerable amounts of waste in the form of chips (usually 3–5% of the casting weight). Traditionally, swarf is sold to scrapers and remelters, but this option is quite expensive because the selling price is roughly 30% of the acquisition price of the commercial 2nd melt raw material. For most aluminium foundries that incorporate machining operations in their products, reusing aluminium chips as raw material for the melting stocks is perhaps the best option as waste management policy in what concerns to economical and technical aspects. Nevertheless, aluminium swarf is a low density product (0.25 kg/dm3) and is usually covered by a thin film of aluminium oxide and machining fluid. Melting such a product without suitable previous preparation leads to very low metal recovery rates, high energy consumption, gases and smoke generation and very low quality of the final product. During the last years, the authors have developed a high efficient and environmentally friend aluminium swarf recycling technique, using direct incorporation in aluminium melts. The influence of processing parameters, namely melt temperature and holding time, melting atmosphere, swarf briquetting pressure and melting charge composition in the metal recovery yield and dross generation was studied and characterized, and the optimal processing parameters were established. The microstructure of the final product obtained in those conditions was evaluated and is also presented. It is shown that the recycling efficiency depends on the swarf conditioning, the melting technique and the melt treatment methodology. Swarf moisture reduction, induction melting under protective atmosphere and a specially developed degassing technique were found the most important factors influencing the recycling process. By using the developed technique, cast ingots with microstructure and sanity similar to commercially available AlSi12Cu1 2nd melt raw material were successfully obtained with minimal dross formation and metal recovery rates around 90%, without using traditional salts and fluxes.

13

Bacchetti, Andrea, Stefano Bonetti, Marco Perona e Nicola Saccani. "Investment and Management Decisions in Aluminium Melting: A Total Cost of Ownership Model and Practical Applications". Sustainability 10, n. 9 (18 settembre 2018): 3342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093342.

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The well-established Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) concept has been applied to several durable goods industries, including machinery. However, none of the existing TCO models explicitly focus on such highly energy-intensive equipment as metal melting furnaces. In this paper, an application of the TCO concept to aluminium melting furnaces is explored. A TCO model is created and tested through seven case studies in the aluminium die casting industry. Results indicate that the capital expenditure (CAPEX) incurred by the sample companies accounts for only 3–5% of a furnace TCO. Moreover, the melting technology implemented in the furnace highly impacts its TCO, as both the furnace’s thermal efficiency and melting loss (i.e., the fraction of aluminium burnt during the melting process) significantly affect the costs incurred. Moreover, the sample furnaces’ cost effectiveness clearly relies on scale. This evaluation leads to identify technological and managerial levers to reduce a furnace TCO, e.g., by adopting energy-efficient furnaces and by installing centralized, large-sized furnaces to pursue scale economies.

14

Krishna, G. Gopala, P. Ram Reddy e M. Manzoor Hussain. "The Effect of Copper and Brass on Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminium Alloy When Used as in Thin Sheet Form". Journal of Mechanical Engineering 45, n. 2 (28 luglio 2016): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v45i2.28210.

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In recent years aluminium and aluminium alloys are most widely used in many applications because of light weight, good formability and malleability, corrosion resistance, moderate strength and low cost. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process is efficient and cost effective method for welding aluminium and aluminium alloys. FSW is a solid state welding process that means the material is not melted during the process. Complete welding process accomplishes below the melting point of materials so it overcomes many welding defects that usually happens with conventional fusion welding technique which were initially used for low melting materials. Though this process is initially developed for low melting materials but now process is widely used for a variety of other materials including titanium, steel and also for composites. The present butt jointed FSW experimental work has been done in two ways. Initially a comparison of tensile properties of friction stir (FS) welded similar aluminium alloy (AA6351 with AA6351) and dissimilar aluminium alloy (AA6351 with AA5083) combinations. Later the effect of impurities (copper and brass) in sheet form (0.1 mm thick) when used as insert in between two dissimilar aluminium alloy (AA6351 with AA5083) plates during FSW. Tensile tests were performed for these combinations and results were compared for with and without using strip material (copper and brass).

15

Yuardi Risonarta, Victor, Juliana Anggono, Yosias Michael Suhendra, Setyo Nugrowibowo e Yahya Jani. "Strategy to Improve Recycling Yield of Aluminium Cans". E3S Web of Conferences 130 (2019): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913001033.

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Millions of canned drinks are consumed everyday globally and their wastes create an enviromental issue. Fortunately, the cans are made from aluminium (Al) so that it can be recycled. There are two main keypoints existing during the recycling process of Al cans, i.e. the aluminium loss or low Al-yield and low recycling yield. This work outlines the strategies to improve the recycling perfomance for Al beverage cans, i.e. by adding drossing flux, applying improved melting strategy, and cans decoating prior to melting. Drossing flux was added to assist the detachment of Al from the slag. Another improved melting strategy was worked out by decreasing exposure time cans to the furnace atmosphere during melting. All those above strategies result in an increase of recycle yield in a range of 4 % to 5 %.

16

Gomes, Fernando, Joaquim Barbosa e Carlos Silva Ribeiro. "Aluminium Evaporation during Ceramic Crucible Induction Melting of Titanium Aluminides". Materials Science Forum 730-732 (novembre 2012): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.697.

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Melting TiAl based alloys in ceramic crucibles often leads to chemical contamination, alloy heterogeneity and non-metallic inclusions. The severity of such phenomena usually depends on the nature of crucible materials, the melting stock composition and the melting parameters, namely superheating time and temperature and melting pressure. Among the referred drawbacks, Al loss during melting is a critical aspect, as its concentration in TiAl based alloys has a very strong effect in their mechanical properties. Although a few studies of critical factors affecting the evaporation behaviour of Al during electron beam and induction skull melting of Ti-Al alloys had been carried out, until now no information was released on this subject for the ceramic crucible induction melting process. In this work a Ti-48Al alloy was induction melted in a zircon crucible with Y2O3 inner layer, using 50 and 100 °C superheating temperatures and 0, 60 and 90 second holding times, and poured into a graphite mould. The effect of different temperature/time combinations in the alloy composition, Al loss by evaporation and extent of the metal/crucible interaction was studied for different melting pressures. Al loss was found to increase significantly for melting pressures below around 10-1 mbar, at a rate that increases as melting pressure decreases, until a maximum rate is reached, remaining constant for lower pressure levels. Metal/crucible interaction increased directly with the melting pressure and superheating time, leading to alloy contamination with yttrium and oxygen. For the experimental set-up and conditions used on this work, optimal superheating time/pressure combinations that lead to acceptable alloy composition and sanity have been identified.

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Mansurov, Zulkhair A., e Sergey M. Fomenko. "Carbonaceous Refractory Materials on SHS-Technology". Advances in Science and Technology 88 (ottobre 2014): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.88.94.

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This study contains results of carbonaceous SHS-refractory materials application for binding of the graphite products and melting of metals in the induction furnaces. The opportunity of producing strong graphite-graphite bond up to 5 MPa by means of the carbonaceous refractory material that demonstrated high chemical stability in the aggressive liquid metals and alloys environment has been shown. The results of the industrial tests of melting crucibles made of carbonaceous SHS-refractory materials have been presented in the case of aluminium melting. It has been shown that such crucibles stability is 5-6 times higher than that of standard graphite crucibles in aluminium melting conditions. The obtained research results testify that developed carbonaceous material is applied for lining of the induction furnace of melting unit is allow to increase the number of nonferrous metals (bronze) melting cycles from 5 to 6 times in comparison with the traditional graphite crucible melting. High chemical stability of the material to oxidizing environment as well as to metal melts is provided by formation of high-melting compounds in the carbonaceous exothermic systems during SHS-process.

18

Tempiamwatcharothai, Jintana, Kumpanat Sirivedin, Pinai Mungsantisuk e Swieng Thuanboon. "The Quality Improvement of Molten Aluminium Alloy in Melting Process by Stirring Process and the Degassing Technique". Key Engineering Materials 798 (aprile 2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.17.

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The fuel-fired crucible furnace is very popular for melting of aluminium alloys. This melting technique provides good control of hydrogen gas in aluminium casting. The fuel type is LPG for convenience and low cost of production in small and medium foundry. However, the quality of the melt such as homogeneity of chemical composition is not good and stirring is normally required. In this paper, the rotary degassing system was used to improve the quality of the molten aluminium alloy. By control the homogeneity of chemical composition and reduces other impurities such as Iron (Fe). Two different inert gases, argon and nitrogen, were used to treat the melt. The combination of blade design, type of gas and rotation speed is the key success to improve the quality of molten aluminium alloy in this study. Moreover, this rotary degassing system can be used to control pouring temperature which is one of the most important parameters for the consistency of casting quality. Therefore, the rotary degassing system will be of benefit to control the homogeneity of chemical composition, control the pouring temperature, save production time and increase productivity of aluminium melting and casting.

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Fan, Yang Yang, e Makhlouf M. Makhlouf. "Castable Aluminium Alloys for High Temperature Applications". Materials Science Forum 765 (luglio 2013): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.8.

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Most traditional aluminium casting alloys are based on the aluminium-silicon eutectic system because of its excellent casting characteristics. However, the solidus in this system does not exceed 577 °C and the major alloying elements used with silicon in these alloys have high diffusivity in aluminium. Therefore, while these elements enhance the room temperature strength of the alloy, they are not useful at elevated temperatures. Considering nickel-base superalloys, whose mechanical properties are retained up to temperatures that approach 75% of their melting point, it is conceivable that castable aluminium alloys can be developed on the same basis so that they are useful at temperatures approaching 300 °C. In this publication, we present the thought process behind developing a new castable aluminum alloy that is designed specifically for such high temperature applications and we present the alloy’s measured castability characteristics and its elevated temperature tensile properties.

20

Dynin, N. V., A. O. Ivanova, D. V. Khasikov e M. S. Oglodkov. "Selective laser melting of aluminium alloy (review)". Proceedings of VIAM, n. 8 (agosto 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2017-0-8-2-2.

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Dumitrescu, D. V., Burada M Burada, I. Constantin, D. Mitrica, M. T. Olaru, B. A. Șerban, F. M. Drăgoescu, F. Cosmulescu, C. Șchiopu e B. Vâlcan. "ALUMINIUM CABLE WASTE MELTING IN MICROWAVE FIELD". Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series I - Engineering Sciences 12(61), n. 2 (7 febbraio 2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.ens.2019.12.61.1.14.

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Pascariu, Alexandra Gabriela, Ioana Anasiei, Daniela Violeta Dumitrescu, Marian Burada, Mihai Tudor Olaru, Beatrice Adriana Șerban, Paul Covic, Felicia Cosmulescu, Ciprian Șchiopu e Tiberiu Cîmpan. "Aluminium Cans Waste Melting in Microwave Field". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Ambientum 64, n. 2 (30 dicembre 2019): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbambientum.2019.2.06.

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Frilund, Eyvind. "4451337 Heat recovery in aluminium-melting works". Journal of Heat Recovery Systems 5, n. 2 (gennaio 1985): viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-7593(85)90068-2.

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Murray, Timothy, Sebastian Thomas, Yuxiang Wu, Wayne Neil e Christopher Hutchinson. "Selective laser melting of nickel aluminium bronze". Additive Manufacturing 33 (maggio 2020): 101122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101122.

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Juhasz, Jozsef, e Vasile Hotea. "FOAMING AGENT FOR ALLOYS OF ALUMINIUM FOAMS". Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 32, n. 2 (2018): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2018.2.06.

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The powder compact melting technique for aluminium foam production as practised today accepts a certain mismatch between foaming agent decomposition and matrix alloy melting temperatures.This mismatch is believed to influence the pore structure in an unfavourable way. Adjustment of TiH 2 decomposition as well as liquidus and solidus temperatures of matrix alloys can be used to counteract it. Effects of TiH 2 thermal are investigated using thermal analysis. TiH 2 variants gained via annealing treatments were used to produce aluminium foam precursor materials.

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Kurniawan, Ipung, Bayu Aji Girawan e Saeful Nurrohman. "RANCANG BANGUN DAPUR CRUCIBLE TIPE PENUANGAN TUNGKIK KAPASITAS 15 KG DENGAN BAHAN BAKAR GAS LPG". Infotekmesin 9, n. 01 (22 luglio 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v9i01.1.

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This research aims to; 1) Designing and making aluminium melting crucible casting with the capacity15 kg; 2) Conducting the test of chemical composition of the first and second melting result. Theresearch used field and library research. From the result of the design, it could be obtained that thedimension of melting casting has 547 mm diameter, 3 mm thick, 410 mm high. Whereas, molten cup has 178 mm diameter, 8 mm thick, and 230 mm high. The result of the first melting chemicalcomposition test and the second one do not work out a significant change. The material of the firstmelting result still contains 89,52% of aluminium (Al), while the main fusion is 7,71% of zinc (Zn)and 1,84% of silicon (Si), and in the second melting result still contains 89,55% of Alumunium (Al),while the main fusion is 7,51% of zinc (Zn) and 1,94% of silicon (Si).

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Apetrei, Lăcrămioara, Vasile Rață, Ruxandra Rață e Elena Raluca Bulai. "Experimental Investigations on Aluminium Ultrasonic Welding Parameters". Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (ottobre 2014): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.306.

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Research evolution timely tendencies, in the nonconventional technologies field, are: manufacture conditions optimization and complex equipments design. The increasing of ultrasonic machining use, in various technologies is due to the expanding need of a wide range materials and high quality manufacture standards in many activity fields. This paper present a experimental study made in order to analyze the welded zone material structure and welding quality. The effects of aluminium ultrasonic welding parameters such as relative energy, machining time, amplitude and working force were compared through traction tests values and microstructural analysis. Microhardness tests were, also, made in five different points, two in the base material and three in the welded zone, on each welded aluminium sample. The aluminum welding experiments were made at the National Research and Development Institute for Welding and Material Testing (ISIM) Timişoara. The ultrasonic welding temperature is lower than the aluminium melting temperature, that's so our experiments reveal that the aluminium ultrasonic welding process doesn't determine the appearance of moulding structure. In the joint we have only crystalline grains deformation, phase transformation and aluminium diffusion.

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Dzurňák, Róbert, Augustín Varga, Ján Kizek, Gustáv Jablonský e Ladislav Lukáč. "Influence of Burner Nozzle Parameters Analysis on the Aluminium Melting Process". Applied Sciences 9, n. 8 (18 aprile 2019): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081614.

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The paper presents the results of the optimisation of burner nozzle diameters during the combustion of natural gas under the conditions of increasing oxygen concentrations in the oxidizer in aluminium melting processes in drum rotary furnaces. The optimisation of outlet nozzle diameters was performed employing the method of experimental measurements, the results of which can be used for aluminium melting in hearth furnaces. The measurements were carried out using an experimental upstream burner with 13.5 kW input power. The monitored oxygen concentrations in the oxidizer ranged from 21% to 50%. The measurements were performed and evaluated in two variations of the burner configuration (geometry). In the first study, the impact of the enriched oxidizer on the melting of aluminium ingots was evaluated with the defined diameter of the air nozzle, which resulted in a reduction of the aluminium charge melting time by 50% at 45.16% oxygen concentration in the oxidizer, thus achieving savings in the consumption of fuel used for melting. In the second study, the diameter was optimised depending on the combustion rate of the natural gas and oxidizer mixture. The optimisation of the nozzle parameters resulted in the reduction of the charge melting time by 23.66%, while the same 25% enriched oxidizer was used. With the rise of the enrichment level to 35%, further reduction by approximately 12% was observed. The measurement results prove considerable influence of the parameter (geometry) optimisation of the outlet nozzles and oxidizer enrichment. Appropriately selected parameters of the burner can contribute to achieving comparable results at a lower enrichment of the oxidizer. The obtained results demonstrate the intensification of the heat transfer in the current thermal aggregates. The research conclusions confirm that oxygen-enhanced combustion and modification of existing burners reduces the specific energy consumption on the process and reduces CO2 emissions.

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Jones, Stephen J., H. Kitagawa, K. Izumiyama e H. Shimoda. "Friction of melting ice". Annals of Glaciology 19 (1994): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1994aog19-1-7-12.

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The friction of pure ice against various materials was studied at the melting point by pulling plates of the materials of known roughness under a melting ice sample, which was loaded from above, and by maintaining a surrounding air temperature of +2°C (±1°C). Speed was varied over a wide range from 0.05 to 400 mm s−1.Results for an aluminium sheet of roughness Ra = 0.84 μm, showed a maximum in friction coefficient of 0.04 at a speed of 16 mm s−1. Below this speed the friction coefficient dropped to 0.002 at 0.2 mm s −1 and results from different ice samples were very reproducible. Above 16 mm s−1, the friction coefficient initially dropped to about 0.002 at 100 mm s−1, and then increased again to 0.037 at 400 mm s−1. Results at speeds above 16 mm s−1 were much less reproducible than those at lower speeds. Results are given also for the friction of ice on Formica, acrylic, and copper plates.The amount of meltwater produced during a test was measured by weighing an absorbent tissue before and after mopping-up the meltwater. The amount of meltwater was significantly more for aluminium than for Formica or acrylic, showing that the thermal conductivity of the slider was controlling the amount of meltwater. The amount was also a strong function of velocity.

30

Jones, Stephen J., H. Kitagawa, K. Izumiyama e H. Shimoda. "Friction of melting ice". Annals of Glaciology 19 (1994): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500010910.

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Abstract (sommario):

The friction of pure ice against various materials was studied at the melting point by pulling plates of the materials of known roughness under a melting ice sample, which was loaded from above, and by maintaining a surrounding air temperature of +2°C (±1°C). Speed was varied over a wide range from 0.05 to 400 mm s−1. Results for an aluminium sheet of roughness Ra = 0.84 μm, showed a maximum in friction coefficient of 0.04 at a speed of 16 mm s−1. Below this speed the friction coefficient dropped to 0.002 at 0.2 mm s −1 and results from different ice samples were very reproducible. Above 16 mm s−1, the friction coefficient initially dropped to about 0.002 at 100 mm s−1, and then increased again to 0.037 at 400 mm s−1. Results at speeds above 16 mm s−1 were much less reproducible than those at lower speeds. Results are given also for the friction of ice on Formica, acrylic, and copper plates. The amount of meltwater produced during a test was measured by weighing an absorbent tissue before and after mopping-up the meltwater. The amount of meltwater was significantly more for aluminium than for Formica or acrylic, showing that the thermal conductivity of the slider was controlling the amount of meltwater. The amount was also a strong function of velocity.

31

Oluwadare, Benjamin Segun, Paul Chukwulozie Okolie e Samson Adedayo Adeleye. "Effect of Tin Addition on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminium Bronze Alloyed with 4% Nickel". European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, n. 3 (1 maggio 2024): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(3).01.

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The current study investigates the impact of adding tin to aluminium bronze alloyed with 4% nickel on its microstructure and mechanical properties. Sand casting was chosen as the most cost-effective and efficient method of preparing the aluminium bronze alloy. Following their melting points, six distinct samples of aluminium bronze alloyed with 0% to 10% tin were added into the crucible furnace. Nickel with the highest melting point of 1453°C was added into the crucible furnace first, while tin with the lowest melting of 231.9°C was added last into the crucible furnace. The alloying components were mixed well by manually mixing the liquid for around five minutes. After sand casting, the specimens were machined, sectioned, and grounded then tests were carried out to measure their hardness, tensile strength, and impact resistance. The results of the tests indicate that the tensile strength first increases and subsequently declines as the tin addition increases. The hardness of the aluminium bronze alloy increases as the proportion of tin addition increases. The results of the investigations also demonstrate that as the hardness of the specimens increases, their impact resistance decreases and the tensile stress of each specimen increases with strain.

32

Tribushevskiy, L. V., B. M. Nemenenok, G. A. Rumiantseva e A. V. Arabey. "Using of aluminium slags and products of their pro‑cessing in metallurgical production". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), n. 4 (20 dicembre 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2021-4-42-49.

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The work contains the results of the analysis of technical literature and author’s research on the use of aluminium slags and products of their processing in metallurgical production. It has been shown that the bulk of reagents derived from secondary aluminum production wastes (APWs) are used with increased sodium and potassium chloride. This creates some inconvenience for out‑of‑furnace steel treatment due to the increased chloride content in the working area. It is proposed for steel processing to use APWs formed during flux‑free melting or dump aluminium slags. This allows to reduce the content of salt fluxes residues to 1.0–1.5 % and to improve working conditions at ladle furnaces when liquefying refining slags.

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Peel, Alan, e Pierre Yves Menet. "The Application of MHD Side Stirring Technology to Aluminium Melting Furnaces for Operational Efficiency Improvement – A Case Study". Journal for Manufacturing Science and Production 15, n. 1 (31 marzo 2015): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmsp-2015-0003.

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AbstractElectromagnetic stirring in aluminium melting and holding furnaces is widely introduced and accepted throughout the aluminium industry but this paper looks to discuss some of the differentiating factors that have allowed the air-cooled MHD technology to provide effective circulation of the molten metal in furnaces when applied to the side of the melting furnace (rather than the traditional bottom-mounted location). This technology has been installed by Constellium and we discuss some of the benefits that have been experienced from the various installations. As well as providing certain key operational benefits this new technology allows for low-energy use and has removed many of the inherent risks of the older water-cooled technology in proximity to aluminium.

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Czechowski, Mirosław. "Properties of AlMg3 Aluminium Alloy Joints Welded by Electron Beam Melting". Journal of KONES 26, n. 2 (1 giugno 2019): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0027.

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Abstract Electron beam welding, called electron welding consists in penetrating the elements being welded with heat obtained from the elements’ bombardment in vacuum with concentrated electron beam of high energy. Concentration of the electron beam of high kinetic energy in a very small space results in generating the heat of high concentration causing melting of material in high depth. During the metal melting the electron beam makes a narrow weld of little heat affected zone (HAZ). This paper presents the test results on selection of parameters of electron beam welding of 12 mm thickness sheets of AlMg3 aluminum alloy. The beam electron melting through was carried out in vacuum by means of the welding machine WS-15 KW/100 KV. Before melting, the sheets were degreased in tetrachloroethylene and oxides were removed with 15% solution Na2Co3. The influence of electron beam melting through of sheets on their mechanical properties was tested as well as resistance to stress corrosion cracking and resistance to corrosion in fast seawater flow (10 m/s). The slow strain rate stress corrosion tests in the air and artificial seawater were performed. It was found that electron beam melting through of the AlMg3 alloy does not decrease the mechanical properties in comparison to the native material. The crack during the static tension test had ductile character and proceeded in the native material. AlMg3 alloy melting with electron beam shows a very good stress corrosion resistance.

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Kotus, M., E. Jankajová e M. Petrík. "Quality control of aluminium melt in production process". Research in Agricultural Engineering 61, Special Issue (2 giugno 2016): S43—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/28/2015-rae.

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The quality of aluminium alloy in the production process on the chemical composition basis was evaluated. The quality of casting alloy depends on the chemical composition of melt and on the technological process of production process. The basic elements such as Si, Cu, Fe, Mg and Al in melting were evaluated. The obtained data were compared with the guide data referred to in the standard for aluminium alloy.

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Панов, Євген Миколайович, М. Ф. Боженко, С. В. ДАНИЛЕНКО e В. П. БОЯНІВСЬКИЙ. "OPTIMIZATION OF FURNACES DESIGN FOR MELTING ALUMINIUM SCRAP". Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, n. 1 (13 maggio 2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2306-1626.1.2017.119465.

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37

Thoft, N. B., J. Bohr, B. Buras, E. Johnson, A. Johansen, H. H. Andersen e L. Sarholt-Kristensen. "Melting and solidification of bismuth inclusions in aluminium". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 28, n. 3 (14 marzo 1995): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/28/3/015.

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Sharma, S. K., e B. K. Sharma. "Volume dependence of the melting temperature for aluminium". Solid State Communications 150, n. 29-30 (agosto 2010): 1367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2010.04.035.

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Cox, Hazel, Roy L. Johnston e John N. Murrell. "Modelling of surface relaxation and melting of aluminium". Surface Science 373, n. 1 (febbraio 1997): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6028(96)01153-3.

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Akhtar, N., W. Akhtar e S. J. Wu. "Melting and casting of lithium containing aluminium alloys". International Journal of Cast Metals Research 28, n. 1 (21 agosto 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743133614y.0000000134.

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41

Marukovich, E. I., e V. Yu Stetsenko. "ALUMINIUM BRONZE. NANOSTRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF MELTING AND MOULDING". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), n. 1 (6 aprile 2018): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-1-12-15.

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Abstract (sommario):

It is shown that melting and molding of aluminum bronze are difficult physical and chemical processes. In them the major role is played by the centers of crystallization of dendrites of a a-phase, the a-phase nanocrystals dissolved and the adsorbed oxygen and hydrogen. The role of the modifying crystals of an intermetallid of ZrAl3 is reduced to reduction of concentration of the dissolved oxygen and hydrogen and an intensifi ation of process of coagulation of nanocrystals of a a-phase in the centers of crystallization of dendrites of a a-phase.

42

Chakravorty, C. R., e M. Chakraborty. "Melting and Casting Characteristics of Aluminium-Lithium Alloys". Cast Metals 2, n. 4 (ottobre 1989): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09534962.1989.11819001.

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Zhang, Du Yao, Helen V. Atkinson e H. B. Dong. "The Kinetics of Melting: Liquid Fraction versus Time". Solid State Phenomena 256 (settembre 2016): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.256.94.

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The fraction liquid present during semi-solid processing has a critical effect. Conventionally the process window has been defined by inspecting the liquid fraction versus temperature curve (derived from thermodynamic prediction using a thermodynamic prediction software package for example, or derived from differential scanning calorimetry results). It has been assumed that a freezing range with temperature is required for semi-solid processing to be possible. However, recently a South African group (Curle, Moller and Wilkins) has shown that it is possible to rheo-process both high-purity aluminium and a binary Al-Si eutectic alloy i.e. materials with no freezing range. This behaviour highlights the fact that it takes time for liquid to form i.e. the kinetics of melting are important. Here the liquid fraction vs time for high purity aluminium is derived from experimental results to identify the process window in terms of time rather than temperature. The time sensitivity in thixoforming or rheocasting depends on the sample mass, the heat flux and the phase transformation temperature. It is also important in determining the vulnerability to defects such as hot tears, which tend to occur particularly with the alloys which are conventionally wrought rather than cast such as the 2000 series aluminium alloys.

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Liu, Wei, e Qiong Hua Zhou. "Properties of Nanocrystalline Aluminium Fabricated by Warm-Vacuum-Compaction Method". Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (luglio 2011): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.82.

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Nanocrystalline aluminium bulk material with average grain size of 25.2 nm was prepared by warm-vacuum-compaction method. The as-prepared nanocrystalline aluminium was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calarmeutry analysis (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and Microhardness test, respectively. The experimental results show that the average grain size and microstrain of the nanocrystalline aluminium are 25.2 nm and 0.018%, respectively. The melting point of as-prepared nanocrystalline aluminium is 918.9 K, which is lower than that of coarse-grained aluminium by 14 K. The endothermic value of nanocrystalline aluminium is 196.3J/g. The average microhardness of the as-prepared nanocrystalline aluminium is 1.65 GPa, which is 11 times higher than that of coarse-grained aluminium.

45

Sassi, Meriem, e Andrea Simon. "Waste-to-Reuse Foam Glasses Produced from Soda-Lime-Silicate Glass, Cathode Ray Tube Glass, and Aluminium Dross". Inorganics 10, n. 1 (21 dicembre 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10010001.

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Aluminium dross is a hazardous industrial waste generated during aluminium production. It contains metallic oxides of aluminium and magnesium, other phases (aluminum nitride), and residues of fluxes and salts from the melting process of aluminium. Discarding this by-product is considered an environmental and economic challenge due to the high reactivity of dross with water or even air humidity. After removing the hazardous components from the as-received dross, one of the optional approaches is to incorporate the treated dross into construction materials. Dross is applied in several types of research as a secondary raw material source for alumina, clinker, cement or glass-ceramic production, but only a few papers focus on the usage of dross as a foaming agent for foams. Even fewer research are reported where dross was applied as a basic component of foam glasses. In this work, foam glasses were produced completely from waste materials: Aluminium dross, container (SLS) glass, and cathode ray tube (CRT) glass. The research holds several specificities, i.e., combining two industrial waste materials (CRT glass and dross), and adding an increased amount from the wastes. The physical and mechanical characteristics were examined with a special focus on the effect of the foam glass components on the microstructure, density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength.

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Bock, Marina, Junaid Bawazeer, John Robinson, Marios Theofanous e Konstantinos Skalomenos. "Structural performance of additive manufactured aluminum tubular stub columns". ce/papers 6, n. 3-4 (settembre 2023): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2603.

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AbstractAluminum is gaining more popularity in the construction industry due to its light weight, mechanical resistance and corrosion properties. Although several studies covering extruded and cold‐rolled aluminium members exist, research into the structural performance of 3D printed aluminium remains scarce. With the increasing importance of digital engineering in the construction industry and the transition from traditional to digital lean, it is important to investigate whether existing design codes are suitable to design 3D printed cross‐sections. To address this, the present paper reports experimental results on additive manufactured aluminium tubular sections subjected to compression. The sections were manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) and were made of AlSi10Mg which is a hardenable aluminium based casting alloy. The tubular sections have different thicknesses to cover a wide range of slendernesses. Tests on similar extruded aluminium tubular sections are also reported for comparison. Tensile tests were conducted on material coupons printed in different orientations (0° and 90°) to assess the potential effect of the orientation of printing on the material response. Full load‐deformation responses using digital image correlation (DIC) are reported and key experimental results are used to assess the local buckling design provisions given in EN 1999‐1‐1 for application to additive manufactured aluminum tubes.

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Wallen-Russell, Christopher, e Ben Lishman. "The Friction of Saline Ice on Aluminium". Advances in Tribology 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1483951.

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The friction of ice on other materials controls loading on offshore structures and vessels in the Arctic. However, ice friction is complicated, because ice in nature exists near to its melting point. Frictional heating can cause local softening and perhaps melting and lubrication, thus affecting the friction and creating a feedback loop. Ice friction is therefore likely to depend on sliding speed and sliding history, as well as bulk temperature. The roughness of the sliding materials may also affect the friction. Here we present results of a series of laboratory experiments, sliding saline ice on aluminium, and controlling for roughness and temperature. We find that the friction of saline ice on aluminiumμice-al=0.1typically, but that this value varies with sliding conditions. We propose physical models which explain the variations in sliding friction.

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Daswa, Pfarelo, Heinrich Möller, Madeleine du Toit e Gonasagren Govender. "The Solution Heat Treatment of Rheo-High Pressure Die Cast Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) 6xxx Series Alloys". Solid State Phenomena 217-218 (settembre 2014): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.217-218.259.

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The 6xxx series alloys are well known for desirable combinations of high strength, weldability, corrosion resistance and formability. This paper investigates the influence of chemical composition on the solution heat treatment parameters of rheo-high pressure die cast (R-HPDC) 6xxx series aluminium alloys. The presence of copper in the 6xxx series aluminium alloys affects the solution heat treatment by promoting incipient melting. The incidence of incipient melting is investigated for the R-HPDC alloys using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy. R-HPDC is known to produce surface liquid segregation and centre-line liquid segregation when processing the alloys and these areas are the most susceptible to incipient melting. The applicability of single and multiple step solution heat treatments are investigated. The alloys used for this study include the Cu-free alloy 6082, as well as the Cu-containing alloys 6013 and 6111.

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Diwan, Bhoopendra Dhar, e Sambandam Murugan. "Surface Bonding Effect in Thermo Physical Properties of Aluminium Nitride Nano-Particle". Advanced Materials Research 1086 (febbraio 2015): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1086.85.

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In this paper we have studied the size and number of atom-pairs dependence normalized per atom pair binding (cohesive) energy and melting temperature of the Aluminium nitride () nanoparticle using simple model approach. It is observed that the per-atom-pair binding (cohesive) energy and melting temperature are a quadratic function of the inverse of the particle size fornano-particle. The per atom-pair binding (cohesive) energy and melting temperature comes near that of their bulk value with increasing the particle size and same as the bulk material when the particle size is above than 100 nm.KeywordsSemiconductors; Size effect; Binding energy; Melting temperature; nanoparticle; nanocluster.

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Shalaby, Rizk Mostafa, Mohamed Munther, Abu-Bakr Al-Bidawi e Mustafa Kamal. "Effect of aluminum content on structure, transport and mechanical properties of Sn-Zn eutectic lead free solder alloy rapidly solidified from melt." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 10, n. 1 (5 agosto 2015): 2641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v10i1.1343.

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The greatest advantage of Sn-Zn eutectic is its low melting point (198 oC) which is close to the melting point. of Sn-Pb eutectic solder (183 oC), as well as its low price per mass unit compared with Sn-Ag and Sn-Ag-Cu solders. In this paper, the effect of 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 wt. % Al as ternary additions on melting temperature, microstructure, microhardness and mechanical properties of the Sn-9Zn lead-free solders were investigated. It is shown that the alloying additions of Al at 4 wt. % to the Sn-Zn binary system lead to lower of the melting point to 195.72 ËšC.Â From x-ray diffraction analysis, an aluminium phase, designated Î±-Al is detected for 4 and 5 wt. % Al compositions. The formation of an aluminium phase causes a pronounced increase in the electrical resistivity and microhardness. The ternary Sn-9Zn-2 wt.%Al exhibits micro hardness superior to Sn-9Zn binary alloy. The better Vickers hardness and melting points of the ternary alloy is attributed to solid solution effect, grain size refinement and precipitation of Al and Zn in the Sn matrix.Â The Sn-9%Zn-4%Al alloy is a lead-free solder designed for possible drop-in replacement of Pb-Sn solders.Â Â

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