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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Altruism"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 29 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Altruism"

Brown, William Michael, Boris Palameta e Chris Moore. "Are there Nonverbal Cues to Commitment? An Exploratory Study Using the Zero-Acquaintance Video Presentation Paradigm". Evolutionary Psychology 1, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2003): 147470490300100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490300100104.

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Altruism is difficult to explain evolutionarily if subtle cheaters exist in a population ( Trivers, 1971 ). A pathway to the evolutionary maintenance of cooperation is nonverbal altruist-detection. One adaptive advantage of nonverbal altruist-detection is the formation of trustworthy division of labour partnerships ( Frank, 1988 ). Three studies were designed to test a fundamental assumption behind altruistic partner preference models. In the first experiment perceivers (blind with respect to target altruism level) made assessments of video-clips depicting self-reported altruists and self-reported non-altruists. Video-clips were designed with attempts to control for attractiveness, expressiveness, role-playing ability, and verbal content. Overall perceivers rated altruists as more “helpful” than non-altruists. In a second experiment manipulating the payoffs for cooperation, perceivers (blind with respect to payoff condition and altruism level) assessed altruists who were helping others as more “concerned” and “attentive” than non-altruists. However perceivers assessed the same altruists as less “concerned” and “attentive” than non-altruists when the payoffs were for self. This finding suggests that perceivers are sensitive to nonverbal indicators of selfishness. Indeed the self-reported non-altruists were more likely than self-reported altruists to retain resources for themselves in an objective measure of cooperative tendencies (i.e. a dictator game). In a third study altruists and non-altruists' facial expressions were analyzed. The smile emerged as a consistent cue to altruism. In addition, altruists exhibited more expressions that are under involuntary control (e.g., orbicularis oculi) compared to non-altruists. Findings suggest that likelihood to cooperate is signaled nonverbally and the putative cues may be under involuntary control as predicted by Frank (1988) .

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Sarasati, Budi, e Ujam Jaenudin. "ALTRUISME PENGOBAT ALTERNATIF". Jurnal Psikologi Integratif 9, n. 2 (15 ottobre 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jpsi.v9i2.2216.

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Altruism is a basic human trait needed in life. Specifically, it is important to study altruism in the context of professions that intersect with service This study uncovered the altruist side of some alternative medicine profession, using phenomenological approaches. This trait is appeared when they interact with clients and live in the community. The nature of altruist is more about self-awareness of carrying out god's commands. The research subjects consisted of 3 alternative medicine healers, with different skills, namely cupping, prana, and reflexology. They have been practicing alternative medicine for an average of more than 10 years. Alternative medicines have a philosophy of life that helping others and doing good should be part of everyday life. Data collection in this study used in-depth interviews and observation. The results of the study showed that altruist behavior ican be concluded as self-transcendence. Particularly, altruist behavior characteristics of alternative medicine healers are happiness, sacrifice, and devout worship.Keywords: alternative medicine, altruism, self-transcendenceAltruisme adalah sifat dasar manusia yang dibutuhkan dalam kehidupan. Secara spesifik, penting untuk mempelajari altruisme dalam konteks profesi-profesi yang berhubungan dengan pelayanan. Penelitian ini mengungkap sisi altruisme pada beberapa pengobat alternatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Sifat altruisme ini tampak saat mereka berinteraksi dengan klien dan hidup di tengah masyarakat. Altruisme adalah perilaku seseorang ketika menolong orang lain secara suka rela tanpa mengharapkan imbalan. Sifat Altruisme lebih kepada kesadaran diri melaksanakan perintah Tuhan. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 3 orang ahli dalam pengobatan alternatif dengan berbagai keahlian berbeda, yaitu bekam, prana, dan pijat refleksi. Mereka telah membuka praktik pengobatan alternatif rata-rata lebih dari 10 tahun. Para pengobat alternatif mempunyai falsafah hidup bahwa menolong orang lain dan berbuat baik seharusnya menjadi bagian dari kehidupan sehari-hari. Pengambilan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan obervasi. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan perilaku altruisme bersifat self transendence. Karakteristik perilaku altruimes para pengobat alternatif adalah kebahagiaan, pengorbanan dan ketaatan beribadah.Kata kunci: Ahli Pengobatan Alternatif, altruisme, self transendence.

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Sibly, Richard M., e Robert N. Curnow. "Genetic polymorphisms between altruism and selfishness close to the Hamilton threshold rb = c". Royal Society Open Science 4, n. 2 (febbraio 2017): 160649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160649.

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Genes that in certain conditions make their carriers altruistic are being identified, and altruism and selfishness have shown to be heritable in man. This raises the possibility that genetic polymorphisms for altruism/selfishness exist in man and other animals. Here we characterize some of the conditions in which genetic polymorphisms may occur. We show for dominant or recessive alleles how the positions of stable equilibria depend on the benefit to the recipient, b , and the cost to the altruist, c , for diploid altruists helping half or full sibs, and haplodiploid altruists helping sisters. Stable polymorphisms always occur close to the Hamilton threshold rb = c . The position of the stable equilibrium moves away 0 or 1 with both increases in c , the cost paid by the altruist, and increasing divergence from the Hamilton threshold, and alleles for selfishness can reach frequencies around 50%. We evaluate quantitative estimates of b , c and r from field studies in the light of these predictions, but the values do not fall in the regions where genetic polymorphisms are expected. Nevertheless, it will be interesting to see as genes for altruism are discovered whether they are accompanied by alternate alleles for selfishness.

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Mouser, Ricky. "Mutual Aid as Effective Altruism". Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 33, n. 2 (giugno 2023): 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ken.2023.a904083.

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ABSTRACT: Effective altruism has a strategy problem. Overreliance on a strategy of donating to the most effective charities keeps us on the firefighter's treadmill , continually pursuing the next-highest quantifiable marginal gain. But on its own, this is politically shortsighted. Without any long-term framework within which these individual rescues fit together to bring about the greatest overall impact, we are almost certainly leaving a lot of value on the table. Thus, effective altruists' preferred means undercut their professed aims. Alongside the charity framework, the more effective altruist ought to consider a mutual aid framework, which better acknowledges and honors the unavoidably political commitments of effective altruism to reimagine and remake the world.

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Naganawa, Takuya, Shinsaku Yamauchi, Noriko Yamagata, Akiko Matsumoto–Oda e Ryo Oda. "Do Altruists Detect Altruists Easier Than Non–Altruists?" Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 1, n. 1 (4 maggio 2010): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.1.

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Previous studies indicated that humans have a cognitive architecture for detecting altruism in others based on non–verbal cues. According to the perspective of ‘green beard effect’, green beard gene should produce recognition of the green beard in other individuals, which predicts that altruists can detect altruists easier than non–altruists. In a game situation in which perceivers respond to videotaped altruists and non–altruists, we measured the altruism of perceivers and examined the relationship between degree of altruism and ability to identify altruists. We found no significant relationship between the accuracy with which altruism levels were detected and the altruism level of perceivers.

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Anggraini, Dewi Aprillia, e Nurul Hartini. "Hubungan antara Altruisme dengan Kesejahteraan Psikologis Relawan pada Lembaga Filantropi Dompet Dhuafa". Buletin Riset Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental (BRPKM) 2, n. 2 (28 ottobre 2022): 832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/brpkm.v2i2.38930.

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Kesejahteraan psikologis individu sangat penting, terutama bagi relawan. Tingkat kesejahteraan yang rendah dapat berdampak pada kesehatan mental dan perkembangan relawan secara keseluruhan. Munculnya kesejahteraan psikologis dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas altruis. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan uji korelasi antara altruisme dengan kesejahteraan psikologis relawan pada Lembaga Filantropi Dompet Dhuafa. Sebanyak 133 peserta dalam penelitian ini yang menyelesaikan kuesioner menggunakan instrumen altruism scale dan Ryff’s psychological well-being scale. Altruisme dan kesejahteraan psikologis pada relawan memiliki hubungan positif signifikan yang sangat kuat. Menurut analisis data menggunakan pendekatan korelasi Spearman (r(133)= 0,523; p < 0,001). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kesejahteraan psikologis relawan akan meningkat atau semakin tinggi, seiring dengan tingginya tingkat altruisme.

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Kitcher, Philip. "VARIETIES OF ALTRUISM". Economics and Philosophy 26, n. 2 (luglio 2010): 121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267110000167.

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Discussions of altruism occur in three importantly different contexts. During the past four decades, evolutionary theory has been concerned with the possibility that forms of behaviour labelled as altruistic could emerge and could be maintained under natural selection. In these discussions, an agent A is said to act altruistically towards a beneficiary B when A's action promotes the expected reproductive success of B at expected reproductive cost to A. This sort of altruism, biological altruism, is quite different from the kind of behaviour important to debates about ethical and social issues. There the focus is on psychological altruism, a notion that is concerned with the intentions of the agent and that need have no connection with the spread of anyone's genes. Psychological altruists are people with other-directed desires, emotions or intentions (this is a rough preliminary characterization, to be refined below). Finally, in certain kinds of social scientific research, the important concept is that of behavioural altruism. From the outside, behavioural altruists look like psychological altruists, although their motives and preferences may be very different.

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Mokos, Judit, e István Scheuring. "Altruism, costly signaling, and withholding information in a sport charity campaign". Evolution, Mind and Behaviour 17, n. 1 (dicembre 2019): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2050.2019.00007.

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Are more generous altruists more likely to signal their altruism? According to the theory of costly signaling, altruists signal their altruism in order to enhance their reputations; this theory predicts that above-average altruists will be most likely to signal their altruism. However, previous empirical research has found that average altruists are more likely to signal their altruism than above- and below-average altruists, suggesting adherence to an egalitarian norm. Studies of real-life of altruism, reputation management, and signaling are rare. Here, we examined a sport charity database to look at the behavior of donors and fundraising runners. We observed that average donors are the most likely to publish both their names and the amount, whereas below-average donors are more likely to publish only their name (and hide the amount), and extremely generous donors are more likely to publish only the amount (and hide their name) than less generous donors. We also found that runners who targeted a higher sum or a longer distance garnered larger sums through larger individual donations. These results support egalitarian theories of signaling and show that humans actively manipulate the information about their altruistic act to maximize their reputation.

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Muhammad, Farhad, e Abdul Muhid. "ALTRUISME GURU DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM". Muslim Heritage 7, n. 2 (26 dicembre 2022): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/muslimheritage.v7i2.4798.

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AbstractTeacher Altruism in an Islamic Perspective. Altruism as an active attitude of a person to help others has a significant social impact, in Islam altruism is better known in its terms which is one of the basic attitudes of a Muslim, especially for teachers who are central figures in the education of future generations to become the better person should be one with altruism. This study aims to reveal the similarities and differences between altruism and itsar, and altruistic attitudes of teachers. The method in this study is a literature review, the source of the data is taken from literature and journals related to the research topic. The results of this study are altruism and itsar have similarities in the meaning of both which refer to individual actions that want good for others without getting reciprocity, along with indicators in the form of; attitude of giving, cooperation, donation, helping, honest, and generous, while the difference lies in the spiritual aspect in Itsar’s indicators, so that makes itsar more perfect than altruism. Mu'tsir teachers in Islam are teachers who prioritize the interests of students compared to the teacher himself, making indicators of altruism as the basis of their competence, by adding spiritual competence contained in itsar as a manifestation of faith and charity as a Muslim, and as an accountability answer before Allah SWT. AbstrakAltruisme Guru Dalam Perspektif Islam.Altruisme sebagai sikap aktif seseorang untuk membantu orang lain memiliki dampak sosial yang signifikan, dalam islam altruismelebih dikenal dalam term itsar yang merupakan salah satu sikap dasar seorang muslim, terlebih bagi Guru yang merupakan tokoh sentral dalam pendidikan generasi mendatang untuk menjadi pribadi yang lebih baik haruslah merupakan seorang dengan sikap altruisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan persamaan dan perbedaan antara altruisme dan itsar, dan sikap-sikap altruisme guru. Metode dalam penelitian ini merupakan kajian pustaka, sumber datanya diambil dari literatur dan jurnal yang terkait dengan topik penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini adalah altruisme dan itsar memiliki persamaan dalam pengertian keduanya yang merujuk pada tindakan individu yang menghendaki kebaikan bagi orang lain tanpa mendapatkan timbal balik, berikut indikatornya yang berupa; sikap memberi, kerjasama, donasi, menolong, jujur, dan dermawan, sedangkan perbedaannya terletak pada keberadaan aspek spiritual dalam indikator yang dimiliki term Itsar, sehingga cakupan itsar bisa menjadi lebih sempurna dari altruisme. Guru yang mu’tsir dalam Islam merupakan guru yang lebih mengutamakan kepentingan peserta didik dibandingkan dengan diri guru itu sendiri, menjadikan indikator altruisme sebagai dasar kompetensi yang dimilikinya, dengan menambahkan kompetensi spiritual yang terdapat pada itsar sebagai perwujudan iman dan amalnya sebagai muslim, dan sebagai pertanggung jawabannya dihadapan Allah SWT.

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STEINBERG, DAVID. "Altruism in Medicine: Its Definition, Nature, and Dilemmas". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19, n. 2 (12 marzo 2010): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109990521.

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A significant portion of the practice of medicine is dependent on individual acts of medical altruism. Many of these acts, such as the donation of blood, gametes, stem cells, and organs, entail varying degrees of bodily intrusion and, for the altruist, various combinations of discomfort, risk, and expense. Discussion of the ethics of altruism has typically been fragmented under various rubrics such as blood donation, organ and tissue transplantation, health information, and the assisted reproductive technologies. The ethics of these specific examples of altruism are best explored in conjunction with a broader discussion of their relatively neglected mother discipline, altruism in medicine.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Altruism"

Ramirez, Alberto Jose. "Essays on migration, altruism, and intergenerational mobiilty". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665751.

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Esta tesis es una colección de ensayos centrados en la economía del desarrollo. La primera parte está dedicada al análisis de las tarifas de transacción sobre el comportamiento de las remesas y cómo la existencia de los costos de transacción afecta la prueba canónica del motivo de remesas altruista. La segunda parte está dedicada al análisis empírico y la estimación del efecto de la migración familiar en Indonesia sobre la inversión en el capital humano de sus hijos. Nuestro trabajo contribuye a la discusión en curso en economía del desarrollo sobre cómo la migración y los flujos de capital afectan tanto a quienes se quedan atrás como a las generaciones futuras que podrían cosechar los frutos de las inversiones realizadas por sus progenitores. La literatura económica sobre remesas no se ha fijado en cuál es el motivo principal de los grandes flujos de capital transferidos por los migrantes a sus países de origen. En el primer capítulo, investigamos el papel de las tarifas de transferencia y el costo en el que incurren los remitentes migrantes con el motivo de envío altruista. Exploramos un tratamiento teórico del problema de los costos de transacción inducidos por la existencia de una tarifa para enviar capital entre dos hogares, y cómo la distorsión afecta el comportamiento de las remesas indirectamente a través de efectos intertemporales en las decisiones de ahorro. Si bien aún no hemos generalizado nuestros resultados a la clase de funciones convexas para un costo de transferencia, mostramos en un modelo simple de dos períodos que las remesas disminuyen en función del aumento de las remesas debido al aumento teórico de los ahorros que la existencia de tarifas más altas induce Luego preguntamos cómo la existencia de un costo de transacción inducido por una tarifa de transferencia afecta la prueba canónica del motivo altruista para las transferencias entre hogares, primero elucidado por Becker (1974). Aquí encontramos que las distorsiones de los costos de transferencia tienen un impacto negativo en la inferencia de altruismo desde el límite teórico basado en la prueba de Becker. Finalmente, simulamos el modelo en el contexto de la comunidad migrante cubana en los EE. UU. Encontramos, en un modelo sin costo, que la serie cronológica agregada de los flujos de remesas observados se explica principalmente por el altruismo; y que la tarifa de transacción calibrada suponiendo que los migrantes son altruistas se acerca bastante a las tarifas promedio reportadas en la literatura para las remesas a Cuba. Argumentamos que esto evidencia la necesidad de considerar el alcance del panorama de remesas al inferir el motivo de este comportamiento, especialmente el altruista. En el segundo capítulo, cambiamos el enfoque a la migración de los hogares y el resultado asociado en el logro escolar de los niños. Este trabajo es relevante dados los crecientes flujos migratorios dentro y entre los países que pueden tener efectos perjudiciales para la familia. Como tal, los efectos de la migración en los hijos del hogar han sido un tema constante dentro de la literatura de desarrollo debido a las diversas dimensiones a través de las cuales la migración puede afectarlos. Para explorar este tema, pasamos a la Encuesta de Vida Familiar de Indonesia, un panel longitudinal de datos mantenido por la Corporación RAND. Primero analizamos cómo la migración interna en general afecta las primas salariales, dado que la literatura sobre migración encuentra evidencia de que las primas salariales esperadas entre los mercados laborales son la principal motivación para la migración. Luego observamos cómo la migración familiar afecta específicamente el logro escolar en los niños migrantes. Nuestro análisis es de naturaleza descriptiva, pero apunta a asociaciones positivas en ambos casos, con la migración familiar reduciendo el riesgo de salir de los niveles de escolaridad superiores en un país donde el gobierno todavía está combatiendo activamente el trabajo infantil, a pesar de su ilegalidad. Tomamos estos dos hallazgos cualitativos del segundo capítulo para desarrollar en el capítulo tres un modelo intergeneracional simple de migración familiar e inversión en el capital humano de un niño. La investigación de un mecanismo de selección plausible que plagó la endogeneidad en el trabajo descriptivo nos permite no solo comentar si existe un efecto causal sino también sobre la magnitud y dirección de los efectos. Al llevar a cabo experimentos de políticas, demostramos que inducir la migración familiar a través de subsidios completos (o casi completos), especialmente entre hogares poco calificados, lleva a salarios promedio más altos en la próxima generación que en el caso base donde las familias están vinculadas a su lugar de origen. Finalmente, si bien relajar el costo de migración en nuestro modelo estimado conduce a mejoras, también demostramos que el resultado de política más barato podría ser relajar los costos de oportunidad de educar que aún existen en Indonesia, cuyos efectos son mayores y los costos posiblemente más bajos que una política de migración lograría. Si bien un subsidio de migración total puede parecer extremo, observamos que el gobierno de Indonesia ha proporcionado a los empobrecidos jawaneses la oportunidad de trasladarse ellos y sus familias a otras islas dentro de Indonesia sin costo a través de programas de transmigración. También argumentamos que el último resultado no disminuye los efectos de la migración, sino que la mejora a medida que las aparentes disparidades entre los mercados de trabajo están favoreciendo empíricamente la migración y justifica una mayor consideración de las inversiones regionales en capital humano.
This thesis is a collection of essays focused on developmental economics. The first portion is dedicated to the analysis of transaction fees on remitting behavior and how the existence of transaction costs impact the canonical test of the altruistic remittance motive. The second portion is dedicated to the empirical analysis and estimation of the effect of family migration in Indonesia on the investment in their children's human capital. Our work contributes to the ongoing discussion in developmental economics on how migration and capital flows impact both those who stay behind and the future generations who might reap the fruits of the investments made by their progenitors. The economic literature on remittances has not settled on what is the driving motive for the large flows of capital transferred by migrants to their home countries. In the first chapter we investigate the role of transfer fees and the cost incurred by migrant remitters on the altruistic remitting motive. We explore a theoretical treatment of the problem of transaction costs induced by the existence of a fee to send capital between two households, and how the distortion affects remitting behavior indirectly through inter-temporal effects on savings decisions. While we have not yet generalized our results to the class of convex functions for a transfer cost, we show in a simple two period model that remittances decrease as a function of increasing remittance fees due to the theoretical increase in savings that the existence of higher fees induces. We then ask how the existence of a transaction cost induced by a transfer fee affects the canonical test of the altruistic motive for inter-household transfers, first elucidated by Becker (1974). Here we find that the distortions from transfer costs negatively impact the inference of altruism from the theoretical limit based on Becker's test. Finally, we calibrate the model in the context of the Cuban migrant community in the U.S. We find, in a no cost model, that the aggregate time series of remittance flows observed is mostly explained by altruism; and that the calibrated transaction fee assuming migrants are altruistic comes fairly close to the average fees reported in the literature for remittances to Cuba. We argue that this evidences the need to consider the scope of the remittance landscape when inferring the motive of this behavior, especially the altruistic one. In the second chapter we shift focus to migration of households and the associated outcome on children's schooling attainment. This work is relevant given the increasing migration flows both within and between countries that can have disruptive effects on the family. As such the effects of migration on the household's children has been a consistent topic within the development literature because of the various dimensions through which migration can impact them. To explore this topic, we turn to the Indonesian Family Life Survey, a longitudinal panel data maintained by the RAND Corporation. We first analyze how internal migration in general affects wage premiums, given that the migration literature finds evidence that expected wage premiums between labor markets is the principal motivation for migration. Then we look at how family migration specifically affects schooling attainment in migrant children. Our analysis is descriptive in nature but points to positive associations in both cases, with family migration reducing the hazard of exiting higher schooling levels in a country where the government is still actively combating child labor, despite its illegality. We take these two qualitative findings from the second chapter to develop in chapter three a simple intergenerational model of family migration and investment in a child's human capital. Investigating a plausible selection mechanism that plagued the endogeneity in the descriptive work allows us to not only comment on whether a causal effect exists but also on the magnitude and direction of effects. In conducting policy experiments we show that inducing family migration via full (or nearly full) subsidy, especially among low-skilled households, leads to higher average wages in the next generation than in the base case where families are tied to their home location. Finally, while relaxing the migration cost in our estimated model does lead to improvements, we also show that the cheapest policy outcome might be to relax the opportunity costs to educate that still exist in Indonesia, whose effects are greater and the costs arguably lower than a migration policy would accomplish. While a full migration subsidy may seem extreme, we note that the Indonesian government has provided impoverished Jawanese the opportunity to move themselves and their families to other islands within Indonesia at no cost through transmigration programs. We also argue that the last result doesn't diminish the effects of migration, but enhances it as the apparent disparities between labor markets is empirically favoring migration and warrants a further look at regional investments in human capital.

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MacDermid, Robert Hugh. "Altruism and politics". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25828.

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The growth of state authority in the societies of modern liberal democracies has resulted in a diminished scope for the exercise of individual obligations, duties and rights in private life. The decreasing sphere of individual authority may be partly explained by liberal theorists', and particularly John Locke's contention that individuals cannot provide without the coercion of the state, those public goods such as justice which distinguish the state of nature from civil society. For while man can be benevolent in private life, in public life he cannot be trusted to see beyond his own self-interest. Therefore, Locke and others concluded that public goods, which are produced by many and consumed by all, must be provided by the state. The thesis argues that benevolence or altruism is a theoretically possible if not prevalent motivation in public life. The spread of state authority manifest in the welfare state, reduces the opportunities and atrophies the willingness of individuals to behave altruistically. Moreover, different kinds of situations impose constraints upon the choice of an altruistic course of action. In a formal analysis of simple variable sum noncooperative games of the 2 x 2 order, altruism is shown to be a choice alternative in only a minority of games. But where altruism is not constrained, it is a demonstrable pressure on subjects' choices in two experiments. The subjects in the two experiments were required to choose between the two alternatives of a 2 x 2 game where decision pressures were defined over the payoff values of the matrix. The decision pressures represented in the games were benevolence, Pareto optimality, collective rationality, competition, and individual gains maximization. While the pressures of individual maximization and competition were revealed as the strongest by a multiple regression analysis, benevolence was shown to have a surprisingly strong influence upon the subjects' decisions. The finding supports the contention that individuals may be capable even in highly competitive albeit abstract situations, of sufficient benevolence to provide some of the public goods now supplied by the state. The findings therefore lend weight to the classical liberal argument for a reduced if not minimal state.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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Klingberg, Christine. "Altruism som begrepp och fenomen : en teoretisk och empirisk studie om altruism i omvårdnad /". Stockholm : Karolinska Institutet, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015747872&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Wollbrant, Conny. "Self-Control and altruism /". Göteborg : University of Gothenburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/22401.

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Limback, Ellie. "Influences on preschoolers' altruism". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27679/.

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There has been a resurgence of interest in prosocial behaviour in recent years, but many authors avoid the topic of altruism due to the difficulty of discerning the motives behind the behaviour. The present thesis takes a behavioural definition of altruism (i.e. that the point of interest is the altruistic action rather than the underlying motives) and employs a paradigm from experimental economics that minimises the impact of motivating factors aside from altruism: the dictator game. Preschool children's emerging altruistic behaviour is assessed and the norms governing this behaviour are hypothesised. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to prosocial behaviour in general, before focussing on altruism and the dictator game. It demonstrates that while behaviour in older children and adults is influenced by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors, little is known about influences on the altruistic and dictator game behaviour of preschool children. Chapter 2 conducts a standard DG with 4-5 year-old children with particular focus on the influence of siblings. It also examines the impact of endowment size, providing a reduced endowment in order to ascertain whether children's understanding of the numerosities involved influences dictator game behaviour. There was no effect of endowment size upon DG behaviour, but sibling status was found to influence donations, with children with older siblings being more likely to donate than those without older siblings. These results are discussed in terms of models of sibling influence. Chapter 3 extends these findings by examining whether adults behave similarly to children and whether the influence of older siblings remains in adulthood. A shift in the influence of siblings was observed, with adults with siblings being more generous than those without siblings, rather than older siblings in particular being beneficial. How these findings further inform models of sibling influence is discussed. Chapter 4 examines how the source of the endowment influences preschoolers' altruistic behaviour in the dictator game by asking children to earn their endowments rather than provide them as a windfall. While previous work has shown that adults are less generous when they have earned their endowment than when it is a windfall, children showed little difference in behaviour according to the source of their endowment, although there is evidence to suggest that children with older siblings are beginning to internalise the relevant norms (otherwise there was no effect of sibling status). Chapter 5 examines the effect of framing upon children's altruistic behaviour by providing different information about the recipient (rather than no information as is standard in the DG). Children gave more to a recipient with positive characteristics than one with negative characteristics and were also influenced by the mere possession of information. Chapter 6 sums up by demonstrating how these findings interact to inform our understanding of preschoolers' altruistic behaviour and outlines areas for future research. Altogether, this thesis demonstrates that there are numerous influences on preschoolers' altruistic behaviour but children are nonetheless similarly altruistic to adults rather than more selfish, as is often assumed.

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Nantz, Derrick Phillip. "Nietzsche on Naturalism, Egoism and Altruism". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/30.

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In this thesis I provide an overview of Nietzsche's ethics with an emphasis on showing how his naturalistic approach to ethics leads him to advance an egoistic moral code. I argue that this, though radical in the light of conventional morality, is not irrational, unprincipled, or proscriptive of other-regarding moral considerations. On the contrary, it demands the highest degree of foresight and integrity. While Nietzsche's writings are meant for a select group of people, namely "higher men," whose flourishing may be undercut by their unwitting acceptance of a self-destructive morality. I explain that Nietzsche places the highest degree of value on the life of these individuals, the development of their character, and their flourishing. Further, I explain that Nietzsche extols as a great virtue "bestowing" or "gift-giving," and that he takes generosity to be more frequently practiced under an ethics of egoism.

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Politis, Vasilis. "Pure altruism : its possibility and value". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260696.

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Povey, Richard. "The socially optimal level of altruism". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.560472.

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It is already recognized by some specific models in the existing literature that altruism may have socially counterproductive effects. Economic theory also shows that self- interest often produces efficient outcomes. This thesis explores the relationship between altruistic preferences, punishment systems and the cultural evolution of morality. The central argument is that altruism has detrimental effects on the efficacy of punishment and the resultant incentives of agents to co-operate with socially efficient equilibria, and that the use of punishment can have a negative effect on the evolution of altruism. The sequential punishment model is presented - akin to an infinitely-repeated stage game, but sufficiently simple to allow determinate optimal punishment paths to be derived - and the impact of different levels of altruism fully analysed. It is shown that high levels of altruistic motivation - close to but slightly less than full altruism - cause the socially efficient equilibrium to break down. Although the model is only a highly stylized representation of social interaction, the key effects that drive these results should appear in many more specific examples. In summary, these are the temptation effect (more altruistic individuals are less tempted to do harm to others), the willingness effect (more altruistic individuals are less willing to inflict punishment), and the severity effect (punishments, such as a fine where the revenue is redistributed, are less severe for more altruistic individuals, because they place a higher value on the contribution of the revenue to the welfare of others). By embedding a simplified version of the sequential punishment model in a simulated indirect evolution framework, it is also established that the use of punishment can weaken the group selection mechanism, resulting in a lower level of altruism evolving. The normative consequences of this are shown to be ambiguous.

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Armstrong, Hanafiah Helena. "Commerce and altruism in British charities". Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418025.

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Harrison, Mark R. "The bioeconomics of altruism and rivalry /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Libri sul tema "Altruism"

1968-, Seglow Jonathan, a cura di. Altruism. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press, 2007.

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Frankel, Paul Ellen, Miller Fred Dycus 1944- e Paul Jeffrey, a cura di. Altruism. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

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Vakoch, Douglas A., a cura di. Extraterrestrial Altruism. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37750-1.

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1968-, Seglow Jonathan, a cura di. The ethics of altruism. Portland, Or: F. Cass Publishers, 2004.

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Shaw, Rhonda M., a cura di. Bioethics Beyond Altruism. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55532-4.

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Ray, Debraj. Nonpaternalistic intergenerational altruism. Stanford, Calif: Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University, 1985.

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Berman, Eli. Fertility, migration, and altruism. Jerusalem: Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, 2000.

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SEGLOW, JONATHAN, a cura di. The Ethics of Altruism. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203682777.

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Lunati, M. Teresa. On altruism and cooperation. Aberystwyth: University College of Wales, Dept. of Economicsand Agricultural Economics, 1992.

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Stefano, Zamagni, a cura di. The economics of altruism. Aldershot, England: E. Elgar, 1995.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Altruism"

Vasconcelos, Isis Gomes. "Altruism and Costs to Altruist". In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3526-1.

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Hangay, George, Severiano F. Gayubo, Marjorie A. Hoy, Marta Goula, Allen Sanborn, Wendell L. Morrill, Gerd GÄde et al. "Altruism". In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 136. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_166.

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Crysel, Laura. "Altruism". In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 131–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1775.

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Pessi, Anne Birgitta. "Altruism". In International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99675-2_133-1.

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Heckhausen, Heinz. "Altruism". In Motivation and Action, 243–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75961-1_9.

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Levesque, Roger J. R. "Altruism". In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 124. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_510.

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Toiviainen, Leila. "Altruism". In Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics, 110–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09483-0_18.

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Toiviainen, Leila. "Altruism". In Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05544-2_18-1.

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Harnay, Sophie. "Altruism". In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 60–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_27.

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Harnay, Sophie. "Altruism". In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–3. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_27-1.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Altruism"

Sturgill, David. "Altruism among programmers". In the 45th ACM technical symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2544305.

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Montanier, Jean-Marc, e Nicolas Bredeche. "Evolution of altruism". In Proceeding of the fifteenth annual conference companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2464576.2464594.

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RUSU, Delia Elena. "Volunteering Interest or Altruism". In 8th LUMEN International Scientific Conference Rethinking Social Action. Core Values in Practice | RSACVP 2017 | 6-9 April 2017 | Suceava – Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc.rsacvp2017.68.

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Istiqomah, Iklima, Mamat Supriatna e Nandang Budiman. "Fostering Altruism in Elementary School". In Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Psychology and Pedagogy - "Diversity in Education" (ICEPP 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200130.092.

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Yehia, Abeer, e Mohammed El-Beltagy. "Exploring altruism in social networks". In 2014 9th International Conference on Informatics and Systems (INFOS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infos.2014.7036696.

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Mah, Kristina, e Luke Hespanhol. "Embodying altruism in interaction design". In OzCHI '17: 29th Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3152771.3156177.

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Brañas-Garza, P., R. Cobo-Reyes, M. P. Espinosa, N. Jiménez e G. Ponti. "Altruism in the (social) network". In COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR IN NEURAL SYSTEMS: Ninth Granada Lectures. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2709606.

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Kerkmann, Anna Maria, e Jörg Rothe. "Altruism in Coalition Formation Games". In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/49.

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Nguyen et al. [2016] introduced altruistic hedonic games in which agents’ utilities depend not only on their own preferences but also on those of their friends in the same coalition. We propose to extend their model to coalition formation games in general, considering also the friends in other coalitions. Comparing the two models, we argue that excluding some friends from the altruistic behavior of an agent is a major disadvantage that comes with the restriction to hedonic games. After introducing our model, we additionally study some common stability notions and provide a computational analysis of the associated verification and existence problems.

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Yu, Sixie, David Kempe e Yevgeniy Vorobeychik. "Altruism Design in Networked Public Goods Games". In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/69.

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Many collective decision-making settings feature a strategic tension between agents acting out of individual self-interest and promoting a common good. These include wearing face masks during a pandemic, voting, and vaccination. Networked public goods games capture this tension, with networks encoding strategic interdependence among agents. Conventional models of public goods games posit solely individual self-interest as a motivation, even though altruistic motivations have long been known to play a significant role in agents' decisions. We introduce a novel extension of public goods games to account for altruistic motivations by adding a term in the utility function that incorporates the perceived benefits an agent obtains from the welfare of others, mediated by an altruism graph. Most importantly, we view altruism not as immutable, but rather as a lever for promoting the common good. Our central algorithmic question then revolves around the computational complexity of modifying the altruism network to achieve desired public goods game investment profiles. We first show that the problem can be solved using linear programming when a principal can fractionally modify the altruism network. While the problem becomes in general intractable if the principal's actions are all-or-nothing, we exhibit several tractable special cases.

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Xu, Kuang, Pan Hui, Victor O. K. Li, Jon Crowcroft, Vito Latora e Pietro Lio. "Impact of altruism on opportunistic communications". In 2009 First International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icufn.2009.5174303.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Altruism"

Pollak, Robert. Bargaining with Altruism. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, settembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30499.

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Berman, Eli, e Zaur Rzakhanov. Fertility, Migration, and Altruism. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, febbraio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7545.

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Farhi, Emmanuel, e Iván Werning. Estate Taxation with Altruism Heterogeneity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, febbraio 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18792.

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Genicot, Garance. Two-sided Altruism and Signaling. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, giugno 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21309.

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Garriga, Carlos, e Fernando Sanchez Losada. Estate Taxation with Warm-Glow Altruism. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2009.004.

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Lacetera, Nicola, Mario Macis e Robert Slonim. Rewarding Altruism? A Natural Field Experiment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, dicembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17636.

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Abel, Andrew, e B. Douglas Bernheim. Fiscal Policy With Impure Intergenerational Altruism. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, giugno 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2613.

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Rotemberg, Julio. Attitude-Dependent Altruism, Turnout and Voting. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, settembre 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14302.

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Krishna, Kala. Making Altruism Pay in Auction Quotas. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, gennaio 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3230.

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Rotemberg, Julio. Charitable Giving When Altruism and Similarity are Linked. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, novembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17585.

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