Articoli di riviste: "Almond Pollen"

1

Connell, Joseph H. "Pollination of Almonds: Practices and Problems". HortTechnology 10, n. 1 (gennaio 2000): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.1.116.

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California almonds [Prunus dulcis, (Mill.) D.A. Webb, syn. Prunus amygdalus Batsch] are self-incompatible requiring cross-pollination to produce a commercial crop. Within seven known pollen groups, they also display cross-incompatibility. Coincidence of bloom between compatible cultivars is essential for cross-pollination. Since almonds are pollinated primarily by honeybees [Apis mellifera L.], arranging pollinizers in close proximity to one another promotes maximum pollen transfer. Almonds are frequently subject to inclement weather during their February bloom period. Strong honeybee colonies are better able to forage during marginal weather conditions than are weak colonies. Honeybee management can encourage pollen foraging and placement of colonies can affect flight activity and ultimately nut-set. Weather permitting vigorous honeybee flight activity is the most important factor for setting a good crop. Temperature also affects anther dehiscence, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth. The sooner an almond flower is cross-pollinated after opening, the greater the chance of fertilization and nut-set. Optimizing all of these pollination factors is therefore essential to achieve maximum production in almond orchards.

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McKinnon, Aimee C., Luke Collins, Jennifer L. Wood, Nick Murphy, Ashley E. Franks e Martin J. Steinbauer. "Precision Monitoring of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Activity and Pollen Diversity during Pollination to Evaluate Colony Health". Insects 14, n. 1 (16 gennaio 2023): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14010095.

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Certain crops depend upon pollination services for fruit set, and, of these, almonds are of high value for Australia. Stressors, such as diseases, parasites, pesticides, and nutrition, can contribute to honey bee Apis mellifera L. colony decline, thereby reducing bee activity and pollination efficiency. In Australia, field studies are required to monitor honey bee health and to ascertain whether factors associated with colony decline are impacting hives. We monitored honey bee colonies during and after pollination services of almond. Video surveillance technology was used to quantify bee activity, and bee-collected pollen was periodically tested for pesticide residues. Plant species diversity was also assessed using DNA metabarcoding of the pollen. Results showed that bee activity increased in almond but not in bushland. Residues detected included four fungicides, although the quantities were of low risk of oral toxicity to bees. Floral diversity was lower in the pollen collected by bees from almonds compared to bushland. However, diversity was higher at the onset and conclusion of the almond bloom, suggesting that bees foraged more widely when availability was low. Our findings suggest that commercial almond orchards may sustain healthier bee colonies compared to bushland in early spring, although the magnitude of the benefit is likely landscape-dependent.

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3

Gómez, Eva M., Ángela S. Prudencio e Encarnación Ortega. "Protein Profiling of Pollen–Pistil Interactions in Almond (Prunus dulcis) and Identification of a Transcription Regulator Presumably Involved in Self-Incompatibility". Agronomy 12, n. 2 (29 gennaio 2022): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020345.

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The cultivated almond displays a gametophytic self-incompatibility system, which avoids self-fertilization, and it is controlled by a multi-allelic locus (S-locus) containing two genes specifically expressed in pistil (S-RNase) and pollen (SFB). Studies on almonds with the same S-haplotype but different phenotype pointed to the existence of unknown components in this system to explain its functioning. The increase of knowledge on this reproductive barrier would allow better management of fruit production and germplasm selection. This work proposes candidates to components of the almond gametophytic self-incompatibility system, by identifying differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) after compatible and incompatible pollen–pistil interactions in almonds with the same S-haplotype but a different incompatibility phenotype using iTRAQ and 2D-nano-LC ESI/MSMS analyses. The protein quantitation analysis revealed 895 DEPs, which were grouped into different functional categories. The largest functional group was “metabolic proteins”, followed by “stress resistance and defense proteins”, with higher up-regulation after pollination. The identity of certain DEPs, such as Thaumatin, LRR receptors, such as kinase and pathogenesis related protein PR-4, indicated that some pollen–pistil interactions in almond could have the same bases as host–parasite interactions. Furthermore, additional RT-qPCR analysis revealed the differentially expressed transcription regulator GLABROUS1 enhancer-binding protein-like (GEBPL) could be involved in the gametophytic self-incompatibility system in almond.

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4

Hou, Fei, Zhao-Hong Ni, Meng-Ting Zou, Rui Zhu, Tian-Ci Yi, Jian-Jun Guo e Dao-Chao Jin. "The Effects of Alternative Foods on Life History and Cannibalism of Amblyseius herbicolus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)". Insects 13, n. 11 (9 novembre 2022): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13111036.

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The development, survivorship, fecundity, and cannibalism of the predatory phytoseiid mite, Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant), fed six different alternative foods (Oulenziella bakeri, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, almond pollen (Prunus armeniaca), apple pollen (Malus pumila), maize pollen (Zea mays)), and natural prey (Tetranychus urticae) were determined in the laboratory. Our findings indicated that A. herbicolus that fed on all six alternative foods could normally complete its developmental and reproductive cycles. The shortest pre-adult developmental duration was observed when A. herbicolus fed on almond pollen (4.91 d) as well as T. urticae (4.90 d), and the longest when it fed on maize pollen (6.24 d). Pre-adult survival rates were higher when the predator fed on almond pollen (0.99), maize pollen (0.96), and O. bakeri (0.93). The highest fecundity was observed when A. herbicolus fed on apple pollen (28.55 eggs/female), almond pollen (26.06 eggs/female), and O. bakeri (26.02 eggs/female) in addition to T. urticae (48.95 eggs/female), and the lowest when it fed on maize pollen (7.84 eggs/female). The highest value of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) was obtained when A. herbicolus fed on O. bakeri (0.202 d−1) in addition to T. urticae (0.210 d−1), followed by almond pollen (0.163 d−1), and the lowest was when it fed on maize pollen (0.064 d−1). Cannibalism of conspecific eggs by adults of A. herbicolus did not occur when O. bakeri and T. urticae were provided. The cannibalism rate of the predatory mite was the lowest when fed on almond pollen, T. putrescentiae, and A. ovatus and the highest on apple pollen. Above all, when fed on O. bakeri and almond pollen, and with no or low cannibalism rate, A. herbicolus had the best development, survivorship, fecundity, and population parameters. Therefore, O. bakeri and almond pollen could be potential alternative foods for mass rearing programs of A. herbicolus or to support its population in the fields.

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5

Riahi, Elham, Yaghoub Fathipour, Ali A. Talebi e Mohammad Mehrabadi. "Interactions among food diets and rearing substrates affect development and population growth rate of Typhlodromus bagdasarjani". Systematic and Applied Acarology 23, n. 9 (17 settembre 2018): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.9.11.

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Notwithstanding the advantageous traits of Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein and Arutunjan to feed on alternative food such as pollen ensuring the long-term control of greenhouses pests, the nutritional ecology and the role of this predator in biological pest control are rarely addressed. In the current study, the predator’s development and reproduction on three food sources including Tetranychus urticae Koch, almond pollen, as well as T. urticae+ almond pollen; and the no food condition were evaluated. Additionally, all diets were tested on both artificial and leaf-based substrates to assess the potential host plant effects on the predator’s performance. Although all larvae on both rearing substrates successfully developed into protonymphal stage, they did not succeed to reach the next stage. Development of T. bagdasarjani was shorter, both female and male, on artificial substrate mainly feeding on almond pollen. Females feeding on almond pollen and almond pollen + T. urticae on artificial substrates had the highest intrinsic and finite rate of increase as well as oviposition rate. Consequently, almond pollen could be used as a conservation management tool to support the early buildup of pre-established natural populations of T. bagdasarjani in open field crops.

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6

Colic, Slavica, G. Zec, Milica Fotiric, D. Rahovic e Z. Jankovic. "Evaluation of self-(in)compatibility in the almond (Prunus amygdalus batsch) genotype population from the Slankamen hill, Serbia". Archives of Biological Sciences 62, n. 4 (2010): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1004973c.

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Due to the importance of obtaining almond cultivars adapted to the agroecological conditions of Serbia, in the period 2005-2006 pollen viability and self-(in)compatibility in 19 almond genotypes selected from the seedling population on Slankamen hill, were studied. All analyzed almond genotypes had good (50-70%) or high (over 70%) pollen germination. The study of self-(in)compatibility was done by monitoring of the fruit set in the field and observing self-pollen growth by fluorescence microscopy. Self-incompatibility was confirmed in all the 19 genotypes by both methods. Pollen tube penetration was stopped mostly at the upper third of the style of all genotypes, with characteristic irregularities.

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7

Talaei, Ali Reza, e Ali Imani. "Selection of the Best Pollinizer for Late-flowering Almond Varieties". HortScience 30, n. 4 (luglio 1995): 769G—770. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.769g.

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In order to select the best pollinizer for late-flowering varieties of Azar (A.H.50), Shokoufeh (AH.3) Sahand (L-62), and Feragues, a range of studies were carried out at Azar-Shahr Horticultural Research Station (Tabriz, Iran) and actions undertaken for introduction of the best pollinizers for these varieties under both laboratory and orchard conditions by a Dactroil Statistical Plan with a completely random base plan. Seven types of pollens from Shokoufes (AH.3), Azar (A.H.50), Sahand (L-62), Ferragnos (Fer), Neplus Ultra (N.P.U.), None Paril (N.P.), and Harir (A.H.25) were selected and the pollen prepared. Pollen was collected from the experimental grounds. Hand-pollination was repeated in three stages for 3 days. Honeybees and other insects were controlled before and after artificial pollination to not interfere with the experiment. Percent fruiting was recorded twice 1 month after pollination (1 June) and again 1 July and analyzed statistically. Average fruiting for female flowers (pollen receivers) was from 0% to 47%. Thus, all varieties could not produce fruit (control). Average fruiting from other pollens with different ratios were significant from 1% to 5%. The almond varieties Azar, Shokoufeh, Sahand, and Ferragnos are self-incompatible and there is no need to emasculate pollen in pollination programs. However, Azar and Harir are incompatible with each other. Pollination efficiency of late-flowering almond varieties depends on the pollinizers and the compatibility with the cultivars, provided that pollination is carried out only by insects, particularly honeybees. The effect of wind on pollination in our almond orchards appeared to be insignificant.

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8

Martínez-Gómez, P., T. M. Gradziel, E. Ortega e F. Dicenta. "Low Temperature Storage of Almond Pollen". HortScience 37, n. 4 (luglio 2002): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.4.691.

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Pollen of the California almond cultivars Nonpareil, Ne Plus Ultra, Sonora, and Peerless was evaluated for viability following storage over 12 months at 4, 0, -20, and -80 °C. The proportion of viable pollen exceeded 80% for all cultivars and for all temperatures evaluated after 2 months of storage. Following 12 months of storage at 4 °C, germination decreased to 8% for `Nonpareil', 10% for `Ne Plus Ultra', 50% for `Sonora', with no germination observed for `Peerless'. Storage at sub-freezing temperatures maintained pollen viability above 70% in `Nonpareil', `Ne Plus Ultra', and `Sonora' and above 40% in `Peerless'. Cultivars differed significantly in their tolerance to low temperature pollen storage. Within cultivars, differences in pollen germination following storage at 0, -20, or -80 °C were nonsignificant.

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9

Topitzhofer, Ellen, Hannah Lucas, Priyadarshini Chakrabarti, Carolyn Breece, Vaughn Bryant e Ramesh R. Sagili. "Assessment of Pollen Diversity Available to Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Major Cropping Systems During Pollination in the Western United States". Journal of Economic Entomology 112, n. 5 (25 giugno 2019): 2040–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz168.

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Abstract Global western honey bee, Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), colony declines pose a significant threat to food production worldwide. Poor nutrition resulting from habitat loss, extensive monocultures, and agricultural intensification is among the several suggested drivers for colony declines. Pollen is the primary source of protein for honey bees; therefore, both pollen abundance and diversity are critical for colony growth and survival. Many cropping systems that employ honey bee colonies for pollination may lack sufficient pollen diversity and abundance to provide optimal bee nutrition. In this observational study, we documented the diversity and relative abundance of pollen collected by honey bees in five major pollinator-dependent crops in the western United States. We sampled pollen from pollen traps installed on honey bee colonies in the following cropping systems—almond, cherry, highbush blueberry, hybrid carrot, and meadowfoam. The pollen diversity was estimated by documenting the number of different pollen pellet colors and plant taxa found in each pollen sample. The lowest pollen diversity was found in almond crop. Relatively higher quantities of pollen collection were collected in almond, cherry, and meadowfoam cropping systems. The information gleaned from this study regarding pollen diversity and abundance may help growers, land managers, and beekeepers improve pollen forage available to bees in these cropping systems.

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10

Kodad, Ossama, Rafel Socias i Company, Ana Sánchez e M. Margarida Oliveira. "The Expression of Self-compatibility in Almond May Not Only Be Due to the Presence of the Sf Allele". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 134, n. 2 (marzo 2009): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.134.2.221.

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The pistil (S-RNase) and the pollen [S-haplotype-specific F-box protein (SFB)] components of the Sf allele, presumably conferring self-compatibility in almond {Prunus amygdalus Batsch [syn. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb]}, were identified and sequenced in ‘Ponç’, a local Spanish almond cultivar, confirming their identity with the published sequences of these components. Despite the presence of the Sf allele, the ‘Ponç’ phenotype was self-incompatible as confirmed by different pollination tests, including self pollen tube growth, fruit set after self-pollination, and fruit set in bagged branches. However, the pistil and the pollen of ‘Ponç’ were fully viable when pollinated by a cross-compatible pollen or used on a cross-compatible pistil. The fact that ‘Ponç’ presents two different S-proteins with RNase activity may indicate an active function of its Sf -RNase, whereas in the self-compatible almond cultivars thus far studied, the Sf -RNase has been inactive. This activation indicates that the presence of the Sf allele may not be the exclusive source of self-compatibility in almond, and other factors may also be involved in the expression of almond self-compatibility.

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11

Mulas, M., M. Agabbio e G. Nieddu. "Ultrastructural Morphology of ‘Nonpareil’ Almond Pollen". HortScience 24, n. 5 (ottobre 1989): 816–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.5.816.

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Abstract The stability of some morphological and biometric characteristics of ‘Nonpareil’ almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, syn. P. amygdalus Batsch.] pollen was evaluated to determine its usefulness in distinguishing among different cultivars. The influence of rootstock, irrigation, geographical location, and year on pollen grain size and pollen ultrastructural microsculpture was followed. No parameter was influenced by irrigation or rootstock, but grain size and pore diameter class distribution were significantly different for the years and localities studied.

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12

Yazdanpanah, Shima, Yaghoub Fathipour, Elham Riahi e Myron P. Zalucki. "Modeling Temperature-Dependent Development Rate of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Fed on Two Alternative Diets". Environmental Entomology 51, n. 1 (23 novembre 2021): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab130.

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Abstract Developmental time of the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) fed on cattail and almond pollen was determined under laboratory conditions at nine constant temperatures: 10, 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 32, 35 and 38°C. No development was observed at 10°C. The lower temperature threshold (T0) was estimated to be 10. 97 and 10. 29°C for the almond and cattail pollen, respectively, using the Ikemoto linear model. Thermal constant (K) for pre-adult development of N. cucumeris was 112.8 and 123.5 DD fed on almond and cattail pollen, respectively, using the Ikemoto linear model. The interaction between diet and temperature had a significant effect on the developmental rate of N. cucumeris. The nonlinear Pradhan-Taylor, Janisch/Kontodimas, Briere-1, and Janisch/Rochat models best described the developmental rate of pre-adult stages of N. cucumeris. The estimated Tfast by Pradhan-Taylor model was 31.9 and 33.9°C when fed on almond and cattail pollen, respectively, which was similar to the observed shortest developmental time at 32°C. Our results revealed that N. cucumeris could develop over a wide temperature range (15–35°C), which is a desirable characteristic for a biocontrol agent in biological control programs.

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13

Martínez-Gómez, P., T. M. Gradziel, E. Ortega e F. Dicenta. "Short-term Storage of Almond Pollen". HortScience 35, n. 6 (ottobre 2000): 1151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.6.1151.

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Almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] breeding programs require successful techniques for pollen storage. We studied the pollen viability of two almond cultivars, `Ramillete' and `Desmayo Largueta', during 8 weeks of storage, in conditions that simulated standard situations including storage at 4, 22, and 4 °C alternating with 22 °C (4 °C/22 °C). Viability remained at 60% or more for 2 weeks under all three conditions. After the second week, germination capacity decreased rapidly at 22 °C, but remained above 50% for as long as 8 weeks at 4 °C or 4 °C/22 °C.

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14

Vezvaei, A., e JF Jackson. "Effect of pollen parent and stages of flower development on almond nut production". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, n. 1 (1995): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950109.

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Pollination of the Nonpareil almond cultivar at 6 successive stages (days) of flower development showed that flowers are more fertile when newly opened than at other stages of development. This occurred using pollen from 17 almond cultivars. Pollen from IXL Seedling was incompatible with Nonpareil. Pollen from 8 cultivars was compared for proportion of pollinated Nonpareil flowers setting nuts and for quality of nuts produced. There were significant differences in proportion of flowers setting nuts, but no significant differences in physical and chemical traits of nuts produced. Pollen from cvv. Peerless, Fritz, Keane, and Price set highest numbers of nuts; Grant, Mission, and Ne Plus Ultra set intermediate numbers; and Carmel set the lowest numbers on Nonpareil. Comparing 5 pollen donors on cvv. Price and Keane female recipients, pollen from Keane produced nuts on Price that were significantly heavier than the others. Pollen donors did not influence kernel weight of nuts set on Keane. Ne Plus Ultra pollen was incompatible with Price.

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15

Yi, Weiguang, S. Edward Law e Hazel Y. Wetzstein. "An In Vitro Study of Fungicide Effects on Pollen Germination and Tube Growth in Almond". HortScience 38, n. 6 (ottobre 2003): 1086–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.6.1086.

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In almond [Prunis dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb.], fungicide sprays are required to prevent blossom blight, which can infect open flowers. Numerous studies have reported detrimental effects of agrochemical sprays on pollination, fruit set, and yield in tree fruit crops. However, effects of fungicides on pollen germination and growth in almond are little known, particularly those from recently developed active ingredients. In this study we evaluated the effects of commercial formulations of 10 fungicides on pollen germination and tube growth in almond using in vitro assays. Assays conducted at 1/100 recommended field rates (RFR) were effective in delineating differences in almond pollen sensitivity to different fungicides. Captan and azoxystrobin were the most inhibitory, with germination percentages of less than 1% of the no-fungicide control. Germination was not significantly affected by propiconazole and benomyl. Intermediate inhibitory effects on pollen germination were observed with ziram, cyprodinil, maneb, thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, and myclobutanil. In contrast to germination, tube growth was less affected by the presence of fungicide. In pollen that germinated, tube elongation was the same as in controls in five of 10 of the fungicides evaluated. Nonetheless, azoxystrobin and captan reduced tube elongation by ≈90%. Some fungicide treatments also influenced tube morphology. In the absence of field evaluation studies, in vitro germination data may provide insight on how specific chemicals may impact pollination processes and further guide in vivo studies, particularly in the case of new chemical formulations.

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Ortega, E., J. Egea e F. Dicenta. "Effective Pollination Period in Almond Cultivars". HortScience 39, n. 1 (febbraio 2004): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.1.19.

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Abstract (sommario):

In almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb], a high flower density and fruit set rate is important, because yield increases with higher fruit set ratio. Furthermore, because the ovule of some cultivars mature at anthesis, rapid pollination and pollen tube growth along the style are essential to ensure fertilization of a viable ovule. In this work, we studied the effective pollination period (EPP) of four almond cultivars of different bloom time by studying pollen tube growth and fruit set. EPP in almond was longer than in other fruit trees, and its duration was determined by stigma receptivity, which decreased with high temperature. An acceptable fruit set for all cultivars was obtained following pollination from day 0 to day 4 after emasculation.

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Nyomora, A. M. S., P. H. Brown, K. Pinney e V. S. Polito. "Foliar Application of Boron to Almond Trees Affects Pollen Quality". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, n. 2 (marzo 2000): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.2.265.

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The effect of boron (B) on in vivo and in vitro development of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (syn. P. amygdalus Batsch)] pollen and pollen tubes and the resultant effect on fruit set was studied in mature trees. The cultivars Mono (pistil donor) and Butte (pollinizer) in an orchard with low soil B in Fresno, California were sprayed with B at 0, 0.8, 1.7, or 2.5 kg·ha-1 during Fall 1993. Pollen viability as indicated by the fluorescein diacetate method (FDA) was >85% and was not affected by field-applied B, however, in vivo pollen germination and tube growth were enhanced by foliar-applied B. More effect of applied B on in vivo growth appeared as pollen tubes progressed toward the ovary. For in vitro germination, foliar-applied B reduced bursting of tubes, and addition of B to the culture media significantly increased pollen germination and pollen tube growth.

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Hill, SJ, DW Stephenson e BK Taylor. "Almond pollination studies: pollen production and viability, flower emergence and cross-pollination tests". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, n. 3 (1985): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850697.

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During 1978-80, flower emergence was recorded on 12 almond cultivars (Prunus dulcis) at Angle Vale, South Australia. Early flowering cultivars showed a larger annual variation in flowering period (2-3 weeks) than late flowering cultivars (0-2 weeks). In the same period, pollen production ranged from 30 to 122 mg per 100 flowers and in vitro pollen germination ranged from 76.1 to 99.0%. Pollen production and in vitro germination differed significantly between cultivars. Hand-pollination of Nonpareil with pollen from each of eight other cultivars resulted in significantly higher nut set than with open-pollinated or self-pollinated flowers. In contrast to Nonpareil, hand-pollination of Chellaston with pollen from five other cultivars resulted in significantly higher nut set compared with self-pollinated Chellaston but not compared with open-pollinated Chellaston. The potential increase in almond yield due to improved pollination is discussed.

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Cerezo, M., R. Socias i Company e P. Arús. "Identification of Almond Cultivars by Pollen Isoenzymes". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, n. 1 (gennaio 1989): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.1.164.

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Abstract Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was applied to the study of almond identification [Prunus amygdalus Batsch, syn. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] using pollen from 44 cultivars of different origin. Variability was found in all of the nine enzymatic systems analyzed (PGM, AAT, GPI, LAP, 6PGD, AcP, CAT, IDH, and ADH). The enzymatic systems with the highest discriminating possibilities were PGM, CAT, AcP, and LAP. This variability enabled the 44 cultivars to be distinguished with the exception of two pairs.

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Socias i Company, Rafel, Àngel Fernández i Martí, Ossama Kodad e José M. Alonso. "Self-compatibility Evaluation in Almond: Strategies, Achievements, and Failures". HortScience 45, n. 8 (agosto 2010): 1155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.8.1155.

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Abstract (sommario):

Several approaches have been used in evaluating self-compatibility in almond. These include fruit set after self-pollination and bagging, pollen tube growth, and the more recent Sf allele identification by molecular markers and gene sequencing. However, none of these methods have given fully reliable results because they all show advantages and limitations. Pollen contamination may distort pollination results as well as inaccuracies during fruit setting operations. Factors other than self-compatibility such as inbreeding may affect fruit set and pollen tube growth. Detection of S alleles by RNase activity and polymerase chain reaction analysis by consensus primers has not always been conclusive. The differential phenotypic expression of the Sfa and the Sfi alleles has revealed that the presence of the Sf allele is not the only requirement for self-compatibility expression in almond. As a consequence, the coding region of the Sf allele may not be the sole factor involved in that expression, which may be caused by modifier genes outside this region. Missequencing of alleles has also created confusion for allele identification. Thus, self-compatibility evaluation in almond must involve a better knowledge of the plant material as a whole, and not only of its genotype. All factors involved in setting a commercial crop in conditions of solid plantings of a single cultivar must be put together to evaluate almond self-compatibility. This approach is fundamental for the understanding of self-compatibility in almond and for the evaluation of the new selections in a breeding program.

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Kester, Dale E., Warren C. Micke e Mario Viveros. "A Mutation in `Nonpareil' Almond Conferring Unilateral Incompatibility". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, n. 6 (novembre 1994): 1289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1289.

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`Jeffries', a mutant of `Nonpareil' almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb], showed “unilateral incompatibility” in that its pollen failed to fertilize cultivars in the `Carmel' (CIG-V), `Monterey' (CIG-VI), and `Sonora' (CIG-VII) pollen cross-incompatibility groups (CIGs), as well as specific cultivars (`Butte', `Grace', and `Valenta') whose CIG group is unknown. `Jeffries' is not self-compatible, but produced good set when pollinated by 12 almond cultivars representing the entire range of CIGs involving `Nonpareil' parentage, as well as the parent `Nonpareil'. It was concluded that the `Jeffries' mutant—both gametophyte and sporophyte—expressed a loss of a single S allele of the `Nonpareil' genotype.

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Riahi, Elham, Yaghoub Fathipour, Ali Asghar Talebi e Mohammad Mehrabadi. "Natural diets versus factitious prey: comparative effects on development, fecundity and life table of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae)". Systematic and Applied Acarology 22, n. 5 (11 maggio 2017): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.22.5.10.

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Using the most suitable alternative diets that are easily available and less expensive than the natural diets may give rise to reduce the rearing costs of natural enemies. Alternative or additional food used for this purpose should be in accordance with the food spectrum of the respective mite species. To our knowledge no information is accessible on the comparison between natural diets and factitious prey for Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of three natural diets including almond pollen, maize pollen and Tetranychus urticae Koch, as well as four factitious prey comprising eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), decapsulated and encapsulated cysts of Artemia franciscana Leach for A. swirskii. The data would seem to suggest that developmental time of individuals fed on pollens was shorter than that of those fed on factitious prey. The gross and net reproductive rate, intrinsic and finite rate of increase of the individuals consumed factitious prey were lower than those of mites fed on natural food diets, for the simple reason of shorter developmental time and higher oviposition rate of this predator on the latter. In conclusion, our results showed that natural foods were more favorable than factitious prey and among them almond pollen and maize pollen were the most suitable for A. swirskii, and thus it should be taken into account for application in its mass production, and supporting its population in greenhouse or field conditions when used in an augmentative approach.

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23

Weinbaum, S. A., V. S. Polito e D. E. Kester. "Pollen retention following natural self pollination in peach, almond, and peach � almond hybrids". Euphytica 35, n. 1 (marzo 1986): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00028557.

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24

Sharafi, Y., M. Karimi e M. Gorbanifar. "EFFECTS OF POLLEN TYPE ON ALMOND FRUIT SET". Acta Horticulturae, n. 912 (novembre 2011): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.912.10.

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25

Kester, D. E., T. M. Gradziel e W. C. Micke. "Identifying Pollen Incompatibility Groups in California Almond Cultivars". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, n. 1 (gennaio 1994): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.1.106.

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Abstract (sommario):

Six cross-incompatibility groups, which contain most of commercially important California almond cultivars [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, syn. Prunus amygdalus Batch], and their self-incompatibility (S) allele genotypes are identified. Incompatibility groups include `Mission' (SaSb), `Nonpareil' (ScSd), and the four groups resulting from the `Mission' × `Nonpareil' cross: (SaSc), (SaSd), (SbSc), and (SbSd), as represented by `Thompson', `Carmel', `Merced' and `Monterey', respectively. All seedlings from the `Mission' × `Nonpareil' cross were compatible with both parents, a result indicating that these two cultivars have no alleles in common. Crossing studies support a full-sib relationship for these progeny groups and the origin of both parents from common germplasm. Cultivars in these six groups account for ≈ 93% of present California production, a result demonstrating a limited genetic base for this vegetatively propagated tree crop.

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26

Jackson, J. F. "Gene flow in pollen in commercial almond orchards". Sexual Plant Reproduction 9, n. 6 (28 novembre 1996): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050058.

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27

Socias i Company, Rafel, Ossama Kodad, Àngel Fernández i Martí e José Alonso. "Pollen Tube Growth and Self-Compatibility in Almond". Plants 2, n. 1 (4 febbraio 2013): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants2010050.

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28

Jackson, J. F. "Gene flow in pollen in commercial almond orchards". Sexual Plant Reproduction 9, n. 6 (novembre 1996): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02441958.

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29

_, _., J. L. Espada e A. J. Felipe. "The Effect of Orchard Design on Almond Fruit Set". HortTechnology 4, n. 4 (ottobre 1994): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.4.4.377.

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Abstract (sommario):

Low levels of fruit set were measured in a commercial almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch, syn. Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] orchard during 3 years. Low sets may be attributed mostly to orchard design, as cultivars are distributed in contiguous rows where pollen interchange among different cultivars is not facilitated. An appropriate orchard design and proper bee management are essential for commercial yields in self-incompatible almond cultivars.

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30

Chaparro, José, e Wayne B. Sherman. "Pollen Source Effects on Peach Embryo Size". HortScience 23, n. 4 (agosto 1988): 753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.4.753.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Heterosis for embryo length was observed in interspecific crosses between the peach clones ‘Flordaking’ and FL 82–27, and ‘Nonpareil’ almond. No consistent differences in embryo length were observed in peach when selfing was compared to outcrossing to the unrelated peach selection FL 9-26C.

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31

Ben-Njima, Nachida, e _. _. "Characterization of Some Self-compatible Almonds. I. Pollen Tube Growth". HortScience 30, n. 2 (aprile 1995): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.2.318.

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Abstract (sommario):

Pollen tube growth was studied in 10 almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch, syn. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] selections of the Zaragoza breeding program, whose main objective is the development of self-compatible cultivars. Self-compatibility was evident in eight of the selections, as indicated by the fact that pollen tube growth was similar following self- and cross-pollination. In the other two selections, pollen tube growth differed following self- and cross-pollination, one showing self-incompatibility and the other an irregular progression of crossed pollen tubes. The importance of the style in sustaining pollen tube growth was evident, and pollen tube growth was influenced by style type.

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32

Alonso, José Manuel, e Rafael Socias i. Company. "Self-incompatibility Expression in Self-compatible Almond Genotypes May Be Due to Inbreeding". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, n. 6 (novembre 2005): 865–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.6.865.

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Abstract (sommario):

Pollen tube growth after selfing was studied in four almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) families derived from crosses between self-compatible `Tuono' and self-incompatible `Ferragnès' and `Ferralise' in both directions, in order to ascertain the phenotypic expressions of the different genotypes. A differential expression of self-compatibility was observed in the seedlings of the different families. The genetic self-compatible offspring of `Ferralise' showed a lower percentage of pistils with pollen tubes at the style base and a lower number of pollen tubes at the pistil base after self-pollination than those observed in the self-compatible offspring of `Ferragnès'. This low level of self-compatibility expression observed in some `Ferralise' seedlings may be due to the inbreeding present in `Ferralise'. As a consequence, caution must be taken in almond breeding to avoid the increase of inbreeding by the utilization of related parents and to diversify the sources of self-compatibility, at present mostly limited to `Tuono.'

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33

Nemati, Alireza, e Elham Riahi. "Does feeding on pollen grains affect the performance of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) during subsequent generations?" Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, n. 4 (9 dicembre 2019): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000804.

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AbstractDiet is a critical component of the mass-rearing of biological control agents, but the impacts of diet are not always immediately obvious and can take several generations to manifest, resulting in poor survival, reproduction, and ability to kill prey under natural conditions. Our present study aimed to investigate the performance of a commercially-reared phytoseiid mite, Amblyseius swirskii, after four (G4) and six (G6) consecutive generations on pollen grains of two plant species, as well as its ability to find and kill its natural prey, Tetranychus urticae, after long-term rearing on each diet. We found no significant difference between the two diets in intrinsic and finite rates in G4. However, both diet and generation exerted a significant influence on the fecundity of A. swirskii. By G6, females reared on almond pollen had greater net reproductive and intrinsic rate compared to those reared on maize pollen. Conversely, A. swirskii fed on maize pollen consumed fewer prey than those reared on other diets, especially at higher prey densities. The findings have important implications for developing the mass-rearing program of A. swirskii on non-prey diets. Further research must explore the suitability of almond pollen in the large-scale culture of A. swirskii.

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34

García-Gusano, M., P. Martínez-Gómez e F. Dicenta. "Chilling requirements of almond seeds related to flowering time of pollen donor". Seed Science and Technology 37, n. 1 (1 aprile 2009): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.1.04.

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35

Gradziel, Thomas M. "Transfer of Self-Fruitfulness to Cultivated Almond from Peach and Wild Almond". Horticulturae 8, n. 10 (18 ottobre 2022): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100965.

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Abstract (sommario):

The almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] is normally self-sterile, requiring orchard placement of pollinizer cultivars and insect pollinators. Honeybees are the primary insect pollinators utilized, but climate change and the higher frequency of extreme weather events have reduced their availability to levels insufficient to meet the demands of current and anticipated almond acreage. The incorporation of self-fruitfulness may eliminate the need for both pollinizers and pollinators and allow the planting of single cultivar orchards that facilitate orchard management and reduce agrochemical inputs. Self-fruitfulness requires self-compatibility of self-pollen tube growth to fertilization, as well as a high level of consistent self-pollination or autogamy over the range of anticipated bloom environments. The Italian cultivar Tuono has been the sole source of self-compatibility for breeding programs world-wide, leading to high levels of inbreeding in current almond improvement programs. Both self-compatibility and autogamy have been successfully transferred to commercial almonds from cultivated peaches (Prunus persica L.), as well as wild peach and almond species. Self-compatibility was inherited as a novel major gene, but was also influenced by modifiers. Molecular markers developed for one species source often failed to function for other species’ sources. Autogamy was inherited as a quantitative trait. Breeding barriers were more severe in the early stages of trait introgression, but rapidly diminished by the second to third backcross. Increasing kernel size, which was similarly inherited as a quantitative trait, was a major regulator of the introgression rate. Self-fruitfulness, along with good commercial performance of tree and nut traits, was recovered from different species sources, including Prunus mira, Prunus webbii, P. persica, and the P. webbii-derived Italian cultivar Tuono. Differences in expression of self-fruitfulness were observed, particularly during field selection at the early growth stages. Introgression of self-fruitfulness from these diverse sources also enriched overall breeding germplasm, allowing the introduction of useful traits that are not accessible within traditional germplasm.

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36

Vezvaei, A. "POLLEN TUBE GROWTH IN NONPAREIL ALMOND IN RELATION TO POLLEN GENOTYPE, TEMPERATURE AND COMPETITION AMONG MIXED POLLEN". Acta Horticulturae, n. 470 (agosto 1998): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.470.35.

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37

Imani, A., M. Keshavarzi e S. Hosseinava. "IMPACTS OF SELECTED FUNGICIDES ON POLLEN DEVELOPMENT IN ALMOND". Acta Horticulturae, n. 912 (novembre 2011): 757–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.912.113.

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38

Socias i Company, R., A. Fernández i MartíFernández i Martí, O. Kodad e J. M. Alonso. "SELF-COMPATIBILITY EXPRESSION IN ALMOND BY POLLEN TUBE GROWTH". Acta Horticulturae, n. 1028 (marzo 2014): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1028.18.

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39

Majid, Shabeena, Amit Kumar, Sabia Bashir, Seerat-ul-Nisa, Asima Amin, Shaheena Ahmad Nagoo, Zahida Rashid, Z. A. Dar e Saima Paul. "Xenia studies in exotic and indigenous almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) varieties of Kashmir, India". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, n. 2 (10 giugno 2020): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.vi.2266.

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Abstract (sommario):

Pollination is very important to obtain an economic yield, and the selection of pollinizer with suitable quality and quantity of pollen is an essential practice in different fruit plants. The effects of pollen parent on kernel and nut characters are known to occur in several nut crops and to determine the best pollinizer and effect of pollen source on the nut and kernel quality of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.). The present investigation was carried out at the experiment farm of Dryland Agriculture Research Station (DARS), SKUAST-Kashmir for two consecutive years, i.e. 2008 and 2009. Various cross combinations were made among nine almond (three exotic and six indigenous) varieties/selections which are compatible with each other. Their nut and kernel characteristics were determined and observed maximum nut weight (2.21 g), nut length (39.78 mm) and nut breadth (20.33 mm), kernel weight (1.28 g), kernel length (28.63 mm) and kernel breadth (12.61 mm) and shelling percentage (57.99 %). In the present study it has been observed that the parent with big nut and kernel size and weight influenced the nut and kernel size; nut and kernel weight of the recipient parent significantly (p?0.05).

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40

Socias i Company, R., e A. J. Felipe. "Pollen Tube Growth and Fruit Set in a Self-compatible Almond Selection". HortScience 22, n. 1 (febbraio 1987): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.1.113.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Pollen tube growth in a self-compatible almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch, syn. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] selection was similar both after self- and crosspollinations either at 12° and 22°C, showing its genetic self-compatibility. Natural fruit set in the field with open pollination was 14.1% (1984) and 21.3% (1985). This percentage set, considered low for almond, resulted in a full commercial crop because of the very high bloom density of this selection. A 70% reduction in the number of flowers in 1984 did not reduce the number of fruit set significantly. Fruit set in the field after hand-pollination was significantly lower with self-pollination (18.3%) than with crosspollination (25.7%). The receptive stigma and dehiscing anthers are in close proximity, thus facilitating self-pollination.

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41

Paola, Fantini, Delle Donne Pantalea, Calogiuri Gianfranco, Ferrannini Antonio, Vacca Angelo, Nettis Eustachio e Di Leo Elisabetta. "Oral Allergy Syndrome in a Child Provoked by Royal Jelly". Case Reports in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/941248.

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Royal jelly has been demonstrated to have several physiological activities. However, in the literature, different reactions induced by royal jelly are reported. We describe a case of seven-year-old child that was referred to our observation for two episodes of oral allergy syndrome (OAS) that appeared ten minutes after ingestion of royal jelly. Skin prick test with standard panel of inhalant and food allergens, a prick-to-prick test using the royal jelly’s extract responsible for patient’s reactions, and royal jelly patch test with extemporaneous preparation were performed. The specific IgE by ImmunoCAP System method versus Hymenoptera venom, inhalant allergens, food allergens, and lipid transfer proteins was dosed. According to the positive reactions to royal jelly both by prick-by-prick test and by a first reading patch test, royal jelly immediate hypersensitivity was diagnosed. According to the positive response for almond in bothin vivoandin vitrotests we can think of the royal jelly contamination with almond pollen as possible cause of patient’s reaction. Moreover, from the results of specific IgE titers versus Compositae pollens, we have argued the possibility that this case of royal jelly allergy could be explained also by the mechanism of cross-reaction with Compositae pollens.

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42

Radović, A., D. Nikolić, D. Milatović, B. Živković e N. Stevanović. "The effect of plant hormones on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of almond cultivars". Acta Horticulturae, n. 1139 (agosto 2016): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1139.65.

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43

Ferreres, Federico, Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán, Francisco Tomás-Lorente, José L. Nieto, Angel Rumbero e José M. Olías. "8-methoxykaempferol 3-sophoroside, a yellow pigment from almond pollen". Phytochemistry 28, n. 7 (gennaio 1989): 1901–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97883-x.

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44

Ortega, E., F. Dicenta e J. Egea. "Rain effect on pollen–stigma adhesion and fertilization in almond". Scientia Horticulturae 112, n. 3 (aprile 2007): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.12.043.

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45

Vaknin, Yiftach, Samuel Gan-Mor, Avital Bechar, Beni Ronen e Dan Eisikowitch. "Effects of desiccation and dilution on germinability of almond pollen". Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 74, n. 3 (gennaio 1999): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1999.11511116.

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46

Alonso, José Manuel. "Differential pollen tube growth in inbred self-compatible almond genotypes". Euphytica 144, n. 1-2 (luglio 2005): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-5813-8.

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47

London-Shafir, I., S. Shafir e D. Eisikowitch. "Amygdalin in almond nectar and pollen – facts and possible roles". Plant Systematics and Evolution 238, n. 1-4 (maggio 2003): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-003-0272-y.

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48

Kämper, Wiebke, Grant Thorp, Michelle Wirthensohn, Peter Brooks e Stephen J. Trueman. "Pollen Paternity Can Affect Kernel Size and Nutritional Composition of Self-Incompatible and New Self-Compatible Almond Cultivars". Agronomy 11, n. 2 (12 febbraio 2021): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020326.

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Abstract (sommario):

Breeding programs for horticultural tree crops focus on enhancing productivity, including developing tolerance to pests and diseases and improving crop quality. Pollination services are often critical for crop production, and pollen parents can affect crop quality. We often do not know which pollen parents produce highest quality offspring or, in self-compatible cultivars, how much of the crop comes from cross- versus self-pollination. We quantified the proportions of self- and cross-paternity in an open pollination setting of five standard commercial almond cultivars and of six new almond cultivars selected for yield, kernel size, taste or self-compatibility. We assessed how pollination by different parents affected kernel size and nutritional quality. Kernels from most commercial cultivars and from the new cultivars selected for taste and size resulted almost entirely from cross-pollination. Most kernels from the commercial cultivar ‘Price’ resulted from cross-pollination but 21% resulted from self-pollination. In contrast, 48–91% of kernels from the new self-compatible cultivars resulted from self-pollination. Different cross-pollen parents did not greatly affect kernel size or quality. The proportions of self-paternity in the new self-compatible cultivars varied strongly in an open pollination setting suggesting that some cultivars may be good candidates for establishing monovarietal orchards.

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49

Ferrari, Thomas E. "477 Sources of Supplemental Pollen and Their Contribution to Yield in Almonds". HortScience 35, n. 3 (giugno 2000): 476C—476. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.476c.

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Abstract (sommario):

Almond flowers are self-incompatible and require cross-pollination for nut set. Commercial production requires pollinizers be planted within an orchard and the presence of honeybee colonies during bloom. External pollen sources are also available when “nearby” orchards produce flowers simultaneously, and when growers apply “extra” precollected pollen to foragers. The latter cultural practice is performed to improve cross-pollination under adverse bloom conditions. Paternity tests on nuts detected these two sources of supplemental pollen and measured what percent (%) each contributed to fertilization and crop production. Polymorphic enzymes were analyzed following electrophoresis of extracts from 42,000 embryos sampled over an 8-year period from orchards throughout California. A J-shaped frequency histogram was produced by “nearby” pollen sources (n = 30), with 0% to 0.2% being the most common class. The histogram from “extra” pollen (n = 70) was strongly right-skewed and bimodal (m1= 2.0% to 2.5%, m2=15.0% to 17.5%). Both sample populations possessed significantly different (P < 0.001) means, medians, and variances. Nut production by pollen from nearby orchards ranged from 0% to 5% (mean 0.97%, median, 0.45%, SD = 1.455); and production by extra pollen applied to honey bees ranged from 0% to 55% (mean 12.51%, median 7.9%, SD = 12.09). Evidence suggests pollen applied to honeybees contributed from 13- to 18-times more to yield than pollen transferred, naturally, from orchard to orchard.

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50

Ushijima, Koichiro, Hidenori Sassa, Mihoko Tamura, Makoto Kusaba, Ryutaro Tao, Thomas M. Gradziel, Abhaya M. Dandekar e Hisashi Hirano. "Characterization of the S-Locus Region of Almond (Prunus dulcis): Analysis of a Somaclonal Mutant and a Cosmid Contig for an S Haplotype". Genetics 158, n. 1 (1 maggio 2001): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.1.379.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Almond has a self-incompatibility system that is controlled by an S locus consisting of the S-RNase gene and an unidentified “pollen S gene.” An almond cultivar “Jeffries,” a somaclonal mutant of “Nonpareil” (ScSd), has a dysfunctional Sc haplotype both in pistil and pollen. Immunoblot and genomic Southern blot analyses detected no Sc haplotype-specific signal in Jeffries. Southern blot showed that Jeffries has an extra copy of the Sd haplotype. These results indicate that at least two mutations had occurred to generate Jeffries: (1) deletion of the Sc haplotype and (2) duplication of the Sd haplotype. To analyze the extent of the deletion in Jeffries and gain insight into the physical limit of the S locus region, ∼200 kbp of a cosmid contig for the Sc haplotype was constructed. Genomic Southern blot analyses showed that the deletion in Jeffries extends beyond the region covered by the contig. Most cosmid end probes, except those near the Sc-RNase gene, cross-hybridized with DNA fragments from different S haplotypes. This suggests that regions away from the Sc-RNase gene can recombine between different S haplotypes, implying that the cosmid contig extends to the borders of the S locus.

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