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Norbäck, Dan, e Gunilla Wieslander. "A Review on Epidemiological and Clinical Studies on Buckwheat Allergy". Plants 10, n. 3 (23 marzo 2021): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030607.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Cultivated buckwheat include two species originating from China: common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum). Buckwheat can cause IgE-mediated allergy, including severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Exposure can occure when eating buckwheat food (food allergen), when producing or handling buckwheat food (occupational exposure) or when sleeping on buckwheat husk pillows (houeshold environmental exposure). Methods: A search on buckwheat allergy in the medical datbase PubMed from 1970–2020. Result: A number of allergenic proteins have been identified in common buckwheat (e.g., Fag e 1, Fag e 2 and Fag e 3) and in tartary buckwheat (e.g., Fag t 1, Fag t 2, Fag t 3). Clinically relevant cross-reactivity has been described between buckwheat and peanut, latex, coconut, quinoa, and poppy seed. The prevalence of buckwheat allergy in the population can be estimated as 0.1–0.4% in Japan, Korea and buckwheat consuming areas of China. Among patients in allergy clinics in different countries, 2–7% has confirmed buckwheat allergy. School studies from Japan and Korea found 4–60 cases of buckwheat-related anaphylaxis per 100,000 school children. The incidence of severe allergic reactions to buckwheat, including anaphylaxis, can be estimated as 0.1–0.01 cases per 100,000 person-years. Conclusions: Buckwheat allergy is a neglected allegy deserving further attention but severe allergic reactions are rare.
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Brand, Paul L. P., Richard M. Brohet, Olof Schwantje e Lambert D. Dikkeschei. "Association between allergen component sensitisation and clinical allergic disease in children". Allergologia et Immunopathologia 50, n. 2 (1 marzo 2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v50i2.598.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Allergen component sensitisation testing is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of peanut allergy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between sensitisation and symptoms of allergic disease in children by testing a large panel of inhalants, food allergens, and allergen components. Methods: For 287 children visiting our laboratory for allergy testing, symptoms of allergic disease were recorded by standardised validated questionnaires. Specific IgE to 11 whole allergens was assessed by ImmunoCAP, and to 112 allergen components by ISAC ImmunoCAP assay. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to distinguish clinical phenotypes. Results: Inhalant and food allergen sensitisation was common, irrespective of the children’s allergic symptom type. Less than 10% of the variance in symptom scores was explained by variations in the number of allergens (components) that the child was sensitised to. In LCA, 135 children (50.2%) had mild allergy, with few symptoms and sensitisation to no or few allergens, 74 children (27.5%) had more symptoms and sensitisation to inhalant allergens (respiratory allergy) and 60 children (22.3%) showed polysensitisation to a median of six allergens and had more severe symptoms of different organ systems. Adding allergen component test results to LCA failed to result in identifiable classes of allergic disease in children. Conclusions: In this group of children with allergic symptoms, referred for allergy testing by their physician, broad screening for allergen component sensitisation did not contribute to distinguishing phenotypes of allergic disease.
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Lunhui, Huang, Shao Yanhong, Li Shaoshen, Bao Huijing, Liu Yunde e Li Huiqiang. "Component resolved diagnosis of egg yolk is an indispensable part of egg allergy". Allergologia et Immunopathologia 49, n. 2 (1 marzo 2021): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i2.31.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction and objectives: It was urgent to explain the role of egg yolk allergen sensitization to the egg allergic population and we would evaluate the diagnostic value of allergen components in whole eggs, including egg white and egg yolk.Materials and methods: Firstly, we collected 99 positive and 21 negative sera against egg allergy. Then we used modified enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to survey specific IgE (sIgE) to all-proven and single component in eggs, Ovomucoid (Gal d 1), Ovalbumin (Gal d 2), Ovotransferrin (Gal d 3), Lysozyme C (Gal d 4), Serum Albumin (Gal d 5), and YGP42(Gal d 6) in allergic and non-allergic populations. Last but not least, we studied the sIgE reactivities to egg allergen components by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.Results: Among egg-allergic individuals, nearly 10% were sensitized to five of six egg allergen components, and the cross-reaction frequency between two egg yolk allergens with Gal d 1 was about 30% in the groups diagnosed with egg allergy or non-allergy. The best component-combination diagnosis in egg allergy of Gal d 1+ Gal d 6 demonstrated the largest area under curve (AUC) of 0.994.Conclusions: Our results suggested that there were individual differences in allergenicity of different egg allergen components, especially in the samples negative to egg allergy diagnosed but sensitive to egg yolk components. It was indicated that component resolved diagnosis of egg yolk improved the value for egg allergy management indispensably.
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Yu, Esther Dawen, Eric Wang, Aaron Sutherland, Luise Westernberg, April Frazier, Bjoern Peters, Alessandro Sette e Ricardo da Silva Antunes. "Functional characterization of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells in allergy". Journal of Immunology 206, n. 1_Supplement (1 maggio 2021): 23.02. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.23.02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Despite a growing consensus on the involvement of γδ T cells in allergy and other human immunological disorders, the detailed mechanisms remain hypothetical due to lack of investigative tools. Herein, we sought to develop functional assays to study the role of γδ T cells in allergy. Using an Activation-Induced Marker (AIM) assay, based on the upregulation of 4-1BB (CD137) and CD69, we were able to detect ex vivo allergen-specific responses from γδ T cells to multiple allergen extracts in human PBMCs, including mouse, cockroach (CR), house dust mite (HDM) and timothy grass (TG) allergens, which were reproducible and observed in multiple allergic cohorts. The magnitude of allergen-reactive γδ T cells differed between allergic and non-allergic cohorts with HDM and TG allergy, but not mouse or CR allergy. Further characterization showed that the γδ T cells reactive to mouse allergen were mostly the Vδ2 subset and from effector memory (Tem and Temra) compartments. Interestingly, in mouse-specific allergic donors we found differential polarized responses for γδ and ab T cells, with a Th1 and Th2 pattern, respectively. Using a complementary AIM assay for CD40L (CD154) combined with intracellular staining (ICS), we observed that Th1 polarization (INFg and TNFa) in responses to mouse extract was also common in non-allergic donors. Conversely, In the case of CR responses, Th1 polarization of Vδ2 T cells was only observed in the allergic cohort. Overall, these results suggest that allergen-specific Vδ2 T cells are potential to skew dysregulated cytokine responses in immunotherapy. In conclusion, we developed new functional assays that serve as tools for in-depth characterization and deciphering the roles of γδ T cells in allergy.
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Callery, Emma L., Catherine Keymer, Nicholas A. Barnes e Anthony W. Rowbottom. "Component-resolved diagnostics in the clinical and laboratory investigation of allergy". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 57, n. 1 (1 ottobre 2019): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563219877434.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The diagnosis and management of allergy is complex; the clinical symptoms associated with allergic reactions span a broad spectrum of severity, from mild hay fever-type symptoms through to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Obtaining an allergy-focused clinical history is therefore vital for identifying possible allergic triggers and directing testing. However, this focus could be changing as scientific and technological advances have paved the way for developments within in vitro testing for allergy. With knowledge of allergens at the molecular level expanding, there are now the facilities to characterize the sensitization profiles of allergy sufferers and determine the specific molecules (or components) against which the allergen-inducing immunoglobulin type E proteins have been produced. This technology is termed component-resolved diagnostics. We know that accurate identification of immunoglobulin type E specificity, the source of the causative allergen, and knowledge of potential allergic cross-reactivities are required for optimal clinical management of allergy patients. These factors can make allergy a diagnostic challenge outside of a specialist centre, and contribute to the difficulties associated with requesting and interpreting allergy tests. The incorporation of component-resolved diagnostics into current practice has provided a platform for patient-tailored risk stratification and improved the application of allergen-specific immunotherapy, revolutionizing specialist management of these patients. This review discusses the roles of each type of testing in allergy management and predictions for future pathways.
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Lohonková, A., O. Novotná, P. Petrásková, K. Boráková, L. Prokešová e Jiří Hrdý. "Maternal Allergy Status Has No Impact on Neonatal Immune Responses to Allergen Stimuli". Folia Biologica 65, n. 5-6 (2019): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/fb2019065050221.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Due to the increasing incidence of allergic diseases, there is a strong need to identify a prognostic marker pointing to increased risk of allergy development allowing introduction of early preventive measures. Cord blood seems to be a good source for searching for such marker. The capacity of cord blood cells to respond to common allergens could point to increased predisposition to later allergy development. In our study, cytokines typical of Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-5, IL-13) and Treg (IL-10) immune responses were followed at both the level of gene expression and cytokine secretion in cord blood cells of newborns of healthy mothers (children with relatively low risk of allergy development) and allergic mothers (children with relatively high risk of allergy development) stimulated by allergens (pollen from birch and timothy grass, house dust mite, ovalbumin). We have not observed any difference in the response of cord blood cells of neonates of healthy and allergic mothers to allergen in vitro. Both gene expression and secretion of cytokines in response to allergen stimulation were comparable with the unstimulated controls. It seems that early postnatal events will be more decisive for future allergy development than prenatal sensitization of the foetal immune system with allergen in utero in allergic mothers.
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Choina, Magdalena, Weronika Gromek, Klaudia Wilk, Magdalena Marzęda e Roman Pukaliak. "The molecular diagnosis of house dust mite allergy: a short review". Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, n. 8 (22 agosto 2022): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.08.071.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: House dust mite (HDM) allergens are considered among the most essential elicitors of allergic rhinitis and asthma worldwide [1]. How can we determine the individual sensitization profile of a patient? Is there a way to monitor the development of allergic symptoms? Is it possible to tailor different forms of therapy based on the individual sensitization profile of a patient?
Purpose: The study aims to show the benefits of molecular diagnostics of allergies based on the example of HDM allergy.
Description of the state of knowledge: Clinical manifestation is the most important aspect of diagnosing HDM allergy. The determination of allergen specific immunoglobulins E (asIgE) against HDM extracts may be helpful in the identification of the cause of allergy symptoms. However, the diagnosis using allergen extracts cannot be established in all cases. What revolutionised the diagnosing process of HDM allergy is the molecular diagnostics of allergy. Based on the presence of asIgE against allergen molecules it is possible to identify the allergen responsible for the sensitisation as well as personalise the therapeutic recommendations.
Summary: The molecular diagnostics of allergy significantly improved the specificity and sensitivity of HDM allergy diagnostics. Molecular diagnostics in individuals with HDM allergy make it possible to establish the individual patient’s allergy profile, and consequently personalise therapeutic recommendations. It is especially important regarding the selection of patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. The component-resolved diagnostics in allergology is a step toward personalised medicine.
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Simbirtsev, A. S. "Cytokines and their role in immune pathogenesis of allergy". Russian Medical Inquiry 5, n. 1 (2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-1-32-37.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Allergy is characterized by inadequate hyperimmune response to one or several antigens with the properties of allergens. A specific pattern of abnormal synthesis of some cytokines (principal molecular mediators of the initiation, development, and regulation of allergic inflammation) has an important pathogenic role in allergy. In recent years, it is generally accepted that allergic disorders are accounted for by impaired immune regulation resulting from increased imbalanced activation of allergen-specific T helper 2 cell clones. Allergic type of immune response is currently referred to as type 2 immune response which normally provides humoral immunity, anthelmintic protection etc. However, pathological response results in allergy. Studies on immune pathogenesis of allergic disorders have improved our understanding of the role of altered synthesis of some cytokines (key mediators of allergic inflammation). Cytokines involved in the initiation and regulation of allergy are produced by epithelial cells, various subsets of leukocytes, innate lymphoid cells, and allergen-activated T helper cell clones. Analysis of the associations of the changes in immune reactivity and clinical manifestations has established pathogenic heterogeneity and identified asthma phenotypes and endotypes. These findings have provided a basis for more reasonable, successful, and personalized approach to biological anti-cytokine treatment for allergic disorders. KEYWORDS: allergy, cytokines, T helper cell clones, phenotype, asthma, anti-cytokine therapy. FOR CITATION: Simbirtsev A.S. Cytokines and their role in immune pathogenesis of allergy. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(1):32–37. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-1-32-37.
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Foong, Ru-Xin, e Alexandra F. Santos. "Oral Tolerance Induction—Opportunities and Mechanisms". Foods 11, n. 21 (27 ottobre 2022): 3386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213386.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Oral tolerance is the active absence of response to food allergens, which involves complex mechanisms in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Food allergy results from the disruption of such tolerance or the absence of its establishment in the first place. It follows allergic sensitization with the production of allergen-specific IgE and results from the degranulation of basophils and mast cells on subsequent exposure to the allergen. Oral tolerance induction has been explored in the contexts of prevention and treatment of food allergy. Early introduction of allergenic foods (i.e., egg and peanut) in the diet of infants, before allergic sensitization occurs (i.e., via inflamed skin affected with eczema) has shown to be beneficial. Guidelines have changed to recommend the introduction of these allergenic foods by 6 months of age. For food allergic individuals, oral tolerance induction has been attempted using allergen-specific immunotherapy, which involves the administration of an allergen, modified or not, through various possible routes, including oral, sublingual, epicutaneous, and subcutaneous, with or without concomitant administration of antibody-based biologics. Further research into the immune mechanisms of food allergy and oral tolerance can lead to the identification of novel targets to suppress the food allergic response and reverse the current food allergy epidemic.
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Bloodworth, Jeffrey C., Aki Hoji e Joan Cook-Mills. "Lung microbial dysbiosis during early life promotes predisposition to allergic asthma." Journal of Immunology 210, n. 1_Supplement (1 maggio 2023): 67.26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.67.26.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Background: Allergic asthma is associated with lung microbial dysbiosis. We hypothesized that the microbiome from the lungs of allergy-predisposed mouse pups is sufficient to predispose pups to development of allergy. Allergic inflammation in pups of allergic dams is blocked by α-tocopherol supplementation of the dam during gestation and nursing, but it is unknown whether α-tocopherol alters microbial composition of the lung. Methodology: Mouse pups were predisposed to allergy by inducing allergy in the mothers. Microbiome was separated from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of pups of allergic and non-allergic mothers and transferred intranasally at postnatal day 4. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results: Compared to pups born to non-allergic dams and dams administered with a-tocopherol supplementation, mouse pups born to allergic dams had elevated abundance of several genera of the γ-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia (p<0.05). There was decreased abundance of genera from Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and α-Proteobacteria (p<0.05). Transfer of lung microbiome from neonates of allergic dams to neonates of non-allergic dams was sufficient to confer responsiveness to allergen in the recipient pups. Neonates of allergic dams were not protected from development of allergy by transfer of donor lung microbiome from neonates of non-allergic dams or neonates of αT-supplemented allergic dams. The donor microbiome from pups of allergic mothers colonized the pup lung, suggesting that early life detrimental bacterial species persists. Conclusion: The lung microbiome from allergy-predisposed pups is dominant and sufficient for enhanced neonate responsiveness to allergen. Supported by grants from NIH (R01AI127695)
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Bloodworth, Jeffrey C., Aki Hoji, Ross Blankenship e Joan Cook-Mills. "Maternal beta-glucosylceramide induces the generation of IRF4+ dendritic cells in offspring of allergic mothers." Journal of Immunology 210, n. 1_Supplement (1 maggio 2023): 156.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.156.12.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Background: β-glucosylceramides (βGlcCers) are elevated in allergic mouse dams and are necessary and sufficient to induce allergy predisposition in offspring. βGlcCers increase dendritic cell (DC) numbers in the fetal liver and pup lungs. We hypothesize that these lung DCs predispose offspring to allergic lung responses. We also hypothesize that βGlcCers induce elevated pro-allergy IRF4+ DC numbers during fetal hematopoiesis. Methods: Pregnant mice were injected with a mixture of βGlcCers known to predispose offspring to allergic asthma. DCs were assayed by flow cytometry. In another approach, lung DCs from pups of non-allergic dams or allergy predisposed pups born to allergic dams were transferred to lungs of pups of non-allergic dams. Recipient pups received suboptimal sensitization and airway allergen challenge. Results: An increase in number of IRF4+ DCs was observed in fetal livers when dams received βGlcCers compared to fetal livers from vehicle-injected dams. Higher numbers of IRF4+ DCs were in the lungs of pups born to allergic dams compared to pups born to non-allergic dams. Transfer of CD45.1 lung DCs from pups born to allergic dams to lungs of CD45.2 pups born to non-allergic dams induced allergy predisposition in the recipients compared to lung DC transfers from pups born to non-allergic dams. Furthermore, elevated numbers of endogenous CD45.2 IRF4+ lung DCs were observed in allergen-challenged pups that received lung DCs from pups born to allergic dams. Conclusions: These results suggest that βGlcCer induces increased numbers of pro-allergy IRF4+ DCs during fetal hematopoiesis. These results further suggest that lung DCs from pups born to allergic dams are induce allergen responsiveness and higher lung IRF4+ DC numbers. Supported by grants from NIH (R01AI127695 and U01AI131337)
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Ogorodova, L. M., O. S. Fedorova, M. M. Fedotova e T. A. Evdokimova. "Peanut allergy: update concepts". Russian Journal of Allergy 10, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2013): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja589.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Allergy to peanuts is an actual problem of practical health care associated with a significant prevalence and severity of peanut-allergic reactions, which can include anaphylaxis. The characteristic of peanut allergen components is presented in the review. Modern approaches to the diagnosis of allergy to peanuts reflected in the article. The article presents research findings on development and natural history of allergy to peanuts, clinical mmanifestations, also considered the priority therapeutic approaches.
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Białek, Sławomir, e Katarzyna Białek-Gosk. "Modern diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergy – molecular diagnosis of allergies". Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna 52, n. 1 (18 aprile 2016): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0008.9630.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Diagnostic difficulties resulting from the imperfections of natural allergen extracts inspired to use genetic engineering techniques to produce recombinant allergens or obtaining highly purified components (component) allergen. This led to the development of modern diagnostic technique in allergy or molecular diagnostics. The basis for understanding the molecular diagnosis of allergies is to know the properties of allergens. Each allergen is composed of various proteins known. component capable of sensitizing allergen, and each component includes a plurality of epitopes that can be divided into one species-specific epitopes, and the identical amino acid structure of the epitopes derived from different species. Specific epitopes are responsible for primary sensitization, while the epitopes with similar structures are responsible for cross-reactions. Finding sensitization several epitopes is a strong indication of the occurrence of much more dangerous allergic reactions than only one epitope. In addition, molecular diagnosis of allergies allows for personalized diagnosis of allergic patients. It enables the assessment of individual risk of allergic symptoms and allows you to distinguish the original from allergy symptoms caused by cross-reactions. It should be noted, however, that the diagnosis of allergy should be based on a comprehensive evaluation of the results and their confrontation with data from the interview. The mere detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, even the method of molecular diagnostics, without the presence of clinical symptoms does not confirm an allergy or illness. Only goes to confirm that the body of such a person is allergic and that the symptoms of this condition may at some point reveal but not necessarily.
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Furrie, Elizabeth. "Probiotics and allergy". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, n. 4 (novembre 2005): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005466.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Allergy is caused by an immune reaction that is out of all proportion to the antigenic stimuli. Classical allergy is a type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by the interaction of mast cells (and eosinophils) coated with allergen-specific IgE and a cross-linking allergen. The physiological outcome is inflammation commonly displayed by urticaria, rhinitis, vomiting and diarrhoea, depending on the route of allergen entry. In extreme reactions anaphylactic shock can result that may lead to death. Chronic allergic responses most commonly present themselves as asthma and eczema. All these symptoms are the consequence of an imbalanced immune system making an unsuitable response to an environmental or food antigen. On bacterial colonisation of the colon after birth the appropriate microbiological stimuli is essential to redress the balance of the skewed T-helper 2 immune response present in the newborn. This normal interaction between baby and microbes is thought to be compromised in the Western world, with a reduction in bifidobacteria and an increase in clostridial species, particularly in bottle-fed infants. The use of probiotic therapy to prevent allergic disease has been demonstrated in two studies using a probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in neonates. A long-term reduction in allergy has been shown in the test group, with lactobacillus reducing the incidence of atopic eczema. Management of allergy through probiotics has also been demonstrated in infants, using lactobacilli to control atopic eczema and cow's milk allergy. Unfortunately, these positive results have not been repeated in studies with older children and young adults.
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Chow, Timothy G., Christopher Parrish e J. Andrew Bird. "Food allergy: Epicutaneous immunotherapy". Journal of Food Allergy 2, n. 1 (1 settembre 2020): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200016.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The goal of allergen-specific immunotherapy for treatment of immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergy is to safely and effectively modify the allergic response, providing protection against anaphylaxis via ongoing exposure to the triggering allergen. Targeted allergen exposure via application of allergen to the epidermis has emerged as a potentially promising approach to desensitization. Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) uses allergen embedded on an adhesive patch secured to the skin. This allows for long-lasting allergen exposure, with subsequent antigen uptake and trafficking by skin antigen‐presenting cells to regional lymph nodes, which produce immunomodulatory effects in a manner that is noninvasive and limits exposure of allergen to the systemic circulation when applied to intact skin. As such, EPIT is overall well tolerated; local application site reactions are common, but systemic adverse effects are infrequent compared with other forms of immunotherapy. For peanut allergy, EPIT may increase the dose-triggering threshold in some individuals with peanut-allergy, especially younger children, but induction of remission has not been closely studied, and reliable predictors of clinical response are lacking. With U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved treatment for peanut allergy now available, the precepts of shared decision-making will be crucial in discussions with patients and their families with regard to treatment options.
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Prilutskiy, O. S., e Yu A. Lyhina. "Allergy to lemon: case of oral allergic syndrome associated with allergic otitis media and labyrinthitis in a patient with polysensibilization and multiple manifestations of allergy". Russian Journal of Allergy 16, n. 2 (15 giugno 2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja1194.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Oral allergic syndrome is an IgEmediated allergic reaction to foods of plant origin in persons with sensitization to various pollen allergens. A clinical case of oral allergy syndrome caused by consumption of lemon in a 25-year-old woman with sensitization to many groups of allergens and presence of allergic otitis media and allergy-induced labyrinthitis is presented. The patient had a history of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, contact allergic dermatitis, urticaria as a manifestation of drug allergy. In vivo (skin prick tests, prick-prick tests) and in vitro allergen specific diagnostics allowed to work out the individual diet and a hypoallergenic regime in this case.
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Trushina, E. Y., E. M. Kostina, E. A. Orlova, A. A. Turovskaya e T. A. Nefedova. "Experience of allergen-specific immunotherapy in the patient with oral and systemic manifestations of birch pollen allergy". Allergology and Immunology in Paediatrics, n. 2 (24 giugno 2024): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53529/2500-1175-2024-2-89-96.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. Allergy to birch pollen is a common allergic disease. The main allergen of birch pollen is Bet v 1. The Bet v 1 protein structure is the similar to proteins of hazel, alder and elm pollen, as well as fruits proteins (apples, apricots, peaches, cherries) and vegetables ones (carrots, celery). Therefore, children with an allergy to the Bet v 1 protein may experience oral allergy syndrome (OAS) and even anaphylaxis when eating these foods. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is the indication for the pollen allergy treatment.Presentation of the clinical case. A 11 years old child was observed with a diagnosis of bronchial asthma, allergic form, moderate persistent clinical course. Pollinosis. Allergic rhinitis. Allergic conjunctivitis. Allergy to birch pollen (Bet v 1). Cross food hypersensitivity: oral syndrome (PR-10 proteins) and anaphylaxis (hazelnuts, peanuts). Systemic manifestations of pollen allergy limit immunotherapy due to the possible development of adverse reactions.The child was prescribed sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with the medication “Staloral birch pollen allergen”. Baseline therapy was chosen for the child to achieve control of asthma and rhinitis, a hypoallergenic diet with the exclusion of significant food allergens was prescribed. Asthma and rhinitis exacerbation and OAS was observed during the 1st and 2nd treatment courses. Against the background of baseline therapy, SLIT was continued. The full maintenance dose was achieved during the 3rd SLIT course. Immunotherapy contributed to the reduction of symptoms of rhinitis and asthma, reduction of disease clinical course severity, reduction of baseline medications doses and OAS relief.
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Knyziak-Mędrzycka, Izabela, Emilia Majsiak e Bożena Cukrowska. "Allergic March in Children: The Significance of Precision Allergy Molecular Diagnosis (PAMD@) in Predicting Atopy Development and Planning Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy". Nutrients 15, n. 4 (15 febbraio 2023): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15040978.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The allergic march is a progression of naturally occurring symptoms whose nature changes with age. The classic allergic march typically begins in infancy and manifests in the form of atopic dermatitis and food allergy. As immune tolerance develops over time, these conditions may resolve by the age of 3–5 years; however, they may evolve into allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Traditional diagnostic assessments, such as skin prick testing or serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) level testing, are conducted to introduce effective treatment. Recent years saw the emergence of precision allergy molecular diagnosis (PAMD@), which assesses sIgE against allergenic molecules. This new technology helps more accurately evaluate the patient’s allergy profile, which helps create more precise dietary specifications and personalize allergen-specific immunotherapy. This review presents possible predictions regarding the allergic march and the means of controlling it based on PAMD@ results.
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Fouad, Shaimaa. "Incidence of Food allergy among patients with allergic conjunctivitis". Egyptian journal of Immunology 30, n. 04 (1 ottobre 2023): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55133/eji.300414.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The prevalence of ocular allergy is increasing worldwide. Skin prick test is widely recognized as the most reliable method for diagnosing the incriminating allergen as regards type I hypersensitivity reactions. Food allergy results as immunological response to food protein which leads to occurrence of allergic conjunctivitis (AC), allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis. There is a scarcity of research investigating the association between food allergy and AC. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine the incidence of food allergy within AC patients and its linkage to disease intensity and to compare the response to sublingual immunotherapy after 4 months of therapy. The study included 240 individuals diagnosed with AC. Of these patients, only 214 (89.16%) cases exhibited positive skin prick test results and showed incidence of food allergy of 29.6 %. After 4 months of sublingual allergen immunotherapy, the total serum IgE level and the grades of severity decreased significantly (p <0.001 for each). On comparing patients with food allergy on sublingual immunotherapy and patients without food allergy and on sublingual immunotherapy, the change in total serum IgE concentration and the grade of severity did not differ among the two groups (p value was 0.63 and 1.00 respectively). In conclusion, food allergies can contribute to the development of AC. Sublingual allergen immunotherapy can be proposed as a promising therapeutic option for AC patients.
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Kalm-Stephens, Pia, Therese Sterner, Kerstin Kronholm Diab e Greta Smedje. "Hypersensitivity and the Working Environment for Allergy Nurses in Sweden". Journal of Allergy 2014 (6 aprile 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/681934.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. Allergy nurses are exposed to allergens and respiratory irritants, and there are no national guidelines addressing personnel safety when working with these agents. Objective. To investigate the prevalence of allergies, asthma, and hypersensitivity symptoms among allergy nurses and the use of protective equipment and measures when working with allergen concentrates and respiratory irritants. Methods. A questionnaire survey was performed among the members of the Swedish Association of Allergy Nurses. Results. Diagnosed asthma was reported by 17%, while 18% had allergy to pets, 28% had allergy to pollens, and 26% reported nasal symptoms. Fifty-one percent reported a history of asthma, allergic diseases, or hypersensitivity symptoms in their family. Exhaust ventilation was used by 24% during skin prick tests, 17% during allergen specific immunotherapy, and 33% when performing methacholine challenge tests. Tightly closed containers for disposable waste were used by 58% during skin prick tests, by 60% during immunotherapy, and by 40% during Pc provocation tests. Conclusion. Allergy nurses had a tendency to increased prevalence of lower respiratory symptoms, asthma, and allergic rhinitis and more than half of the nurses had a family history of asthma, allergic diseases, or hypersensitivity symptoms. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the validity of these results.
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Melnikova, Ksenya S., Elena D. Kuwshinowa e Vera A. Reviakina. "Allergic diseases at an early age". Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum, n. 2 (15 giugno 2021): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/26586630.2021.2.200813.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the incidence of allergic diseases (ADs), mainly in countries with a high level of development. Particularly noted is the increase in the prevalence of AZs in young children, among which cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations of allergy are the most common. These include atopic dermatitis (ATD), urticaria, gastrointestinal manifestations associated in most cases with food allergy, as well as contact allergic dermatitis, and insect allergy. The leading mechanism of development is immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions. There are three main factors that predispose to AZ: genetic, direct contact with an allergen, and external environmental factors. The article deals with the causes, manifestations, therapy and diagnosis of a number of allergic diseases: urticaria, allergic contact dermatitis, insect allergy and some methods of therapy.
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Pampura, A. N., E. F. Zhukalina, M. A. Morenko e O. P. Usenova. "Modern approaches to the diagnosis and management of children with allergy to cow’s milk proteins". Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 68, n. 2 (27 aprile 2023): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2023-68-2-39-46.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Allergy to cow’s milk proteins is the most common cause of allergic reactions in young children, with a significant impact on the quality of life of children and their families. The most significant biomarker of herbivore milk allergy is allergen-specific IgE (sIgE), which can be assessed both for the whole allergen (for example, cow’s milk (CM), mare’s milk, goat’s milk, etc.) and a specific molecule, included in their composition. This article focuses on the use of sIgE in infants with suspected cow’s milk protein allergy.
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Choudhary, Shazia, Mamoona Noreen, Muhammad Arshad e Muhammad Arshad. "Pollen Allergy; Mechanism and Etiology". NUST Journal of Natural Sciences 1, n. 1 (7 febbraio 2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53992/njns.v1i1.26.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The term allergy refers to an exaggerated immune response to a foreign molecule. In a normal healthy individual, this foreign molecule will act as a harmless antigen, as it will be recognized & cleared by the immune system without causing any significant damage to host tissues. In certain individuals, such antigens stimulate immune system in such a way that a series of exaggerated immune response are generated against it, leading to significant tissue injury and damage to the host. Such as exaggerated immune response may also cause death of the patient. Such antigen is termed as an allergen. Allergy is categorised under Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated type I hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions occur when an antigen acting as an allergen attacks the immune system of the host and causes excessive stimulation of mast cells and basophils. This is followed by the release of allergy mediators which are responsible for causing local or systemic anaphylaxis, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, conjuctivitis. Type I allergens are of various types, the mechanism of action is same; however underlying factors may differ in each type. This article is about pollen allergens, in specific & will discuss the common sources of pollen allergens in Pakistan, the relevance and the factors behind pollen allergy.
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Nazaruddin, Nazaruddin, Hamdani Budiman, Basri A. Gani, Subhaini Jakfar, M. Hasan e Muhammad Hanafiah. "PROFILE OF ALLERGY HYPERPLASMA PATHOLOGIC ANTIBODY AND IMMUNOGENIC CHARACTERISTIC". Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 11, n. 1 (7 aprile 2017): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v11i1.5299.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objective of this research was to determine the allergy hyperplasma pathologic antibody and to evaluate the immunogenic characteristics. Blood and serum were collected from human suffering rhinitis, skin, eye and asthma allergies. To obtain a cloned allergen plasma protein (protein allergen that had been induced with the serum from human with allergic rhinitis, skin, eye and asthma), the goat was used as an intermediate animal. Hematological analysis showed that the leukocyte cell such as neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil increase in allergic-suffered human. The blood smear test exhibited that the mastocyte cell was dominant which contributes to allergy activities in human body. The sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylimide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) assay detected protein allergens with molecular weight of 188 kDa (IgE) and 60-62 kDa (mastocyte cell). The reactivity assay using enzyme linked immunosorbent-assay (ELISA) revealed that cloned-allergens (whole hyperplasma allergen from goat isolates) express the best reactivity at various concentrations of IgE than the leukocyte cells. This research concluded that the clones of protein allergen have better immunogenic characteristic and those proteins can be recommended as the candidate of allergen to induce the humoral immunity on host and deliver specific product of anti-allergy such as milk.
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Askhatova, Natalia A., Azat M. Alimov, Nadiya R. Kasanova e Elena Y. Mikryukova. "Retrospective allergy diagnosis of lysteriosis and lysteria carrying in animals". BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700054.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Experimental infections of guinea pigs and rabbits with a sublethal dose of L. monocytogenes pathogen caused an allergic reaction in the form of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTHS), which was detected by an intradermal allergy test with a Listeriose allergen. The status of DTHS in guinea pigs and rabbits was recorded for a longer time as compared to specific antibodies. A positive allergic reaction correlated with listeria, which was confirmed by the isolation of a Listeria culture 6 months after infection of rabbits with a virulent Listeria strain. The research findings showed that an intradermal allergy test with a developed Listeria allergen allows a retrospective diagnosis of Listeriosis and Listeria carrying. A specific feature of Listeria allergen was established through an intradermal provocative test in animals sensitized by heterogeneous microorganisms (Salmonella and E. coli).
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Lis, Kinga, e Zbigniew Bartuzi. "Selected Technical Aspects of Molecular Allergy Diagnostics". Current Issues in Molecular Biology 45, n. 7 (29 giugno 2023): 5481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45070347.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Diagnosis of allergic diseases is a complex, multi-stage process. It often requires the use of various diagnostic tools. The in vitro diagnostics (IVD), which includes various laboratory tests, is one of the stages of this process. Standard laboratory tests include the measurement of the serum concentration of specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) for selected allergens, full allergen extracts and/or single allergen components (molecules). The measurement of IgE sIgE to the allergen components is called molecular allergy diagnosis. During the standard laboratory diagnostic process, various models of immunochemical tests are used, which enable the measurement of sIgE for single allergens (one-parameter tests, singleplex) or IgE specific for many different allergens (multi-parameter tests, multiplex) in one test. Currently, there are many different test kits available, validated for IVD, which differ in the method type and allergen profile. The aim of the manuscript is to present various technical aspects related to modern allergy diagnostics, especially in the area of molecular allergy diagnostics.
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Petrova, S. Yu, S. V. Khlgatian, V. M. Berzhets e A. V. Vasileva. "Allergy vaccines for specific immunotherapy". Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 98, n. 1 (4 marzo 2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-11.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) has been used for more than a hundred years to treat patients with IgEmediated allergic diseases. The most common allergens have been obtained using molecular cloning technology in the past two decades. To increase the safety of immunotherapy, a large group of genetically modified allergens with reduced allergenic activity was created. The mechanism of action of these therapeutic allergens differs from natural allergen extracts, and more research is needed to understand how desensitization occurs in each case. The objective of this review is to introduce readers to new therapeutic allergy vaccines and their structural modification features as well as immunological effects on the body. To achieve this objective, we have analyzed and systematized the experimental developments presented in the literature on the main directions of creating new allergy vaccines: hypoallergenic derivatives of recombinant allergens, T cell epitope-based allergy vaccines and B cell epitope-based allergy vaccines, DNA vaccines.Summing up the results of the research presented in the literature, it is necessary to note the high heterogeneity of designs used to achieve the high efficiency of the developed therapeutic allergens. All allergy vaccines presented in the review solve the tasks set by the researchers: in experimental animal models they induce immunogenicity or tolerance, in clinical trials they reduce the symptoms of allergic reactions. The the effectiveness of the proposed medicinal products is quite high but its evaluation requires further long-term preclinical and clinical trials to confirm the safety and harmlessness of the created allergy vaccines.
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SALVATORE, S., K. KEYMOLEN, B. HAUSER e Y. VANDENPLAS. "HYPO-ALLERGENIC INTERVENTIONS DURING PREGNANCY". Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 17, n. 1 (febbraio 2006): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539505001695.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Baron Clemens von Pirquet, an Austrian paediatrician, proposed in 1903 the terms allergy and allergen after observing that some of his patients had “altered responses” to certain substances. Allergic symptoms are not necessarily accompanied by sensitization or vice versa. Recently, nomenclature for allergy has been revised.
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Choina, Magdalena, Weronika Gromek, Magdalena Marzęda, Khrystyna Lishchuk-Yakymovych e Emilia Majsiak. "benefits of component-resolved diagnosis in diagnostics of peanut allergy". Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, n. 7 (26 luglio 2022): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.07.068.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Why can a peanut allergy cause exceptionally severe reactions, but not to everyone? Is there a way to identify patients who might experience these reactions? What is molecular diagnostics of allergy and what are the benefits of diagnosing patients at risk of anaphylaxis after consuming peanuts? Purpose: The aim of the study is to show the benefits of molecular diagnostics of allergies based on the example of peanut allergy.Description of the state of knowledge: The diagnosis of peanut allergy is based on the assessment of the clinical presentation. The gold diagnostic standard is to perform a food challenge for suspected allergen. The following tests are helpful in diagnosis: skin tests or determination of allergen-specific E antibodies (asIgE) in blood serum. Until recently, the determination of asIgE concentration was possible only for allergen extracts. A milestone in diagnosing allergies is a serological diagnosis based on allergen molecules. The possibility of testing individual molecules increases the sensitivity and specificity of peanut allergy diagnostics and allows to indicate the risk of anaphylaxis in individual patients.Summary: Molecular diagnostics in individuals with peanut allergy make it possible to determine the individual patient’s allergy profile and indicate the risk of anaphylaxis. The information obtained with the help of this tool allows for precise therapeutic recommendations for people allergic to peanuts. Such diagnostics is a step towards personalized medicine in allergology. Keywords: allergy; molecular diagnostics of allergy; allergen-specific E antibodies; asIgE
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Adhianto, Gary, e Hendra S. "Clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis in children at Denpasar Hospital". Paediatrica Indonesiana 41, n. 3 (30 giugno 2001): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi41.3.2001.160-5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This is a retrospective study by collecting data from the medical record of children diagnosed as allergic rhinitis at the Pediatric Allergy & Immunology out patient clinic at Denpasar Hospital between January 1996 and December 2000. Reported data including identifying patient, signs and symptoms, atopic history of the family, skin prick test (SPT) result and the environmental factors. Fifty-five from 297 children (18.5%) attending the Pediatric Allergy & Immunology out patient clinic were diagnosed as allergic rhinitis. Thirty nine were male and 16 female. The age ranged from 6 months to 15 years old. The majority of signs and symptom were sneezing and rhinorrhea (26%), itchy nose (23%), blocked nose (14%) and itchy eyes(12%).. Four children had history of atopic dermatitis, 1 food allergy, 10 asthma, 3 urticaria, 2 drug allaaaergy, 4 h-ad history of both atopic dermatitis and urticaria, 13 both asthma and urticaria, 2 both asthma and drug allergy and 6 children had no history of allergic diseases. Thirty three (60%) one of the parents and 12 (21.8%) both parents ever had allergic diseases. According to SPT, 27 (55.1%) of this children had positive reaction to inhalant allergen, 13 (26.5%) to food allergen and 13 (26.5%) had negative reaction.
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Dityatkovska, E. M., e S. V. Biletska. "Determination of co-sensitization is an important step in improving the effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy in patients with pollen disease". Medicni perspektivi 27, n. 1 (30 marzo 2022): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2022.1.254379.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In order to increase the effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy in patients with pollen disease, the profile of allergen sensitization was determined at the molecular level, performed in 47 patients with clinical manifestations of seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis and perennial allergic rhinitis during a long time period. Allergic examination of patients included history taking, molecular blood tests using ALEX technology to determine the level of specific antibodies class lgE of major and minor components of pollen and household allergens and diagnostic skin tests (pre-test). Assessment of the main clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis was performed according to the recommendations of the European Association of Allergists and Immunologists. The severity of nasal symptoms was determined by the TNSS scale, and ocular symptoms - by the TOSS scale. Integral assessment of the intensity of clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis was calculated as the sum of scores by the main symptoms. According to the results of molecular allergy diagnostics, the profile of allergic sensitization in patients with pollen disease was determined, which established the presence of specific lgE - antibodies to major allergy components of ragweed pollen (nAmb a1) – in 91.5±4.1% of patients, wormwood (nArt v3, nArt v1) – in 40.4±7.2%, meadow thyme (rPh1 p1, rPh1 p5b) – in 17.0±5.5%, house dust mites (Der p1, Der p2) – in 29.8±6,7%. Developed on the basis of molecular allergy diagnostics, the profile of allergological sensitization to allergocomponents allows to obtain complete and detailed information on patient sensitization (diagnose a real allergy), cross-reactivity to other allergens, justify the feasibility and predict the effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Galimova, Albina A., Svetlana S. Vyazankina, Svetlana G. Makarova e Oksana A. Ereshko. "Active tolerance development in allergy to cow-based milk proteins". Russian Journal of Allergy 18, n. 4 (14 dicembre 2021): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja1491.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Food allergy is a potentially life-threatening condition without approved pathogenetic treatments other than eliminating the causal allergen and relief of acute allergic conditions. Immunoglobulin G-mediated form of food allergy remains a serious and growing problem worldwide. Its prevalence is steadily increasing and is a severe psychosocial and economic burden for patients and their families. Cow-based milk and products are important components of a childs diet, which are introduced at their first year of life, which can cause allergic reactions. The traditional management of children with cow-based milk allergy includes eliminating the dairy-free diet, and a significant number of patients form milk protein tolerance by the age of 5 years. However, with persistent forms of allergy to cow-based milk proteins, the need for active tactics of patient management to form tolerance arises. Oral immunotherapy is a promising approach to food allergy treatments based on a gradually increased allergen by analogy with standardized immunotherapy for respiratory allergens until reaching a maintenance dose. Each stage of oral immunotherapy should be considered as a personalized therapy.
This review contains an analysis of available studies on the effectiveness of oral immunotherapy in the treatment of cow-based milk protein allergy.
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Prucha, Hanna, Wenchieh Chen, Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann, Antonia Todorova, Cezmi Akdis, Roger Lauener e Johannes Ring. "Atopic eczema and allergies: Practical relevance for diagnostic work-up". Community Based Medical Journal 2, n. 2 (28 ottobre 2013): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i2.16693.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Atopic eczema (AE) is a chronic relapsing skin disease mostly starting in childhood and often associated with allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis. In the etiopathophysiology of atopic eczema skin barrier disturbance and immune deviation with a predominant Th2 response and IgE production are central. Allergy tests belong to the diagnostic work-up of AE patients, first in order to differentiate between the extrinsic (IgE-associated) from the intrinsic (non-IgE-associated) form of the disease. Essntially allergy tests are mandatory in order to find individual provocation factors for exacerbation or maintenance of eczema. These allergy tests include skin prick test (SPT), radio-allergo-sorbent test (RAST) for specific IgE antibodies against common allergens and APT. Since numerous AE patients suffer from contact allergy, therefore classical patch testing is mandatory. Although SPT and RAST have a quite high sensitivity, but the specificity of APT is much higher; revealing the fact that by APT the relevance of a certain allergen for the actual skin disease can be confidently evaluated. In suspected food allergy the gold standard is still double-blind placebo-controlled oral provocation test which should be performed in a symptom-free period after an individual elimination diet and under emergency conditions, since anaphylactic reactions may occur in AE patients. In the long-term management of AE patients educational programs eczema school have proved to be helpful. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i2.16693 Community Based Medical Journal 2013 July: Vol.02 No 02: 15-24
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El-Sayed, Zeinab A., Shereen S. El-Sayed, Rehab M. Zaki e Mervat A. Salama. "Latex Hypersensitivity among Allergic Egyptian Children: Relation to Parental/Self Reports". Pulmonary Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/629187.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. Latex allergy is one of the major health concerns and allergic reactions to latex may be serious and fatal.Purpose. In this study, we sought to determine the frequency of latex hypersensitivity in a group of allergic Egyptian infants and children and its relation to the history provided by the patients or caregivers.Methods. We consecutively enrolled 400 patients with physician diagnosed allergic diseases. The study measurements included clinical evaluation for the site and duration of allergy, history suggestive of latex allergy, family history of allergy, and skin prick testing (SPT) using a commercial latex extract.Results. The study revealed that 16/400 (4%) patients had positive SPT; 11 of them only had positive history of sensitivity to latex. Positive latex SPT was reported in 3.4% (11/326) of patients with bronchial asthma, 5.9% (7/118) of patients with skin allergy, and 4.5% (2/44) of patients with allergic rhinitis. SPT was positive in 7.4% (4/54) of patients with concomitant respiratory and skin allergy. Latex SPT was more specific than sensitive (97.69% and 77.77%, resp.) with a negative predictive value of 99.47%.Conclusion. Although underrecognized, latex is an important allergen in the pediatric age group with a sensitization frequency of 4% among allergic children. It was observed to be especially associated with multiple allergic diseases coexisting in the same patient. Pediatric allergologists should educate their patients on latex allergy and encourage the use of latex-free products.
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Barni, Simona, Davide Caimmi, Fernanda Chiera, Pasquale Comberiati, Carla Mastrorilli, Umberto Pelosi, Francesco Paravati, Gian Luigi Marseglia e Stefania Arasi. "Phenotypes and Endotypes of Peach Allergy: What Is New?" Nutrients 14, n. 5 (26 febbraio 2022): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14050998.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Peach allergy is emerging as a common type of fresh-fruit allergy in Europe, especially in the Mediterranean area. The clinical manifestations of peach allergy tend to have a peculiar geographical distribution and can range from mild oral symptoms to anaphylaxis, depending on the allergic sensitization profile. The peach allergen Pru p 7, also known as peamaclein, has recently been identified as a marker of peach allergy severity and as being responsible for peculiar clinical features in areas with high exposure to cypress pollen. This review addresses the latest findings on molecular allergens for the diagnosis of peach allergy, the clinical phenotypes and endotypes of peach allergy in adults and children, and management strategies, including immunotherapy, for peach allergy.
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Varshney, Pooja, e Jacqueline A. Pongracic. "Clinical manifestations of immunoglobulin E‐mediated food allergy, including pollen‐food allergy syndrome". Journal of Food Allergy 2, n. 1 (1 settembre 2020): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Immunoglobulin E-(IgE) mediated food allergy affects people of all ages but does not have a consistent presentation and may result in various manifestations, even for an individual. The onset of symptoms is usually quite rapid, minutes to a few hours after consumption of the allergen, although exceptions exist. Cutaneous and gastrointestinal symptoms are the most common clinical manifestations; however, they are not present in all allergic reactions. Clinicians, particularly those in emergency care settings, need to be aware that the lack of cutaneous manifestations does not exclude the possibility of anaphylaxis. It is extremely unusual for food allergy reactions to present with isolated upper or lower respiratory symptoms, nor is chronic urticaria a manifestation of food allergy. Clinical manifestations of IgE-mediated food allergy range from mild to severe and, in rare cases, can be fatal. Mild, localized reactions, such as those that occur in pollen‐food allergy syndrome, occur in individuals with sensitization to pollens. A small proportion of patients with this syndrome develop anaphylaxis. Alcohol, medications (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antacids), physical exertion, increased body temperature, acute infection, and menstruation are factors that are known to augment the severity of food-induced allergic reactions.
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Bernstein, David I., Peter A. Würtzen, Lawrence DuBuske, Michael S. Blaiss, Anne K. Ellis, Richard W. Weber e Hendrik Nolte. "Allergy to oak pollen in North America". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 42, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2021.42.200089.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Oak pollen is an important allergen in North America. The genus Quercus (oak) belongs to the family Fagaceae under the order Fagales. Objective: The objective of this article was to narratively review the oak pollen season, clinical and epidemiologic aspects of allergy to oak pollen, oak taxonomy, and oak allergen cross-reactivity, with a focus on the North American perspective. Methods: A PubMed literature review (no limits) was conducted. Publications related to oak pollen, oak-related allergic rhinitis with or without conjunctivitis, and oak-related allergic asthma were selected for review. Results: Oak species are common throughout the United States and contribute up to 50% to overall atmospheric pollen loads. Mean peak oak pollen counts can reach >2000 grains/m3. The start of the oak pollen season generally corresponds to the seasonal shift from winter to spring based on latitude and elevation, and may begin as early as mid February. The duration of the season can last > 100 days and, in general, is longer at lower latitudes. In the United States, ∼30% of individuals with allergy are sensitized to oak. The oak pollen season correlates with increased allergic rhinitis symptom‐relieving medication use and asthma-related emergency department visits or hospitalizations. Oak falls within the birch homologous group. Extensive immunologic cross-reactivity has been demonstrated between oak pollen and birch pollen allergens, and, more specifically, their major allergens Que a 1 and Bet v 1. The cross-reactivity between oak and birch has implications for allergy immunotherapy (AIT) because guidelines suggest selecting one representative allergen within a homologous group for AIT, a principle that would apply to oak. Conclusion: Allergy to oak pollen is common in North America and has a substantial clinical impact. Oak pollen allergens are cross-reactive with birch pollen allergens, which may have implications for AIT.
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Cook-Mills, Joan M., Lindsay M. Schroeder-Carter e Nicole Ramos-Solís. "Maternal Alpha-tocopherol Inhibits Development of Food Allergy Early in Life". Journal of Immunology 204, n. 1_Supplement (1 maggio 2020): 66.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.66.18.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Food allergy can be life-threatening and has had a marked recent increase in prevalence. Interventions are critical to limit the development of food allergy early in life. We demonstrate that maternal dietary supplementation with α-tocopherol blocks development of food allergy. Briefly, female mice received diet supplemented with α-tocopherol or control chow starting at mating with males with skin barrier gene mutations. The pups, that are heterozygous for skin barrier mutations, received six cutaneous co-exposures to a food allergen and an environmental allergen. Oral challenge with food allergen induced anaphylaxis and increased inflammatory mediators in pups from mothers with control chow. Offspring anaphylaxis and expression of inflammatory mediators were blocked by maternal supplementation with α-tocopherol. In conclusion, maternal supplementation with α-tocopherol reduced neonate development of food allergy. These results have implications for supplementation of allergic mothers with α-tocopherol.
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Riabova, Ksenja, Antonina V. Karsonova, Marianne van Hage, Ulrika Käck, Jon R. Konradsen, Hans Grönlund, Daria Fomina et al. "Molecular Allergen-Specific IgE Recognition Profiles and Cumulative Specific IgE Levels Associated with Phenotypes of Cat Allergy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n. 13 (23 giugno 2022): 6984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136984.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cat allergy is a major trigger factor for respiratory reactions (asthma and rhinitis) in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization. In this study, we used a comprehensive panel of purified cat allergen molecules (rFel d 1, nFel d 2, rFel d 3, rFel d 4, rFel d 7, and rFel d 8) that were obtained by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli or by purification as natural proteins to study possible associations with different phenotypes of cat allergy (i.e., rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, and dermatitis) by analyzing molecular IgE recognition profiles in a representative cohort of clinically well-characterized adult cat allergic subjects (n = 84). IgE levels specific to each of the allergen molecules and to natural cat allergen extract were quantified by ImmunoCAP measurements. Cumulative IgE levels specific to the cat allergen molecules correlated significantly with IgE levels specific to the cat allergen extract, indicating that the panel of allergen molecules resembled IgE epitopes of the natural allergen source. rFel d 1 represented the major cat allergen, which was recognized by 97.2% of cat allergic patients; however, rFel d 3, rFel d 4, and rFel d 7 each showed IgE reactivity in more than 50% of cat allergic patients, indicating the importance of additional allergens in cat allergy. Patients with cat-related skin symptoms showed a trend toward higher IgE levels and/or frequencies of sensitization to each of the tested allergen molecules compared with patients suffering only from rhinitis or asthma, while there were no such differences between patients with rhinitis and asthma. The IgE levels specific to allergen molecules, the IgE levels specific to cat allergen extract, and the IgE levels specific to rFel d 1 were significantly higher in patients with four different symptoms compared with patients with 1–2 symptoms. This difference was more pronounced for the sum of IgE levels specific to the allergen molecules and to cat extract than for IgE levels specific for rFel d 1 alone. Our study indicates that, in addition to rFel d 1, rFel d 3, rFel d 4, and rFel d 7 must be considered as important cat allergens. Furthermore, the cumulative sum of IgE levels specific to cat allergen molecules seems to be a biomarker for identifying patients with complex phenotypes of cat allergy. These findings are important for the diagnosis of IgE sensitization to cats and for the design of allergen-specific immunotherapies for the treatment and prevention of cat allergy.
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KC, Shiva Raj, G. KC e P. Gyawali. "Food Allergy". Nepal Medical College Journal 20, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2018): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v20i4.25124.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Any adverse effect on health resulting from repeated exposure to a substance against which the individual has been sensitized against is allergy. Food allergens are one of the many common causes of allergies. The aim of this study is to find out the common food allergens and also specify the type of food suspicious for allergy among the patients with allergic reactions. A total of 178 patients with allergic reactions were included. The test was carried out using kit with an enzyme-labelled antihuman IgE catalysing a colour reaction. The kit contains test stripes coated with 21 different common antigens. Concentration of antibody specific to certain allergen is calculated and graded into different classes. Among the patients sensitized to allergic food, mean age was 34.36 years with female to male ratio of 2.9:1. Ninty two patients (51.7%) patients were sensitized to 1 to 3 allergens, whereas, 3.9% w ere sensitized to more than 10 food allergens. Thirty three (27.9%) patients had definite antibody detection, 11(9.3%) patients had strong antibody titre and 4 (3.3%) patients had very high antibody titre. Most common food allergen was crab (20.1%) followed by potato (25.8%). Cross reactivity was seen in various food allergens. Cereals and rice showed significant reactivity (P <0.001). Other food like soybean with mustard, peanut with coconut and apple with grape also showed significant correlation (P<0.001). The most common food allergens were crab, potato, spinach, peanut, coconut, soybean, mustard, wheat, rice, shrimp/prawn, cucumber and onion. While determining the specific allergen, we should be aware of potential cross-reactivity against one or more food allergens.
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Almeida, Flavia J., Jasmin Surana, Alap Christy, Raj Jatale e Shibani Ramchandani. "Relevance of allergen specific immunoglobulin e testing in Indian population: A retrospective study". International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research 10, n. 1 (15 aprile 2023): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcbr.2023.002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Prevalence of allergies has increased dramatically in recent decade and is now considered major chronic disease at the global level. Measurement of total and allergen specific IgE (Immunoglobulin E) is often requested to assess possible allergy. The main objective of our study was to understand the relevance of allergen specific IgE testing in Indian population. This retrospective study was conducted at a Global Reference Laboratory in Mumbai from May 2020 to May 2022. Total available data of 65431 patients was included in the study. The data was sub grouped as per age group, gender, and positivity for specific allergens. Of the total 65431 patients, 34601 (52.88%) were Females and 30830 (47.12%) were Males. Among those tested for specific IgE allergen, positivity was found to be 30%. The dust allergy was the most prevalent (62.18%) followed by Insect allergy (52.69%) and food allergy (51.78%). Out of the 18377 patients tested for Specific allergens, 7340 (39.94%) had at least one allergen positive. The availability of multiple and allergen specific panels has proved to be a major tool for the detection and diagnosis of multiple allergies. Detection of allergy is necessary to avoid wrong diagnosis and mismanagement of disease. Combination of total IgE with specific IgE can be used as evidence of allergy along with clinical findings. It is recommended to proceed with clinically appropriate allergen specific IgE tests, regardless of total IgE concentration in patients with a history of an acute allergic reaction.
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Akdis, Mübeccel, Johan Verhagen, Alison Taylor, Fariba Karamloo, Christian Karagiannidis, Reto Crameri, Sarah Thunberg et al. "Immune Responses in Healthy and Allergic Individuals Are Characterized by a Fine Balance between Allergen-specific T Regulatory 1 and T Helper 2 Cells". Journal of Experimental Medicine 199, n. 11 (1 giugno 2004): 1567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20032058.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The mechanisms by which immune responses to nonpathogenic environmental antigens lead to either allergy or nonharmful immunity are unknown. Single allergen-specific T cells constitute a very small fraction of the whole CD4+ T cell repertoire and can be isolated from the peripheral blood of humans according to their cytokine profile. Freshly purified interferon-γ–, interleukin (IL)-4–, and IL-10–producing allergen-specific CD4+ T cells display characteristics of T helper cell (Th)1-, Th2-, and T regulatory (Tr)1–like cells, respectively. Tr1 cells consistently represent the dominant subset specific for common environmental allergens in healthy individuals; in contrast, there is a high frequency of allergen-specific IL-4–secreting T cells in allergic individuals. Tr1 cells use multiple suppressive mechanisms, IL-10 and TGF-β as secreted cytokines, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed death 1 as surface molecules. Healthy and allergic individuals exhibit all three allergen-specific subsets in different proportions, indicating that a change in the dominant subset may lead to allergy development or recovery. Accordingly, blocking the suppressor activity of Tr1 cells or increasing Th2 cell frequency enhances allergen-specific Th2 cell activation ex vivo. These results indicate that the balance between allergen-specific Tr1 cells and Th2 cells may be decisive in the development of allergy.
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Baskakova, E. Yu, A. A. Tarasova, G. A. Savichev, E. G. Novopoltseva, V. V. Meshcheryakova, A. A. Shevchenko, E. V. Pogodina et al. "Features of the course of pollen allergy in children in the Nizhny Novgorod region". Allergology and Immunology in Paediatrics, n. 2 (24 giugno 2024): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53529/2500-1175-2024-2-50-59.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Due to its widespread distribution, the problem of pollen allergy does not lose its relevance for practical healthcare: the variety of clinical forms, the possibility of polyvalent sensitization and pathogenetic treatment in the form of allergen-specific immunotherapy determine the importance of studying its clinical and epidemiological features.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 119 discharge summaries of children with diagnoses of “Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis”, “Bronchial asthma”, “Atopic dermatitis”, occurring with clinically significant pollen sensitization, was carried out in the period 2015–2022. The prevalence, clinical features, prevailing symptoms and atopic comorbidity of patients with pollen allergy living in the Nizhny Novgorod region were assessed.Results. Pollen allergy is characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations, which are mainly represented by allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, and oral allergic syndrome. In the study, in the majority of patients, polyvalent sensitization was combined with a pronounced variety of products that provoke oral allergic syndrome. Manifestations of pollen allergies requiring seeking medical help are equally distributed among residents of Nizhny Novgorod and the region’s villages.Conclusions. Clinical and epidemiological features of the course of pollen allergy are of great interest to the practicing physician. The variety of manifestations of pollen allergies determines the need for a clinically effective treatment method, which today is ASIT. One of the needs of modern healthcare is to increase the awareness of primary care physicians about atopic diseases, incl. pollen allergy, with the aim of timely referral of patients to a specialist. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy is the most effective method of treating manifestations of pollen allergies.
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Jappe, Uta. "Vegan diet - alternative protein sources as potential allergy risk". Allergo Journal 32, n. 7 (31 ottobre 2023): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15007-023-5820-x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ZusammenfassungBackground: As a vegan diet is per definition a plant-based diet, consumers rely on plant protein sources in order to substitute animal proteins. Plant protein sources commonly used in this context are the following: cereals, like wheat (Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum), oat flakes; pseudo cereals like quinoa; nuts and oil seeds like cashew (Anacardium occidentale), hazelnut (Corylus avellana), walnut (Juglans regia); seeds like psyllium seeds (Plantago ovata), sesame (Sesamum indicum), and chia seed (Salvia hispanica).Methods: In order to assess the allergy risk posed by vegan diet, a literature search focusing on the composition of this particular diet and whether the respective foods are potentially allergenic was performed.Results: At first glance, it is evident for allergologists that these protein sources are well-known allergen sources. Particularly nuts and legumes harbour storage proteins, oleosins, and lipid trans- fer proteins that as such are associated with severe allergic reactions to food. In addition, there is increasing evidence that the simultaneous consumption of several of these foods may produce a summation effect where many single allergens of high allergenic potential sum up, thereby inducing anaphylaxis. Furthermore, food processing - or the lack of it - puts patients with pollen-associated food allergy at risk to react to some of the plant foods used in vegan diets.Conclusion: Therefore, individuals with a history of atopy should be educated regarding the allergy risk of a vegan diet.Cite this as Jappe U. Vegan diet - alternative protein sources as potential allergy risk. Allergo J Int 2023;32:251-7https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-023-00248-7
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Wijayanti, Yuni, Adi Heru Sutomo, Indwiani Astuti e Widya Asmara. "Dust Exposures, IgE Levels, History of Allergy, and Symptoms of Allergy in Poultry Workers". Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 14, n. 1 (23 settembre 2018): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v14i1.10232.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Poultry dust exposure may increase workers’ health risks, particularly in the form of respiratory allergic reactions. This study aimed to identify mold content of the dust and to analyze the association between dust exposure, IgE level, history of allergy, and symptoms of allergy. This study used cross sectional design with total samples of 33 workers. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. This study found 93.33% growth of Aspergillus sp., 69.7% work duration > 3 years, 84.8% high IgE levels, 18.2% history of allergy, and 69.7% symptoms of allergy. Dust exposure and history of allergy did not show significant correlation with symptoms of allergy while IgE levels had significant correlation with p-value of 0.036. Workers with high IgE-level were 15.986 times more likely to have symptoms of allergy (p-value 0.028). Aspergillus sp. as dust allergen potentially increased IgE levels and might become the base for facilitation of early and independent preventive and promotive efforts of workers’ health.
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Zhang, Jihui, Jie Chen, Jie Zuo, Gary Newton, Mark Stewart, Trevor Perrior, David Garrod e Clive Robinson. "Allergen Delivery Inhibitors: Characterisation of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Der p 1 and Their Attenuation of Airway Responses to House Dust Mite Allergens". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, n. 10 (15 ottobre 2018): 3166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103166.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Group 1 allergens of house dust mites (HDM) are globally significant triggers of allergic disease. They are considered as initiator allergens because their protease activity enables the development of allergy to a spectrum of unrelated allergens from various sources. This initiator-perpetuator function identifies Group 1 HDM allergens as attractive drug design targets for the first small-molecule approach directed towards a non-human, root cause trigger of allergic disease. The purpose of this study was to: (i) identify exemplar inhibitors of these allergens using Der p 1 as a design template, and (ii) characterise the pharmacological profiles of these compounds using in vitro and in vivo models relevant to allergy. Potent inhibitors representing four different chemotypes and differentiated by mechanism of action were investigated. These compounds prevented the ab initio development of allergy to the full spectrum of HDM allergens and in established allergy they inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells and blunted acute allergic bronchoconstriction following aerosol challenge with the full HDM allergen repertoire. Collectively, the data obtained in these experiments demonstrate that the selective pharmacological targeting of Der p 1 achieves an attractive range of benefits against exposure to all HDM allergens, consistent with the initiator-perpetuator function of this allergen.
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Shogenova, M. S., S. H. Hutueva, L. S. Shogenova e E. L. Muzhdabaeva. "Global climate warming and the expansion of ragweed – new problems in the spread of allergopathology, forecasts and prevention". ADYGHE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL 23, n. 2 (2023): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47928/1726-9946-2023-23-2-40-55.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article presents the main causes of the spread of ragweed pollen associated with global warming, describes the epidemiology, methods of control and prevention of pollen allergy, as well as modern principles of diagnosis and treatment of allergy to ragweed pollen. The main culprit of pollinosis is plant pollen. Clinical manifestations of allergy to ragweed pollen allergen are allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma and, less often, contact dermatitis/urticaria. Up to 70% of patients with allergies to ragweed pollen react to products of the pumpkin family, as well as bananas, apple, apricot, etc. and this is due to the fact that these products and ragweed pollen contain similar proteins. Treatment of allergy to ragweed pollen with immunobiological and genetically engineered biological drugs effectively reduces the symptoms of allergic rhinitis throughout the pollination season.
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Udoye, Christopher C., Marc Ehlers e Rudolf A. Manz. "The B Cell Response and Formation of Allergenic and Anti-Allergenic Antibodies in Food Allergy". Biology 12, n. 12 (7 dicembre 2023): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12121501.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Food allergies are a growing public health concern worldwide, especially in children and young adults. Allergen-specific IgE plays a central role in the pathogenesis of food allergies, but their titers poorly correlate with allergy development. Host immune systems yield allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgE and IgG subclasses with low or high affinities and differential Fc N-glycosylation patterns that can affect the allergic reaction to food in multiple ways. High-affinity IgE is required to induce strong mast cell activation eventually leading to allergic anaphylaxis, while low-affinity IgE can even inhibit the development of clinically relevant allergic symptoms. IgA and IgG antibodies can inhibit IgE-mediated mast cell activation through various mechanisms, thereby protecting IgE-positive individuals from allergy development. The production of IgE and IgG with differential allergenic potential seems to be affected by the signaling strength of individual B cell receptors, and by cytokines from T cells. This review provides an overview of the diversity of the B cell response and the diverse roles of antibodies in food allergy.
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Roger, Albert, Maria Basagana, Aina Teniente-Serra, Nathalie Depreux, Yanina Jurgens, Clara Padro, Sira Miquel, Carolina Elduque e Eva M. Martinez-Caceres. "Immunotheraphy in Allergic Diseases". Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, n. 11 (27 giugno 2018): 1174–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180116094048.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing worldwide. It is estimated that more than 30% of the world population is now affected by one or more allergic conditions and a high proportion of this increase is in young people. The diagnosis of allergy is dependent on a history of symptoms on exposure to an allergen together with the detection of allergen-specific IgE. Accurate diagnosis of allergies opens up therapeutic options. Allergen specific immunotherapy is the only successful disease-modifying therapy for IgE-mediated allergic diseases. New therapeutic strategies have been developed or are currently under clinical trials. Besides new routes of administration, new types of allergens are being developed. The use of adjuvants may amplify the immune response towards tolerance to the antigens. In this review, we analyze different antigen-specific immunotherapies according to administration route, type of antigens and adjuvants, and we address the special case of food allergy.
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Assa’ad, Amal H. "Oral food challenges". Journal of Food Allergy 2, n. 1 (1 settembre 2020): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Oral food challenge (OFC) is a procedure that is conducted most commonly by allergist/immunologists in their office or in food allergy centers to confirm a food allergy or to confirm tolerance to the food. The procedure as conducted in clinical practice is mostly open food challenge and, in research, a double-blind, placebo controlled food challenge. OFC has associated risks that can be minimized by having the challenges conducted by trained personnel who are prepared to treat allergic reactions and who have rescue medications available. However, OFCs have tremendous benefits to the patients and their families, including the potential to determine that a food is no longer an allergen and can be introduced into the diet. Even OFCs that result in clinical reactions have the benefit of confirming the food allergy and demonstrating the therapeutic effect of the rescue medications. The study of the outcomes of OFC has shed light on food allergy reactions and characteristics of the patients with food allergy as well as on the value of other diagnostic tests compared with OFC. OFCs have helped establish food allergy thresholds, confirm that subjects enrolled in research studies have the allergy, and demonstrate the response to the therapies tested in terms of ameliorating the allergic response or raising the reaction threshold. OFCs have also been used to promote the recent guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy by identifying the infants at risk for peanut allergy but who are not allergic yet.