Articoli di riviste sul tema "Allergène de chien"

Purpose: Identifying the distribution of allergens is valuable to the effective diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease. So, our aim is to explore the sensitization of food and aeroallergens in Egyptian patients with atopic asthma. Methods: Cross-sectional study recruited 268 Egyptian patients with atopic asthma. Asthmatic patients were assessed by the enzyme allegro sorbent test (EAST) method for specific IgE to a panel of 19 common regional inhaled allergens and 15 food allergens. Results and Discussion: One hundred percent of the patients were sensitive to at least one allergen. Allergy to food allergens only was 2.9%; inhaled allergens only were 26.2% and both were70.9%. Fungi (62%) were the most frequent sensitizing aeroallergen amongst our asthmatic patients, followed by the pollen allergens (42.5%) and house dust mites (HDMs) (26%). Cows’ milk (30.5%) was the most frequent sensitizing food amongst our asthmatic patients, followed by eggs (22.4%) and fish (21.6%). Mono-sensitized patients accounted for 6.7% of all cases, while polysensitized was 93.3%. Moderate and severe asthma showed a significantly higher frequency of polysensitization compared to mild asthma. Conclusion: Fungi and cow's milk are the chief sensitizing allergens in Egyptian patients with atopic asthma. This study represents the first report of sensitization in atopic adult asthma using a large extract panel in Upper Egypt.

Les affections intestinales peuvent parfois être causées par l’alimentation mais quelles qu’en soient les causes, l’alimentation joue un rôle dans la guérison ou dans l’amélioration du chien et du chat atteint par de telles affections. À la suite d’un épisode aigu, il est utile de ré-alimenter rapidement mais avec des modalités spécifiques, tant en ce qui concerne la distribution que les caractéristiques de la ration. Ensuite, les effets des nutriments/aliments sont expliqués afin de comprendre comment alimenter l’animal malade en fonction de son trouble : allergie, insuffisance pancréatique, entéropathies, ... Les principes de mise en place d’une ration ménagère adaptée sont brièvement présentés avant de faire le point sur les aliments diététiques existant à ce jour pour ces maladies, chez le chien et le chat.

Abstract Journals insist that authors disclose their financial conflicts. However, the same standard is rarely imposed on journal editors. Surprisingly, most high-impact medical journals (about 88%) do not publish editor conflicts of interest (COIs). The Sunshine Act makes it possible to query physician payments from industry. Importantly, some companies are exempted. The leading 5 US-based plastic surgery journals were investigated. Only chief editors and coeditors were included, for a total of 10 editors. The range of payments was US $0 to US $297,000 between 2015 and 2021. The mean payment was $90,890, or $12,984 per year. This amount may be compared with the average industry payments to all plastic surgeons, which is approximately $5000 annually. Examples of editor COIs are considered. In one case, an article detailing important factual deficiencies in an article defending Allergan macrotextured breast implants was rejected by coeditors that included a coeditor who received payments from Allergan. An article promoting radiofrequency treatments containing previously reported data was accepted by a chief editor with a COI, who was also a coauthor. Articles claiming improved scarring for a wound adhesive device and numerous benefits for an Allergan implant insertion funnel also found acceptance by conflicted chief editors, despite serious deficiencies. Editor COIs should be published. Attempts to manage editor COI have not been successful. No data support a dollar limit or expiry date for COIs. Relevance and breadth of COIs are unsolved problems. The ethics of industry payments to physicians are questionable at best. An alternative option is recommended—elimination of COI for journal editors. This remedy would restore editorial integrity and avoid the need for recusals. There is precedence. About half of high-impact medical journal editors have no COIs. Industry subsidies in general should be reconsidered. Abandoning them would be in the best interest of our patients and our specialty.

Background: Allergic rhinitis is a common and chronic immunoglobulin E–mediated respiratory disorder following allergen exposure that can affect the quality of life and work activities. Antihistamine should be prescribed for the relief of persistent allergic symptoms & advised to avoid known allergens also. Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the efficacy of non-sedating antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis based on the total nasal symptom score. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study of patients with clinically diagnosed allergic rhinitis following inclusion & exclusion criteria at the study center. Patients’ demographic profiles, symptoms and signs were obtained using a specially designed form. The symptoms were scored from baseline to end of treatment by using nasal symptom scoring protocol. The data were collated and analyzed using Microsoft excel & SPSS Version 17 statistical software. Results: Recruited 360 patients with allergic rhinitis, 96.66% presented with running nose as the chief complaint. A large number of patients have total nasal symptom scores of above 9 (n =170; 47.22%), whereas few (n = 42; 11.66%) had symptom scores of below 6 at a baseline level. Upon treatment with rupatadine, a significant reduction of TNSS (p< 0.05) was found from baseline over the 14-day treatment period. The incidence of adverse effects (fatigue 1.3%, headache 2.7%) was found to be less in the rupatadine group. Conclusion: non-sedative antihistamines effectively control persistent allergic rhinitis, where rupatadine is a drug of choice due to its better efficacy and having a low incidence of side effects. KYAMC Journal. 2022;12(04): 231-236

Allergic rhinitis, despite its complex patho-physiology, is a global health problem with the increasing prevalence. The current study which was conducted at one of the tertiary care center in the country comprised of 548 diagnosed cases of allergic rhinitis and thus treated during the period extending from January 2010 to June 2011. In the study, males and females were almost equally distributed, constituting the ratio of 1:0.9. Among them, the patients from 20 –29 year of age group was the most commonly affected (38.1%). In our study most of the patients were housewives (30.3%) and the house dusts mites (76.3%), was the most common etiological factors. Majority of the patients presented with sneezing (86.7%) as the chief complaint. Of the total subjects, 18.6% presented with co-morbidity of allergic conjunctivitis and 8.9% with that of sinusitis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i1.10411 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(1): 30-35

Urticaria is an autoimmune disease that affects the individual with a variety of manifestations. Various factors trigger the immune system. Urticaria primarily manifests with integumentary signs and symptoms. This condition primarily does not harm greatly the individual but alters one’s daily activities. Skin rashes all over the body, itching for longer duration, and pain along with bumps anywhere in the body are the chief manifestations. Urticaria can affect any age and equally for both men and females. The urticaria also has several of its kind; aquatic urticaria, acute urticaria, chronic urticaria, and drug-mediated urticaria are the few examples. Urticaria can affect even the newborn and infants also. The itching and the rashes are the chief manifestations and classical signs. Urticaria is not hereditary or contagious. It is purely immune-mediated and hypersensitivity towards stimulants. Urticaria also referred to as Hives, are commonly caused by allergens and also can be a form of hormonal changes. Emotions can also be a cause of urticaria. Urticaria is not a serious condition but needs to consult the medical facility if any anaphylaxis appears. A healthy lifestyle and healthy habits make the immune strong and free from urticaria.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Agents which cause contact dermatitis are simple chemical compounds and by themselves these agents will not cause sensitization and are called haptens. These require another molecule usually a protein called the carrier molecule derived from the epidermis to cause allergic sensitization. The confirmation of contact dermatitis is done by the patch testing. There is no substitute for the patch test in the management of allergic contact dermatitis.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">After selecting the patient suspected to have allergic contact dermatitis the findings were recorded in the proforma which also includes the systemic examination of CVS, CNS, GIT and respiratory system to study systemic correlation if any. Investigation were done which included Hb%, TLC, DLC, urine routine and microscopic examination, patch testing and other special investigations if required. The patient was subjected to patch testing after the acute stage has subsided and the patient was on no therapy with topical or systemic steroids prior to patch testing</span>.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The incidence of allergic contact dermatitis due to cosmetics was found in 7 (5.6%) cases. In that hair dye (PPD) inducing dermatitis was found in 4 (57.4%) and due to hair oil 1 (14.2%), kumkum 1 (14.2%) and Sunsilk shampoo 1 (14.2%). The incidence of PPD sensitivity in this series of 125 cases was 4 (3.2%). </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">PPD is a well-known potent sensitizer, it is a chief constituent of the commonly used hair dyes and also some other cosmetics like nail polish.</span></p>

Objective: To find the pattern of childhood asthma, and factors affecting its occurrence in children having age up to 12 years. Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study. Setting: Pediatric Department, Women & Children Hospital MTI Bannu. Period: November 2018 to May 2019. Material & Methods: A sample of 100 subjects was selected by consecutive nonprobability technique. 1 Children having age up to 12 years. 2. Children having Asthma symptoms. 1. Children having age > 12 years. 2. Children not having Asthma symptoms. 3. Refusal. Results: Out of 100 patients, 73% were male patients and 27% were female patients; indicating increased prevalence of childhood asthma in males. 58% of children were Pre-School children indicating higher frequency of childhood asthma in younger children. Many children reported worsening of symptoms at night especially shortness of breath at night. Major factor was Aspirin because mothers of 34% of affected children were using aspirin during pregnancy. Conclusion: Frequency of childhood asthma is more in males as compared to females. Exercise, cigarette smoke and environmental allergens like dust and animals are the chief precipitating factors. Younger children are affected more frequently than older children.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction, usually occurring one to two hours after exposure to an allergen, that can lead to death. Estimated lifetime prevalence of anaphylaxis is 1.6-5.1%, with global incidence between 50 to 112 episodes per 100.000 persons per year. Biphasic anaphylaxis is a form of recurrent anaphylaxis occurring between 1 to 72 hours after resolution of initial anaphylactic episode. Our case presents an 18-year-old female patient admitted to the emergency department (ED) with chief complaint of shortness of breath and swollen eyes after contact with caterpillar while gardening. General physical examination presented tachycardia, tachypnea, angioedema, urticaria. Localized lung examination presented bilateral wheezing. Patient fulfilled NIAID/FAAN criteria. Patient was administered 0.3 mg epinephrine intramuscular, diphenhydramine injection 10 mg, dexamethasone injection 5 mg, and observed in ED for 1 hour. Patient was then transferred to intensive care unit (ICU) and was in resolution. However, patient presented again with initial symptoms of dyspnea, swollen eyes, and itchiness while under observation. The objective of this paper is to present a rare case of biphasic anaphylaxis and further highlight the importance of awareness to occurrence of biphasic anaphylaxis.

Dental metal allergy and dental focal infection are possible causes of dermatological diseases, but have been the subjects of few reports to date. We have been treating such patients in our special clinic for more than 20 years.The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mouths of patients visiting our dental hospital over an 8-year period, with the aim of clarifying whether dental metal allergy and/or dental focal infection affects their dermatologic conditions.We surveyed all clinical records of the 185 patients who visited Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital with chief complaints of dental metal allergy since 2002. Diagnostics of skin diseases, periodontal records, periapical lesions, dental caries, dental metal series patch test results and Electron Probed Micro-Analysis (EPMA) data were investigated. Ninety-two (49%) patients were suffering from pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and 20 (11%) patients had lichen planus. Eighty-two (49%) patients showed positive reactions on patch testing. Based on the result of patch tests, Ni showed the highest positivity rate (62%, 51 patients), but on EPMA, the number of patients with Ni as an allergen was 14 (27%). On the other hand, more than 98% of patients who showed positive reactions on patch test to Pd and Au had these metals in their dental prostheses. In addition, 112 (60%) patients showed the possibility of dental focal infections

Moldy core (MC) of apple is an important disease in Chile, with prevalence observed between 4 and 46% in Fuji, Oregon Spur Red Chief, and Scarlet apple in the 2014–15 and 2015–16 growing seasons. However, there is no information on the identity of the causal agents associated with MC in Chile. The analysis of 653 MC fruit revealed the presence of several genera of filamentous fungi. However, species of Alternaria (67.7%) were by far the most frequently fungi isolated. In total, 41 Alternaria isolates were characterized morphologically and molecularly using Alternaria major allergen Alt a1, calmodulin, and plasma membrane ATPase gene regions. Six small-spored Alternaria spp. were identified; namely, in order of importance, Alternaria tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata, and A. dumosa in sect. Alternaria; A. frumenti in sect. Infectoriae; and A. kordkuyana in sect. Pseudoalternaria. MC symptoms were reproducible and consisted of a light gray to dark olive-green mycelium over the carpel and seed of immature and mature fruit, confirming that the isolates of these Alternaria spp. were pathogenic. These isolates caused brown necrotic lesions with concentric rings on wounded detached apple leaves. This study demonstrated that at least six Alternaria spp. are the cause of MC of apple in Chile. These Alternaria spp. were isolated alone, or with two or more species coexisting in the same fruit. This is the first report of A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. frumenti, A. dumosa, and A. kordkuyana associated with MC of apple in Chile and the first report of A. frumenti, A. kordkuyana, and A. dumosa causing MC of apple worldwide.

Introduction A 79-year-old woman with macular degeneration was referred to the Allergy/Immunology clinic for the evaluation of a potential allergy to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatments. The patient developed urticaria and eyelid swelling immediately following a retinal injection of aflibercept, which she had previously tolerated. She previously had allergic reactions following ranibizumab and bevacizumab injections. Injections of anti-VEGF treatments were discontinued given concern for allergy with progression of the patient’s disease. Objective To assess the culprit medication(s) responsible for hypersensitivity reactions following anti-VEGF injections for macular degeneration. Methods Medication records were reviewed for each retinal injection. All medications used in each procedure, including the anti-VEGF therapy (aflibercept), topical anesthetics (tetracaine and proparacaine hydrochloride), and antiseptic (povidine), were evaluated with skin testing. She was additionally tested for alternative anti-VEGF therapies (ranibizumab and bevacizumab) as she was thought to have allergies to these agents by prior history. A test dose challenge was completed for aflibercept, ranibizumab, and bevacizumab. Results Skin prick and intradermal testing were negative to aflibercept, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and povidine. Intradermal testing was positive to tetracaine and proparacaine hydrochloride. The patient passed test dose challenges to aflibercept, ranibizumab, and bevacizumab. Due to her positive hypersensitivity testing to 2 ester anesthetics, the patient underwent skin prick and intradermal testing to the amide anesthetic, lidocaine. This was negative and the patient tolerated a graded challenge to lidocaine. She was deemed to have an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity to ester-type local anesthetics. She successfully resumed anti-VEGF therapy with an amide local anesthetic. Conclusions The reason for this consult was the concern for hypersensitivity to a biologic anti-VEGF medication. The culprit allergen, the local anesthetic, could have been overlooked without an assessment of all medications used during the procedure. This case highlights the importance of a thorough allergy evaluation of all medications used during procedures to determine the causative agent. Chief Complaint: Eyelid swelling and rash after ophthalmic procedures for macular degeneration.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Nasal passages form one of the chief sources of contact of the human with his environment. Hence, it is natural that the mucosa of the area is the victim of assault with multitudes of potential allergens. Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease with worldwide prevalence of 10-40%. Allergic rhinitis is a disease with low mortality but significantly lowers the quality of life and functioning. Both oral and intranasal antihistamines are approved for the first-line treatment of allergic rhinitis and both formulations result in a reduction in symptoms and an improvement in quality of life. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The following study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of the azelastine nasal spray in comparison to levocetrizine in patients with allergic rhinitis. Out of the 68 patients, 34 cases were treated with topical azelastine (group A), while remaining 34 with systemic levocetrizine (group B). The effects of anti-allergic drugs have been studied on the basis of relief of symptoms and change in histopathology. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The effect of levocetrizine has been studied on the basis of relief of symptoms and change in histopathology and found to have complete response in 58% and fair response in 23.5% patients of allergic rhinitis. The effect of topical azelastine nasal spray have complete response in 70.5% and fair response in 23.5% patients of allergic rhinitis. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Comparing the post therapy clinical and histopathological results in this study, azelastine nasal spray was found to be more effective and safe in the treatment of allergic rhinitis than levocetrizine.</span></p>

Abstract:Objective: Compare burden of disease among patients with dementia-related psychosis (DRP), dementia without psychosis (dementia only), and dementia-related agitation/aggression (DAA) in long-term care (LTC) facilities.Background: Patients with dementia often experience neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), including psychosis and agitation/aggression. Real-world data on the comorbidity profile of DRP and DAA patients are limited.Design/Methods: Dementia patients were identified from a US LTC database based on ?2 dementia diagnosis codes or 1 dementia diagnosis code and antidementia therapy prescription during 1 Jan 2013 to 30 May 2017. Patients were categorized into DRP (?2 psychosis or 1 psychosis diagnosis code and prescription of antipsychotic therapy and no history of agitation/aggression diagnosis), dementia only (no psychosis or agitation/aggression diagnosis and no history of antipsychotic therapy [dementia only]), and DAA (?2 diagnosis codes of agitation/aggression and no history of psychosis diagnosis or antipsychotic therapy) groups (index date). Comorbidities and concomitant therapies were defined during 12 months prior to index date.Results: There were 26,002 dementia residents: DRP (n=11,921; 46%); dementia only (n=11,432; 44%); DAA (n=2649; 10%). DRP patients were younger (mean age 80.8 years) than dementia only (84.3 years) or DAA (83.8 years). DRP patients were sicker overall versus dementia only: anemia (32% vs 29%); anxiety (55% vs 33%); bladder disorders (19% vs 13%); depression (75% vs 58%); hypertension (43% vs 33%); diabetes (43% vs 38%); insomnia disorders (32% vs 19%); (all P<0.05). More DAA patients had anxiety (43%), depression (66%), hypertension (43%), and insomnia disorders (26%) than dementia only (all P<0.05). Most DRP patients (94.3%) received off-label treatment for DRP; approximately one third (31.6%) of DAA patients received off-label treatment for DRP.Conclusions: This study, the first of its type to use a US LTC database, demonstrated a significant comorbidity burden associated with DRP or DAA compared with dementia only, which should be considered when using off-label treatments. These data highlight the need for safe and effective treatments for dementia NPS.Study Sponsored By: ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc.DisclosuresNR, SA, VA are employees of ACADIA PharmaceuticalsLC has served as a consultant, speaker, holds stock in, or receives royalties from: Acadia, Alkermes, Allergan, Avanir, BioXcel, Eisai, Impel, Indivior, Intra -Cellular Therapies, Janssen, Lundbeck, Luye, Merck, Neurocrine, Noven, Osmotica, Otsuka, Pfizer, Sage, Shire, Sunovion, Takeda, Teva, Vanda, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, J & J; Wiley (Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Clinical Practice), UpToDate (reviewer), Springer Healthcare (book)This submission is an encore of a poster abstract originally presented at ISPOR 2019, New Orleans, LA, USA, May 18–22, 2019; original presentation under the same title.

CME/CNE Information Activity Available Online: To access the article, post-test, and evaluation online, go to http://www.cmscscholar.org. Target Audience: The target audience for this activity is physicians, physician assistants, nursing professionals, and other health-care providers involved in the management of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Learning Objectives: Apply new information about MS to a comprehensive individualized treatment plan for patients with MS Integrate the team approach into long-term planning in order to optimize rehabilitation care of patients with MS Accreditation Statement: This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the accreditation requirements and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) through the joint providership of the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC), Nurse Practitioner Alternatives (NPA), and Delaware Media Group. The CMSC is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The CMSC designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Nurse Practitioner Alternatives (NPA) is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. NPA designates this enduring material for 1.0 Continuing Nursing Education credit. Laurie Scudder, DNP, NP, has served as Nurse Planner for this activity. She has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Disclosures: Francois Bethoux, MD, Editor in Chief of the International Journal of MS Care (IJMSC), has served as Physician Planner for this activity. He has received royalties from Springer Publishing and has received intellectual property rights from Biogen. Laurie Scudder, DNP, NP, has served as Nurse Planner for this activity. She has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Scott D. Newsome, DO, MSCS (author), has served on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Genentech, Novartis, and Genzyme, and has performed contracted research (institution received funds) for Biogen, Genentech, and Novartis. Philip J. Aliotta, MD, MSHA, CHCQM, FACS (author), has served on speakers' bureaus for Astellas Pharma, Actavis, Augmenix, and Allergan and has performed contracted research for Allergan. Jacquelyn Bainbridge, PharmD (author), has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Susan E. Bennett, PT, DPT, EdD, NCS, MSCS (author), has served on speakers' bureaus for Acorda Therapeutics, Biogen, and Medtronic; has received consulting fees from and performed contracted research for Acorda Therapeutics; and is chair of the Clinical Events Committee at Innovative Technologies. Gary Cutter, PhD (author), has participated on Data and Safety Monitoring Committees for AMO Pharma, Apotek, Gilead Pharmaceuticals, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, Modigenetech/Prolor, Merck, Merck/Pfizer, Opko Biologics, Neuren, Sanofi-Aventis, Reata Pharmaceuticals, Receptos/Celgene, Teva Pharmaceuticals, NHLBI (Protocol Review Committee), and NICHD (OPRU Oversight Committee); has received consulting fees from and/or served on speakers' bureaus and scientific advisory boards for Cerespir, Genzyme, Genentech, Innate Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Klein-Buendel Incorporated, MedImmune, Medday, Nivalis, Novartis, Opexa Therapeutics, Roche, Savara, Somahlution, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Transparency Life Sciences, and TG Therapeutics; and is President of Pythagoras, Inc., a private consulting company located in Birmingham, AL. Kaylan Fenton, CRNP, APNP, MSCN (author), has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Fred Lublin, MD (author), has received consulting fees/fees for non-CME/CE activities from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, Teva Neuroscience, Actelion, Sanofi/Genzyme, Acorda, Questcor/Mallinckrodt, Roche/Genentech, MedImmune, Osmotica, Xenoport, Receptos/Celgene, Forward Pharma, Akros, TG Therapeutics, AbbVie, Toyama, Amgen, Medday, Atara Biotherapeutics, Polypharma, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Revalesio, Coronado Bioscience, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; has served on speakers' bureaus for Genentech/Roche and Genzyme/Sanofi; has performed contracted research for Acorda, Biogen, Novartis, Teva Neuroscience, Genzyme, Xenoport, and Receptos; is the co–chief editor of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders; and has an ownership interest in Cognition Pharmaceuticals. Dorothy Northrop, MSW, ACSW (author), has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. David Rintell, EdD (author), has received consulting fees from Novartis and has served as a patient education speaker for Teva Neuroscience. He started as a salaried employee of Sanofi Genzyme in November 2015. Dr. Rintell's work on this project was completed before he became a salaried employee of Sanofi Genzyme. Bryan D. Walker, MHS, PA-C (author), has served on scientific advisory boards for EMD Serono and Sanofi Genzyme and owns stock in Biogen. Megan Weigel, DNP, ARNP-C, MSCN (author), has received consulting fees from Mallinckrodt, Genzyme, and Genentech, and has served on speakers' bureaus for Bayer Corp, Acorda Therapeutics, Teva Neuroscience, Biogen, Mallinckrodt, Genzyme, Novartis, and Pfizer. Kathleen Zackowski, PhD, OTR, MSCS (author), has performed contracted research for Acorda Therapeutics. David E. Jones, MD (author), has received consulting fees from Biogen and Novartis, and has performed contracted research for Biogen. One anonymous peer reviewer for the IJMSC has performed contracted research (institution received funds) for Novartis, Chugai, and Biogen. Another reviewer has received consulting fees and served on speakers' bureaus for Biogen, Sanofi Genzyme, Genentech, EMD Serono, and Novartis. The third reviewer has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Lori Saslow, MS (medical writer), has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. The staff at the IJMSC, CMSC, NPA, and Delaware Media Group who are in a position to influence content have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Note: Disclosures listed for authors are those applicable at the time of their work on this project and within 12 months previously. Financial relationships for some authors may have changed in the interval between the time of their work on this project and publication of the article. Funding/Support: Funding for the Framework of Care consensus conference was provided by the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, and Mylan Pharmaceuticals. Method of Participation: Release Date: December 1, 2016 Valid for Credit Through: December 1, 2017 In order to receive CME/CNE credit, participants must:Review the CME/CNE information, including learning objectives and author disclosures.Study the educational content.Complete the post-test and evaluation, which are available at http://www.cmscscholar.org. Statements of Credit are awarded upon successful completion of the post-test with a passing score of &gt;70% and the evaluation. There is no fee to participate in this activity. Disclosure of Unlabeled Use: This CME/CNE activity may contain discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not approved by the FDA. CMSC, NPA, and Delaware Media Group do not recommend the use of any agent outside of the labeled indications. The opinions expressed in the educational activity are those of the faculty and do not necessarily represent the views of CMSC, NPA, or Delaware Media Group. Disclaimer: Participants have an implied responsibility to use the newly acquired information to enhance patient outcomes and their own professional development. The information presented in this activity is not meant to serve as a guideline for patient management. Any medications, diagnostic procedures, or treatments discussed in this publication should not be used by clinicians or other health-care professionals without first evaluating their patients' conditions, considering possible contraindications or risks, reviewing any applicable manufacturer's product information, and comparing any therapeutic approach with the recommendations of other authorities.

CME/CNE Information Activity Available Online: To access the article, post-test, and evaluation online, go to http://www.cmscscholar.org. Target Audience: The target audience for this activity is physicians, physician assistants, nursing professionals, and other health-care providers involved in the management of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Learning Objectives: Accreditation Statement: In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC) and Delaware Media Group. CMSC is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team. Physician Credit The CMSC designates this journal-based activity for a maximum of 0.75 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Nurse Credit The CMSC designates this enduring material for 0.75 contact hours (none in the area of pharmacology). Disclosures: Editor in Chief of the International Journal of MS Care (IJMSC), has served as Physician Planner for this activity. He has received royalties from Springer Publishing and consulting fees from Ipsen and has performed contracted research for Biogen, Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Acorda Therapeutics, and Atlas5D.Francois Bethoux, MD, has served as reviewer for this activity. She has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Laurie Scudder, DNP, NP, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Samantha Domingo, PsyD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Tyler Kinzy, MS, has disclosed salary support to his institution from Novartis Pharmaceuticals for research outside of this study.Nicolas Thompson, MS, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Shauna Gales, PA-C, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Lael Stone, MD, has received a consulting fee from and served on a speakers' bureau for Novartis.Amy Sullivan, PsyD, ABPP, One peer reviewer for the IJMSC has received royalties from UpToDate Inc and served on speakers' bureaus for Allergan Inc and Astellas Inc. The other peer reviewer has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. The staff at the IJMSC, CMSC, and Delaware Media Group who are in a position to influence content have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Note: Disclosures listed for authors are those applicable at the time of their work on this project and within the previous 12 months. Method of Participation: Release Date: August 1, 2018 Valid for Credit Through: August 1, 2019 In order to receive CME/CNE credit, participants must: Statements of Credit are awarded upon successful completion of the post-test with a passing score of &gt;70% and the evaluation. There is no fee to participate in this activity. Disclosure of Unlabeled Use: This educational activity may contain discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not approved by the FDA. CMSC and Delaware Media Group do not recommend the use of any agent outside of the labeled indications. The opinions expressed in the educational activity are those of the faculty and do not necessarily represent the views of CMSC or Delaware Media Group. Disclaimer: Participants have an implied responsibility to use the newly acquired information to enhance patient outcomes and their own professional development. The information presented in this activity is not meant to serve as a guideline for patient management. Any medications, diagnostic procedures, or treatments discussed in this publication should not be used by clinicians or other health-care professionals without first evaluating their patients' conditions, considering possible contraindications or risks, reviewing any applicable manufacturer's product information, and comparing any therapeutic approach with the recommendations of other authorities.

CME/CNE Information Activity Available Online: To access the article, post-test, and evaluation online, go to http://www.cmscscholar.org. Target Audience: The target audience for this activity is physicians, physician assistants, nursing professionals, and other health-care providers involved in the management of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Learning Objectives: Apply new information about MS to a comprehensive individualized treatment plan for patients with MS Adjust rehabilitative interventions to accommodate for fluctuating or ongoing MS symptoms Accreditation Statement: This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the accreditation requirements and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) through the joint providership of the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC), Nurse Practitioner Alternatives (NPA), and Delaware Media Group. The CMSC is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The CMSC designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Nurse Practitioner Alternatives (NPA) is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. NPA designates this enduring material for 1.0 Continuing Nursing Education credit. Laurie Scudder, DNP, NP, has served as Nurse Planner for this activity. She has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Disclosures: Francois Bethoux, MD, Editor in Chief of the International Journal of MS Care (IJMSC), has served as Physician Planner for this activity. He has received royalties from Springer Publishing; has received intellectual property rights from Biogen; has received consulting fees from Acorda Therapeutics, Ipsen, and Merz Pharma; and has performed contracted research for Acorda Therapeutics. Laurie Scudder, DNP, NP, has served as Nurse Planner for this activity. She has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Scott D. Newsome, DO, MSCS (author), has served on scientific advisory boards for Biogen, Genentech, Novartis, and Genzyme and has performed contracted research (institution received funds) for Biogen, Genentech, and Novartis. Philip J. Aliotta, MD, MSHA, CHCQM, FACS (author), has served on speakers' bureaus for Astellas Pharma, Actavis, Augmenix, and Allergan and has performed contracted research for Allergan. Jacquelyn Bainbridge, PharmD (author), has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Susan E. Bennett, PT, DPT, EdD, NCS, MSCS (author), has served on speakers' bureaus for Acorda Therapeutics, Biogen, and Medtronic; has received consulting fees from and performed contracted research for Acorda Therapeutics; and is chair of the Clinical Events Committee at Innovative Technologies. Gary Cutter, PhD (author), has participated on Data and Safety Monitoring Committees for AMO Pharma, Apotek, Gilead Pharmaceuticals, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, Modigenetech/Prolor, Merck, Merck/Pfizer, Opko Biologics, Neuren, Sanofi-Aventis, Reata Pharmaceuticals, Receptos/Celgene, Teva Pharmaceuticals, NHLBI (Protocol Review Committee), and NICHD (OPRU Oversight Committee); has received consulting fees from and/or served on speakers' bureaus and scientific advisory boards for Cerespir, Genzyme, Genentech, Innate Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Klein-Buendel Incorporated, MedImmune, Medday, Nivalis, Novartis, Opexa Therapeutics, Roche, Savara, Somahlution, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Transparency Life Sciences, and TG Therapeutics; and is President of Pythagoras, Inc., a private consulting company located in Birmingham, AL. Kaylan Fenton, CRNP, APNP, MSCN (author), has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Fred Lublin, MD (author), has received consulting fees/fees for non-CME/CE activities from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, Teva Neuroscience, Actelion, Sanofi/Genzyme, Acorda, Questcor/Mallinckrodt, Roche/Genentech, MedImmune, Osmotica, Xenoport, Receptos/Celgene, Forward Pharma, Akros, TG Therapeutics, AbbVie, Toyama, Amgen, Medday, Atara Biotherapeutics, Polypharma, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Revalesio, Coronado Bioscience, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; has served on speakers' bureaus for Genentech/Roche and Genzyme/Sanofi; has performed contracted research for Acorda, Biogen, Novartis, Teva Neuroscience, Genzyme, Xenoport, and Receptos; is the co–chief editor of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders; and has an ownership interest in Cognition Pharmaceuticals. Dorothy Northrop, MSW, ACSW (author), has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. David Rintell, EdD (author), has received consulting fees from Novartis and has served as a patient education speaker for Teva Neuroscience. He started as a salaried employee of Sanofi Genzyme in November 2015. Dr. Rintell's work on this project was completed before he became a salaried employee of Sanofi Genzyme. Bryan D. Walker, MHS, PA-C (author), has served on scientific advisory boards for EMD Serono and Sanofi Genzyme and owns stock in Biogen. Megan Weigel, DNP, ARNP-C, MSCN (author), has received consulting fees from Mallinckrodt, Genzyme, and Genentech, and has served on speakers' bureaus for Bayer Corp, Acorda Therapeutics, Teva Neuroscience, Biogen, Mallinckrodt, Genzyme, Novartis, and Pfizer. Kathleen Zackowski, PhD, OTR, MSCS (author), has performed contracted research for Acorda Therapeutics. David E. Jones, MD (author), has received consulting fees from Biogen, Novartis, and Genzyme and has performed contracted research for Biogen (institution received funds). One anonymous peer reviewer for the IJMSC has performed contracted research (institution received funds) for Novartis, Chugai, and Biogen. Another reviewer has received consulting fees and served on speakers' bureaus for Biogen, Sanofi Genzyme, Genentech, EMD Serono, and Novartis. The third reviewer has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Lori Saslow, MS (medical writer), has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. The staff at the IJMSC, CMSC, NPA, and Delaware Media Group who are in a position to influence content have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Note: Disclosures listed for authors are those applicable at the time of their work on this project and within 12 months previously. Financial relationships for some authors may have changed in the interval between the time of their work on this project and publication of the article. Funding/Support: Funding for the Framework of Care consensus conference was provided by the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, and Mylan Pharmaceuticals. Method of Participation: Release Date: February 1, 2017 Valid for Credit Through: February 1, 2018 In order to receive CME/CNE credit, participants must:Review the CME/CNE information, including learning objectives and author disclosures.Study the educational content.Complete the post-test and evaluation, which are available at http://www.cmscscholar.org. Statements of Credit are awarded upon successful completion of the post-test with a passing score of &gt;70% and the evaluation. There is no fee to participate in this activity. Disclosure of Unlabeled Use: This CME/CNE activity may contain discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not approved by the FDA. CMSC, NPA, and Delaware Media Group do not recommend the use of any agent outside of the labeled indications. The opinions expressed in the educational activity are those of the faculty and do not necessarily represent the views of CMSC, NPA, or Delaware Media Group. Disclaimer: Participants have an implied responsibility to use the newly acquired information to enhance patient outcomes and their own professional development. The information presented in this activity is not meant to serve as a guideline for patient management. Any medications, diagnostic procedures, or treatments discussed in this publication should not be used by clinicians or other health-care professionals without first evaluating their patients' conditions, considering possible contraindications or risks, reviewing any applicable manufacturer's product information, and comparing any therapeutic approach with the recommendations of other authorities.

Background:Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are increasingly used in cohort event monitoring (CEM) to obtain a better understanding of patient’s real-world experience with drugs. Despite the leading role for patients, little is known about their perspectives on these monitoring systems.Objectives:To obtain more insight in patients’ perspectives on the perceived usefulness, ease of use and attitude toward using the Dutch Biologic Monitor (DBM), and their preferred design for a national drug safety monitoring system for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs).Methods:We developed a cross-sectional open survey following the rationale of the Technology Acceptance Model to obtain insight in patients’ perspectives on the DBM. The DBM is a pilot for a PRO-based drug safety monitoring system focused on ADRs attributed to biologics that are prescribed for IMIDs. This survey consisted of 20 categorical and 1 open-ended question. Seven categorical questions contained a text field for additional comments. Five-point Likert-type scales or multiple-choice questions were used to identify patients’ preferences and perspectives. Patients were eligible for the survey if they were still enrolled in the DBM at the time of the survey opening and if they had completed at least one questionnaire of the DBM. Categorical questions were descriptively analyzed, whereas text fields were analyzed using theoretical thematic analysis.Results:At the start of the survey a total of 1,225 patients had participated in the DBM. Approximately 70% had an inflammatory rheumatic disease. The survey was completed by 292 eligible respondents (response rate 44.8%). The respondents generally agreed that it was useful to participate in the DBM and would recommend it to their peers (Figure 1). The response burden of the bimonthly questionnaires was scored as ‘low’, irrespective of the presence of ADRs or education level (Table 1). A number of respondents suggested that the questionnaire frequency should be synchronized with the regular hospital visits or the administration schedule of the biologic. Moreover, questionnaires should be offered less frequent and preferably shortened in case of an unaltered situation or absence of ADRs. Half (49.0%) of the respondents was interested in sharing their questionnaires with a medical specialist, whereas a third (34.2%) advocated sharing the questionnaires with their pharmacist (Figure 1).Table 1.Perceived response burden of the Dutch Biologic Monitor questionnaires. The average burden is calculated using a five-point Likert-type scale. Data is represented as the number of respondents (n).Overall(n = 292)ADRs reportedEducation levelaYes(n = 225)No(n = 54)Do not know(n = 13)Lower(n = 149)Higher(n = 139)Burdenn(%)n(%)n(%)n(%)n(%)n(%)1: No burden224(76.7)169(75.1)46(85.2)9(69.2)106(71.1)115(82.7)2: Low burden58(19.9)48(21.3)7(13.0)3(23.1)36(24.2)22(15.8)3: Moderate burden6(2.1)6(2.7)0(0.0)0(0.0)4(2.7)2(1.4)4: High burden0(0.0)0(0.0)0(0.0)0(0.0)0(0.0)0(0.0)5: Very high burden0(0.0)0(0.0)0(0.0)0(0.0)0(0.0)0(0.0)No opinion4(1.4)2(0.9)1(1.9)1(0.0)3(2.0)0(0.0)Average burden1.21.31.11.21.31.2aMissing: 4 respondents.Figure 1.Stacked bar graph of user perspectives. Agreement scores were measured using a five-point Likert-type scale. The average agreement score per statement is indicated on the far right. The percentages represent the share of respondents. DBM: Dutch Biologic Monitor; ADRs: adverse drug reactions.Conclusion:This study provides valuable insights in the patient perspective on a PRO-based drug safety monitoring system for inflammatory rheumatic diseases and other IMIDs, and provides several useful starting points to further stimulate and improve PRO-based CEM systems. Altogether, it appears feasible to establish a PRO-based drug safety monitoring system that monitors IMID patients’ real-world experience with ADRs that has a low burden for the participants.Disclosure of Interests:Leanne Kosse: None declared, Gerda Weits: None declared, Harald Vonkeman Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Celgene, Celltrion, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, all outside the submitted work., Sander Tas Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Arthrogen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Celgene, Galapagos, GSK, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, all outside the submitted work., Frank Hoentjen Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Janssen-Cilag, MSD, Takeda, Celltrion, Teva, Sandoz and Dr Falk, all outside the submitted work, Consultant of: Celgene, Janssen-Cilag, all outside the submitted work, Grant/research support from: Dr Falk, Janssen-Cilag, Abbvie, Takeda, all outside the submitted work, Martijn van Doorn Grant/research support from: Leopharma, Novartis, Abbvie, BMS, Celgene, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Janssen Cilag, outside the submitted work., Phyllis Spuls Grant/research support from: Departmental independent research grant for TREAT NL registry from different companies, is involved in performing clinical trials with many pharmaceutical industries that manufacture drugs used for the treatment of e.g. psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, for which financial compensation is paid to the department/hospital and, is Chief Investigator (CI) of the systemic and phototherapy atopic eczema registry (TREAT NL) for adults and children and one of the main investigators of the SECURE-AD registry, all outside the submitted work., Geert D’Haens Consultant of: Abbvie, Ablynx, Active Biotech AB, Agomab Therapeutics, Allergan, Alphabiomics, Amakem, Amgen, AM Pharma, Applied Molecular Therapeutics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Avaxia, Biogen, Bristol Meiers Squibb/Celgene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, Cosmo, DSM Pharma, Echo Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Engene, Exeliom Biosciences, Ferring, DrFALK Pharma, Galapagos, Genentech/Roche, Gilead, Glaxo Smith Kline, Gossamerbio, Pfizer, Immunic, Johnson and Johnson, Kintai Therapeutics, Lycera, Medimetrics, Takeda, Medtronic, Mitsubishi Pharma, Merck Sharp Dome, Mundipharma, Nextbiotics, Novonordisk, Otsuka, Photopill, ProciseDx, Prodigest, Prometheus laboratories/Nestle, Progenity, Protagonist, RedHill, Robarts Clinical Trials, Salix, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, Seres/Nestec/Nestle, Setpoint, Shire, Teva, Tigenix, Tillotts, Topivert, Versant and Vifor, all outside the submitted work, Michael Nurmohamed Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Celgene, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Sanofi, all outside the submitted work, Consultant of: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Roche, Sanofi, all outside the submitted work, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, MSD, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, all outside the submitted work, Eugène van Puijenbroek: None declared, Bart van den Bemt: None declared, Naomi Jessurun: None declared

Green gram (Vigna radiata) is considered the chief legume in Pakistan. Thus, current study was conducted to examine the ameliorating effect of phytohormones pre-treatments under salt stress on proteome profile of green gram by sodium-dodecyl-sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The soluble green gram seedlings proteins were resolved on 4% stacking and 12% resolving gels. The SDS-PAGE resolved 24 polypeptide bands ranging from 200 to 17kDa. Among these, 12 out of 24 bands of proteins were essentials house-keeping or growth proteins of green grams. While, 120, 114.6, 51.8, 29.1, and 22.8 kDa bands were over-expressed under 50 to 350mM salt with phytohormones treatments. The others 104.5 kDa, 99.8 kDa, 95.3 kDa, 91.0 kDa, 55 kDa, 46 kDa, and 17kDa bands were related to the GAᴣ, IAA, and SA induced tolerance. Overall 120 kDa, 114.6 kDa, 104.5 kDa, 99.8, 95.3 kDa, 51.8 kDa, 29.1 kDa and 22.8kDa bands were first time identified in the current study. The information retrieved from NCBI protein database, the resolved peptides were principally belonging to 7S and 8S vicilin, 2S, 8S, 11S, and 16.5S globulins. It is determined that seed priming with SA enhanced tolerance in green gram by rapidly synthesizing stress alleviating peptides.Key word: Cluster analysis, dendrogram, mungbean, salt stress, SDS-PAGEINTRODUCTIONVarious world-wide health concerning organization recommended the use of high graded plant protein such as legumes to prevent the risk of metabolic disorder (Hou et al., 2019). Legumes are most important protein crop on the earth. Among the legumes, the green gram is the major pulses. Its seeds are rich in superior quality storage protein, which account 85% of the total protein while, another 15% have not been broadly studied (Yi-Shen et al., 2018). The soluble storage protein comprises of 60% globulins, 25% albumin and 15% prolamins. Globulins are further divided into 3.4% basic-type (7S), 7.6% legumin-type (11S), and 89% vicilin-type (8S) (Mendoza et al., 2001; Itoh et al., 2006). Other than proteins, the green gram seeds also contain starch, fiber, phenolic compound, saponins, vitamins, calcium zinc, potassium, folate, magnesium, manganese and very low in fat that made it meager man’s meat (Hou et al., 2019). It is also a good source of green manure and fodder (El-Kafafi et al., 2015). Its root has ability to fix 30 to 50 Kg/ha atmospheric nitrogen in the soil which is essential for maintaining soil fertility (Chadha, 2010). The green gram is the valuable and the major Rabi pulse crop of Pakistan. Its cultivation area in 2016-2017 was about 179,000 hectares with seed yield of 130,000 tones. In comparison during 2017-2018, it was cultivated on 161,800 hectares land with 118,800 tones seed yield (GOP, 2018). One of the reasons of this 9% decrease in both land and productivity is the shortage of irrigated land due to soil salinity. The salinity induce oxidative bust in the mungbean cells, caused by responsive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical. The ROS create hindrance in various metabolic processes of plant via interacting with macromolecules like proteins (Alharby et al., 2016). However, phytohormones like gibberellic acid (GAᴣ), indole acetic acid (IAA), and salicylic acid (SA) take part in the biosynthesis of salt tolerance proteins under salinity. These salt tolerance proteins acclimate plants under salinity stress. Application of biotechnology plays a significant role in agriculture (Khan et al., 2017). Therefore, production of particular proteins under salt stress is a specific response of cell which can be analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). SDS-PAGE is the simple, valid, and cost-effective biochemical marker (Mushtaq et al., 2018). This marker has been widely used to determine the extent of evolutionary variations in crops (El-Kafafi et al., 2015).OBJECTIVES The present study was directed first time with the aim to investigate the toxic effect of sodium chloride (0-350 mM) and stress acclimation by pre-treatment of GAᴣ, IAA, and SA on the proteome profile of NM-92 cultivar of a Pakistani green gram.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study was replicated thrice in the plant laboratory of Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, and University of Karachi. The seeds of mung bean cultivar NM-92 were acquired from National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. These freshly collected 15 seedsˉ1 treatment / replication were divided into two sets. The first was named as sodium chloride (SC) stress treatments were imbibed in sterile distilled water (DW) whereas, second set soaked in gibberellic acid (GAᴣ) (BDH Chemicals, England), indole acetic acid (IAA) (Fluka, Switzerland), and salicylic acid (SA) (J.T. Baker, Holland) in the separate beaker for 24 hours under dark condition. After 24 hours, given ample time to both the sets at room temperature. After recovery, all 20 treatments were sown in the 150 X 30 mm sized petri-dishes containing 0, 50, 150, 250, and 350 millimolar (mM) sodium chloride solution (Fisher Scientific, UK) for 72 hours.Protein extraction: Protein extraction was done by taking 0.3g of seedlings in an ice chilled mortar and crushed by adding 600µL 0.2 M Tris-HCl buffer having pH 7.5 contained 5% SDS (w/v) and 5% 2-mercaptoethanol (v/v). The homogenate was incubated at 0oC for 30 min., boiled in the water bath for 3 min. at 100oC. Samples were centrifuged in Heraeus Biofuge D-37520, Germany for 30 min. at 8000 rpm. The protein supernatant was saved at below 0°C for quantitative and qualitative determination with minor modifications. The total soluble protein content of the samples was estimated via “Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) standard curve” and explicit in µg protein milligramˉ1 fresh weight of mung seedlings.Bovine serum albumin standard curve (2000 μg/mL): Total protein standard curve was made by dissolving 0.05g of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in 25mL of distilled water. Ten serial dilutions were made from 0.1 mL to 1mL by BSA solution then performed Lowry. A standard curve of total proteins was plotted by taking BSA absorbance at Y-axis and 2000 μg BSA / mL at X-axisSample preparation for SDS-PAGE: For qualitative assessment of total proteins; the 35μL of saved protein supernatant was combined with 15μL of sample diluting buffer (SDB). The SDB was made up of 0.0625 M Tris-HCl pH 6.8 with 2% of SDS, 10% of glycerol, 0.003% of bromophenol blue dye and 5% of 2-mercaptoethanol. Boil the 50μL protein SDB supernatant at 100oC in water bath for 3 min., centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 4 min. The supernatant was loaded on SDS-PAGE gel with the given formulae. The SDS- PAGE: Total proteins were fractionated via SDS-PAGE with 4% stacking and 12% resolving gel. The resolving gel of 12% was made by taking 6mL solution A, 1.8 mL 3 M Tris 1 M HCl buffer pH 8.8, 144μL 10% SDS, 5.74 mL sterile distilled water, 720μL 1.5% ammonium persulphate (APS) in deionized water and 10μL TEMED. While, stacking was composed of 1.25mL of solution A, 2.5mL of 0.5M Tris 1M HCl buffer pH 6.8, 100μL 10% SDS, 1.8 mL of distilled water, 500μL 1.5% APS and 12μL TEMED. Solution A was prepared by conjoining 30% acrylamide and 0.8% N, N’-methylene-bisacrylamide in deionized water. To avoid polymerization in the beaker; the prepared solution was quickly poured into the 3 mm thick gel plates after adding TEMED. The stacking was lined over resolving gel, then combs were inserted between the gel plates of SCIE-PLAS TV-100 separation system, UK, and allowed to polymerize for ½ an hour. After polymerization gel was placed in the tank which were filled with Tris-Glycine buffer (electrode buffer) pH 8.4 then combs were removed. The electrode buffer contained 0.3% Tris, 1.41% Glycine and 0.1% SDS in 2000mL d/w. The gel was pre-run for 15 min. at 60 volts and 120 mA currents. The prepared SDS-PAGE samples were loaded in wells with BlueStepTM Broad Range Protein Marker, AMRESCO, USA as standard and run at 60 volts & 120 mA for about 45 min. When samples entered in resolving gel, and then gave 100 volts and 200 mA currents for around 2.5 hours. Furthermore, electrophoresis was carried out at a constant watt.The Gel was washed with 30% ethanol on Uni Thermo Shaker NTS-1300 EYELA, Japan at the constant shaking for 30 min. Then gels were placed in 10% glacial acetic acid in 50% methanol solution (Fixative) for 24 hours. SDS Gel was stained until protein bands were visible thereat placed as 5% of Methanol in 7.5% acetic acid glacial solution to destain the bands background. SDS-PAGE stain composed of 0.125% coomassie brilliant blue R-250 dissolved in 40% of Methanol and 7% acetic acid glacial solution. The stain was stirred on Magnetic stirrer & hot plate M6/1, Germany for 6-10 hours before used. Photographs were taken by Sanyo digital camera VPC-T1284BL and bands were scored through numbering pattern. Gels preserved in 10% acetic acid solution at 4°C.Interpretation of bands and data analysis: The total soluble protein bands relative mobility calculated by below formulae and Dendrogram was constructed via SPSS v. 20Where,F=(Migrated distance of protein band)/(Migrated distance of dye front)Slop=(Log MW of protein marker lower limit band–log〖MW of protein marker upper limit band )/(RF protein marker lower limit band –RF of protein marker upper limit band)RESULTS:The total soluble proteins extracted from green gram were perceived by SDS-PAGE Blue StepTm broad range biochemical markers. The protein-based marker was used to evaluate the toxic effect of sodium chloride along with pre-treatments of GAᴣ, IAA, and SA on proteome assay. In the current work, seedlings total soluble proteome resolved 24 polypeptide bands ranging from 200 to 17.1 kDa were recognized by using SDS-PAGE. The figure 1 showed Dendrogram assay, which classified the 20 treatments of SC, GAᴣ, IAA and SA into two major clusters where, the cluster I was the largest one (figure 1). Cluster I consisted of 15 treatments that further divided into I-A, and I-B. The pre-treatments of SC50+SA, SC150+SA, SC250+SA, and SC350+IAA were grouped together into C-1 of sub-cluster I-A. The C-2 of sub-cluster I-A, pre-treatment SC350+SA was most diverse among 20 treatments. The C-1 treatments showed 99% homology when compared with each other while, it was 97% similar with C-2. The sub-cluster I-B comprised another 10 treatments, SC0+GAᴣ, SC50+GAᴣ, SC150+GAᴣ, SC250+GAᴣ, SC350+GAᴣ, SC0+IAA, SC50+IAA, SC150+IAA, SC250+IAA, and SC0+SA that were also 99% similar for total proteins. Sub-cluster I-B pre-treatments was exhibiting 94% homology with the sub-cluster I-A. The second cluster was the smallest one that was divided into two sub-clusters, II-A and II-B. The II-A was comprised of SC50, SC150, and SC250 while, sub-cluster II-B consisted of SC0 and SC350. Within each sub-cluster, pre-treatments expressed 99% homology whereas, II-A was 97 different from II-B. Furthermore, cluster I showed 75% similarities with cluster II (figure 1). The seedlings storage proteome profile of green gram was shown in table 1.The results showed that 120kDa, 114.6 kDa, 51.8 kDa, 29.1 kDa and 22.8 kDa proteins bands were not induced at 0 mM SC, GAᴣ, IAA, and SA. The table 1 depicted the presence of 120 kDa and 114.6 kDa bands only at 350 mM SC level with all phytohormones treatments. Similarly, 51.8 kDa protein bands were appearing at 150SC, 250SC and 350SC stress with phytohormones. Based on the information collected from the NCBI protein database, this peptide was related to the 8S globulin alpha subunits. The two other, 7S globulins sub-units having 29.1kDa and 22.8 kDa molecular weights bands were synthesized under 50mM, 150mM, 250mM, 350mM SC stress with phytohormones. Concerning protein polypeptide of molecular weight 104.5 kDa, 99.8 kDa, 91.0 kDa, 55.0 kDa, and 46.0 kDa, those were induced by GAᴣ, IAA and SA at 0 to 350 mM SC. While, 17kDa protein band was appearing in SA, and IAA treated samples and 95.3kDa band was only present in SA treatment. Other 12 protein bands were present in all treatments proved as house-keeping proteins of green gram (table 1).DISCUSSIONThe SDS-PAGE profiling for proteome is the reliable and applied biochemical approach that has been used as biochemical marker in various crop differentiation, and characterization. In the current study, first time SDS-PAGE was utilized to investigate the impact of GAᴣ, IAA, and SA pre-soaking on green gram under salt toxicity. The salt toxicity adversely affects all seed, seedling, and plant metabolic process (Parveen et al., 2016). At salt toxicity, the endogenous GAᴣ, IAA, and SA levels markedly decrease (El-Khallal et al., 2009). In such condition, exogenous application of GAᴣ, IAA, and SA enhance seedlings survival rate by increasing synthesis of seed storage proteins. Likewise, our Dendrogram characterization based on 20 treatments showed significant diversity under 0 to 350 mM SC stress. The salicylic acid treatments were grouped together except SC0+SA treatment, exhibiting a close relationship, which proved its acclimating role under salt stress. These findings will help plant breeder toward enhancing food quality and quantity of green gram in future breeding programme on saline sodic land.The SDS-PAGE assay revealed 200. kDa, 109.4 kDa, 77 kDa, 68 kDa, 49 kDa, 38 kDa, 33 kDa, 26 kDa, 24 kDa, 22 kDa, 21 kDa and 19 kDa fractions as essential green gram proteins. Among these, 68 kDa, 49 kDa, 33 kDa, 26 kDa, 24 kDa and 21 kDa peptides were seed biotinylated isoform protein (Riascos et al., 2009), putative NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit H (Gostinčar et al., 2019), heat shock protein 33 (Hamidian et al., 2015), globulin protein, seed coat / maturation protein (Dhaubhadel et al., 2005), and protein for dimerization. While, 22 kDa proteins belonged to the class of prolamin alpha zein Z1C1_2, Z1C1_4, and Z1C1_8 precursors, and 19kDa peptide was related with Z1A1_2, Z1A2_2, and Z1B_6 precursors (Miclaus et al., 2011). Further, the 91 kDa peptide is sucrose synthase SS1 protein, and 77kDa protein is the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (Wang et al., 2004). Also, the phosphatase-associated two other proteins having 46 and 55 kDa molecular weight were reported earlier in Mucuna pruriens. Hameed et al. (2012) and Malviya et al. (2008) found 55 and 46kDa peptides as 7S vicilin small sub-units and 17kDa as 11S globulins sub-unit in the studied Vigna radiata. Some other molecular weight proteome such as 68 kDa and 49kDa are 7S vicilin, 33kDa is 8S vicilin, 38 and 26kDa 8S globulins, 24kDa 11S globulins, and 22kDa 16.5S globulins. These proteins required for germination and seed establishment of green gram plant (Hameed et al., 2012).The vast accumulation of 23kDa and 22kDa peptides under salt stress by salicylic acid, were reported previously in the mangrove Bruguiera parviffora and Zea mays (El-Khallal et al., 2009). Correspondingly, El-Kafafi et al. (2015) reported the presence of 115kDa, 23kDa, and 22kDa bands in the salt tolerant lines of green gram. These proteomes induced under salt stress may play a pivotal part in the stress acclimation and osmotic adjustment. Similarly, the induction of 104 kDa and 100kDa MW polypeptide by SC stress in the salt tolerant genotypes of green gram indicated the functional role of phytohormones in various metabolic and defense response El-Kafafi et al. (2015); Alharby et al. (2016), El-Khallal et al. (2009), Qados (2010). Ali et al. (2007), Alharby et al. (2016), and El-Kafafi et al. (2015) observed 17kDa, 26kDa, 33kDa and 77kDa bands involving in salt tolerance and can be considered as a positive biochemical marker for salt stress. Further, 26 kDa MW peptide also functions as osmotin under the salt stress that involved in enhancing the accumulation of glycine betaine and proline in the cells. Hence, proteome assay of green gram showed that GAᴣ, IAA, and SA could regulate the expression of salt stress proteins that are anticipated to play a crucial part in the salt tolerance mechanism. Likewise, the involvement of phytohormones in the induction of changes in the proteome profile pattern was attributed to their part in managing cell division by regulating some genes of apical meristems.CONCLUSIONFinally, the results revealed the presence of the ten new bands with MW of 200kDa, 120 kDa, 114.6 kDa, 109.4kDa, 104.5kDa, 99.8kDa, 95.3kDa, 51.8kDa, 29.1kDa and 22.8kDa have not reported previously under salt stress with phytohormones treatments in green gram. Furthermore, it was observed that phytohormones alleviate the negative impact of salt stress on green gram by enhancing synthesis of salt defense polypeptides. Hence, higher accumulation of proteins was observed in salicylic acid treated seedlings. Thus, present work recommended the pre-soaking of phytohormones to overcome the toxic impact of sodium chloride on green gram. Further research is needed on a biomolecular level to reveal the mechanism of signalling pathways under sever salt stress.CONFLICT OF INTERESTBoth authors have declared that no disagreement of interest regarding this research.REFERENCES Alharby, H. F., E. M. Metwali, M. P. Fuller and A. Y. Aldhebiani, 2016. The alteration of mRNA expression of sod and gpx genes, and proteins in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) under stress of Nacl and/or ZnO nanoparticles. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 23(6): 773-781.Ali, A., M. Mageed, I. Ahmed and S. Mariey, 2007. Genetic and molecular studies on barley salt tolerance. In: African crop science conference proceedings. pp: 669-682.Chadha, M., 2010. Short duration mungbean: A new success in South Asia. Asia-Pacific association of agricultural research institutions.Dhaubhadel, S., K. Kuflu, M. C. Romero and M. Gijzen, 2005. A soybean seed protein with carboxylate-binding activity. 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AIMS: To study the peculiarities of epidemiology, etiology and clinical course of allergic diseases in different regions of the Russian Federation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey of chief specialists was conducted in 2019. Questionnaires were sent to all regional, republican centers and cities of federal significance. The received data were analyzed and structured. RESULTS: Responses to the questionnaires were received from 49 regions of the Russian Federation, where a total of 1468105 patients with allergic diseases were registered during the study period. Significant discrepancies in the structure of allergic diseases and the spectrum of etiologically significant allergens were revealed in different regions of the Russian Federation, reflecting their climatogeographical peculiarities. There is an increase in respiratory forms of allergy, multysensitization and multi-organ allergic lesions. Low availability of specialized care and insufficient prescription of pathogenetic allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) were found in all federal districts of the Russian Federation. CONCLUSIONS: Different climatogeographic regions of the Russian Federation differ from each other in the structure of allergic diseases and sensitization spectrum, which should be taken into account in the development of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic measures in these territories.

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin characterised by itching, recurrent lesions, and lichenification. Erythroderma also known as generalised exfoliative dermatitis, is characterised by erythema that covers more than 90% of the body’s surface. These erythematic lesions are much more prone to infection. In present case, an eight-year-old girl presented with a chief complaint of rashes all over the body with severe itching from two years presented to the Allergy and Asthma Centre. She had positive history of atopy and multiple septicaemia-related hospitalisations since last two years. Skin biopsy leads the diagnosis of Spongiotic Dermatitis consistent with Erythroderma secondary to AD. Multiple allergies, including those to dust mites (DP der p2, p21, DF der f2) and Alternaria alternata (alt 1), were identified by Component-Resolved Diagnosis (CRD). Cyclosporin’s, Omalizumab (a monoclonal antibody against immunoglobulin E), and allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy were given for the management and all gave excellent results in the patient. AD can be properly diagnosed and treated in its early stages, breaking the cycle that leads to severe erythroderma. To fully comprehend the molecular and immunological genesis of these allergic types, more research is required.

Dear Reader, We are deeply honored to announce the publication of The Columbia University Journal of Global Health Spring 2024 Issue. In the face of global health crises spanning from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, and Palestine as well as restrictions to free speech on our campus, we as a journal remain steadfast in our belief that the exchange of knowledge from all corners of the globe holds immense power. Our goal has always been to center diverse perspectives and communities that have been marginalized, which is especially pertinent in the present. In our Spring 2024 issue you will find four manuscripts that investigate the pitfalls and untapped potential of health systems in Latin America, Africa, or Asia to maintain the well-being of vulnerable populations and ecosystems. We hope that as you delve into the state of child malnutrition in Dhaka or Ugandan perspectives on preventing malaria during pregnancy, you are able to recognize universal themes concerning access and multi sectoral approaches for ensuring health equity globally. We are immensely proud of the range and depth of topics investigated by our online team, who have been able to highlight the work of global health professionals such as Professor Bill Bower, MPH, who serves as a Senior Lecturer at the Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, and whose interview centered on Tuberculosis and the training of lay health workers. Related to the topic of global pandemics, we published a blog post about the current state of Covid-19, which continues to shape the landscape of global health. Our online team has also served as a space for students to share their unique experiences. We have enjoyed the thoughtful perspectives of our online team members on a blog post about the modern increase in allergen reactivity, as well as a podcast that discusses what this allergen sensitivity looks like in practice, with a student interview about living with dietary restrictions in college. We hope to continue to provide spaces for our members to explore their interests and share their perspectives. We are immensely proud of the range and depth of topics investigated by our online team, who have been able to highlight the work of global health professionals such as Professor Bill Bower, MPH, who serves as a Senior Lecturer at the Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, and whose interview centered on Tuberculosis and the training of lay health workers. Related to the topic of global pandemics, we published a blog post about the current state of Covid-19, which continues to shape the landscape of global health. Our online team has also served as a space for students to share their unique experiences. We have enjoyed the thoughtful perspectives of our online team members on a blog post about the modern increase in allergen reactivity, as well as a podcast that discusses what this allergen sensitivity looks like in practice, with a student interview about living with dietary restrictions in college. We hope to continue to provide spaces for our members to explore their interests and share their perspectives. In a climate that has left many of our members feeling unsettled and anxious for the future, we would like to extend the utmost gratitude to our incredible team. Their fortitude and resilience has been inspiring to witness and it is not lost upon us the crucial role that each member plays in making our journal a reality. We are additionally thankful for the support of our faculty advisors, Esther Jackson, Dr. Julianna A. Bol, PhD, and Dr. Ana Navas-Acien, MD, PhD, MPH whose guidance has been invaluable. Thank you to our peer reviewers and the authors for their insightful comments and pieces, respectively. Lastly, we give a special thanks to our readers and listeners for their continuous engagement with our issues, blogs, and podcasts. You hold a special place within The Columbia University Journal of Global Health. Sincerely, Kairaluchi Oraedu & Ann Thanh Phan Co-Editors-in-Chief, The Columbia University Journal of Global Health

Meatal stenosis (MS) is known as one of the most frequent complications of circumcision. In the present study, we aimed to find any possible relationship between MS and allergic disorders. A total of 36 children with a mean±SD age of 5.84±2.03 years were referred with MS and an atopic background even in themselves or in one of their family members (Group A). There were also age-matched controls with a mean±SD age of 5.70±2.17 years who were referred to our center with allergic symptoms and no urinary complaints (Group B, n=17). The RIDA qLine allergy and allergy explorer (ALEX) tests were performed for all patients to find possible allergen sensitization. Laboratory findings revealed that IgE-sensitization to the main food and aeroallergens in Group A (with the chief complaint of MS in whom a mild atopic condition was found during concise medical history taking) were very similar to the control group with no significant difference (except for ryegrass which was higher in the control group). Although total IgE level was considerably higher in group B compared to group A, food sensitization to cow’s milk and ß-lactoglobulin was higher in asthmatic patients of group A compared to the controls. It seems that not all patients with MS should be considered as a complication of circumcision and undergo a surgical procedure for correction of the stenosis. Further investigations are required to determine the role of concise medical history taking and proper treatment of the allergic disorder to reduce failed surgical attempts in atopic boys with MS.