Bibliografie tematiche / Alcohol

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Alcohol"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 30 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Alcohol"

1

Gutierrez, L. E. "Effect of some vitamins and micronutrient deficiencies on the production of higher alcohols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Scientia Agricola 50, n. 3 (dicembre 1993): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161993000300024.

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A study was carried out in order to determine the effect of vitamins (biotin, thiamine, pantotheniic acid and pyridoxal) and micronutrient (zinc, boron, manganese and iron) deficiencies on higher alcohol production during alcoholic fermentation with the industrially used yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae M-300-A. Zinc deficiency induced a reduction on the levels of isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols. An increase on isobutyl alcohol (fivefold) and a reduction of isoamyl alcohol (two fold) and n-propyl alcohol (three fold) contents resulted from pantotheiiic acid deficiency, whereas pyridoxal deficiency caused an increase on the levels of isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols. Biotin was not essential for the growth of this strain.
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2

Solodun, Yuriy, Yulia Monakhova, Thomas Kuballa, Andriy Samokhvalov, Jürgen Rehm e Dirk Lachenmeier. "Unrecorded alcohol consumption in Russia: toxic denaturants and disinfectants pose additional risks". Interdisciplinary Toxicology 4, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2011): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10102-011-0030-x.

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Unrecorded alcohol consumption in Russia: toxic denaturants and disinfectants pose additional risksIn 2005, 30% of all alcohol consumption in Russia was unrecorded. This paper describes the chemical composition of unrecorded and low cost alcohol, including a toxicological evaluation. Alcohol products (n=22) from both recorded and unrecorded sources were obtained from three Russian cities (Saratov, Lipetsk and Irkutsk) and were chemically analyzed. Unrecorded alcohols included homemade samogons, medicinal alcohols and surrogate alcohols. Analysis included alcoholic strength, levels of volatile compounds (methanol, acetaldehyde, higher alcohols), ethyl carbamate, diethyl phthalate (DEP) and polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride (PHMG). Single samples showed contamination with DEP (275-1269 mg/l) and PHMG (515 mg/l) above levels of toxicological concern. Our detailed chemical analysis of Russian alcohols showed that the composition of vodka, samogon and medicinal alcohols generally did not raise major public health concerns other than for ethanol. It was shown, however, that concentration levels of DEP and PHMG in some surrogate alcohols make these samples unfit for human consumption as even moderate drinking would exceed acceptable daily intakes.
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3

Wang, Ya-Ping, Lin Liu, Xue-Shan Wang, Kun-Qiang Hong, Li-Hua Zhang, Zhong-Guan Sun e Dong-Guang Xiao. "GAT1 Gene, the GATA Transcription Activator, Regulates the Production of Higher Alcohol during Wheat Beer Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Bioengineering 8, n. 5 (8 maggio 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8050061.

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Uncoordinated carbon-nitrogen ratio in raw materials will lead to excessive contents of higher alcohols in alcoholic beverages. The effect of GAT1 gene, the GATA transcription activator, on higher alcohol biosynthesis was investigated to clarify the mechanism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulating higher alcohol metabolism under high concentrations of free amino nitrogen (FAN). The availability of FAN by strain SDT1K with a GAT1 double-copy deletion was 28.31% lower than that of parent strain S17, and the yield of higher alcohols was 33.91% lower. The transcript levels of the downstream target genes of GAT1 and higher alcohol production in the double-copy deletion mutant suggested that a part of the effect of GAT1 deletion on higher alcohol production was the downregulation of GAP1, ARO9, and ARO10. This study shows that GATA factors can effectively regulate the metabolism of higher alcohols in S. cerevisiae and provides valuable insights into higher alcohol biosynthesis, showing great significance for the wheat beer industry.
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4

Fonte, Aníbal. "Complexities in the Investigation of Alcohol Consumption in the Elderly: Challenges and Perspectives". International Journal of Psychology and Neuroscience 9, n. 2 (31 agosto 2023): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.56769/ijpn09206.

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Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Alcohol, primarily represented by the molecule CH3CH2OH, is a key component in various alcoholic beverages. These beverages encompass a wide range of ingredients, including aliphatic alcohols, organic acids, esters, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, sugars, tannins, flavonoids, natural flavors, and water. The global alcohol market has immense potential, with over half of the population in certain regions already consuming alcoholic beverages. Despite the aging global population, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on alcohol use among the elderly, who face unique challenges related to aging. Several factors contribute to this research gap, including a historical focus on younger age groups, underreporting and underestimation of the issue, stigma, participation barriers, lack of recognition, and the complexity of factors involved. However, as the elderly population continues to grow, interest in this area is likely to increase. Additionally, the aging demographic represents a significant economic market, and the "elderly empowerment" movement may influence changing consumption patterns among older individuals, making continued research into alcohol consumption in this demographic essential. Keywords: Alcohol, Elderly, Aging, Alcohol consumption, CH3CH2OH, alcoholic beverages, elder.
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5

Folashade Adeola Bolarinwa e Lanre Adebara. "Nested anova analysis on the effect of alcoholic drinks on the body temperature and heart beat". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, n. 2 (30 agosto 2023): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.2.1518.

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This paper examines effects alcoholic drinks on heartbeat and body temperature of mouse A, B and C. Three brand of alcohol, trophy, regal and origin were administered to them on each day for three days. Trophy was administered to each mouse on day1, Regal dry gin on day2 and Origin on day3 with their heartbeat rates and body temperatures recorded for each day after thirty minutes the alcohols were administered. Nested Analysis of variance was used to examine the effect of alcohol and mouse nested in alcohol on body temperature and heartbeat on mouse and also Independent two sample t-test was used to compare effects of two different alcoholic drinks on the heart beat rate and body temperature of three mouse. Conclusively the result shows that alcohol drinks likewise mouse nested in alcohol has no significant effect on the body temperature and heartbeat of mouse and the effect of any two alcoholic drinks on heart beat rate and body temperature of mouse will always be not significant and comparison of effect of any two alcoholic drinks on heart beat rate and body temperature of mouse are not significant.
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6

Chen, Xiaodie, Chuan Song, Jian Zhao, Zhuang Xiong, Lianxin Peng, Liang Zou, Caihong Shen e Qiang Li. "Application of Strain Selection Technology in Alcoholic Beverages: A Review". Foods 13, n. 9 (1 maggio 2024): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13091396.

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Abstract (sommario):
The diversity of alcohol beverage microorganisms is of great significance for improving the brewing process and the quality of alcohol beverage products. During the process of making alcoholic beverages, a group of microorganisms, represented by yeast and lactic acid bacteria, conducts fermentation. These microorganisms have complex synergistic or competitive relationships, and the participation of different microorganisms has a major impact on the fermentation process and the flavor and aroma of the product. Strain selection is one of the key steps. Utilizing scientific breeding technology, the relationship between strains can be managed, the composition of the alcoholic beverage microbial community can be improved, and the quality and flavor of the alcoholic beverage products can be increased. Currently, research on the microbial diversity of alcohol beverages has received extensive attention. However, the selection technology for dominant bacteria in alcohol beverages has not yet been systematically summarized. To breed better-quality alcohol beverage strains and improve the quality and characteristics of wine, this paper introduces the microbial diversity characteristics of the world’s three major brewing alcohols: beer, wine, and yellow wine, as well as the breeding technologies of related strains. The application of culture selection technology in the study of microbial diversity of brewed wine was reviewed and analyzed. The strain selection technology and alcohol beverage process should be combined to explore the potential application of a diverse array of alcohol beverage strains, thereby boosting the quality and flavor of the alcohol beverage and driving the sustainable development of the alcoholic beverage industry.
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7

Maia, Amazile Biagioni, Lorena Simão Marinho e David Lee Nelson. "On the role of higher alcohols in the characterization of cachaça". Research, Society and Development 9, n. 10 (21 ottobre 2020): e8299109135. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.9135.

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There is a growing interest in chemical markers for the identification and certification of cachaça as a cane spirit produced in Brazil. It is known that the higher alcohols that are usually analyzed (propyl alcohol, Isobutyl alcohol and isoamyl alcohol) occur in all alcoholic beverages (fermented and distilled), but the relative proportions can vary markedly according to the peculiarities of the raw material and the production process. In this work, the contents of higher alcohols in 300 samples of alembic cachaça were compared, 220 from the state of Minas Gerais and 80 from other states, as well as three samples of industrial cachaça and 14 samples of whiskeys of various brands. The typical range of total higher alcohols in cachaça was 180-360 mg/100 mL ethanol. Cachaça containing higher alcohol concentrations greater than 360 mg/100 mL ethanol do not comply with Brazilian legislation. However, cachaças with higher alcohols concentrations below 180 mg/100 mL ethanol, as was found in one of the industrial cachaças, signify adulteration, for example, by mixing with fuel alcohol. The C4/C5 ratio varied less than the C3/C5 ratio, being consistently within the range of 0.20-0.50. In the whiskeys analyzed, the concentrations of higher alcohols were in the range of 160 and 270 mg/100 mL. Therefore, this parameter would not assist in differentiating between cachaça and whiskey. But the C4/C5 ratio was consistently different, being always greater than 0.50 for the whiskeys. Thus, the routine analysis of higher alcohols provides useful information both for tracking possible fraud and for assessments related to the identity or origin of cachaça.
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8

Simões, João, Eduardo Coelho, Paulo Magalhães, Tiago Brandão, Pedro Rodrigues, José António Teixeira e Lucília Domingues. "Exploiting Non-Conventional Yeasts for Low-Alcohol Beer Production". Microorganisms 11, n. 2 (26 gennaio 2023): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020316.

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Abstract (sommario):
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts represent a very appealing alternative to producing beers with zero or low ethanol content. The current study explores the potential of seven non-Saccharomyces yeasts to produce low-alcohol or non-alcoholic beer, in addition to engineered/selected Saccharomyces yeasts for low-alcohol production. The yeasts were first screened for their sugar consumption and ethanol production profiles, leading to the selection of strains with absent or inefficient maltose consumption and consequently with low-to-null ethanol production. The selected yeasts were then used in larger-scale fermentations for volatile and sensory evaluation. Overall, the yeasts produced beers with ethanol concentrations below 1.2% in which fusel alcohols and esters were also detected, making them eligible to produce low-alcohol beers. Among the lager beers produced in this study, beers produced using Saccharomyces yeast demonstrated a higher acceptance by taster panelists. This study demonstrates the suitability of non-conventional yeasts for producing low-alcohol or non-alcoholic beers and opens perspectives for the development of non-conventional beers.
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9

Warpenius, Katariina, e Christoffer Tigerstedt. "Positioning Alcohol's Harm to others (AHTO) within Alcohol Research: A Reinvented Perspective with Mixed Policy Implications". Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 33, n. 5-6 (dicembre 2016): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0041.

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Aims & Design This overview analyses the recent emergence of the concept of alcohols harm to others (AHTO) and the potential policy implications embedded in this research perspective. The overview is an account of ways in which recent alcohol research has grasped the kind of harm that goes beyond the drinker. It positions the dimensions of alcohol's harm to others as a research perspective in relation to other established research approaches to alcohol-related problems. Findings Several concepts presented within different disciplines have focused on how adverse consequences of drinking go beyond the individual drinker. However, the scientific discussion is still characterised by an obvious conceptual instability. Alongside the growing research interest in alcohol's harm to others there is a political discourse stressing the urgency of alcohol policy measures protecting innocent victims against damage from others' alcohol use. Conclusions In drawing attention to the interactional nature of alcohol-related harm, the AHTO perspective brings a novel syntagmatic and cross-cutting aspect to established traditions in alcohol research and forms a unique scientific approach. The AHTO perspective has the potential for creating a political will to move the alcohol policy agenda forward, but the question of a suitable and credible term is unresolved. Conceptually, the AHTO perspective is still in a state of flux, while politically it is loaded with considerable ambitions and interests related to causal attributions and ethical conclusions embedded in the research perspective.
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Gonçalves, Reinaldo Simões, e Luciano Valmir das Chagas. "Estudos potenciométricos da adsorção de álcoois insaturados sobre o eletrodo de cobre em meio H2SO4 diluído". Ciência e Natura 11, n. 11 (11 dicembre 1989): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x25532.

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Potentiometric studies show the interaction between the copper surface electrode and propanol alcohol (H3C-CH2-CH2OH), allyl alcohol (H2C=CH-CH2OH) and propargyl alcohol (HC≡C-CH2OH). From them, only allyl alcohol and propargyl alcohol change the value of the electrode potentials, when the organic compounds are added to the solutions. The potential shifts suggest a strong interaction, with a chemical and stable adsorption of the alcohols on the surfasse electrode. The electrode potentials change quickly in the presence of the alcohols and depend on the concentration that is added. The adsorption of the alcohols independs on the acid concentration of the solution but it depends on the dissolved oxygen concentration. The shifts of the electrode potentials are lower in aerated solutions than in deaerated solutions, with both alcohols. The potential-time curves at 65ºC shown that allyl alcohol adsorption is weaker at high temperatures. However, the propargyl alcohol adsorption independs on the temperature of the solutions.
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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Alcohol"

1

Beachel, Debi K. "Alcohol beliefs versus alcohol behaviors". Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2005. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2005/2005beacheld.pdf.

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2

García, Bofill Miquel. "Use of alcohol dehydrogenase and alcohol oxidase to convert alcohols in two valuable products: chlorolactone and vanillin". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673116.

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Els enzims presenten una sèrie d’avantatges catalítiques respecte als catalitzadors químics emprats en síntesis química clàssica: especificitat, selectivitat i la possibilitat de treballar en condicions suaus de temperatura i pressió. No obstant, també presenten una sèrie de limitacions com són la baixa estabilitat i les baixes productivitats. En el present treball es combinen dues tècniques per tractar d’optimitzar les reaccions d’interès seleccionades: la immobilització i l’enginyeria de reacció. Les reaccions objectiu d’aquest treball són reaccions d’oxidoreducció centrades en la biosíntesis de molècules, de mitjà i alt valor afegit, d’alt interès industrial. En la primera part de la tesis s’ha utilitzat una alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH99) per a la oxidació de l’alcohol chlorolactol a chlorolactona i una NAD(P)H oxidasa (NOX) com a sistema de regeneració del cofactor. La chlorolactona és un precursor per a la síntesis d’estatines les quals són fàrmacs utilitzats per a la reducció del LDL-colesterol ja que inhibeixen l’enzim encarregat de la seva biosíntesis. Ambdós enzims van ser immobilitzats eficientment en diferents suports, dels quals es van seleccionar els tres que van mostrar major activitat retinguda. Seguidament es va estudiar l’estabilitat dels derivats immobilitzats en condicions de reacció i es va determinar la càrrega enzimàtica màxim per a cada enzim. Es va descartar l’ús de la NOX immobilitzada ja que no es va millorar l’estabilitat amb cap suport. Posteriorment es van optimitzar les condicions de reacció amb un disseny experimental (DoE) amb l’ADH99 soluble però utilitzant la quantitat màxima d’ADH99 que es pot afegir a la reacció quan es fa servir el l’ADH99 immobilitzada en epoxy-agarosa-UAB M2. Finalment es va estudiar la capacitat de reutilització del derivat immobilitzat, on es va poder millorar 1.5 vegades tant el producte obtingut com el rendiment del biocatalitzador. No obstant, la millor configuració va resultar ser la utilització dels dos enzims en forma soluble. La segona part d’aquesta tesis es va centrar en la reacció d’oxidació de l’alcohol vainillínic a vanil·lina biocatalitzada per l’eugenol oxidasa (EUGO). La vanil·lina és la molècula que dona les propietats organolèptiques a la vainilla, el segon aromatitzant més car del món. La síntesi de vanil·lina via biotecnològica és d’un gran interès industrial ja que pot etiquetar-se com a natural. L’EUGO va ser immobilitzada eficientment en diferents suports dels que es van seleccionar els tres que van retenir més activitat i se’n van estudiar els mateixos paràmetres de l’apartat anterior. En aquest cas els tres derivats immobilitzats van ser utilitzats per a realitzar la reacció de síntesi, amb l’objectiu de seleccionar el més estable operacionalment. Tots els derivats van permetre ser reutilitzats 5 vegades conservant una elevada conversió en l’últim cicle. L’epoxy-agarosa-UAB M2 va ser el suport que millor estabilitat va mostrar. Els bons resultats obtinguts en el segon apartat d’aquest treball van permetre aprofundir en aquesta reacció. Pel que, en el tercer apartat, es va realitzar una optimització de les condicions de reacció des del punt de vista de millorar les mètriques del procés i també amb l’objectiu de fer el procés més sostenible ambientalment. A l’hora d’escollir les noves condicions de reacció es van tenir en compte l’activitat de la EUGO i la seva estabilitat. Ambdues condicions van ser testades en la reacció objectiu amb l’EUGO soluble i immobilitzada. En les noves condicions es va poder millorar la productivitat volumètrica 5.7 i 6.6 vegades respectivament, en comparació a les condicions prèvies. Finalment, en el reciclatge de l’enzim immobilitzat es van poder realitzar 5 cicles de reacció en les primeres condicions i 18 cicles de reacció en les noves condicions on es va poder millorar el rendiment del biocatalitzador 3.9 i 12.4 vegades respectivament.
Las enzimas presentan una serie de ventajas catalíticas respecto a los catalizadores químicos empleados en síntesis química clásica: especificidad, selectividad y la posibilidad de trabajar en condiciones suaves de temperatura y presión. No obstante, también presentan una serie de limitaciones como son la baja estabilidad y las bajas productividades. En el presente trabajo se combinan dos técnicas para tratar de optimizar las reacciones de interés seleccionadas: la inmovilización y la ingeniería de reacción. Las reacciones objetivo de este trabajo son reacciones de oxidoreducción centradas en la biosíntesis de moléculas, de medio y alto valor añadido, de alto interés industrial. En la primera parte de la tesis se ha utilizado una alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH99) para la oxidación del alcohol chlorolactol a chlorolactona y una NAD(P)H oxidasa (NOX) como sistema de regeneración del cofactor. La chlorolactona es un precursor para la síntesis de estatinas las cuales son fármacos utilizados para la reducción del LDL-colesterol puesto que inhiben la enzima encargada de su biosíntesis. Ambas enzimas fueron inmovilizados eficientemente en diferentes soportes, de los cuales se seleccionaron los tres que mostraron mayor actividad retenida. Seguidamente se estudió la estabilidad de los derivados inmovilizados en condiciones de reacción y se determinó la carga enzimática máximo para cada enzima. Se descartó el uso de la NOX inmovilizada puesto que no se mejoró la estabilidad con ningún apoyo. Posteriormente se optimizaron las condiciones de reacción con un diseño experimental (DoE) con la ADH99 soluble pero utilizando la cantidad máxima de ADH99 que se puede añadir a la reacción cuando se usa la ADH99 inmovilizada en epoxy-agarosa-UAB M2. Finalmente se estudió la capacidad de reutilización del derivado inmovilizado, donde se pudo mejorar 1.5 veces tanto el producto obtenido como el rendimiento del biocatalizador. No obstante, la mejor configuración resultó ser la utilización de las dos enzimas en forma soluble. La segunda parte de esta tesis se centró en la reacción de oxidación del alcohol vanillínico a vanillina biocatalizada por la eugenol oxidasa (EUGO). La vanillina es la molécula que da las propiedades organolépticas a la vainilla, el segundo aromatizante más caro del mundo. La síntesis de vainillina vía biotecnológica es de un gran interés industrial puesto que puede etiquetarse como natural. La EUGO fue inmovilizada eficientemente en diferentes soportes de los que se seleccionaron los tres que retuvieron más actividad y se estudiaron los mismos parámetros que en el apartado anterior. En este caso los tres derivados inmovilizados fueron utilizados para realizar la reacción de síntesis, con el objetivo de seleccionar el más estable operacionalmente. Todos los derivados permitieron ser reutilizados 5 veces conservando una elevada conversión en el último ciclo. La epoxy-agarosa-UAB M2 fue el soporte que mejor estabilidad mostró. Los buenos resultados obtenidos en el segundo apartado de este trabajo permitieron profundizar en esta reacción. Por lo que, en el tercer apartado, se realizó una optimización de las condiciones de reacción desde el punto de vista de mejorar las métricas del proceso y también con el objetivo de hacer el proceso más sostenible ambientalmente. A la hora de escoger las nuevas condiciones de reacción se tuvieron en cuenta la actividad de la EUGO y su estabilidad. Ambas condiciones fueron testadas en la reacción diana con lo EUGO soluble e inmovilizada. En las nuevas condiciones se pudo mejorar la productividad volumétrica 5.7 y 6.6 veces respectivamente, en comparación a las condiciones previas. Finalmente, en el reciclaje de la enzima inmovilizada se pudieron realizar 5 ciclos de reacción en las primeras condiciones y 18 ciclos de reacción en las nuevas condiciones donde se pudo mejorar el rendimiento del biocatalitzador 3.9 y 12.4 veces respectivamente.
Enzymes have some catalytic advantages over chemical catalysts used in classical chemical synthesis: specificity, selectivity and the possibility to work under mild conditions of temperature and pressure. However, they also have some limitations such as low stability and low productivity. This work combines two techniques aiming to optimise the target reactions: immobilisation and reaction engineering. The target reactions of this work are redox reactions focused on the biosynthesis of molecules, of medium-high value, of industrial interest. In the first part of the thesis, an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH99) was used, with an NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) as a cofactor regeneration system, to oxidise a chlorolactol to chlorolactone. Chlorolactone is a precursor for the synthesis of statins which are drugs used to lower LDL-cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for its biosynthesis. Both enzymes were efficiently immobilised on different supports, selecting the three that showed the highest retained activity. The stability of the immobilised derivatives under reaction conditions was studied and the maximum enzyme load for each enzyme also was determined. The use of immobilised NOX was discarded because no stability improvements were achieved with any support. The reaction conditions were optimised by design of experiments (DoE), using soluble ADH99 added at maximum loading onto an epoxy-agarose support. Finally, the reusability of the immobilised enzyme was studied, where both the total product obtained and the biocatalyst yield could be improved 1.5-fold. However, the best configuration resulted from the use of the two enzymes in soluble form. The second part of this thesis was focused on the oxidation reaction of vanillyl alcohol to vanillin catalysed by eugenol oxidase (EUGO). Vanillin is the molecule that gives vanilla its organoleptic properties. Vanillin biotechnological synthesis is of high interest industrially because it is the second most expensive flavouring in the world and the product can be labelled as natural. Similar to the previous section, EUGO was efficiently immobilised onto different supports, selecting the three that retained most activity. These supports were used to study the stability of the immobilised enzyme and the maximum EUGO load that can be immobilised. In this case, the three immobilised derivatives were used to perform the target reaction, in order to select the most stable operationally. All immobilised derivatives could be reused 5 times maintaining a high conversion in the last cycle. Epoxy-agarose-UAB M2 was the support that showed the best stability, improving the biocatalyst yield 3-fold. The encouraging results obtained in the second section of this work allowed us to deepen the study of this reaction. Therefore, in the third section, an optimisation of the reaction conditions was carried out to improve the process metrics and also aiming to make the process more environmentally sustainable. The EUGO activity and its stability were taken into account to choose the reaction conditions. Both conditions, maximum activity and maximum stability, were tested in the target reaction with soluble and immobilised EUGO. Using the new conditions, it was possible to improve the volumetric productivity 5.7 and 6.6-fold respectively, compared to the previous conditions. Finally, the reusability of the immobilised EUGO allowed us to perform 5 reaction cycles and 18 reaction cycles, with unoptimised and optimised reaction conditions respectively. This resulted in an improvement of the biocatalyst yield of 3.9 and 12.4-fold, respectively, compared to reactions with soluble enzyme under the same conditions.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Biotecnologia
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3

Sumer, Burak. "Synthesis Of 1,2-amino Alcohols Having Tertiary Alcohol Moiety". Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607276/index.pdf.

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Abstract (sommario):
An applicable method for the racemic synthesis of 1,2-amino alcohols having tertiary alcohol moiety was developed. This method can be used as a general method for the synthesis of various 1,2-amino alcohols with various tertiary alcohol moieties by changing chloroacetone with different monohalo ketones, and with different aryl halides or alkyl halides. The resultant racemic 1,2-aminoe alcohols were tried to resolve by using various hydrolase type enzymes under different conditions by changing the parameters i.e. solvent, temperature and substrate: enzyme ratios. Finally, poorly resolved amino alcohol 20 with 21 % was used as chiral ligand in diethyl zinc reaction to benzaldhyde and afforded (R)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol almost with 21 % e.e..
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4

Barroca, Pedro José Pereira Marques. "Alcohol oxidase enzymes for the deracemization of secondary alcohols". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427019.

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5

Cornmell, Robert Joseph. "Enantioselective alcohol oxidase enzymes for deracemisation of secondary alcohols". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406826.

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6

Thom, Elizabeth Whyte. "Alcohol treatment policy 1950-1990 : from alcohol treatment to alcohol problems management". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1997. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682245/.

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The thesis draws on historical and social policy perspectives to examine the factors influencing development and change in alcohol treatment policy between 1950 and 1990. The study uses data from primary and secondary documentation and from taped interviews. Three themes are highlighted as particularly relevant to an examination of policy trends. The first of these is the emergence and evolution of a `policy community'. Spearheaded by psychiatrists in the 1960s, the `policy community' broadened to include other professional groups and the voluntary sector by the 1990s. The second theme concerns the role of research in influencing the nature and direction of treatment policy. The study indicates increasing use of research as the rationale for policy and illustrates the move towards a `contractor' relationship between research workers and policy makers. The final theme deals with the influence on policy of ideological frames and changing conceptualisations of the alcohol problem. Two major shifts were important for treatment, the re-discovery of the disease concept of alcoholism in the 1950s and the emergence of a new public health model of alcohol problems in the 1970s. Within these broad themes, the study includes an examination of tensions - between different professional perspectives, between government departments with differing responsibilities, between different ideologies - and of moves to secure consensus in the formulation and implementation of treatment policy. The final chapter addresses shifts in thinking from the re-emergence of a `disease' model of alcoholism in the 1950s, to a `consumptionist' (population-based) model in the 1970s, towards a `harm reduction' approach to alcohol problems management in the 1990s. The thesis concludes that over the past forty years competing paradigms of the alcohol problem have emerged and gained policy salience within particular historical-social contexts in the search for policy consensus to manage the problematic aspects of alcohol consumption.
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Pulido, Carmen. "Alcohol cue reactivity task development /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3312073.

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Greco, Michelle Nicholle. "The relation of alcohol expectancies to alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems among college students". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Long, Elizabeth C. "Developmental Trajectories of Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorder". VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5111.

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Alcohol use (AU) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are leading causes of morbidity, premature death, and economic burden. They are also associated with high levels of disability and many other negative outcomes. Twin and family studies have consistently shown that AU and AUD are complex traits influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Although much has been learned about the genetic and environmental etiology of AU and AUD, significant gaps remain. These include the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the roles of risk and protective factors, and the nature of developmental trajectories underpinning the progression from AU to AUD. The aims of this dissertation are: (1) to examine the roles of resilience and personality disorders in the etiology of AU and AUD; (2) to investigate the nature of longitudinal changes in genetic and environmental risk factors responsible for individual differences in AU; and (3) to determine the moderating roles of key environmental risk factors on the impact of aggregate molecular, or polygenic, risk for AU during adolescence. Using both biometrical behavioral genetic and molecular genetic methodologies, five key findings were observed: (1) Resilience is strongly associated with a reduction in risk for AUD, and this relationship appears to be the result of overlapping genetic and shared environmental influences; (2) Borderline and antisocial personality disorders are the strongest and most stable personality pathology predictors of the phenotypic and genotypic liability to AU and AUD across time; (3) Genetic influences on the development of AUD from early adulthood to mid-adulthood are dynamic, whereby two sets of genetic risk factors contribute to AUD risk; (4) The specific genetic influences on AU follow an unfolding pattern of growth over time, whereas unique environmental risk factors are consistent with an accumulation of environmental impacts and risks across time; and (5) High peer group deviance and low parental monitoring are associated with increased AU, while early parental monitoring moderates the polygenic risk for AU at age 20. The implications of these results with regard to prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.
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Barbosa, Carolina Pinto Pereira. "Economic evaluation of alcohol treatments : linking drinking patterns, alcohol consequences and cost effectiveness of alcohol treatments". Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/815/.

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The negative individual and social impacts of alcohol consumption raise a considerable policy interest surrounding alcohol treatment. Economic evaluations help on the allocation of scarce health care resources, but these have been inadequately conducted in the alcohol field. This thesis builds up a taxonomy of alcohol-related consequences that should be included in economic evaluations of alcohol treatment and uses this taxonomy to critically review the published evidence around the cost effectiveness of alcohol treatments. The review provides a set of recommendations and most of them are pursued throughout the thesis. An economic model for the cost effectiveness of alcohol treatments is developed. The framework provides the means to conduct economic evaluation while bearing the complexity and challenges of decision making in the field of human behaviour. A link between drinking patterns, health consequences and alcohol treatment effectiveness and cost effectiveness is created. This is a probabilistic lifetime model that uses the cohort simulation approach. The model can be applied to any setting and this is exemplified for a UK-scenario. The methods and data for the generation of UK-specific model inputs are described and used in two model applications. A first application of the model extrapolates the results of a short term randomized controlled trial and provides the expected lifetime costs and outcomes of the treatments compared, by age and gender. A second application compares two alcohol treatments delivered in different countries and to populations very different at baseline. Both case-studies show the importance of time and that only a long-term analysis can capture both short-term alcohol consequences, such as injuries, and long-term consequences, such as most forms of alcohol-related chronic diseases. Assumptions and implications of the methods and analyses are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented.
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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Alcohol"

1

Wijnberg, Ellen. Alcohol. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1994.

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2

Myers, Peter L. Alcohol. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood, 2011.

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3

Peacock, Nancy. Alcohol. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2000.

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4

Cook, Philip J. Alcohol. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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5

Nagy, Laura E., a cura di. Alcohol. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7.

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Miller, Norman S., e Mark S. Gold. Alcohol. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3550-2.

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Haney, Johannah. Alcohol. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2013.

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8

1976-, Nakaya Andrea C., a cura di. Alcohol. Detroit, Mich: Greenhaven Press, 2008.

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9

(Trieneke), Dijkhof T., a cura di. Alcohol. Harmelen: Corona, 2001.

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10

S, Friedman Lauri, a cura di. Alcohol. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Alcohol"

1

Plackett, Timothy P., e Elizabeth J. Kovacs. "Acute Models of Ethanol Exposure to Mice". In Alcohol, 3–9. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_1.

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Lindke, Amanda, Barbara Tremper-Wells e Michael W. Miller. "Generation and Use of Primary Rat Cultures for Studies of the Effects of Ethanol". In Alcohol, 125–36. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_10.

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Wu, Defeng, e Arthur I. Cederbaum. "Development and Properties of HepG2 Cells That Constitutively Express CYP2E1". In Alcohol, 137–50. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_11.

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4

Miranda, Rajesh C., Daniel R. Santillano, Cynthia Camarillo e Douglas Dohrman. "Modeling the Impact of Alcohol on Cortical Development in a Dish: Strategies from Mapping Neural Stem Cell Fate". In Alcohol, 151–68. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_12.

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Rao, R. K. "Acetaldehyde-induced Barrier Disruption and Paracellular Permeability in Caco-2 Cell Monolayer". In Alcohol, 171–83. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_13.

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Arteel, Gavin E. "Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Liver: In Vivo Measurements". In Alcohol, 185–97. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_14.

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McMullen, Megan R., Michele T. Pritchard e Laura E. Nagy. "Isolation of Kupffer Cells from Rats Fed Chronic Ethanol". In Alcohol, 199–212. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_15.

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Legge, Kevin L., e Annette J. Schlueter. "Dendritic Cells in Chronic In Vivo Ethanol Exposure Models". In Alcohol, 213–33. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_16.

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Thiele, Geoffrey M., Lynell W. Klassen e Dean J. Tuma. "Formation and Immunological Properties of Aldehyde-derived Protein Adducts following Alcohol Consumption". In Alcohol, 235–57. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_17.

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Shey, Michael R., e Zuhair K. Ballas. "Assessment of Natural Killer (NK) and NKT Cells in Murine Spleens and Livers". In Alcohol, 259–76. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-242-7_18.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Alcohol"

1

Tellez-Monnery, Kristin, Jessica Balikji, Lautaro Carrere, Analia Czerniczyniec, Lydia E. Devenney, Juan I. Guerra, Pantea Kiani et al. "Proceedings of the 12th Alcohol Hangover Research Group Meeting, in Buenos Aires, Argentina". In Alcohol Hangover Research Group Meeting. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024095001.

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2

Fanta, Michael, Radek Soběhart e Aleš Rod. "PRICE OF ALCOHOL IN EU MEMBER STATES – AFFORDABILITY OF ALCOHOLIC PRODUCTS AND ROLE OF EXCISE DUTIES". In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.93.

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This research paper focuses on alcoholic beverages and their price affordability between 2000-2016 in the member states of the European Union. Based on the data from OECD, WHO, Eurostat, and the European Commission, the paper primarily discusses development of prices and consumption of alcoholic products, level of excise duties, and the development of average wages. Overall alcohol consumption has decreased in most EU member states over the past two decades, even though price affordability has increased due to relatively dynamic development of average wages. As consumption of alcohol products is decreasing, producers of alcoholic beverages are now pushed to increase the prices of alcoholic products to keep their level of revenues, which means that the price of alcohol is growing naturally. Those facts raise a question about the role of excise duties on alcohol, whether it is an effective tool for reducing alcohol consumption or just a fiscal tool, whose further increases might lead to market distortions.
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Kuchinskaya, E. V., e T. S. Apanasenka. "ENZYMATIC ANALYSIS OF BLOOD SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC LIVER INTOXICATION". In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-278-281.

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Alcohol abuse is a serious medical and social problem. Long-term alcohol intake has a negative effect on all organs, but the liver is most susceptible to its influence, since it is in the liver that ethanol is oxidized. The term alcoholic liver disease is used to refer to the many changes in the liver associated with alcohol. It manifests itself in three main clinical and morphological forms - alcoholic steatosis, accounting for 60-90% of cases of alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, observed in 10-30% of cases, and alcoholic liver cirrhosis in 8-20% of cases. Alcoholic liver disease accounts for 30% of all forms of chronic diffuse liver diseases [2].
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Abramova, I. M., A. G. Kalinina, N. E. Golovacheva, S. S. Morozova, L. P. Gallyamova e N. A. Shubina. "EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES WITH REDUCED TOXIC POTENTIAL". In I International Congress “The Latest Achievements of Medicine, Healthcare, and Health-Saving Technologies”. Kemerovo State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/-i-ic-1.

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The aim of the work was to study the effect of a line of complex food additives in alcoholic beverages on the narcogenic potential of ethyl alcohol. To reduce the toxicity of ethanol alcohol, ingredients presumably possessing this ability were introduced into the formulations of alcoholic beverages. The results of the studies showed a decrease in the mortality and severity of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in animals treated with water-alcohol solutions, including complex dietary supplements.
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Li, Xueying, Lei Hou, Chong Chai e Sichen He. "Influence of Alcohol Additives on the Viscosity and Solubility of Ethanol/Diesel Fuel Blends: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study". In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-61884.

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Abstract The viscosity and solubility of ethanol/diesel fuel blends have an important influence on its application in diesel engines. Molecular dynamics simulation was employed to study the effects of different alcohol additives on the viscosity and solubility of the blends between diesel and anhydrous ethanol. Among these alcohols, n-butanol, n-heptanol and n-decanol were selected for investigating the influence of alcohol chain length on solubility and viscosity. The results showed that the viscosity of the blends increased with the increasing of alcohol carbon number. The analysis of diffusion coefficient represented that the alcohol additives enhanced the molecular mobility and activity, and energy analysis indicated that alcohols with higher carbon numbers provided a better inter-soluble capacity. Taking these factors into account, n-heptanol can be recommended as a co-solvent additive for ethanol/diesel system due to the acceptable fuel properties and soluble performance.
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Sousa, Gustavo Gomes de, e José Roberto dos Santos Politi. "ASPECTOS ENERGÉTICOS E ELETRÔNICOS DA ZEÓLITA H-ZSM-5 NA AÇÃO CATALÍTICA DA REAÇÃO DE DESIDRATAÇÃO DE ÁLCOOIS". In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol202087.

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Due to the growth of ecological concerns and the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the dehydration of alcohols by acid catalysis has been used for the production of various hydrocarbons. Inside this theme, the H-ZSM-5 zeolite has been widely used as a catalyst for this reaction because its high efficiency. Thus, in order to understand the catalyzed reaction mechanism of the alcohol dehydration reaction, this work used the computational methodology ONIOM to study the catalytic behavior of the H-ZSM-5. It was modeled the dehydration reaction process for several alcohols (ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol and 2-butanol) by modeling these alcohols within the zeolite cavity. The study was divided into 3 stages: the adsorption and protonation of alcohols by zeolite, the description of the hydroxyl outlet, and the formation of the double bond. The analysis of the results indicates that the first stage of the reaction occurs with the contact of alcohol with the zeolite cavity, where acid hydrogen promotes the protonation of alcohols, occurring differently for each alcohol. The dehydration process occurs, preferably, via E2 type elimination mechanisms. However, the profile of the energy curves indicates that for larger alcohols, the mechanism is intermediate between the elimination mechanisms E2 with some features of E1 (E2[E1]). Therefore, the zeolite converts alcohols to hydrocarbons in a specific way. Primary, lower-chain alcohols follow E2 mechanism, while secondary and longer-chain alcohols react by a slightly different mechanism, namely E2[E1].
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Zheng, Xuan, Shirin Jouzdani e Benjamin Akih-Kumgeh. "Auto Ignition Study of Methane and Bio Alcohol Fuel Blends". In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91978.

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Abstract Methane (CH4) and bio alcohols have different ignition properties. These have been extensively studied and the resulting experimental data have been used to validate chemical kinetic models. Methane is the main component of natural gas, which is of interest because of its relative availability and lower emissions compared to other hydrocarbon fuels. Given growing interest in fuel-flexible systems, there can be situations in which the combustion properties of natural gas need to be modified by adding biofuels, such as bio alcohols. This can occur in dual fuel internal combustion engines or gas turbines with dual fuel capabilities. The combustion behavior of such blends can be understood by studying the auto ignition properties in fundamental combustion experiments. Studies of the ignition of such blends are very limited in the literature. In this work, the auto ignition of methane and bio alcohol fuel blends is investigated using a shock tube facility. The chosen bio alcohols are ethanol (C2H5OH) and n-propanol (NC3H7OH). Experiments are carried out at 3 atm and 10 atm for stoichiometric and lean mixtures of fuel, oxygen, and argon. The ignition delay times of the pure fuels are first established at conditions of constant oxygen concentration and comparable pressures. The ignition delay times of blends with 50% methane are then measured. The pyrolysis kinetics of the blends is further explored by measuring CO formation during pyrolysis of the alcohol and methane-alcohol blends. The resulting experimental data are compared with the predictions of selected chemical kinetic models to establish the ability of these models to predict the disproportionate enhancement of methane ignition by the added alcohol.
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Šantek, Marko, e Sonja Cindori. "CHALLENGES OF ALCOHOL TAXATION POLICIES AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENT". In 5th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2019.1.

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Aragão, José Aderval, Airton Lima Batalha Filho, João Gabriel Santana Trindade, Felipe Matheus Sant'Anna Aragão, Iapunira Catarina Sant'Anna Aragão, Bárbara Costa Lourenço e Francisco Prado Reis. "Pattern of alcohol consumption among workers at a public market". In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-116.

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Context: The consumption of alcoholic beverages in excess is characterized as a chronic disease, and is more associated with death than all illicit psychoactive substances combined. The consumption of alcohol in large quantities, constantly, can bring immense negative impacts, both due to the relationship with traffic accidents and domestic violence, as well as the health of consumers, since alcoholism contributes to liver, heart and mental problems. Objective: To collect information on the habits of alcohol consumption among workers of a municipal public market, evaluating the level of dependence and the correlation of ethyl consumption with risk situations. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 2022 on the pattern of alcohol consumption in workers of a municipal public market in Aracaju, through an easy-to-apply and correct test with cross-cultural validation, which identifies the disorders caused by the use of alcoholic beverages, which is the AUDIT (Alcohol User Disorder Identification) psychometric questionnaire. 50 people of both sexes. Results: Of the 50 workers interviewed, more than half (52%) scored between 8 and 15 points, i.e., presented risk consumption for alcohol, 16% scored between 0 and 7 points, which corresponds on the scale of this test to a low risk consumption of alcohol, 12% of the interviewees scored between 16 and 19 points, meaning harmful use of alcohol and 20% of the sample scored more than 20 points meaning a probable dependence on alcohol. Conclusion: Most workers have a risky consumption pattern, being susceptible to dangerous consequences for themselves and those around them, requiring greater interventions by the public authorities.
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Smith, Jesse C., Teresa M. Smith e Ellen Yi-Luen Do. "Alcohol and creativity". In Proceeding of the seventh ACM conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1640233.1640257.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Alcohol"

1

Cook, Philip, e Michael Moore. Alcohol. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, gennaio 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6905.

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2

Saffer, Henry. Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Advertising Bans. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, giugno 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7758.

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Saffer, Henry, e Dhaval Dave. Alcohol Advertising and Alcohol Consumption by Adolescents. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maggio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9676.

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Miron, Jeffrey. The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Alcohol Consumption. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maggio 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7130.

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Saffer, Henry. Alcohol Advertising Bans and Alcohol Abuse: An International Perspective. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, luglio 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3052.

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Sentcоv, Valentin, Andrei Reutov e Vyacheslav Kuzmin. Electronic training manual "Acute poisoning with alcohols and alcohol-containing liquids". SIB-Expertise, gennaio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0778.29012024.

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In the structure of acute poisonings, ethanol poisoning currently accounts, according to various sources, from 10 to 20%. The mortality rate in poison control centers for ethanol poisoning is 1-2%, but the mortality rate is much higher due to those who died before medical care was provided. The widespread use of methanol and ethylene glycol in various industries and the high mortality rate with late recognition of poisoning with these alcohols determine the high relevance of a detailed study of the clinic, diagnosis and treatment of these poisonings by doctors of various specialties. In particular, toxicologists from health care institutions, anesthesiologists and resuscitators from health care institutions, doctors from specialized emergency medical services teams, and disaster medicine doctors. Competent and timely diagnosis, hospitalization in a specialized hospital and previously started treatment greatly increases the patient’s chances of life and its further quality. This electronic educational resourse consists of six theoretical educational modules: general issues of clinical toxicology, acute poisoning with veratrine, acute poisoning with ethanol, poisoning with methanol, poisoning with ethylene glycol, acute poisoning with other alcohols. The theoretical block of modules is presented by presentations, the text of lectures with illustrations. Control classes in the form of test control accompany each theoretical module. After studying all modules, the student passes the final test control. Mastering the electronic educational resourse will ensure a high level of readiness to provide specialized toxicological care by doctors of various specialties.
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Gehrsitz, Markus, Henry Saffer e Michael Grossman. The Effect of Changes in Alcohol Tax Differentials on Alcohol Consumption. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maggio 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27117.

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Dills, Angela, e Jeffrey Miron. Alcohol Prohibition and Cirrhosis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maggio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9681.

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Carpenter, Christopher, e Carlos Dobkin. Alcohol Regulation and Crime. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzo 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15828.

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Miron, Jeffrey, e Jeffrey Zwiebel. Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, aprile 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3675.

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