Tesi sul tema "Agriculturists"

This study describes how farmers manage climate variability in dryland crop production, and aims to contribute to the theory and practice of decision support for managing climate variability. The intent was to study farmer decision making to see how DSS could be used to deliver information and procedures on climate risk to farmers more effectively. The study investigated whether there are significant differences between farmers' subjective distributions of seasonal rainfall and its derivatives (such as crop yield and fallow recharge) and a probability distribution derived from long-term records and simulation models, and whether these differences in risk assessment lead to changes in the optimum decision. Subjective probability distributions of rainfall and its derivatives were collected from farmers and advisers and it was found the overall match between these and long term records and simulation models was close. This study found little evidence to support the role of DSS for routine decision making, but this does not lessen the value of distributions derived from simulation models. Rather, it provides an opportunity for both farmers and scientists to learn.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis covers years of field work in Malawi, Africa by the author as a Research Agronomist (Tree Nuts) for the Government of Malawi. The thesis is an action research type with core and thesis projects which are closely linked. The client group are large estate managers who control the tree nut industries in Malawi. The political, economic and historical perspectives are different from those commonly faced by Australian agronomists and the isolated location of the work make this a unique study. The thesis includes sections on plantation or estate agriculture, farming systems approaches to research and problem solving, systems concepts in agricultural settings and action research concepts. These provide a framework for the study within the constraints of the government research system and industry expectations. The body of the thesis is a review paper presented to estate managers and co-researchers after one year's work. Relevant outcomes of the study are presented. The discussion draws together the outcomes through reflection on the process and methods used. Advantages and disadvantages are considered and risks, such as the dangers to the researcher of this type of study, are highlighted.
Master of Science (Hons)

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The objective of this study consisted in constructing possibilities that contributed for the understanding of the perceptions and meanings attributed to the associativeness from the social representations of the trader familiar agriculturists in the city of Pato Branco. The technique of data collection used was the case study, with quantitative and qualitative approaches, arranged in half-structuralized interviews, in whose stories of the associates they had retraced their experience in the collective performance. The theoretical references used in this study join to the multi dimensions of the life histories of the familiar agriculturists, who had constructed from their social representations, an associativeness model as an alternative form of participating of the local market. The refined results demonstrate through their cultural identities, associative experience, challenges and opportunities the necessity of the implementation of new forms of management that stimulate the collective involvement and the participation of the associates.
O objetivo deste estudo foi o de construir possibilidades que contribuíssem para a compreensão das percepções e significados atribuídos ao associativismo a partir das representações sociais dos agricultores familiares feirantes do município de Pato Branco-PR. A categoria de pesquisa utilizada foi o estudo de caso, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, disposta em entrevistas semi-estruturadas, em cujos relatos dos associados remontaram a sua experiência na atuação coletiva. As referências teóricas utilizadas neste estudo integram-se as multidimensões das histórias de vida dos agricultores familiares, que construíram a partir das suas representações sociais, um modelo de associativismo como forma alternativa de participar do mercado local. Os resultados apurados demonstram através de suas identidades culturais, experiência associativa, desafios e oportunidades a necessidade de implementação de novas formas de gestão que estimulem o envolvimento coletivo e a maior participação dos associados.

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Objectifying the improvement of the animal production in fifteen family agroecologic properties in the city of Araponga - MG, changes in the nutritional handling, sanitary and reproductive of the animals had been carried beyond the planning of the installations and acquisitions of goat bovines and by the families. To reach this objective was necessary a participative diagnosis of the animal systems creation to identify to the potentialities and limitations of the animal production, mainly as for the nutritional, sanitary and general handling through the rescue and analysis of the perception of the agriculturists front the implantation process of potentialization work by animal integration to the production systems. The participant comment, half-structuralized interviews, maps, flows and passage with intention to make possible the participation of the family and mutual learning had been used beyond biggest flexibility in the collection of information. After, a script of data systematization was adopted in order to analyze the reached results and the actions to be developed with the families to get potential, to consolidate and to give continuity to the experiences with animal handling. It was looked to take care of the local specific necessities, focusing in systemic aspects inside the agroecologic vision of the sustainable handling agroecossystems. The discussion of the results of this stage with the agriculturists, through pedagogical workshops, with exposition of technician subjects complementary to the considered subjects, validated the information gotten and interpreted. The perception and the alternative knowledge of the agriculturists about the handling of the animals were important for the conduction of the work, guiding the team in the organization of the pedagogical workshops and interchanges, mainly searching solutions that were adjusted to the reality of the families. Diverse changes adopted for the families, adjusted to their realities and aiming at the animal well-being had been observed. These changes had included nutritional planning, reforms of the corrals, sanitary handling, implantation of elephantgrass stocking piles, sugar cane, planting of new trees and herbaceous legumes guaranteeing the alimentary diversification for the animals. These practical had conferred sustainable to the productive systems by the integrating of the animals to the properties, having prevented measured that generated brusque changes in the others component animal and vegetable of the units of production. With these measures occurred an increase in the offer of products of animal origin and derivatives, improving the alimentary quality and the income of the families due the sell of the excesses, as well as the increase of the production and the exploitation of the bovine manure in the coffee croops, reducing the expenses with external input because the organic seasoning production above of the waited. However, resulted foreseen had not been reached, as the biggest devotion to the bovines, aiming at animal well-being and the perception of the agriculturists about the importance of the feeding quality for the creations, through the elaboration of strategies that generated new knowledge to reach the objective tracings.
Objetivando a melhoria da produção animal em quinze famílias agricultoras agroecológicas do município de Araponga – MG, foram realizadas mudanças nos manejos nutricional, sanitário e reprodutivos dos animais, além do planejamento das instalações e aquisições de bovinos e caprinos pelas famílias. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi necessário um diagnóstico participativo dos sistemas de criação animal, de forma a identificar as potencialidades e limitações da produção animal, principalmente no que se refere às questões nutricionais, sanitárias e manejo geral, através do resgate e análise da percepção dos agricultores e das agricultoras frente ao processo de implantação do trabalho de potencializar a integração animal aos seus sistemas de produção. Foram utilizadas a observação participante, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, mapas, fluxos e travessia com o intuito de viabilizar a participação da família, aprendizagem mútua, além da maior flexibilidade na coleta de informações. Após, foi adotado um roteiro de sistematização dos dados obtidos a fim de analisar os resultados alcançados e as ações a serem desenvolvidas com as famílias para potencializar, consolidar e dar continuidade a experiências com manejo animal. Procurou-se atender as necessidades específicas locais, enfocando aspectos sistêmicos dentro da visão agroecológica do manejo de agroecossistemas sustentáveis. A discussão dos resultados desta etapa junto aos agricultores e agricultoras, através de oficinas pedagógicas, com exposição de assuntos técnicos complementares aos temas propostos, validou socialmente as informações obtidas e interpretadas. A percepção e os conhecimentos alternativos dos agricultores quanto ao manejo dos animais foi importante para a condução do trabalho, ao orientar a equipe na organização das oficinas pedagógicas e intercâmbios, e principalmente na busca de soluções que se adequassem à realidade das famílias. Observaram-se diversas mudanças adotadas pelas famílias, adequadas às suas realidades e visando o bem-estar dos animais. Estas mudanças incluíram planejamento nutricional, reformas dos currais, manejo sanitário, implantação de capineiras, cana-de-açúcar, novas árvores e leguminosas herbáceas, garantindo a diversificação alimentar dos animais. Estas práticas conferiram sustentabilidade aos sistemas produtivos ao integrar os animais às propriedades, evitando medidas que gerassem mudanças bruscas nos demais componentes animal e vegetal das unidades de produção. Com estas medidas, ocorreu aumento da oferta de produtos de origem animal e derivados, melhorando a qualidade alimentar e a renda das famílias devido a venda de excedentes, bem como o aumento da produção e do aproveitamento do esterco bovino nas lavouras de café, reduzindo os gastos com insumos externos devido a produção de adubo orgânico acima do esperado. No entanto, resultados não previstos foram alcançados, como a maior dedicação aos bovinos, visando o bem-estar animal, e a percepção dos agricultores quanto a importância da qualidade da alimentação das criações, através da elaboração de estratégias que gerou novos conhecimentos para alcançar os objetivos traçados.

The reconstruction of patterns of physical activities, behaviour, and lifestyle in past populations is one of the goals most often pursued by bioarchaeologists. This study considers the presence of a group of markers of occupational stress (MOS) that are accepted by many in bioarchaeology as representing the impact of physical activity. To examine their presence, two past populations from northern Chile who practised two contrasting subsistence economies such as marine hunting and gathering with agricultural farmers were compared. The skeletal markers analysed were enthesophytes, osteoarthritis, spondylolysis, os acromiale, osteochondritis dissecans as well as changes in size, shape and robusticity of long bones. The aim of this study was to compare the pattern of these MOS in archaic coastal fishers (3rd-2nd millennium BC) with inland agriculturalists (1st millennium AD). One hundred and seventy-five skeletons of adult males and females curated at the Museo Arqueológico San Miguel de Azapa in Arica, Chile were analysed. It was found that early coastal populations were in general significantly more affected by these MOS when compared with later inland agriculturalists thus suggesting that the archaic way of life based on marine hunting and gathering was more physically demanding than that practised by later agricultural and farming populations. The intra-group analysis between sexes revealed that coastal males showed higher prevalence rates of these markers compared with coastal females but comparisons between agricultural males and females failed to demonstrate any significant difference in the prevalence rates for these markers. Thus suggesting a more marked sexual division of labour among the former group compared to the latter. Inter-group sex comparisons revealed that males from both groups were generally similarly affected by the MOS whereas females displayed a more varied pattern. Assuming that these markers result from physical activity and occupation, regardless of the subsistence economy practised, men from both populations performed the most physically demanding activities. Women on the other hand, would have changed their roles in society with the arrival of agriculture, thus getting progressively more involved and participating more in the demanding tasks required by the agricultural way of life. In conclusion, this study showed that the arrival of agriculture in northern Chile resulted in differences in the patterns and prevalence of activity-related pathological conditions.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral, verificar impacto dos CrÃditos de InstalaÃÃo do Programa Nacional de Reforma AgrÃria e dos PRONAF-A (Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar â grupo A) sobre a renda domiciliar dos trabalhadores rurais do Assentamento Santa Rita no municÃpio de Altos â PiauÃ. Para tanto, fez-se uma discussÃo sobre pobreza rural, agricultura familiar no Brasil e consideraÃÃes sobre linhas de crÃdito do PRONAF, discutindo-se, tambÃm, sobre os assentamentos de reforma agrÃria no Brasil. Em seguida, elaborou-se uma anÃlise geral das caracterÃsticas do Assentamento Santa Rita e fez-se uma anÃlise estatÃstica, desenvolvendo-se testes de hipÃteses, para verificar o impacto dos referidos crÃditos dos Programas em Santa Rita, considerando as variÃveis renda mÃdia domiciliar (principalmente), os anos de estudo do chefe da famÃlia para os anos de 2001 e 2005. AlÃm disso, foi feita a comparaÃÃo das mÃdias amostrais de cada variÃvel acima citada, considerando as amostras de dados de Santa Rita, PNAD e PRONAF-A para cada ano de referÃncia. A base de dados para a anÃlise foi coletada no INCRA/PI (Instituto Nacional de ColonizaÃÃo e Reforma AgrÃria do PiauÃ), CEPAC (Centro Piauiense de AÃÃo Cultural) e PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de DomicÃlios) do IBGE. Os resultados mostram que em Santa Rita os agricultores familiares que tiveram apoio de crÃditos dos Programas referenciados, ao nÃvel de 5% de significÃncia estatÃstica, sua renda mÃdia domiciliar mensal cresceu de 2001 para 2005.
The present work has as general objective, to verify the impact of the Credits of Installation of the National Program of Agrarian Reform and of the PRONAF-A (Programs National of Invigoration of the Family Agriculture - A group) on the rural workers' of the Assentamento Santa Rita income mainly in the municipal district of High - PiauÃ. For so much, it was made a discussion on rural poverty, family agriculture in Brazil and considerations on lines of credit of PRONAF, being discussed, also, on the establishments of agrarian reform in Brazil. Soon after, a general analysis of the characteristics of the Assentamento Santa Rita was elaborated and it was made a statistical analysis, growing tests of hypotheses, to verify the impact of the referred credits of the Programs in Santa Rita, considering the variables income medium mainly, the cultivated area, the years of study of the boss of the family and of the number of members of the family, for the years of 2001 and 2005. Besides, it was made the comparison of the averages amostrais of each variable above mentioned, considering the samples of data of Santa Rita, PNAD and PRONAF-HER for every year of reference. The base of data for the analysis it was collected in INCRA/PI (National Institute of Colonization and it Reforms Agrarian of PiauÃ), CEPAC (Center Piauiense of Cultural Action) of PNAD (Researches National for Sample of Homes) of IBGE. The results show that in Santa Rita families that had support of credits of the Programs referency reside, tends, at the level of 5% of statistical significancy, the income medium monthly domiciliar grew from 2001 to 2005.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2001.
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, in fulfilment of the rquirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2001. Bibliography : p. 252-276.

The majority of bananas/plantains in Uganda are produced for local consumption and small-scale domestic trade with comparatively less export for the global market. Nevertheless, Uganda produced the largest global quantity of bananas in 2008 (FAOSTAT 2008). The fruit is therefore of vital importance, however predominantly, it is the East African Highland varieties that are regarded as an essential domestic staple food. In particular, these bananas are grown by small-scale Bugandan women producers situated in the central region where this study is located. Food security and hunger alleviation programmes in Uganda attempt to foster the livelihoods of small-scale agriculturalists through an income generation agenda supported by many International Institutions such as the World Bank (WB), the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (UNFAO). These projects are implemented anticipating that endorsement of tissue culture banana plantlets, alongside their associated agricultural inputs and improved management practices, will ameliorate declining yields and augment livelihoods. The intention is to investigate the effectiveness of such banana tissue culture intervention programmes. In order to capture the farmers' interpretations and perspectives of these, adoption of participatory research methodology and techniques is considered integral to individual assessment. As the majority of respondents are farming banana within a 'backyard' or home garden system which entails a complex, mixed cropping regime, an agro-ecological stance is embraced to encapsulate the wider context of banana production. Thus the study is able to offer an insight into acute farmer knowledge of their environment, including species preference and agro-practices employed in banana cultivation. The central question of this enquiry is thus: 'do small-scale farmers in Uganda deem tissue culture banana plantlets worthwhile cultivating, and therefore consider this as valuable intervention to enhance their livelihoods?' A rejoinder required empirical research achieved over two phases exceeding a one and a half year period in Uganda. Forty-seven small-scale farmers were consulted in three differing locations sited within the 'fertile crescent' around Lake Victoria. Completion of life history timelines and photodiaries supplemented semi-structured interviews which took place on the homesteads of participants. Beneath the umbrella of a livelihood approach, the farmers expose broader aspects inhibiting positive outcomes related with involvement in banana tissue culture intervention programmes. The exploration further incorporates necessary discussion with scientists at the National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), National Agricultural Advisory (NAADS) extension agents, Non Government Organisations (NGOs) agriculture specialists and a private company, all stakeholders in some way of the banana tissue culture schemes. The analysis of the study is rooted in ecofeminist and disability studies theory, as consequently, by drawing out these connections and intricacies, proffers a rationale as to the foundation of a pervasive attitudinal bias clandestine in societies. These concepts underpin inequitable perceptions of poverty, women and people with disabilities in the present. The theoretical findings implore coalesce of authentic and inclusive investigative methods to represent 'the lived experience' of the farmer in a procedure not often applied in agricultural research.

Esse trabalho busca compreender como ocorreu a ocupação do sítio Jaguarundi, com ênfase no estudo das escolhas técnicas inseridas na confecção dos artefatos arqueológicos, da paisagem arqueológica, da dieta alimentar e do padrão de assentamento. Procura-se estudar comparativamente os dados arqueológicos, históricos e etnográficos da região de modo a elucidar sobre o processo histórico do contexto de ocupação e as dinâmicas sócio-culturais empreendidas pelas populações que ali se estabeleceram, para tanto o estudo se centrou na identificação das estruturas arqueológicas para que elas possam ser utilizadas na construção de um modelo analítico para ser empregado em futuras análises de sítios similares.
This work aimed at finding out how happened the occupation of the Jaguarundi site, with emphasis in the study of the technical choices inserted in the manufacture of the archaeological artifacts, of the archaeological landscape, of the alimentary diet ant de settlement pattern. Aiming for the comparative study of the archaeological historical e ethnological data of the region, escheating a elucidation about the historical process of the settlement context and the socio-cultural dynamics ocasionated by the established populations, for this the research centers in the identification of the archaeological structures for the construction of a analytical model for future comparative analyses in similar sites.

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This paper analyzes the role performed by the Regional Association of Agroecological Producers of the Southern Region (ARPA-SUL) and also by the South Ecological Cooperative of Familiar Agriculturists Ltd., organizations of solidarity economy of familiar agroecological agriculturists, in the promotion of the sustainability of this segment in the region of Pelotas The associated agroecological agriculturists establish an important level of dependence on these organizations, since, by allowing the activity of ecological basis production of those, they are enabled to absence themselves of living in a situation of social vulnerability as well as benefit both economically and socially. Therefore, such organizations of solidarity economy, present themselves as a means for the agroecological agriculturists of the region of Pelotas have access to the market and to the social policies promoted by the State, besides, through self management work, practice the right to citizenship
Esta dissertação analisa o papel desempenhado pela Associação Regional de Produtores Agroecologistas da Região Sul (ARPA-SUL) e também pela Cooperativa Sul Ecológica de Agricultores Familiares Ltda, organizações estas de economia solidária de agricultores familiares agroecológicos, na promoção da sustentabilidade deste segmento na região de Pelotas. Os agricultores agroecológicos associados estabelecem importante grau de dependência a estas organizações, uma vez que, ao viabilizarem a atividade de produção de base ecológica daqueles, possibilitam absterem-se de viver em situação de vulnerabilidade social bem como beneficiarem-se econômico e socialmente. Assim sendo, tais organizações de economia solidária, se apresentam como o meio de os agricultores agroecológicos da região de Pelotas ter acesso ao mercado e às políticas sociais promovidas pelo Estado, além de, mediante o trabalho autogestionário, exercerem o direito à cidadania

O presente estudo aponta que programas de inserção de hortaliças e frutas orgânicas na merenda escolar têm sido implementados em escolas municipais e estaduais brasileiras como estratégia de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e de desenvolvimento local sustentável. A avaliação da potencialidade dessa inserção na merenda escolar em Parelheiros, no município de São Paulo, está sendo realizada por um projeto de pesquisa e intervenção coordenado pela FSP-USP (2006-2008) e financiado pelo CNPq, com apoio de instituições públicas e da sociedade civil organizada. Esta dissertação se insere como parte do diagnóstico desse projeto, sob o enfoque da produção e abastecimento. Nesse contexto, as perguntas centrais deste estudo foram: Quais as potencialidades da participação dos agricultores na oferta de hortaliças e frutas orgânicas na merenda escolar da região de Parelheiros? Quais os desafios e oportunidades que os agricultores de Parelheiros teriam para se engajar no projeto de abastecimento de orgânicos nas escolas? Para se obterem as respostas, realizou-se a identificação das representações sociais de 30 agricultores, com o objetivo de detectar o que entendem por agricultura orgânica e sua opinião e interesse em participar da proposta de inserção de hortaliças e frutas orgânicas na merenda escolar, considerando-se a caracterização da prática da agricultura na região para melhor se avaliar suas potencialidades de participação no projeto proposto. A técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) possibilitou a construção de uma análise aprofundada e sinalizou oportunidades e desafios para processos de comunicação e educação envolvendo os agricultores. Os resultados indicaram uma falta de conhecimento ou um repertório restrito dos agricultores na definição de agricultura orgânica. Destacou-se entre os discursos o interesse em abastecer as escolas com a produção de hortaliças e frutas orgânicas, mediante a obtenção de apoios (cursos, assistência técnica, organização de associações, escola de formação profissionalizante, etc.) e a confirmação de que o sistema orgânico será rentável. Constatou-se também a necessidade de se demonstrar a viabilidade técnica e a sustentabilidade socioambiental do sistema de produção orgânica, através de um processo contínuo de formação que difunda os princípios da agroecologia. Concluiu-se que existem potencialidades e desafios nos dois diferentes sistemas de compra de hortaliças e frutas para as escolas públicas estaduais e municipais. Ficou evidenciado que nessa região inserida em áreas de proteção ambiental e de manancial, na qual é necessário estimular o sistema orgânico de produção, o grande volume de compra de hortaliças e frutas pelas escolas públicas pode ser uma alavanca para esse processo. Sugere-se por fim, ações que estimulem o empoderamento e o comprometimento dos agricultores da região na conversão para o sistema orgânico de produção.
The present study shows evidence that programs aiming at the insertion of organic vegetables and fruits in public school meal in some brazilian cities have been implemented, as strategy of Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Local Development. The evaluation of the potentiality of this strategy in Parelheiros, in the city of Sao Paulo, is being carried out by a research project coordinated by FSP-USP (2006-2008) and funded by CNPq. It also has the support of public institutions and the organized civil society. This dissertation is inserted as part of the diagnosis of this project, under the focus of production and sourcing. In this context, the central questions of this research were: Which are the potentialities of participation of the agriculturists in the supply of organic vegetables and fruits in the school meal of the Parelheiros region? Which are the challenges and opportunities that the agriculturists of Parelheiros would have to engage themselves in the project of organic supply in the schools? In order to obtain the answers, the identification of the social representation of 30 agriculturists has been performed, with the objective to detect the insertion of organic vegetables and fruits into the school meal, considering the characterization of the proposed project. The Discourse of the Collective Subject technique allowed the construction of an in-depth analysis and signalized the opportunities and challenges for the communication and education processes involving the agriculturists. The results showed either lack of knowledge or limited repertoire to define organic agriculture. Emerge from the discourses that there has been interest in providing schools with organic vegetables and fruits in case there is support (courses, technical support, associations, technical schools, etc.) and assertiveness of profitability. It has also evidenced the need for demonstrating technical feasibility and environmental sustainability of the organic production through means of a continuing process that transmits the principles of agriecology. The conclusion is that there are potential and challenges in the two different purchasing systems for vegetables and fruits for city and state schools. It has been evidenced that in this region with environmental and water protected areas, where it is necessary to stimulate the organic system, the great amount of vegetables and fruits bought by the schools might be leverage for this process. It is suggested, at the end, actions to stimulate the empowerment and commitment of the agriculturists of the region in the conversion to the organic production system.

Orientador: Maristela Simões do Carmo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: O principal problema levantado nesta tese é que a ocupação do espaço rural para a produção agropecuária se efetiva sem a devida preocupação com os recursos naturais disponíveis, em especial o solo, e sem o conhecimento das características sócio-econômicas dos produtores. Uma das evidências para essa constatação é que ainda não há estudos suficientes sobre as dinâmicas ambientais e sociais do uso do solo, ocorrendo uma supervalorização da dimensão econômica na exploração dos mesmos. Objetivou-se realizar um estudo do meio físico, através de suas potencialidades e limitações, em sobreposição aos indicadores sócio-econômicos, com vistas a avaliar uma proposta metodológica de planejamento rural para o desenvolvimento sustentável. A partir daí procurou-se quantificar a adequabilidade do uso do solo dos municípios de Aguaí, Mogi Guaçú e Estiva Gerbi, Estado de São Paulo, para os anos de 1981, 1990 e 1997, compondo um banco de dados espaciais multitemporais. A avaliação sócio-econômica foi feita por meio da análise da dinâmica de ocupação e uso dos recursos naturais pelos agricultores, agrupados em setores censitários do IBGE, cujas variáveis e tipologia, georeferrenciadas, compuseram o banco de dados de atributos. A metodologia foi desenvolvida a partir da elaboração do Mapa de Adequabilidade do Uso do Solo dos municípios, empregando-se os Mapas de Aptidão Agrícola e de Uso e Cobertura do Solo, segundo o Método de Avaliação de Aptidão Agrícola, utilizando-se imagens dos satélites Landsat 2 (MSS) e Landsat 5 (TM). Foram também analisadas as transformações no uso dos solos pela tabulação cruzada e índices de exatidão global e Kappa, que indicam o grau de evolução nas mudanças ocorridas no espaço analisado. A caracterização sócio-econômica e tecnológica dos setores censitários foi efetivada por meio da Análise Fatorial de Correspondências Múltiplas (ACM) e da Classificação Hierárquica Ascendente, com os dados do Censo Agropecuário 1995/96. Os resultados da análise física multitemporal permitiram delimitar o histórico agroambiental do uso dos solos, representando a evolução e expansão agropecuária, em relação ao uso e adequabilidade dos mesmos. A análise espaço-temporal do uso intensivo do solo e da adequabilidade indicou uma forte evolução no sentido do aumento da ocupação dos solos, tanto para um uso adequado, quanto para uma sobreutilização. Nos três municípios, percebe-se que, com a intensificação da modernização da agricultura, as terras subutilizadas vão diminuindo, gradativamente de 1981 a 1997, apontando seu decréscimo na direção do desmatamento e/ou substituições das pastagens, para a introdução de culturas anuais e/ou permanentes, de maior valor comercial. Por outro lado, áreas que deveriam estar como reservas para preservação permanente acabam também sendo apropriadas por cultivos mais intensivos, ocorrendo, novamente, uma sobreutilização do solo. Foram definidos quatro tipos de agricultores nos municípios: modernos e diversificados citrícolas capitalizados, criadores descapitalizados de animais e familiares com produção vegetal diversificada. Como resultado final, obteve-se um conjunto de mapas, que traduzem o conhecimento integral dos espaços rurais e a ocupação do território. A metodologia proposta mostrou-se apropriada para o subsídio ao planejamento sócio-ambiental, propiciando elementos para um diagnóstico atualizado e eficaz, no estabelecimento de políticas públicas voltadas ao desenvolvimento rural sustentado
Abstract: The main problem raised in this thesis is that the occupation of the agricultural space for the farming, effectives production without the proper concern with the available natural resources, in special the ground, and without the knowledge of the social and economical characteristics of the producers. One of the causes for this confirmation is that it does not have enough studies yet on the environmental and social dynamic of the use of the land, occurring a supervaluation of the economic dimension in the exploration of agricultural ground. It was aimed to carry through a study of its potentialities and limitations, in overlapping to the social and economical index, with sights to evaluate a methodological proposal of agricultural planning for the sustainable development. Since then, it was tried to quantify the adequateness of the use of lands of the cities of Aguaí, Mogi Guaçú and Estiva Gerbi, State of São Paulo, for the years of 1981, 1990 and 1997, composing a multisecular space data base. The social and economical evaluation was made by the analysis of the dynamics of occupation and use of the natural resources for the agriculturists, grouped in tax sectors of the IBGE, whose georeferenced variable and typology had composed the bank of attributes. The methodology had as base the elaboration of the Map of Adequateness of the Use of Lands of the cities, using the Maps of Agricultural Aptitude and the Use and Covering of the Ground, according to Method of Classification of Agricultural Aptitude, using images of the satellites Landsat 2 (MSS), Landsat (5 TM) and Landsat 7 (ETM+). Also the transformations in the use of lands for the cross tabulation and index of global exactness and Kappa had been analyzed, that indicate the degree of evolution in the occured changes in the analyzed space. The social, economical and technological characterization of the tax sectors was accomplished by means of the Factorial Analysis of Correspondence (ACM) and the Ascending Hierarchic Classification, with the data of 1995/96 Farming Census. The results of the multisecular physical analysis had allowed to delimit the agro-environmental description of the use of the land, being represented the evolution and farming expansion in relation to the use and adequateness of lands. The analysis space-weather of the intensive use of the ground and the adequateness, indicated one strong evolution in the direction of the increase of the occupation of lands, as much for an adjusted use as for an over-use. In the three cities, it was perceived gradually that, with the intensification of the modernization of agriculture, the underutilized lands diminished, from 1981 to 1997, pointing its decrease in the direction of the deforestation and/or substitutions of the pastures with respect to the introduction of annual and/or permanent cultures of higher commercial value. On the other hand, lands that would have to remain as reserves for permanent preservation also finishing being appropriate for more intense cultivation, occurring, again, an over-use of the lands. Four types of agriculturists in the cities had been defined: modern and diversified, capitalized citrus producers, undercapitalized animal breeders, diversified familial vegetal production. As final result, a set of maps was gotten, aiming at the integral knowledge of the agricultural spaces and the occupation of the territory. The methodology proposal revealed appropriate for the subsidy to the spcial and environmental planning, propitiating elements for a fast, brought up to date and efficient diagnosis, in the establishment of directed public politics to the supported agricultural development
Doutorado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This dissertation objectives to understand the changes that had occurred in the daily of agriculturists inserted in the integration system with the implantation of the agroindustrial complexes in the Catarinense s extreme west region. The purpose of this study is the phenomenon of agroindustrialization and its impacts on the agricultural producers integrated to the agroindustrial complex of aviculture and the rural producers integrated to the complex agroindustrial of pig s farmers, residents in the twelve communities of the São João do Oeste city, Santa Catarina. The central objective of the work is to understand the process of loss of the decision power on the direction of the properties of integrated agricultures. The work will detach also, the sociocultural transformations resulting from the system integration. The method selected for the work was the study of multiple cases, including contractual documentary analysis and bibliographic research. The results were grouped into six parts: an introduction is the first part, after that, to initiate the development, it is detached and characterized the settling of the region with the formation of homogeneous groups under ethnic conceptions and governed by religious certainties; the following refers to the rupture caused by the transition of the settling for the modernization of the productive process through investments and external financings; in the fourth part the the main features of the system integration are addressed, how it had been installed in the region and the loss, decurrent of the implanted system and of the power of decision of agriculturists, in the fifth part the characteristics of the São João do Oeste City are presented and the results of the field research, and, summarizing the work, a conclusive synthesis is made. As a result of the research and as highlighted in the course of the dissertation, the subject of the rupture is evidenced, in several aspects, in the life of the studied agriculturists: rupture in the property s organization, rupture in the family structure and the rupture in the relation of the agriculturists with the community.
Esta dissertação objetiva entender as mudanças ocorridas no cotidiano dos agricultores inseridos no sistema de integração com a implantação dos complexos agroindustriais na região do extremo-oeste catarinense. O objeto de estudo é o fenômeno da agroindustrialização e seus impactos sobre os produtores rurais integrados aos complexos agroindustriais da avicultura e da suinocultura, residentes nas doze comunidades do município de São João do Oeste, Santa Catarina. O objetivo central do trabalho é entender o processo de perda do poder de decisão sobre os rumos das propriedades dos agricultores integrados. O trabalho irá focar, também, as transformações socioculturais resultantes do sistema de integração. O método selecionado para o trabalho foi o estudo de casos múltiplos, incluindo análise documental contratual e pesquisa bibliográfica. Os resultados foram agrupados em seis partes: uma introdução constitui a primeira parte; em seguida, para iniciar o desenvolvimento, é destacada e caracterizada a colonização da região com a formação de núcleos homogêneos sob concepções étnicas e regidos por convicções religiosas; a parte seguinte trata da ruptura acarretada pela transição da colonização para a modernização do processo produtivo através de investimentos e de financiamentos externos; na quarta parte são abordadas as principais características do sistema de integração, a forma como ele se instalou na região e a perda, decorrente do sistema implantado, do poder de decisão dos agricultores; na quinta parte são apresentadas as características do município de São João do Oeste e os resultados da pesquisa de campo; e, sumarizando o trabalho, faz-se uma síntese conclusiva. Como corolário da pesquisa realizada e como destaque no decorrer da dissertação, evidencia-se o tema da ruptura, em vários aspectos, na vida dos agricultores estudados: ruptura na organização da propriedade, ruptura na estrutura familiar e ruptura na relação dos agricultores com a comunidade.

A presente tese propõe uma discussão sobre a agricultura orgânica e suas relações com o mercado. As relações com o mercado, que são estabelecidas pelas organizações de agricultores, atualmente ocupam uma posição central nas discussões do denominado “movimento orgânico” no Brasil, constituindo-se em objeto de análise da própria definição de agricultura orgânica. As principais modificações, na conversão do sistema convencional para o orgânico, se apresentam nas relações técnico-produtivas, e, conseqüentemente, no sentido que é atribuído às atividades práticas da agricultura orgânica, modificando a realidade destes produtores rurais. A realidade dos agricultores é aqui entendida como aquela que é (re)construída no contexto organizacional. A agricultura orgânica pressupõe a possibilidade de os agricultores buscarem, através da sua atividade profissional, a (re)construção de sua identidade socioprofissional. Entretanto, neste contexto, também se destaca a construção de novas relações sociais, que influenciam, entre outros aspectos, a profissionalização dos agricultores. A tese aqui apresentada busca o entendimento das principais influências das relações de mercado sobre o processo de (re)construção desta identidade. Para identificar tais influências, foram analisadas as percepções e significados atribuídos pelos agricultores às diferentes estratégias de comercialização adotadas, bem como estudar as representações que estes fazem sobre as suas atividades, e que são formadoras de sua identidade socioprofissional. A análise foi feita utilizando os discursos dos agricultores sobre a sua atividade profissional, sobre os canais de comercialização utilizados e sobre as relações institucionais estabelecidas. É de tal processo relacional que se depreende a definição de identidade socioprofissional adotada na presente tese. Partiu-se da hipótese de que as relações com mercado, nas organizações de produção orgânica, assumem um papel central na (re)construção da identidade socioprofissional dos agricultores. Para a realização da análise, foram selecionadas cinco organizações de agricultores envolvidas com a produção orgânica, nos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná, buscando contemplar, nessa seleção, dois tipos principais de relações com o mercado: as feiras e os supermercados. Para o levantamento das informações, fundamentalmente primárias, junto a estas organizações, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, com o auxílio de roteiros semi-estruturados, com agricultores e outros informantes. Para o entendimento das identidades socioprofissionais, no contexto organizacional, foi feita uma análise dos aspectos cognitivos referentes ao processo de institucionalização e de construção da realidade, apoiando-se, para isto, na Teoria Institucional e em algumas noções sobre o processo de construção identitária. Também contribuíram, para a análise, os diferentes enfoques e abordagens em torno da discussão sobre as definições de agricultura orgânica. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram demonstrar as influências das relações com o mercado sobre a formação da identidade socioprofissional dos agricultores que atuam na agricultura orgânica, confirmando a hipótese da pesquisa. Entretanto, o mercado influencia a profissionalização dos agricultores de forma diferenciada, a partir de referências que são construídas nas relações diretas com os consumidores (feiras) e na legitimidade no mercado (supermercados).
The present thesis proposes a discussion upon organic agriculture, and upon its relationships with market. The market relations, which are established by agriculturist organizations, presently plays a central role in the discussions upon the “organic movement” in Brazil, constituting the analysis object of the organic agriculture definition itself. The main modifications, involved in the conversion from the traditional agricultural system to the organic one, are present on technical-productive relations, and consequently, in the meaning that is attributed to practical activities on organic agriculture, modifying the reality of these agriculturists. The reality, for these agriculturists, is here comprehended as the one that is (re)constructed in the organizational context. Organic agriculture presuppose the possibility that the agriculturists fetch, by means of their professional activity, the (re)construction of their socio-professional identity. Notwithstanding, in this context, it is also important the construction of new social relationships, which influence, among other aspects, the process of professional qualification of agriculturists. The thesis, here presented, searches out for a better comprehension of the main influences of the market relations on this identity (re)construction process. Aiming to identify these influences, were analyzed the percepts and significations attributed by these agriculturists to the different trading strategies adopted, as well as were studied the mental representations that they do about their activities, which are the formers for their socio-professional identity. The effected analysis used the speeches of these agriculturists concerning their professional activity and concerning the institutional relationships established. It is from such process that is inferred the socio-professional identity definition adopted in the present thesis. It was assumed, as an initial hypothesis, that the market relations, in the scope of organic production organizations, play a central role in the process of the agriculturist socio-professional identity (re)construction. In order to make this analysis, were selected five agriculturist organizations, which were involved with organic production, in the following southerner States of Brasil: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná, aiming to detect, by means of this selection, two main kinds of market relations: free markets and supermarkets. For collecting the information, chiefly primary data, from these organizations, were done depth interviews, using semi-structured questionnaires, with agriculturists and significant others. And, in order to attain a better comprehension upon socio-professional identities, in the organizational context, it was done an analysis of the cognitive aspects referable to the institutionalization and to the reality construction processes, therefore, supporting this view on the Institutional Theory and on some notions on the identity construction process. Also contributed, for this analysis, the different views and approaches concerning the discussion made upon organic agriculture. The results of the present research allowed the author to demonstrate the influences of the market relations on the socioprofessional identity formation process for the agriculturists that act on organic agriculture, validating the initial research hypothesis. Nevertheless, the market influences the professional qualification of agriculturists in a varied manner, from the different references that are constructed in the direct relationships with consumers (on free markets) and in the market legitimacy (on supermarkets).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work approaches the subject of the new functions of the Brazilian agricultural space; being more specific it is about non-agriculturists rural activities practiced in some rural establishments. The focus of this study was the financings granted for the RS rural program used for the development of non-agriculturists rural activities in the central region of the RS. In a first moment, it was made a preliminary analysis in the selected data - secondary source - supplied by the service of computer science of RS rural program, in a period from January, 1999 to March, 2004. In this sense, it was identified the types of financial activities, the cities benefited for the program in the central region, the beneficiary public as well as the values financed for the program. The results of this inquiry demonstrate that, from the sum of resources financed for income generation, 63% had been destined to non-agriculturists rural activities and only 37% of the resources were destined exclusively for the farming production. 76% of the beneficiary public for the RS agricultural program are in the family farming category, and concerned with the financings for the non-financed griculturists activities, we have 87% as representation of the family farming. Related to the modalities of non-financed agriculturists activities, 52% of beneficiary public had accessed financings for the implementation of agro- industries, 19% for artesanate s practice, 19% for commercial promotion and 10% for other activities considered for the program as micro industrials. The inquiry continued in the qualitative direction of getting information related to the social situation, motivations and aspirations of the people benefited for the program. For this, it was made 19 interviews. These interviews were made by means of questionnaires. The choice of the interviewed ones was based on a directed sample, having as criterion the familiar agriculturist category, the representation of the financed activities and the financed sum. Thus, ten families of farmers with activities related to the agro-industry, three families of farmers who works with an artesanate s practice, more three families with financings for the micro-industrial production and three interviewed families that were tied with the commercial promotion. The analysis of these interviews demonstrate that the search for non-agriculturists alternatives mainly occur due to: the interest in generating and/or complementing the income, facing up some conditions, as the small available area for agriculture; and also for the interest in taking to advantage and occupying the available time and even as an attempt to "escape" from difficulties concerned with some agricultural works.
Este trabalho aborda o tema das novas funções do espaço rural brasileiro, tratando-se mais especificamente das atividades rurais não agrícolas praticadas nos estabelecimentos rurais. O foco do estudo foi os financiamentos concedidos pelo Programa RS Rural para desenvolvimento de atividades rurais não agrícolas na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Em um primeiro momento foi realizada uma análise preliminar nos dados fonte secundária - fornecidos pelo serviço de informática do Programa RS Rural para o período de Janeiro de 1999 a Março de 2004. Identificou-se assim os tipos de atividades financiadas, os municípios beneficiados, o público beneficiário bem como os valores financiados pelo programa. Os resultados da investigação demonstram que do montante de recursos financiados para geração de renda 63%, foram destinados à atividades rurais não agrícolas e apenas 37% dos recursos foram destinados exclusivamente à produção agropecuária. Do público beneficiário do programa RS Rural, 76 % encontra-se dentro da categoria agricultor familiar, e relacionado especificamente aos financiamentos para atividades rurais não agrícolas, temos uma representatividade da agricultura familiar de 87%. Com relação às modalidades de atividades não agrícolas financiadas, 52% do público beneficiário acessou financiamentos para a viabilização de agroindústrias, 19% para artesanato, 19% para a promoção comercial e 10% para atividades consideradas pelo programa como microindustriais. A investigação prosseguiu no sentido qualitativo de se obter informações relacionadas à situação social, motivações e aspirações das pessoas beneficiadas pelo Programa. Para tanto, foram realizadas 19 entrevistas. A escolha dos entrevistados baseou-se em uma amostra dirigida, tendo como critério a categoria agricultor familiar, a representatividade das atividades financiadas e o montante financiado. Assim, foram entrevistadas dez famílias de agricultores com atividades vinculadas à agroindústria, três famílias de agricultores ligados ao artesanato, mais três famílias com financiamentos para produção microindustrial e três famílias entrevistadas vinculadas à promoção comercial. Os dados das entrevistas demonstram que a busca por alternativas não agrícolas se dá principalmente pelo interesse em gerar e/ou complementar a renda, frente a alguns condicionantes do estabelecimento, como a pequena área disponível para a agricultura. Entretanto, também pelo interesse em aproveitar e ocupar o tempo disponível e mesmo como uma tentativa de fuga da penosidade advinda de alguns trabalhos agrícolas.

碩士
國立臺南大學
科技管理研究所碩士班
100
The sugar industry has had a long history in Taiwan. No matter the companies were private or state-owned, most of the raw material for sugar production, sugar cane, came from sugar cane agriculturists. Therefore, there is a special relationship between sugar refineries and agriculturists. This research studied Taiwan’s sugar industry development from 1895, during the period of Japan rule to 2010, within these 115 years the sugar industry made great contributions to Taiwan’s society and the documents related to the industry was recorded completely. According to the relationship between the sugar company and agriculturists, this research divided the development of Taiwan’s sugar industry into four phrases: the Japanese colonial period from 1895 to 1945, harmonious creative period from 1946 to 1957, stable development period from 1958 to 1980 and sugar cane agriculturists appeasement period from 1981 to 2010. This study applied the six factors of transaction cost theory to analyze the beginning of the relationship between sugar refineries and agriculturists, utilized the three resource dependency level-impacting factors of resource dependency theory to explore the process of the relationship and find the change of the relationship between sugar refineries and agriculturists in their opposite views. The results showed that when the level of resource dependence and transaction cost were high, the relationship between sugar refineries and agriculturists is very positive. However, when the level of transaction cost and the resource dependence were both low, the relationship between sugar refineries and agriculturists became an indifferent one.

This study describes how farmers manage climate variability in dryland crop production, and aims to contribute to the theory and practice of decision support for managing climate variability. The intent was to study farmer decision making to see how DSS could be used to deliver information and procedures on climate risk to farmers more effectively. The study investigated whether there are significant differences between farmers' subjective distributions of seasonal rainfall and its derivatives (such as crop yield and fallow recharge) and a probability distribution derived from long-term records and simulation models, and whether these differences in risk assessment lead to changes in the optimum decision. Subjective probability distributions of rainfall and its derivatives were collected from farmers and advisers and it was found the overall match between these and long term records and simulation models was close. This study found little evidence to support the role of DSS for routine decision making, but this does not lessen the value of distributions derived from simulation models. Rather, it provides an opportunity for both farmers and scientists to learn.

This study investigated the information needs of agricultural researchers and extension agents in addressing farmers' production-related constraints and information needs in The Gambia. The overall objective of the study was to identify the types of farmers' production-related problems faced by the above agents of change, which were translated into information needs, types of information providers and delivery systems used, and to assess their effectiveness. Coupled with this was the need to gauge the status of the T & V (Training & Visit) model of extension in the country as well as the linkage between research and extension. The sample comprised 32 researchers from NARI who were all included because of their small number and 68 extension agents selected through stratified random sampling from the Departments of Agricultural Services, Livestock Services, Fisheries and Forestry. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among the respondents located in the five divisions across the country. The findings indicated that out of a total of 54 respondents, 63% represented the extension agents while 37% were researchers. Of the same figure, 92.6% were male while 7.4% were female. The researchers' ages ranged from 31 to 56 years old, while the extension agents were between 25 to 55 years old. With regard to educational qualifications, most of the highly qualified staff were within the research services while extension had the least. It was also revealed that 59.3% of the respondents have more than 15 years of work experience. In respect to language proficiency, it was observed that 98.1% could speak more than one local language, that is to say, ranging from two to four languages. The findings also established 44 cases of information needs, which Gambian researchers and extension personnel experienced with only 11 information providers used to satisfy those needs. Of these information providers, professional forums (96.3%) and personal sources (81.5%) featured prominently as the most frequently used and effective sources. Personal contact (81.5%) was the most common delivery system employed to disseminate information and technical advice to farmers. As regards the respondents' perceptions about the T & V (Training & Visit) model of extension in the country and the linkage status between research and extension, 68.5% believed that T & V is non-existent while 79.6% attested to the current weakness of the research-extension linkages in the country. Finally, it was recommended that an agricultural library be established in each division to cater for the information needs of all the stakeholders. Also, the unit for the Research-Extension Liaison Officer (RELO) should be reinstated to further strengthen the linkage, coordination and interactive communication between research and extension services.
Thesis (M.I.S.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.