Bibliografie tematiche / Agricultural chemicals

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Agricultural chemicals"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 3 marzo 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Agricultural chemicals"

1

Taylor, C. Robert, John B. Penson, Edward G. Smith e Ronald D. Knutson. "Economic Impacts of Chemical Use Reduction on the South". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 23, n. 1 (luglio 1991): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017763.

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A growing segment of society is concerned about a myriad of health and environmental issues related to the use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. Despite the leveling-off of agricultural chemical use in the 1980s, chemical use in agriculture has come to be seen as a two-edged sword. On the positive side, agricultural chemicals have become the engine for world-wide productivity gains. These chemicals have contributed to increased yields per acre and have reduced waste in storage and distribution. On the negative side, agricultural chemicals are perceived by many to present risks to the safety of the food we eat, to the quality of our drinking water, to the wildlife population, to applicators and to people who inadvertently come into point contact with them.
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Boxall, Alistair, Anthony Hardy, Sabine Beulke, Tatiana Boucard, Laura Burgin, Peter Falloon, Philip Haygarth et al. "Impacts of climate change on indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals from agriculture". Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 15, n. 3 (maggio 2010): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232010000300017.

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Climate change is likely to affect the nature of pathogens/ chemicals in the environment and their fate and transport. We assess the implications of climate change for changes in human exposures to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems in the UK and discuss the effects on health impacts, using expert input and literature on climate change; health effects from exposure to pathogens/chemicals arising from agriculture; inputs of chemicals/pathogens to agricultural systems; and human exposure pathways for pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems. We established the evidence base for health effects of chemicals/pathogens in the agricultural environment; determined the potential implications of climate change on chemical/pathogen inputs in agricultural systems; and explored the effects of climate change on environmental transport and fate of various contaminants. We merged data to assess the implications of climate change in terms of indirect human exposure to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems, and defined recommendations on future research and policy changes to manage adverse increases in risks.
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Wang, Z., S. Zheng, H. H. Wang e S. Liang. "Determinants of agricultural chemical price in China’s export-oriented vegetable production area". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 56, No. 1 (29 gennaio 2010): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1/2009-agricecon.

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Agricultural chemicals may have an adverse impact on environment and food safety. The demand prices of such chemicals reveal farmers’ willingness to pay and their preferences. This article examines the determinants of the agricultural chemicals price in the export-oriented vegetable production area, Anqiu, Shandong Province, applying the Hedonic Price Model based on the spatial econometric technique to analyze the price. We find that the agricultural chemicals with a different shape and function have different equilibrium prices, and the chemical attributes of permeability, rainfastness, being a substitute of the highly poisonous chemical, having a zero residue, and the internal absorption can all influence the equilibrium prices remarkably. We also find that the prices of biological and non-pollution agricultural chemicals might not be higher than the ordinary agricultural chemicals with the same characteristics. These findings do not show a good sign to the new agricultural chemicals promotion and environmental protection, and should be brought to the government’s attention.
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Plumlee, Konnie H. "Toxicosis from agricultural chemicals". Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 1, n. 2 (giugno 2002): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ctep.2002.34238.

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Bender, Jim. "Agricultural addiction". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, n. 4 (dicembre 1990): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003623.

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AbstractImpediments to agricultural change extend beyond lack of appropriate research and the federal farm program to addiction to use of agricultural chemicals. Several recent trends in American agriculture have been caused by or have resulted in dependence on agricultural chemicals. They include the continuing separation of livestock from farms, farm size, separation of ownership and farming of the land, discontinuity of learned procedures, part-time farming, and certain aspects of noxious perennial weeds. This implies that prospects for agricultural change are related to the trends with which they are associated.
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Saparbayev, Abdizhapar, Aiymzhan Makulova, Assel Kaziyeva, Zaure Klyshbayeva e Elmira Saparbayeva. "Optimization models for the use of agricultural aviation when performing chemical works". SHS Web of Conferences 107 (2021): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110706001.

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The article discusses the optimization models for the use of agricultural aviation when performing chemical works. The question of determining the need of vehicles for the maintenance of agricultural work is of great national economic importance. Aviachemical method is firmly established in the technology of cultivation of grain crops. First of all, this is due to the fact that, compared to ground-based methods, the aero-chemical method of chemization of agriculture has a number of technical and economic advantages, including a higher quality and uniformity of chemicals, eliminates mechanical damage to crops, and less dependence on the physical and geographical conditions of the area, allows to obtain significant savings of chemicals and fuel, reduces the time of work.
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Antle, John M., e Susan M. Capalbo. "Physical and Economic Model Integration for Measurement of the Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Chemical Use". Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 20, n. 1 (aprile 1991): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00002889.

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Chemical use in agriculture has, over the last fifty years, been the good, the bad, and the uncertain. By all accounts, agricultural productivity increased significantly in the last half century due in part to the introduction and expanded use of agricultural chemicals. More recently, however, some agricultural practices, including increased chemical use, are viewed as having a major impact on the larger ecosystem and as being an important source of environmental nonpoint pollution. Recent groundwater-monitoring programs in the United States sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have revealed contamination of underground water supplies by pesticides, nitrates, and other industrial organic chemicals. It has also been questioned whether the high rates of productivity growth that have characterized modern agriculture can be sustained with technologies that disrupt the ecosystem. While there is no doubt that production agriculture does affect the ecosystem, it is not obvious that these effects are necessarily widespread and deleterious to the environment or to long-run productivity, or, if they are, how they should be valued and traded-off with other social objectives.
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G., R. V., e W. T. Thomson. "Agricultural Chemicals, Book IV. Fungicides". Mycologia 84, n. 2 (marzo 1992): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760273.

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Miyahara, Sumihiko. "Application Techniques of Agricultural Chemicals". Journal of Pesticide Science 28, n. 3 (2003): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.28.386.

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Saito, Takeshi. "Application Techniques of Agricultural Chemicals". Journal of Pesticide Science 28, n. 3 (2003): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.28.392.

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Tesi sul tema "Agricultural chemicals"

1

Jung, Mun-Yhung. "Effects of carotenoids and tocopherols on the chlorophyll sensitized photooxidation of soybean oil". The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1382551295.

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Lough, Kerry Frances. "The Short and Long-term Effects of Herbicide Application in Maine Clearcuts on Ant Communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LoughKF2003.pdf.

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Tattersall, Anna Susanna Magdalena. "Oorsake van aangemelde landbouchemikalievergiftigings in die Boland : 1996-2000". Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2265.

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Thesis (MTech (Nursing))--Cape Technikon, 2003.
The developed countries of the world utilise 80% of the agricultural chemicals that are used in the agricultural sector. A total of 99% of all agricultural chemical poisoning occurs in developing countries. South Africa is classified as a developing country. During the five-year period from 1996 - 2000, 36.2% (50 cases) of the average number of cases of agricultural chemical poisoning that were reported in South Africa were in the Western Cape. Three out of four (75%) deaths as a result of agricultural chemicals during the same period were in the Western Cape. The agricultural activities that are undertaken in the Western Cape are labour intensive and various agricultural chemicals are applied continuously to meet the quality requirements of the export market. The purposes of this study were: i) to determine which factors contributed to the reported cases of agricultural chemical poisoning in the Winelands, Overberg and Breede River District Councils during the five-year period from 1January 1996 until31 December 2000, ii) to determine what procedure was followed to report these cases of poisoning, iii) to determine whether a biological monitoring programme was in place at the time of the reported poisonings, and iv) to group and to analyse the recommendations that were made during the investigation. The research methodology included a literature study to establish a theoretical framework. A descriptive retrospective quantitative research design was applied.
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Wallhead, Matthew W. "Foliar Fungicide Effects on Gray Leaf Spot and Yield of Hybrid Corn as Influenced by Application Timing, Hybrid Characteristics and Production Practices". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1324573828.

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Zhang, Lu. "Development of Non-isocyanate Polyurethanes from Biobased Furanic Chemicals". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574777307668391.

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Ueoka, Mayumi. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture : a comparison of the behaviour of the fungicides dithianon and vinclozolin /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVP/09aevpu22.pdf.

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Van, der Linde Cornelia Maria. "An inventory of agricultural chemicals used by small-scale farmers in Soshanguve implications for environmental management /". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10052005-133629/.

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Coupe, Richard H. "Fate and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Yazoo River Basin". Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04032007-082338.

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Stonehouse, John M. "The use of agricultural chemicals on beans by small holder Colombian farmers". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46565.

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Johnson, Terrence Guilford. "A model of nitrate leaching from agricultural systems in the northern neck of Virginia /". This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05222007-091359/.

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Libri sul tema "Agricultural chemicals"

1

Daiyamondosha, a cura di. Agricultural chemicals. Tokyo, Japan: Diamond, 1989.

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2

Welch, Mary F., Margaret K. Strekal, Carol G. Bowman e Dawn J. Trebec. Agricultural chemicals. Cleveland: Freedonia Group, 2000.

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Crull, Anna W. Specialty agricultural chemicals. Norwalk, Conn., U.S.A: Business Communications Co., 1987.

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Agricultural chemical products. Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Publications, 1988.

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Hester, R. E., e R. M. Harrison, a cura di. Agricultural Chemicals and the Environment. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847550088.

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Hester, R. E., e R. M. Harrison, a cura di. Agricultural Chemicals and the Environment. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782626916.

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Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain) e Knovel (Firm), a cura di. Agricultural chemicals and the environment. Cambridge, U.K: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1996.

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E, Hester R., Harrison Roy M. 1948- e Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). Information Services., a cura di. Agricultural chemicals and the environment. Cambridge, U.K: Royal Society of Chemistry, Information Services, 1996.

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9

Cherni͡akov, B. A. SShA--selʹskoe khozi͡aĭstvo, khimizat͡sii͡a, ėkologii͡a. Moskva: "Nauka", 1991.

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Christopher, Shirley, a cura di. What really happens when you cut chemicals? Emmaus, PA: Rodale Institute, 1993.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Agricultural chemicals"

1

Eastwood, Martin. "Agricultural chemicals". In Principles of Human Nutrition, 281–307. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3025-5_9.

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Hangay, George, Severiano F. Gayubo, Marjorie A. Hoy, Marta Goula, Allen Sanborn, Wendell L. Morrill, Gerd GÄde et al. "Agricultural Chemicals". In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_115.

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Gordon, Elliot. "Agricultural Chemicals". In Regulatory Toxicology, 197–217. Third edition. | Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429464737-9.

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Johnson, P. A. "Agricultural and pharmaceutical chemicals". In Clean Technology and the Environment, 199–235. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1312-0_7.

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Dressler, Hans. "Agricultural Chemicals, Including Veterinary Products". In Resorcinol, 135–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0999-2_7.

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Smith, Patrick B. "Revitalizing Chemurgy: Chemicals from Agricultural Resources". In ACS Symposium Series, 95–109. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2011-1063.ch006.

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Jury, William A. "Movement of Agricultural Chemicals in Soils". In International Crop Science I, 91–96. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/1993.internationalcropscience.c15.

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Koyama, K., M. Yamashita e M. Takeda. "Poisoning by Agricultural Chemicals — Organophosphates and Paraquat". In Update 1990, 494–501. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84125-5_52.

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Swanson, Timothy M., e Richard Lloyd. "The Regulation of Chemicals in Agricultural Production". In Environmental Toxicology, Economics and Institutions, 15–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0968-0_2.

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Eckardt, Friederike, e R. C. von Borstel. "Mutagen Testing of Agricultural Chemicals with Yeast". In Basic and Applied Mutagenesis, 221–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4976-1_15.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Agricultural chemicals"

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Şahinkoç, Ender Mehmet, e Kadir Öncel. "Principles of Ecological Agriculture and Ecological Agriculture Data in Turkey". In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c14.02663.

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Despite the increase in the human population, the unmet nutritional needs required rapid advances in agriculture. The use of excessive and unconscious chemicals to increase agricultural output has become harmful to natural life. In response to the destruction of natural life by industrial agricultural practices, ecological farming practices have emerged and gained value in recent years. These activities, which are briefly named as ecological agriculture, are "a method of agricultural production without the use of harmful chemicals, without the destruction of the natural area in the production process". In this study, the official ministry data was used while the ecological agriculture examination was carried out for Turkey over the years. By analyzing these data, a study was conducted on the data of ecological agricultural areas in Turkey, the number of farmers engaged in ecological agriculture and the number of products obtained from this production process. Lastly, SWOT analysis was made based on ecological agriculture and conventional agriculture research. In the conclusion part of this study, attention was drawn to the necessity of ecological agriculture for humanity to lead a healthy and sustainable future. The first and most important step in realizing this is to inform those working in the agricultural field about ecological agriculture. Agricultural production should be supported with solutions that will facilitate the farmer's hand, such as leasing by state institutions. Irrigation facilities and clean air conditions required for ecological agriculture can be provided by the states.
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BĂNEȘ, Adrian, Păun Ion OTIMAN, Tiberiu IANCU e Manuela Dora ORBOI. "GROWTH SCENARIOS OF ORGANIC AREA IN ROMANIA UNTIL 2025". In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.091.

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Organic farming uses management practices that would avoid the use of chemical inputs and minimizes damage to the environment and wildlife. Thus we are brought significant restrictions on synthetic chemicals used in obtaining food products. The method involves different practices aimed at protecting the environment, maintaining and enhancing soil fertility, obtaining unpolluted and high quality agricultural products, and at last, promoting sustainable agricultural development. Romania has a great opportunity for organic farming as a result of natural conditions. However, Romania is located behind other EU or world countries. The present study shows the empirically based growth rate, of organic agriculture needed by Romania to reach in year 2025 the level of other countries. For comparison and calculations were considered France (one of the major players in the market of organic products) and Lithuania (that also has a well-developed organic agriculture). The results show that the current growth is not enough to overcome the first half of the top EU countries and requires an acceleration of this process of transformation into organic.
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Tsittser, O., e O. Speranskaya. "AGROECOSYSTEM - THE BASIS OF AGRICULTURE OF THE FUTURE OR COEVOLUTION OF HUMAN ECONOMIC AND SOIL ECOSYSTEM IN THE COORDINATES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTNAME OF THE ARTICLE". In Man and Nature: Priorities of Modern Research in the Area of Interaction of Nature and Society. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2596.s-n_history_2021_44/134-141.

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Sustainable development as applied to agriculture is, first of all, ecologically balanced land use, historical examples of which in many countries testify: the preservation and enhancement of soil fertility combined with the maintenance of biodiversity in the environment, a reasonable balance in production that does not lead to depletion of the soil cover and its pollution with chemicals, prevention in the fight against pests and diseases of cultivated plants - always give positive and prolonged results. The time has come to move away from industrial directions in agriculture and widely introduce environmentally friendly alternatives in agriculture and agricultural production in general.
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Solovieva, A., e Yuliya Gorbunova. "NITRATE CONTENT IN POTATO GROWING ON DIFFERENT CHERNOZEM SUBTYPES OF VORONEZH REGION". In Reproduction, monitoring and protection of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic landscapes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/rmpnnaal2021_103-108.

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Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of the Central Black Earth Region. The Voronezh region is distinguished by a particularly high index of agricultural production, which is facilitated by several factors at once - favorable climatic conditions inherent in the temperate climatic zone and the widespread distribution of various types of chernozems throughout its territory. As a result of the activation of human economic and production activities, the scale of the use of chemicals in the agricultural and food industries is growing, and illiterate farming disrupts the process of nutrition and maturation of plants. All this inevitably leads to widespread land degradation and a qualitative deterioration in manufactured products. In modern conditions, personal subsidiary plots act not only as a reserve of the agricultural industry, but also as a source capable of producing environmentally friendly products by organic farming.
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Reynolds, S., L. Burnmeister, K. Kelly, C. Taylor, A. Stromquist e J. Merchant. "30. Agricultural Chemicals and Protective Equipment Use Among Keokuk County (IOWA) Farmers". In AIHce 1999. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763160.

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Inanc, Feyzi. "Feasibility of using x-rays for quantification of agricultural products and chemicals". In The 27th annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1373806.

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Viola, Matunhu. "147 Handling and disposal of agricultural chemicals on a2 farms in chirumhanzu district". In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.155.

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Golovatyi, S. E., P. R. Khilimonchyk, S. V. Savchenko, A. N. Kuzmich e V. D. Duzinchuk. "APPROACHES TO ECOLOGICAL RATING OF HEAVY METALS IN AGRICULTURAL LANDS". In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-162-166.

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Abstract (sommario):
Currently, various criteria and indicators are used to assess the heavy metal pollution of agricultural lands. The background concentration of heavy metals in soil, the hygienic standards established for them and the differentiated standards, which are based on the threshold limit values of such elements in various soils, can be used as criteria for assessing the ecological state of agricultural lands. The threshold limit values are developed taking into account the background concentration of the element, its hygienic standard, soil buffering capacity and the land-use purpose. The use of differentiated standards allows proper quality control of agricultural lands in terms of environmentally hazardous chemicals and choosing the option for safe use of contaminated agricultural land.
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Naito, Yoshinobu, Hidekazu Ikezaki e Kiyoshi Toko. "Detection of Agricultural Chemicals of Leaf Vegetables Using a Positively Charged Lipid Membrane Sensor". In 2007 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2007.4388371.

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Shahemabadi, Ali Rafiei, e Majid Javid Moayed. "An algorithm for pulsed activation of solenoid valves for variable rate application of agricultural chemicals". In 2008 International Symposium on Information Technology. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsim.2008.4631863.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Agricultural chemicals"

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Miles, Gaines E., Yael Edan, F. Tom Turpin, Avshalom Grinstein, Thomas N. Jordan, Amots Hetzroni, Stephen C. Weller, Marvin M. Schreiber e Okan K. Ersoy. Expert Sensor for Site Specification Application of Agricultural Chemicals. United States Department of Agriculture, agosto 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570567.bard.

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In this work multispectral reflectance images are used in conjunction with a neural network classifier for the purpose of detecting and classifying weeds under real field conditions. Multispectral reflectance images which contained different combinations of weeds and crops were taken under actual field conditions. This multispectral reflectance information was used to develop algorithms that could segment the plants from the background as well as classify them into weeds or crops. In order to segment the plants from the background the multispectrial reflectance of plants and background were studied and a relationship was derived. It was found that using a ratio of two wavelenght reflectance images (750nm and 670nm) it was possible to segment the plants from the background. Once ths was accomplished it was then possible to classify the segmented images into weed or crop by use of the neural network. The neural network developed for this work is a modification of the standard learning vector quantization algorithm. This neural network was modified by replacing the time-varying adaptation gain with a constant adaptation gain and a binary reinforcement function. This improved accuracy and training time as well as introducing several new properties such as hill climbing and momentum addition. The network was trained and tested with different wavelength combinations in order to find the best results. Finally, the results of the classifier were evaluated using a pixel based method and a block based method. In the pixel based method every single pixel is evaluated to test whether it was classified correctly or not and the best weed classification results were 81% and its associated crop classification accuracy is 57%. In the block based classification method, the image was divided into blocks and each block was evaluated to determine whether they contained weeds or not. Different block sizes and thesholds were tested. The best results for this method were 97% for a block size of 8 inches and a pixel threshold of 60. A simulation model was developed to 1) quantify the effectiveness of a site-specific sprayer, 2) evaluate influence of diffeent design parameters on efficiency of the site-specific sprayer. In each iteration of this model, infected areas (weed patches) in the field were randomly generated and the amount of required herbicides for spraying these areas were calculated. The effectiveness of the sprayer was estimated for different stain sizes, nozzle types (conic and flat), nozzle sizes and stain detection levels of the identification system. Simulation results indicated that the flat nozzle is much more effective as compared to the conic nozzle and its relative efficiency is greater for small nozzle sizes. By using a site-specific sprayer, the average ratio between the spraying areas and the stain areas is about 1.1 to 1.8 which can save up to 92% of herbicides, especially when the proportion of the stain areas is small.
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Suominen, Pirkko, David Glassner e Robert Kean. Development of Biocatalyst for the Fermentation of Agricultural Feedstocks to Chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/859231.

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3

Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert e Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.

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Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
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Lehotay, Steven J., e Aviv Amirav. Ultra-Fast Methods and Instrumentation for the Analysis of Hazardous Chemicals in the Food Supply. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699852.bard.

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Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop ultra-fast methods and instrumentation for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to veterinary drugs and other contaminants, and conduct fast and ultra-fast analyses using novel 5MB-MS instrumentation, ideally with real samples. Background to the topic: The international trade of agricultural food products is a $1.2 trill ion annual market and growing. Food safety is essential to human health, and chemical residue limits are legislated nationally and internationally. Analytical testing for residues is needed to conduct risk assessments and regulatory enforcement actions to ensure food safety and environmental health, among other important needs. Current monitoring methods are better than ever, but they are still too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive to meet the broad food testing needs of consumers, government, and industry. As a result, costs are high and only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. We need affordable, ultra-fast methods that attain high quality results for a wide range of chemicals. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: This is the third BARD grant shared between Prof. Amirav and Dr. Lehotay since 2000, and continual analytical improvements have been made in terms of speed, sample throughput, chemical scope, ease-of-use, and quality of results with respect to qualitative (screening and identification) and quantitative factors. The QuEChERS sample preparation approach, which was developed in conjunction with the BARD grant in 2002, has grown to currently become the most common pesticide residue method in the world. BARD funding has been instrumental to help Dr. Lehotay make refinements and expand QuEChERS concepts to additional applications, which has led to the commercialization of QuEChERS products by more than 20 companies worldwide. During the past 3 years, QuEChERS has been applied to multiclass, multiresidue analysis of veterinary drug residues in food animals, and it has been validated and implemented by USDA-FSIS. QuEChERS was also modified and validated for faster, easier, and better analysis of traditional and emerging environmental contaminants in food. Meanwhile, Prof. Amirav has commercialized the GC-MS with 5MB technology and other independent inventions, including the ChromatoProbe with Agilent, Bruker, and FUR Systems. A new method was developed for obtaining truly universal pesticide analysis, based on the use of GC-MS with 5MB. This method and instrument enables faster analysis with lower LaDs for extended range of pesticides and hazardous compounds. A new approach and device of Open Probe Fast GC-MS with 5MB was also developed that enable real time screening of limited number of target pesticides. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LaD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope. and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade. and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.
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Amirav, Aviv, e Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.

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The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.
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Lehotay, Steven J., e Aviv Amirav. Fast, practical, and effective approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. United States Department of Agriculture, aprile 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695587.bard.

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Background to the topic: For food safety and security reasons, hundreds of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and environmental pollutants should be monitored in the food supply, but current methods are too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. As a result, only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop fast, practical, and effective new approaches for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to more pesticides, veterinary drugs and pollutants, further develop GC-MS and LC-MS with SMB and combine QuEChERS with GC-SMB-MS and LC-SMB-EI-MS to provide the “ultimate” approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in food. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: The original QuEChERS method was validated for more than 200 pesticide residues in a variety of food crops. For the few basic pesticides for which the method gave lower recoveries, an extensive solvent suitability study was conducted, and a buffering modification was made to improve results for difficult analytes. Furthermore, evaluation of the QuEChERS approach for fatty matrices, including olives and its oil, was performed. The QuEChERS concept was also extended to acrylamide analysis in foods. Other advanced techniques to improve speed, ease, and effectiveness of chemical residue analysis were also successfully developed and/or evaluated, which include: a simple and inexpensive solvent-in-silicone-tube extraction approach for highly sensitive detection of nonpolar pesticides in GC; ruggedness testing of low-pressure GC-MS for 3-fold faster separations; optimization and extensive evaluation of analyte protectants in GC-MS; and use of prototypical commercial automated direct sample introduction devices for GC-MS. GC-MS with SMB was further developed and combined with the Varian 1200 GCMS/ MS system, resulting in a new type of GC-MS with advanced capabilities. Careful attention was given to the subject of GC-MS sensitivity and its LOD for difficult to analyze samples such as thermally labile pesticides or those with weak or no molecular ions, and record low LOD were demonstrated and discussed. The new approach of electron ionization LC-MS with SMB was developed, its key components of sample vaporization nozzle and flythrough ion source were improved and was evaluated with a range of samples, including carbamate pesticides. A new method and software based on IAA were developed and tested on a range of pesticides in agricultural matrices. This IAA method and software in combination with GC-MS and SMB provide extremely high confidence in sample identification. A new type of comprehensive GCxGC (based on flow modulation) was uniquely combined with GC-MS with SMB, and we demonstrated improved pesticide separation and identification in complex agricultural matrices using this novel approach. An improved device for aroma sample collection and introduction (SnifProbe) was further developed and favorably compared with SPME for coffee aroma sampling. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LOD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope, and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade, and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, e Bruce D. Hammock. Enhancement of Baculoviruses' Insecticidal Potency by Expression of Synergistic Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573070.bard.

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The extensive use or non-specific, hazardous, chemical insecticides demands the development of "healthier" alternative means for pest control. Insect-specific, baculoviruses expressing anti-insect toxin genes (from mites or scorpions) demonstrated in laboratory assays and field trials enhanced insecticidal activity and provided some protection from lepidopterous larvae to agricultural plantations. To utilize recombinant baculoviruses as commercial biopesticides in row crop agriculture, further increase in their speed of kill should be achieved and the reduction in crop damage should be comparable to the levels obtained with organic insecticides (the problem). In this project we developed strategies to improve further the efficacy of recombinant baculoviruses which included: I) Synergism among baculoviruses expressing different anti-insect toxins: a) Synergism among two complementary anti-insect scorpion neurotoxins each expressed by a separate recombinant baculovirus, both regulated by the same or a different viral promoter. b) Synergism among two complementary anti-insect scorpion neurotoxins expressed by the same recombinant virus, both regulated by the same or a different viral promoter respectively. The above included two classes of pharmacologically complementary toxins: i) toxins with strictly anti-insect selectivity (excitatory and depressant); ii) toxins with preferential anti-insect activity (anti-insect alpha toxins). c) Synergism among wild type viruses, recombinant baculoviruses and chemicals (insecticides and phytochemicals) II) Identification of more potent toxins against lepidopterous pests for their expression by baculoviruses. Our approach was based on the synergistic effect displayed by the combined application of pairs of anti-insect toxins to blowfly and lepidopterous larvae that resulted in 5 fold increase in their insecticidal activity without apparent increase in their anti-mammal toxicity (toxins LqhIT2 and LqhaIT, LqhIT2 and AaIT, and LqhaIT and AaIT (1). Thus, we developed new concepts and produced a "second generation" of recombinant baculoviruses with enhanced potencies and speeds of kill comparable to classical insecticides. These achievements contribute to make these biopesticides a viable alternative to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals in pest control. Also, our project contributed new tools and model systems to advance the study of insect sodium channels.
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Waganet, R. J., John Duxbury, Uri Mingelgrin, John Hutson e Zev Gerstl. Consequences of Nonequilibrium Pesticide Fate Processes on Probability of Leaching from Agricultural Lands. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568769.bard.

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Pesticide leaching in heterogeneous field soils is relatively unstudied and is the focus of this project. A wide variety of heterogeneous soils exist, characterized by processes that result from the presence of structural cracks, worm holes, and other preferred pathways within which the majority of transport can occur (called physical non-equilibrium processes), along with the presence of sorption processes that are both equilibrium and kinetic (chemical non-equilibrium processes). Previous studies of pesticide leaching have focused primarily on relatively homogeneous soils, which are less widely distributed in nature, but more studied due to the relative ease with which quantitative theory can be applied to interpret experimental results. The objectives of the proposed project were: first, to gain greater insight into the basic physical and chemical processes that characterize non-equilibrium systems, second, to improve our ability to predict pesticide leaching in heterogeneous field soils, and third, to estimate the consequences of non-equilibrium processes at the field scale by conducting an analysis of the probability of pesticide leaching when non-equilibrium processes prevail. The laboratory, theoretical and modelling aspects of the project were successful; the field aspects less so. We gained greater insight into basic processes in heterogeneous field soils, and we improved and tested tools (simulation models) and the methodology of using such tools for assessing the probability of pesticide leaching as a contribution to broader risk analysis efforts.
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Steenhuis, Tammo S., Israela Ravina, Jean-Yves Parlange, Rony Wallach e Larry D. Geohring. Improving Preferential Flow Modules by Experimentation. United States Department of Agriculture, settembre 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570552.bard.

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Preferential flow is the process whereby water and solutes move by preferred pathways. During preferential flow, local wetting fronts propagate to considerable depths in the soil profile, essentially bypassing the matrix pore space. Under such conditions classical methods, such as the convective-dispersive equation, for quantifying flow of water and solutes in uniform soils are not valid. This project set out to develop methods to predict fast and early breakthrough of solutes. To facilitate understanding of these processes, several field drainage studies were conducted in the United States and Israel. In both countries, solutes moved rapidly down and could be found below 1 m depth soon after application. Based on these experiments, we developed and validated a number of modules to predict the solute concentration of the preferentially moving water in the vadose zone. We also successfully simulatd the initial high solute concentration in agriculturel tile lines shortly after the chemical was applied. The understanding gained on fast transport of agri-chemicals is instrumental in developing management practices to reduce the nonpoint sources and to increase the leaching efficiency of salt affected soils.
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Xiang, Chunhui, e Mashud Alam. Development of Multi-Layered Cellulosic Nanostructure to be Used in Chemical Protective Clothing for Agricultural Applications. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, gennaio 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa.8305.

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