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1
Blocker, Jack S. "Writing African American Migrations". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 10, n. 1 (gennaio 2011): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781410000150.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Efforts to write the history of the African American migrations of the Civil War era, the Gilded Age, and the Progressive Era began soon after the start of these historically significant movements. Early scholarship labored to surmount the same methodological obstacles faced by modern scholars, notably scarce documentation, but still produced pathbreaking studies such as W. E. B. Du Bois'sThe Philadelphia Negro, Carter Woodson'sA Century of Negro Migration, and Clyde Kiser'sSea Island to City. Modern scholarship since the 1950s falls into eight distinct genres. An assessment of representative works in each genre reveals a variety of configurations of strengths and weaknesses, while offering guidelines for future research.
2
Peters, T. Ralph. "Finklebine, Sources Of The African-American Past - Primary Sources In American History; Thomas, Ed., Plessy C. Ferguson - A Bried History With Documents". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 23, n. 2 (1 settembre 1998): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.23.1.98-100.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Two new works document the history of African-American struggle for equal rights in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finklebine's work, Sources of the African-American Past: Primary Sources in American History, is a welcome addition to the primary source literature on the perpuity of, and challenges to, the social positions African Americans inhabited from the slave trade through recent times. Organized chronologically along topical lines, the book covers the slave trade, the colonial experience, the Revolution, free blacks, slavery, black abolitionism, emancipation, Reconstruction, segregation, progressivism, the New Deal, the two World Wars, migration, school segregation, the civil rights movement, black nationalism, and African Americans since 1968.
3
Walvin, James. "Rethinking Atlantic History". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 83, n. 3-4 (1 gennaio 2009): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002455.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
[First paragraph]Shaping the Stuart World 1603-1714: The Atlantic Connection. Allan I. Macinnes & Arthur H. Williamson (eds.). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006. xiv + 389 pp. (Cloth US$ 135.00)Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America. Kenneth Morgan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. x + 221 pp. (Paper US$ 32.00)Although an important debate continues about the concept itself, the use of “the Atlantic” has embedded itself in scholarly vernacular. The scholarly output directly spawned by an engagement with the concept continues apace. That ocean, and the peoples who lived and traded along its edges, and who finally moved across it, have provided an important geographical focus for some major reconsiderations of modern history. Prompted by the Macinnes/Williamson volume, I returned to my own undergraduate and graduate notes and essays from courses on Stuart Britain: the Atlantic was totally absent – not even present as a distant speck on our intellectual map. We studied, and debated, the formal histories of migrations to the Americas (i.e. Europeanmigrations) but there was no mention of Africa or Africans. And no sense was conveyed that the European engagement with the Americas (in their totality – as opposed to North America) was a two-way, mutual force: that the European world was influenced, indeed shaped in many critical regards,by the Americas: by the land, the products, the peoples, and by the markets of that hemisphere. At its most obvious in the ebb and flow of peoples, even that eluded the historians I encountered as a student. It was as if we were talking about a different cosmos; few moved beyond the conventions of European migrations westwards and little attention was paid to that most dominant of migrations – the enforced African migrations to the Americas.
4
Sawadogo, Boukary. "Presence and exhibition of African film in Harlem". Journal of African Cinemas 12, n. 2-3 (1 dicembre 2020): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jac_00034_1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Throughout the twentieth-century American history, the circulation of African arts in the New York City runs parallel with African American activism. The African on-screen presence in Harlem needs to be examined in this broader context in order to better grasp the historical trajectory of its development in the neighbourhood and also the encounters and exchanges between Africans and African Americans. Today, the increased interest in African screen media productions result from the confluence of two phenomena: the current Black renaissance and the reconfigurations of African cinema under the influence of migration. Harlem is once again playing a pivotal role in the dissemination of African culture, specifically African cinema in the New York City.
5
Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe. "Building intellectual bridges: from African studies and African American studies to Africana studies in the United States". Afrika Focus 24, n. 2 (25 febbraio 2011): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02402003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study of Africa and its peoples in the United States has a complex history. It has involved the study of both an external and internal other, of social realities in Africa and the condition of people• of African descent in the United States. This paper traces and examines the complex intellectual, institutional, and ideological histories and intersections of African studies and African American studies. It argues that the two fields were founded by African American scholar activists as part of a Pan-African project before their divergence in the historically white universities after World War II in the maelstrom of decolonization in Africa and civil rights struggles in the United States. However, from the late 1980s and 1990s, the two fields began to converge, a process captured in the development of what has been called Africana studies. The factors behind this are attributed to both demographic shifts in American society and the academy including increased African migrations in general and of African academics in particular fleeing structural adjustment programs that devastated African universities, as well as the emergence of new scholarly paradigms especially the field of diaspora studies. The paper concludes with an examination of the likely impact of the Obama era on Africana studies.
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Björk, Ulf Jonas. "Race War Flares Up: Chicago’s Swedish Press, the Great Migration, and the 1919 Riots". American Studies in Scandinavia 51, n. 1 (2 marzo 2019): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v51i1.5788.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study of the three large Swedish-language weeklies in Chicago examines how they covered the city’s African-American community during the latter half of the 1910s, a time when blacks migrated to the North in huge numbers. In Chicago, the result was that the African-American population almost tripled between 1910 and 1920. Little of that was visible in the columns of the weeklies, however, with only a handful of items telling readers that blacks were arriving in record numbers. What news there was about African-Americans, moreover, tended to portray them as criminals. Consequently, the riots that shook Chicago in late July 1919 seemed to take the editors of the weeklies by surprise. A major explanation for the Swedish weeklies’ coverage was that they relied almost exclusively on the city’s English-language dailies for news that did not concern their own ethnic group and thus mirrored the negative way the dailies portrayed African-Americans.
7
Stern, Steve J. "Paradigms of Conquest: History, Historiography, and Politics". Journal of Latin American Studies 24, S1 (marzo 1992): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00023750.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Quandary of 1492The year 1492 evokes a powerful symbolism.1The symbolism is most charged, of course, among peoples whose historical memory connects them directly to the forces unleashed in 1492. For indigenous Americans, Latin Americans, minorities of Latino or Hispanic descent, and Spaniards and Portuguese, the sense of connection is strong. The year 1492 symbolises a momentous turn in historical destiny: for Amerindians, the ruinous switch from independent to colonised history; for Iberians, the launching of a formative historical chapter of imperial fame and controversy; for Latin Americans and the Latino diaspora, the painful birth of distinctive cultures out of power-laden encounters among Iberian Europeans, indigenous Americans, Africans, and the diverse offspring who both maintained and blurred the main racial categories.But the symbolism extends beyond the Americas, and beyond the descendants of those most directly affected. The arrival of Columbus in America symbolises a historical reconfiguration of world magnitude. The fusion of native American and European histories into one history marked the beginning of the end of isolated stagings of human drama. Continental and subcontinental parameters of human action and struggle, accomplishment and failure, would expand into a world stage of power and witness. The expansion of scale revolutionised cultural and ecological geography. After 1492, the ethnography of the humanoid other proved an even more central fact of life, and the migrations of microbes, plants and animals, and cultural inventions would transform the history of disease, food consumption, land use, and production techniques.2In addition, the year 1492 symbolises the beginnings of the unique world ascendance of European civilisation.
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Gottlieb, Peter. "Kimberley L. Phillips, Alabama North: African-American Migrants, Community, and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915–45. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999. xv + 334 pp. $59.95 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (ottobre 2001): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547901304532.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Kimberley Phillips adds a fine study of African-Americans' northward migration, community development, and working-class formation to a series of similar works published in the 1980s and 1990s. Alabama North opens new reaches of African-Americans' early twentieth century experience in both North and South, but especially in Cleveland, a major industrial city and significant destination for Southern black migrants. We have known most about the city's African-American community at this time from the landmark study of ghetto development by Ken Kusmer, published in 1976. Like the more recent field of research which has examined black migration and migrants in Northern industrial cities, Phillips focuses her study not on the spatial and social aspects of African-Americans' increasingly segregated community but on the racial, class, and gender dynamics that produced a particular form of community in Cleveland.
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Alex-Assensoh, Yvette M. "African Americans, African Immigrants and Homeland-Diaspora Development in Africa". African Diaspora 3, n. 2 (2010): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254610x526922.
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Abstract Mainstream understandings of nation-state development focus primarily on economic factors, consequently rendering invisible other viable ways, through which important development occurs in African societies. In extending the current theoretical framework beyond its focus on economics to encompass political, human capital and technological development, this article provides evidence linking African Americans to African attempts at development, first in Ethiopia, which remained uncolonised until 1938 and then through Ghana, which became the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain its independence from British colonial rule. The resulting theoretical payoff includes a broadened concept of development, which much more accurately represents and predicts reality. Empirically, the findings offer much-needed insight about the relationship, correspondence and differences between African historical Diaspora in the United States and more recent migration movements from African countries.
10
Karandeev, Ivan, e Valery Achkasov. "A HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SEPARATISM IN THE UNITED STATES". Political Expertise: POLITEX 19, n. 3 (2023): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2023.307.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article analyzes the history of the development of the phenomenon of radical African-American movements classified as separatist. The roots of the phenomenon go back to the abolitionist movement of the mid-19th century, but most of these movements appeared in the USA in the 1920s - 1960s, after the migration of African Americans from the southern states, referred to the «black belt» to the industrialized states of the North and their concentration in ethnically homogeneous ghettos of large cities with a disadvantaged socio-economic situation. Irredentist movements that appealed to the construction of African-American identity based on ethnic and cultural nationalism, such as «Back to Africa», which aimed at universal immigration of blacks from the United States, and interpreting the religion «Nation of Islam», gained particular popularity. Separatist movements acted as a radical alternative to the Civil Rights Movement, and the figure of activist Malcolm X, who came out of the Nation of Islam, became a counterweight to Martin Luther King. With the development of the anti-colonial movement in third world countries, organizations such as the Black Panthers and the Republic of New Africa turned to the right of nations to self-determination and left-wing anti-imperialist rhetoric. The activities of other organizations, for example, the Black Liberation Army, can be characterized as terrorist. Later organizations, such as the New Black Panther Party, are often characterized by experts as «hate groups». Although with the success of the integration policy, the popularity of separatist demands has fallen, the actions of African-American nationalist organizations in the conditions of polarization of modern American politics indicate that the forms of struggle of the African-American community for political independence in the future are not exhausted.
11
Joranger, Terje Hasle. "Migration, Regionalism, and the Ethnic Other, 1840-1870". American Studies in Scandinavia 48, n. 2 (1 novembre 2016): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v48i2.5451.
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This article shows accounts of Norwegian immigrants and their encounter with various ethnic groups in America including Native Americans, African-Americans, Chinese, Irish, and Yankees in the period between 1840 and 1870. The article presents several regions in the United States, namely the Upper Midwest, Texas, and California. The use of primary source material including newspapers, guidebooks and letters provide good insights into thoughts and attitudes, and not the least prejudice, among this Old immigrant group toward the ethnic “Other.” The Norwegian immigrant group aimed at becoming good citizens through a negotiating process between the group, the dominant native-born American group and other ethnic groups in the United States. By characterizing several other ethnic groups based on race, Norwegian-Americans employed whiteness in a double negotiation, both tied to the creation of a Norwegian-American identity and in finding their place in the social hierarchy in America.
12
Lee, Chanhaeng. "Migration to the “First Large Suburban Ghetto” in America". Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, n. 2 (1 giugno 2018): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440206.
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In this article, I argue that Korean immigrant merchants were active agents who opened small businesses in South Central Los Angeles in order to overcome a range of disadvantages faced in American society. From a structural point of view, Korean immigrant merchants constituted a middleman minority group that played the dual role of “oppressed and oppressor” in the suburban ghetto. Although these merchants made efforts to maintain civil relations with their African American customers, they were often treated with hostile attitudes largely because of the exploitative relationship that existed between the two groups. However, I maintain that Korean American journalists and scholars have not only misunderstood the identity of the middleman minority as an innocent buffer but have also erroneously estimated that race relations with African Americans in Los Angeles were better than those in other areas of the United States.
13
Black, Dan A., Seth G. Sanders, Evan J. Taylor e Lowell J. Taylor. "The Impact of the Great Migration on Mortality of African Americans: Evidence from the Deep South". American Economic Review 105, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2015): 477–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120642.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Great Migration—the massive migration of African Americans out of the rural South to largely urban locations in the North, Midwest, and West—was a landmark event in US history. Our paper shows that this migration increased mortality of African Americans born in the early twentieth century South. This inference comes from an analysis that uses proximity of birthplace to railroad lines as an instrument for migration. (JEL I12, J15, N31, N32, N91, N92, R23)
14
Al Areqih, Rashad Mohammed Moqbel. "Search for Ancestral Roots in Morgan Jerkins’s Wandering in Strange Lands". World Journal of English Language 12, n. 1 (28 gennaio 2022): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n1p154.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many African Americans seek to unravel their history and ancestral roots, much of which was lost during the Great Migration that took place between 1916 and 1970. Morgan Jerkins’s Wandering in Strange Lands (2020) explores the history and the ancestral roots of the Jerkins family, along both the paternal and maternal lineages. Written as a memoir, rather than a historical or genealogical report, the narrative is supported by documents, records, transcripts, photos and interviews conducted by Jerkins herself. Her research uncovers the stories of other African-Americans and their native identity that sheds more light on Jerkins’s own roots, as well as the traditions of Blacks in general. Using a postcolonial lens, themes of migration, dislocation, ethnicity, marginality, Creole identity and diaspora are examined not only from the historical and genealogical viewpoint of the Jerkins family, but also from the perspective of the major groups of the Great Migration, who left the American South for other cities. Eventually, Jerkins’s arduous journey uncovers her family’s hidden past, a heritage that has been influenced by the Great Migration and the displacement of African-Americans leaving hard life conditions in search of better job opportunities in the Northeast, the Midwest, and the West Coast, in particular. The Great Migration was an attempt by Blacks to release themselves from the shackles of the oppression of White supremacy. Jerkins manages to find her heritage—language, rituals, beliefs, symbols and traditions intertwined with superstitions—and she is able to connect with her tribal roots and legacy.
15
Collins, William J. "Race, Labor Markets, and Social Disorder in Twentieth-Century America". Social Science History 29, n. 2 (2005): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012931.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In 1900, approximately 10 percent of African Americans resided in central cities; by 1970, nearly 60 percent did, far higher than the corresponding proportion of whites. This geographic redistribution was central to the twentieth-century African American economic experience, with connections radiating in innumerable directions: to labor markets, housing markets, educational systems, the civil rights movement, and public policy responses to discrimination and poverty. Although migration patterns are not their focus, each essay in this special section is closely connected to the black population's historic redistribution.
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Shepherd, Donisha, e Suzanne Pritzker. "Political Advocacy Without a Choice". Advances in Social Work 21, n. 2/3 (23 settembre 2021): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
From social work’s early days, African American social workers were engaged in what today is termed as political social work, yet their work is often overlooked in both social work education and the broader retelling of our profession’s history. This article examines the early history of African American political social work, using Lane and Pritzker’s (2018) five domains of political social work. We outline ways in which African American social workers’ lived experiences led them to engage in political social work to support community survival and to challenge injustice during the Black Migration period post-slavery, the Jim Crow Era, and the Civil Rights Movement. Even as broader structural dynamics sought to exclude African Americans from the political arena, dynamic and influential African American social workers laid the groundwork for modern political social work. They politically engaged their communities, lobbied for legislation, worked in the highest levels of government, supported campaigns, and ran and held elective office to ensure that civil rights were given and maintained. This manuscript calls for a shift from social work’s white-dominant historical narrative and curricula (Bell, 2014; DeLoach McCutcheon, 2019) to assertive discussion of the historic roles African American political social work pioneers played in furthering political empowerment and challenging social injustice.
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Marcus, Kenneth H. "The Central Avenue Borderscape". Pacific Historical Review 91, n. 4 (2022): 492–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2022.91.4.492.
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Since the early twentieth century, African Americans in Los Angeles confronted a variety of borders—racial, cultural, economic, and social—in an environment of Jim Crow restrictions. In this article I apply the concept of the borderscape to the multiethnic community of Central Avenue in Los Angeles to consider how musicians encountered borders in the city during the Great Migration. In the fields of jazz (Clora Bryant, Howard McGhee, Dexter Gordon), education (William Wilkins, John Gray, Sam Browne, Alma Hightower), and composition (William Grant Still, Harold Bruce Forsythe), many African Americans used music both to transcend borders and to resist Jim Crow restrictions within the Central Avenue borderscape.
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Dickerman, Leah. "Aaron Douglas and Aspects of Negro Life". October 174 (dicembre 2020): 126–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00411.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In 1934, Aaron Douglas created an epic four-panel mural series, Aspects of Negro Life (1934), for the branch library on 135th Street in Manhattan, now the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. The panels answered a call, issued by the first major program for federal support of the arts in the United States, to represent “an American scene.” In them, Douglas traced the trajectory of African American history in four stages and across two mass migrations: from Africa into enslavement in America; through Emancipation and Reconstruction; into the modern Jim Crow South; and then northward with the Great Migration to Harlem itself. The narrative Douglas constructed was remarkable in both its historical sweep and as a story of America seen through Black eyes. This essay explores how Douglas's approach to the trenchant and understudied Aspects of Negro Life panels was shaped by rich conversations across a decade-about what it meant to be Black in America, how the “African” in “African-American” was to be understood, and what a distinctly African-American modernism might be-with an interdisciplinary nexus of thinkers, activists, and artists that included W. E. B. Du Bois; a co-founder of the NAACP and co-editor of the Crisis, sociologist Charles S. Johnson; poet-activist James Weldon Johnson; bibliophile Arturo Schomburg; and philosopher-critic Alain Locke. Looking at Douglas's visual narrative in this context offers insight into how parallel practices of archive-building, art making, history writing, and criticism came together not only to shape a vision of America but also to champion a model of Black modernism framed through diaspora.
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Henry, Malachi, Amalia Robinson, Xiao Dong, Jeremy Miller, Clara Miller-Broomfield, Erika Sosa e Monica Nesbitt. "Rhoticity in Black Boston: Examining the effects of ethnicity and ethnic orientation". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, n. 3_supplement (1 marzo 2023): A368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019192.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recent studies have sought to more thoroughly examine rhoticity among non-white Bostonians (Nagy andIrwin, 2010; Browne andStanford, 2018), as the city becomes more racially and ethnically diverse. We build upon Browne and Stanford (2018), which found that Black Bostonians (African American [AA] and Caribbean American [CA]) were more r-ful than White Bostonians. We seek to account for variation in this speech community by considering the impact of ethnicity and the emic measure of ethnic orientation (Hoffman andWalker, 2010) on rhoticity in Black Boston. Six CA and 18 AA Bostonians’ /r/ productions (n = 2018) were gathered from sociolinguistic interviews conducted as part of the Eastern Massachusetts Life and Language Project (Nesbitt andWatts, 2022), in addition to one CA and six AA participants from Browne and Stanford’s (2018) dataset. Linear mixed-effects modeling revealed significant effects of ethnicity, such that Caribbean Americans (95% r-ful) are almost categorically r-ful (p-value < 0.001), while African Americans are more variable (10%–100% r-ful). Furthermore, ethnic orientation was a significant predictor of rhoticity (p-value < 0.001); among African Americans, high ethnic orientation led to more r-fulness. Rather than ethnic identification alone, factors such as social networks, migration history, and language attitudes influence rhoticity in Black Boston.
20
Broussard, Albert S. "Still Searching: A Black Family’s Quest for Equality and Recognition during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 22, n. 1 (gennaio 2023): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781422000536.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractHistorians have correctly interpreted the Gilded Age and Progressive Era as periods in which African Americans faced unpreceded violence, a significant decline in franchise, and the loss of many civil rights. These years however, were far more complex when viewed from the vantage point of African American families who attempted to empower themselves through education, securing employment in white-collar occupations, such as teaching, and working to advance themselves through race betterment groups, including women’s clubs and civil rights organizations. Yet some middle-class Black families like the Stewarts not only rejected white society’s widely held belief of Blacks as racially inferior and incapable of progress. They also embraced migration as a constructive strategy to advance their individual careers and to elevate the race. In an era when the majority of Black workers had minimal literacy and worked unskilled menial jobs, T. McCants Stewart and his children each graduated from college or professional school, worked in white-collar or professional jobs, and paved the way for the next generation. Yet each also understood that migration outside of the Jim Crow South, including to Africa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the territory of Hawaii, held the key to their success. Thus, the Stewarts constructed a new vision of freedom and opportunity and believed that even despite the repressive conditions imposed upon Blacks during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era that there was room for growth and an opportunity to advance their careers. Migration, therefore, should be reconsidered as a viable strategy that some Black families adopted to find their place in American society.
21
Moodley, Yoshan, Andrea Brunelli, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrey Klyubin, Ayas S. Maady, William Tyne, Zilia Y. Muñoz-Ramirez et al. "Helicobacter pylori’s historical journey through Siberia and the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n. 25 (14 giugno 2021): e2015523118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015523118.
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The gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori shares a coevolutionary history with humans that predates the out-of-Africa diaspora, and the geographical specificities of H. pylori populations reflect multiple well-known human migrations. We extensively sampled H. pylori from 16 ethnically diverse human populations across Siberia to help resolve whether ancient northern Eurasian populations persisted at high latitudes through the last glacial maximum and the relationships between present-day Siberians and Native Americans. A total of 556 strains were cultivated and genotyped by multilocus sequence typing, and 54 representative draft genomes were sequenced. The genetic diversity across Eurasia and the Americas was structured into three populations: hpAsia2, hpEastAsia, and hpNorthAsia. hpNorthAsia is closely related to the subpopulation hspIndigenousAmericas from Native Americans. Siberian bacteria were structured into five other subpopulations, two of which evolved through a divergence from hpAsia2 and hpNorthAsia, while three originated though Holocene admixture. The presence of both anciently diverged and recently admixed strains across Siberia support both Pleistocene persistence and Holocene recolonization. We also show that hspIndigenousAmericas is endemic in human populations across northern Eurasia. The evolutionary history of hspIndigenousAmericas was reconstructed using approximate Bayesian computation, which showed that it colonized the New World in a single migration event associated with a severe demographic bottleneck followed by low levels of recent admixture across the Bering Strait.
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Xia, Wei, e Zhizhou Zhang. "Genomic Data Disclose Potential Information on Evolutionary Interactions among Different Human Populations and Novel Education Technology Development". Advances in Economics and Management Research 8, n. 1 (12 ottobre 2023): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.8.1.20.2023.
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Study on language gene polymorphism patterns (LGPP) across different population genomes could provide incentives to develop novel education technology and important information on human evolution. In this study, as a preliminary observation, we adopted 148 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites from 13 language genes, each with 4-13 SNPs. These SNPs were screened across 112 whole genome sequences (including 59 ancient genomes ranging from 2000 BP to 120000 BP) from five continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America). We found that five distinct LGPPs featured across human evolution history, in which LGPP-1 may be the oldest version shared by animals and primitive hominins, though data also showed that LGPP-1 is still existing in some modern human populations. Asian and African possessed all LGPP types while European seemed lacking in the LGPP-2. Surprisingly, African samples had a relatively larger evolutionary distance from animals than other populations in LGPP1-4, while in LGPP-5 (the modern human type), some African samples had a relatively small evolutionary distance from animals than other human populations. Except for LGPP-2, all other LGPPs contained Asian, African and European, suggesting that there were vigorous interactions among these three continents all the time during human evolution. In this study, ancient American samples were only found in LGPP1-3, suggesting that either mutual migration among different continents happened much earlier than expected, or ancient Americans had little interactions with other populations after migrating into the America land.
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Hartman, Ian C., e David Reamer. "A “Far North Dixie Land”: Black Settlement, Discrimination, and Community in Urban Alaska". Western Historical Quarterly 51, n. 1 (15 novembre 2019): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/whz097.
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Abstract Though it never ranked among the top destinations of the Great Migration, Alaska nevertheless enticed thousands of African Americans during the postwar decades. On the one hand, Black Alaskans experienced the lamentable patterns that defined American race relations in the twentieth century: housing and job discrimination alongside marginalization and racial violence. On the other hand, Black men and women also found in Alaska a place to make their own. This article presents a case study of urban history in the American West and demonstrates that despite its distance from other metropolitan centers, Alaska’s largest city, Anchorage, was not excluded from major postwar trends. Rather, many of the defining through-lines of midcentury U.S. history—mass migration, racial discrimination, community formation, urban planning, and civic activism, to name a few—were present and comprise a dynamic story that until now has never been told.
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Price-Spratlen, Townsand. "Urban Destination Selection among African Americans during the 1950s Great Migration". Social Science History 32, n. 3 (2008): 437–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200014012.
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This article examines a place utility model of how destination assets influenced inmigration for the 1950s African American urban system. Archival and historiographical data are combined with census data to conduct weighted least-squares regressions that compare economic, ethnogenic, and other place utilities. Despite declines in migrant selectivity and net southern out-migration, ethnogenic characteristics increased the size of in-migrant streams during the 1950s, net of the momentum from prior migration and, most important, net of economic and demographic place utilities. Even as several dramatic changes began or intensified during the period, ethnogenic attractions continued to shape destination selection during this “bridge” decade of civil rights–era migration.
25
Cantres, James G. "Articulations of displacement and dissonance from Compton: Kendrick Lamar in the twenty-first century". Global Hip Hop Studies 2, n. 1 (1 giugno 2021): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ghhs_00035_1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Kendrick Lamar’s lyrics and subject matter often require repeated listens that reveal perspectives ranging from his upbringing in Compton, his parents’ migration from Chicago to California and broader questions of identity, place, displacement, belonging and home. A self-described Southern California ‘80s baby’, Lamar’s music nevertheless imagines Black self-identification in a broader and global sense. His work reflects rootlessness among continental and diasporic Africans across time and space. Utilizing approaches of British Cultural Studies and African diaspora studies, this article analyses Lamar’s critically acclaimed album To Pimp a Butterfly (2015). The pursuit of home as a response to the unbound nature of diasporic existence – connected to histories of transatlantic slavery, the Middle Passage and the plantation enterprise in the United States, the Caribbean and South America – reverberates for Lamar as an African American millennial yet also situate him within a continuum of Afro-Atlantic artistic innovators. In places as varied as Chicago, Compton, Jamaica, South Africa and London, Black people reckon with the meanings of home and Lamar offers his unique Afro-diasporic perspective. Lamar’s ruminations on intra-national migrations within the United States allow for a theorization of various iterations of home that include specific communities, families, cities, nations, gangs and the comforts of a bottle of vodka. Lamar’s lyrical confessions embrace identification as process, a brilliant and probing strategy that references histories of movement in the United States as well as ethnic tensions in South Africa, post-independence political economic realities in Jamaica and the history of migration from the Caribbean to metropolitan Britain. I suggest that Lamar introduces a particularized twenty-first-century Black racialized humanism where his own position vacillates between predator and victim. Who Lamar is and who he is said or seen to be recurs and reflects the specific conditions he and contemporary diasporans negotiate across the globe.
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Coelho, Philip R. P., e Robert A. McGuire. "African and European Bound Labor in the British New World: The Biological Consequences of Economic Choices". Journal of Economic History 57, n. 1 (marzo 1997): 83–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700017939.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article offers an explanation for the regional differences in the use of African and European bound labor in colonial America. The migrations of Africans and Europeans to the Americas set in motion an evolutionary process that caused regional changes in the disease ecology of the New World. Biological and epidemiological differences among populations explain the different regional labor supply choices. This article emphasizes the interactions between changing populations and disease environments. Diseases are intermediaries through which populations interact by causing illness and death. Not all populations are equally afflicted by specific diseases. Therein lies the story.
27
Price-Spratlen, T. "Urban Destination Selection among African Americans during the 1950s Great Migration". Social Science History 32, n. 3 (1 settembre 2008): 437–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01455532-2008-005.
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Green, Sharony. "Tracing Black Racial and Spatial Politics in South Florida via Memory". Journal of Urban History 44, n. 6 (30 gennaio 2017): 1176–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144216688467.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As far back as the New Deal era, South Florida’s white power brokers wanted African Americans to live in the northwest section of then Dade County and away from the region’s lucrative seaside. Even today, however, people of color, many of Bahamian descent, remain in Miami’s bayside Coconut Grove community, but they do so amid gentrification and wealthy South American neighbors. Such ongoing settlement and the eventual migration of people of African descent to the northwest section of the county by the late 1960s fit into a larger narrative of black self-determination in Florida. This article explores such settlement and migratory patterns and how they fit into a larger black resistance tradition dating back to the nineteenth century.
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Collins, William J. "The Political Economy of State Fair Housing Laws before 1968". Social Science History 30, n. 1 (2006): 15–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013377.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The combined influence of the Great Migration of African Americans and the civil rights movement propelled the drive for fair housing legislation, which attempted to curb overt discrimination in housing markets. This drive culminated in the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968. By that time, 57 percent of the U.S. population and 41 percent of the African American population already resided in states with a fair housing law. This article uses hazard models to analyze the diffusion of state fair housing legislation and to shed new light on the combination of economic and political forces that facilitated the laws' adoption. Outside the South, states with larger union memberships, more Jewish residents, and more NAACP members passed fair housing laws sooner than others. Including controls for a variety of competing factors does not undermine the estimates, and historical accounts of the legislative campaigns support the article's interpretation.
30
Zununi Vahed, Sepideh, Ehsan Rikhtegar, Vahideh Ebrahimzadeh Attari, Mehdi Haghi, Ramin Tolouian, Mohammadali Mohajel Shoja e Mohammadreza Ardalan. "APOL1 renal risk alleles in patients on chronic hemodialysis in Northwest of Iran". Journal of Renal Injury Prevention 8, n. 3 (9 giugno 2019): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jrip.2019.37.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene’s risk variants located on chromosome 22 are newly discovered factors for the development of chronic renal failure among African-American. These risk alleles were developed on the African continent as an evolutionary defense against sleep sickness due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and then spread with human migrations. Objectives: In the present study, we sought to examine these risk variants in a group of hemodialysis patients of Northwest of Iran. Patients and Methods: Two hundred patients receiving hemodialysis in different centers of the city (Tabriz in Northwest of Iran) were allocated randomly from a total number of 825 patients. The assessment of APOL1 polymorphisms (rs73885319, rs60910145, and rs71785313) was conducted using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Patients’ demographic data, history, and their biochemical parameters were recorded based on their last measurement. Results: No proposed renal risk variants of APOL1 gene in our hemodialysis population were found. All the participants had a wild genotype. Conclusion: The results of our study match with reports from Europe and Asia. In the paleoanthropological point of view, our results do not support African human migration hypothesis.
31
Beito, David T., e Linda Royster Beito. "“Let Down Your Bucket Where You Are”". Social Science History 30, n. 4 (2006): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013584.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Under the burden of Jim Crow, how did African Americans obtain health care? For nearly 40 years the Afro-American Hospital of Yazoo City, Mississippi, was a leading health care supplier for blacks in the Mississippi Delta. It was founded in 1928 by the Afro-American Sons and Daughters, a black fraternal society, and provided a wide range of medical services. The society, which eventually had 35,000 members, was led by Thomas J. Huddleston, a prosperous black entrepreneur and advocate of Booker T. Washington’s self-help philosophy. The hospital had a low death rate compared to other hospitals that served blacks in the South during the period. It ceased operation in 1966 as a fraternal entity after years of increasingly burdensome regulation, competitive pressure from government and third-party health care alternatives, and the migration of younger dues-paying blacks to the North.
32
Collins, William J., e Marianne H. Wanamaker. "Selection and Economic Gains in the Great Migration of African Americans: New Evidence from Linked Census Data". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2014): 220–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.1.220.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The onset of World War I spurred the “Great Migration” of African Americans from the US South, arguably the most important internal migration in US history. We create a new panel dataset of more than 5,000 men matched from the 1910 to 1930 census manuscripts to address three interconnected questions: To what extent was there selection into migration? How large were the migrants’ gains? Did migration narrow the racial gap in economic status? We find evidence of positive selection, but the migrants’ gains were large. A substantial amount of black-white convergence in this period is attributable to migration. (JEL J15, J61, N32, N92, R23)
33
Babou, Cheikh A. "A West African Sufi Master on the Global Stage: Cheikh Abdoulaye Dièye and the Khidmatul Khadim International Sufi School in France and the United States". African Diaspora 4, n. 1 (2011): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254611x566099.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The recent wave of West African Muslim migration to the West started after the Great War and gained momentum in the 1960s. Sub-Saharan Africans have been particularly successful in finding a niche in Europe and North America partly because of the connection between immigrants and centers of Islamic spirituality and knowledge in Africa provided by a dynamic leadership that straddles the three continents. Based on extensive interviews in the United States and in France and on the examination of Murid internal sources and scholarly secondary literature, this article investigates the efforts of the late Sufi sheikh, Abdoulaye Dièye, to expand the Muridiyya Muslim tariqa in France and North America. I am particularly interested in examining the foundations of Dièye’s appeal, his struggle to earn legitimacy and relevance on the global stage, and the response of diverse constituencies to his calling. I contend that the attraction of Dièye’s teachings to Europeans, Americans, and Africans in the diaspora, is rooted in his dual cultural outlook as a Western educated and traditionally trained Murid.
34
Baker, Bruce E. "Stony the Road They Trod: Forced Migration of African Americans in the Slave South, 1790-1865". Journal of American History 89, n. 3 (dicembre 2002): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3092348.
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35
Montrie, Chad. "“A Bigoted, Prejudiced, Hateful Little Area”: The Making of an All-White Suburb in the Deep North". Journal of Urban History 45, n. 2 (12 aprile 2017): 300–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217702644.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article traces the history of Edina, Minnesota, a community just outside of Minneapolis, following its transformation from an interracial farming village in the late nineteenth century to a racially exclusive and prejudice-ridden “streetcar” suburb by the 1930s. It also looks at the ordeal experienced by the first black family to move to the area, in 1960, demonstrating the challenges faced by the “open housing” movement in what is known as a racially “progressive” state. As a history of demographic change, the article suggests the need for a slightly revised Great Migration narrative, particularly when African Americans moved north and when and why some of the first migrants moved to cities. Likewise, it contributes to a literature showing how northern suburban communities became and remained all white for nearly a century and, more generally, how pervasive and intransigent racism was even among well-mannered, middle-class white Americans in the Deep North.
36
Davis, Danné E. "Their American Dream". Genealogy 4, n. 2 (7 aprile 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4020045.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Centuries before W.E.B. DuBois named the colorline—i.e., racism—as the problem of the 20th century, skin color stratification was a persistent phenomenon. In 1983 Black feminist, scholar, and Pulitzer Prize winning author Alice Walker termed “colorism” as “prejudicial or preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on their [skin] color”. Using the tools of genealogy, I conducted a critical family history of my parents, Lem and Mae’s, pursuit of their American Dream. Such exploration digs deep to decipher the nexuses of a family’s evolution. Dr. Maya Angelou routinely shared stories about her past to impart the importance of embracing one’s history. For my parents, the American Dream meant opportunity, which included home ownership. Their American Dream began as African Americans in the United States’ Jim Crow south. Lem was a light-skinned man; Mae a dark-complexion woman. They met, married, and bought a small home in segregated Columbia, South Carolina. Bearing the cloak of oppression, my parents joined millions of southern Blacks in the Great Migration relocating to northern cities—my parents landed in Boston, Massachusetts. Throughout their journey, Lem and Mae reached back to their ancestors, and drew from within themselves to improve their circumstances.
37
Weathersby, Claude, e Yolanda Weathersby. "Branch School Buildings in the St. Louis Public Schools District: Tools to Support the Segregative Neighborhood School Policy of the St. Louis Board of Education". Journal of Urban History 45, n. 3 (10 giugno 2017): 483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217712929.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During and after World War II, large numbers of African Americans from the former Confederate States migrated to St. Louis, Missouri. The pace of this migration placed a strain on the St. Louis Public Schools district. The district responded to the facilities shortage by constructing small branch school buildings in its compliance with de jure segregation laws in Missouri before 1954, and after 1954, in its efforts to covertly maintain a pseudo-integrated public school district’s neighborhood school policy.
38
RENY, TYLER T., e BENJAMIN J. NEWMAN. "Protecting the Right to Discriminate: The Second Great Migration and Racial Threat in the American West". American Political Science Review 112, n. 4 (5 settembre 2018): 1104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000448.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Taking advantage of a unique event in American history, the Second Great Migration, we explore whether the rapid entry of African Americans into nearly exclusively White contexts triggered “racial threat” in White voting behavior in the state of California. Utilizing historical administrative data, we find that increasing proximity to previously White areas experiencing drastic Black population growth between 1940 to 1960 is associated with significant increases in aggregate White voter support for a highly racially-charged ballot measure, Proposition 14, which legally protected racial discrimination in housing. Importantly, we find that this result holds when restricting the analysis to all-White areas with high rates of residential tenure and low rates of White population growth. These latter findings indicate that this relationship materializes in contexts where a larger share of White voters were present during the treatment and exercised residential-choice before the treatment commenced, which is suggestive of a causal effect.
39
Early, Regan, Pablo González-Moreno, Sean T. Murphy e Roger Day. "Forecasting the global extent of invasion of the cereal pest Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm". NeoBiota 40 (9 novembre 2018): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.40.28165.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda, is a crop pest native to the Americas, which has invaded and spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa within two years. Recent estimates of 20–50% maize yield loss in Africa suggest severe impact on livelihoods. Fall armyworm is still infilling its potential range in Africa and could spread to other continents. In order to understand fall armyworm’s year-round, global, potential distribution, we used evidence of the effects of temperature and precipitation on fall armyworm life-history, combined with data on native and African distributions to construct Species Distribution Models (SDMs). We also investigated the strength of trade and transportation pathways that could carry fall armyworm beyond Africa. Up till now, fall armyworm has only invaded areas that have a climate similar to the native distribution, validating the use of climatic SDMs. The strongest climatic limits on fall armyworm’s year-round distribution are the coldest annual temperature and the amount of rain in the wet season. Much of sub-Saharan Africa can host year-round fall armyworm populations, but the likelihoods of colonising North Africa and seasonal migrations into Europe are hard to predict. South and Southeast Asia and Australia have climate conditions that would permit fall armyworm to invade. Current trade and transportation routes reveal Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand face high threat of fall armyworm invasions originating from Africa.
40
Ashford-Hanserd, Shetay, Eric Sarmiento, Colleen C. Myles, Steven W. Rayburn, Aimee Kendall Roundtree, Mary-Patricia Hayton, Edward Ybarra et al. "African American Experiences in the Historic Dunbar Neighborhood in San Marcos, Texas: A Case Study of Counter-Life Stories". Social Sciences 9, n. 10 (3 ottobre 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9100177.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this participatory research project is to examine the lived experiences (counter-life stories) of current and former Dunbar residents and congregants of Dunbar churches to demonstrate how local stories counter the dominant perspective about the experiences of American Americans in the Dunbar community. Once a thriving community at the center of civil rights activities in Hays County, Texas, the neighborhood has evolved in many ways in the past several decades, contrary to popular belief. This case study employs counter-life story methodology to uncover the hidden truths about Dunbar residents and congregants’ experiences to generate new knowledge about the experiences of African Americans in San Marcos, Texas, and Hays County. Thematic analysis of unfiltered commentary from Dunbar community members revealed three emergent themes: history of racism and slavery, impact of environmental and social racism, and rebuilding and restoring the community. Individual and shared strengths make the community unique and resilient. In-migration of new community members has been outpaced by outmigration. Finally, issues of taxation, representation, and the ongoing deterioration of neighborhood infrastructure are forefront in community members’ minds. In sum, the bedrock of personal and community values and hard work has not changed, but external forces continue to affect the community and compel it to pivot and make plans for change. Personal and communal strengths make the community unique and resilient. Future work will enlist geographic data and methods to help further investigate changes over time.
41
Schlichting, Kurt, Peter Tuckel e Richard Maisel. "Residential Segregation and the Beginning of the Great Migration of African Americans to Hartford, Connecticut A GIS-Based Analysis". Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 39, n. 3 (luglio 2006): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/hmts.39.3.132-144.
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42
Franklin, John Hope. "The Two Worlds of Race: A Historical Perspective". Daedalus 140, n. 1 (gennaio 2011): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00056.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Franklin's essay traces the practices, policies, and laws that, from colonial times through the mid-1960s moment when he composed his essay, created and sustained the two worlds of race in America. He outlines the history of efforts from that period to alleviate racial distinctions and to foster a “world of equality and complete human fellowship.” Franklin cautions, however, that even certain well-intentioned efforts to extend services, opportunities, and rights to African Americans sometimes reinforced segregation and discrimination. He considers how key historical, legal, political, and social developments from the twentieth century - World War II, the growth of labor unions, the Great Migration, America's ascendancy as a world power, among others - advanced racial equality in America while often intensifying the backlash from opponents to such equality. Still, Franklin concludes optimistically that however strident those opponents may be, they “have been significantly weakened by the very force of the numbers and elements now seeking to eliminate the two worlds of race.”
43
Longley, Neil, Todd Crosset e Steve Jefferson. "The Migration of African-Americans to the Canadian Football League During the 1950s: An Escape from Racism?" International Journal of the History of Sport 25, n. 10 (30 luglio 2008): 1374–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212339.
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44
Barber, Llana. "Anti-Black Racism and the Nativist State". Journal of American Ethnic History 42, n. 4 (1 luglio 2023): 5–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.4.01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This article places Black mobility and anti-Black racism at the center of the history of US immigration restriction. Black migration has often been marginalized in immigration historiography, but I argue that anti-Black racism has played a major role in creating what I term the nativist state. From the colonial era through the present, policies and practices to exclude, detain, and repatriate immigrants often first targeted Black people. In addition, constraints on Black mobility have been central to denying African Americans citizenship rights and rendering Black people foreign, even when born in the United States. Looking at moments of intersection between anti-Black racism and the nativist state serves to illuminate both systems, and to expose the ways they emerged together, reinforced each other, and recycled each other's discourses.
45
Jackson, Ashley. "Military Migrants: British Service Personnel in Ceylon during the Second World War". Britain and the World 6, n. 1 (marzo 2013): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2013.0075.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Across the territories that comprised the British Empire, the Second World War caused many migrations, some great and some small, but all traumatic and formative for the people involved. Civilians, both local and expatriate, fled in great numbers from the threat of German or Japanese invasion; in some colonies civilians were evacuated from cities threatened by bombing or deemed militarily important; hundreds of thousands of servicemen and women moved around the world and spend significant periods of time in foreign lands – African troops resided in Asia, Indians in the East Indies and Middle East, and British servicemen and women found themselves billeted all over the Empire. Also, forming a fascinating subcategory, were the many thousands of American service personnel who served in British colonial territories. After reviewing the phenomenon of migration within the British Empire during the war, this article focuses on a case study – the experience of British (and some Australian) service personnel based in Ceylon for a range of military purposes, including office work, jungle training, and naval operations. It examines the methods used to acclimatize young service personnel, often going abroad for the first time in their lives, to the strangeness of a foreign, ‘exotic’ land. It describes the impressions the people and environment left on these wartime immigrants, before considering the recreational provisions made for them, and the sexual opportunities that sometimes arose. The article concludes that the experience of these European migrants deserves study as much as the experience of non-European servicemen and women, which has received significant attention in the scholarly literature relating to the Empire at war.
46
Johnson, Karen J. "Beyond Parish Boundaries: Black Catholics and the Quest for Racial Justice". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 25, n. 02 (2015): 264–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2015.25.2.264.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract According to most historians, the majority of northern urban Catholics before Vatican II (1962–1965) were ensconced in their parish boundaries, viewing their existence through the lens of the parish and focusing the majority of their attention on matters within their particular geographic location. As African Americans moved north during the Great Migration (1910s–1960s) and the racial dynamics of cities changed, some black Catholics began to organize for what they called “interracial justice,” a term that reflected their belief that black equality would benefit African Americans and whites. This article argues that the parish boundaries paradigm for understanding Catholicism prior to the reforms of Vatican II fails to account for the efforts of black Catholics working for interracial justice. This article considers four ways black Catholic interracialists moved beyond their parish boundaries: (a) the national networks they cultivated with white priests; (b) the theological doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ they used to support their work; (c) the local relationships they developed with non-Catholics; and (d) the connections they made with young white Catholics. By advancing this argument, this essay highlights the relationship between race and religion—both how the institutional Catholic church reinforced racial hierarchies and how black Catholics leveraged their faith to tear them down. Finally, this article reorients the history of Catholic interracialism by focusing on black laypeople and connects two bodies of literature that rarely comment on one another: that of Catholicism and the long civil rights movement.
47
Mostafa, Gamal, Brent D. Matthews, H. James Norton, Kent W. Kercher, Ronald F. Sing e B. Todd Heniford. "Influence of Demographics on Colorectal Cancer". American Surgeon 70, n. 3 (marzo 2004): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480407000313.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of race, gender, and age on colorectal cancer cases in our tumor registry between January 1987 and December 2000 and to determine the implications of these factors on screening strategies. Tumors were defined as early (Stage I/II) or late (Stage HI/IV) and proximal or distal (relationship to splenic flexure). Effect of age was examined by stratifying patients into three groups (<50 years, 50–70 years, >70 years). Two time periods (1/87–12/96 and 1/97–12/00) were compared. Significance ( P < 0.05) was determined by univariate and logistic regression analysis. Between January 1987 and December 2000, 1355 patients (M:F, 699:656; mean, 65.9 years) were entered into the tumor registry [998 whites, 357 African Americans (AA)]. The AA population had a significantly higher proportion of females ( P = 0.0001) and patients <50 years ( P = 0.01). The incidence of carcinoma in situ (CIS) was significantly higher in AA ( P = 0.01). African Americans were more likely to present with late disease ( P = 0.05), proximal cancers ( P = 0.05), and well-differentiated tumors ( P = 0.04). In the entire cohort, proximal lesions were significantly larger ( P = 0.002), poorly differentiated ( P = 0.002), and occurred more often in females ( P = 0.03), patients >70 years ( P = 0.04), and patients with family history of colon cancer compared to distal lesions. Proximal migration of tumors occurred in the latter part (1997–2000 compared to 1987–1996) of the study ( P = 0.002). Patients <50 years had a higher incidence of late stage ( P = 0.03) and poorly differentiated tumors ( P = 0.009). The probability for a proximal tumor in an AA female >70 years was 61.9 per cent and in a white male >50 years was 35.1 per cent. Significant differences exist in the stage and location of tumors according to patient's age, race, and gender. These factors should be considered in implementing public screening strategies. Specifically, African-American patients were more likely to present with late-stage tumors, and more aggressive patient education and screening programs should be implemented. For all groups, a proximal migration of colorectal tumors was identified. This factor should eliminate use of sigmoidoscopy as a screening tool. Complete colonoscopy, instead, should be the procedure of choice to identify colonic neoplasia.
48
Leibbrand, Christine, Catherine Massey, J. Trent Alexander, Katie R. Genadek e Stewart Tolnay. "The Great Migration and Residential Segregation in American Cities during the Twentieth Century". Social Science History 44, n. 1 (2020): 19–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.46.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTThe Great Migration from the South and the rise of racial residential segregation strongly shaped the twentieth-century experience of African Americans. Yet, little attention has been devoted to how the two phenomena were linked, especially with respect to the individual experiences of the migrants. We address this gap by using novel data that links individual records from the complete-count 1940 Census to those in the 2000 Census long form, in conjunction with information about the level of racial residential segregation in metropolitan areas in 1940 and 2000. We first consider whether migrants from the South and their children experienced higher or lower levels of segregation in 1940 relative to their counterparts who were born in the North or who remained in the South. Next, we extend our analysis to second-generation Great Migration migrants and their segregation outcomes by observing their location in 2000. Additionally, we assess whether second-generation migrants experience larger decreases in their exposure to segregation as their socioeconomic status increases relative to their southern and/or northern stayer counterparts. Our study significantly advances our understanding of the Great Migration and the “segregated century.”
49
Evans, Curtis J. "The Religious and Racial Meanings of The Green Pastures". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 18, n. 1 (2008): 59–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2008.18.1.59.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractMarc Connelly's The Green Pastures play was one of the longest running dramas in Broadway history. Responses to the play by blacks and whites demonstrate its contested nature. Whites generally lauded the drama for its simplicity and its childlike depiction of black religion in the rural South. African Americans, though hopeful that its allblack cast would lead to more opportunities for blacks on stage, were divided between a general appreciation of the extraordinary display of talent by its actors and worries about the implications of a play that seemed to idealize the rural South as the natural environment of carefree overly religious blacks. Connelly's widely popular drama became a site of cultural debates about the significance of black migration to the urban North, the nature and importance of religion in black communities, and the place of blacks in the nation. Precisely when black social scientists were urging rural black Christians to abandon an otherworldly and emotional religion, white dramatists and literary artists were making more widely available what they saw as a picturesque and deeply rooted aspect of black folk culture.
50
Bravo-Lopez, Miriam, Viridiana Villa-Islas, Carolina Rocha Arriaga, Ana B. Villaseñor-Altamirano, Axel Guzmán-Solís, Marcela Sandoval-Velasco, Julie K. Wesp et al. "Paleogenomic insights into the red complex bacteria Tannerella forsythia in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial individuals from Mexico". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, n. 1812 (5 ottobre 2020): 20190580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0580.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The ‘red complex’ is an aggregate of three oral bacteria ( Tannerella forsythia , Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola ) responsible for severe clinical manifestation of periodontal disease. Here, we report the first direct evidence of ancient T. forsythia DNA in dentin and dental calculus samples from archaeological skeletal remains that span from the Pre-Hispanic to the Colonial period in Mexico. We recovered twelve partial ancient T. forsythia genomes and observed a distinct phylogenetic placement of samples, suggesting that the strains present in Pre-Hispanic individuals likely arrived with the first human migrations to the Americas and that new strains were introduced with the arrival of European and African populations in the sixteenth century. We also identified instances of the differential presence of genes between periods in the T. forsythia ancient genomes, with certain genes present in Pre-Hispanic individuals and absent in Colonial individuals, and vice versa . This study highlights the potential for studying ancient T. forsythia genomes to unveil past social interactions through analysis of disease transmission. Our results illustrate the long-standing relationship between this oral pathogen and its human host, while also unveiling key evidence to understand its evolutionary history in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Mexico. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'.