Tesi sul tema "Aèdes (animaux) – Comportement animal"
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Nguyen, Thi Quynh Nga. "Modélisation spatiale de la dynamique des invasions : applications à la lutte biologique contre les Aedes spp. (Diptera culicidae)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA131018.
Testo completoIn this thesis, we focus on mathematical modeling and analysis of invasion dynamics, with application to the biological control of Aedes mosquitoes, vectors of various diseases such as dengue, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. We focus on the study of spatial effects on population persistence and extinction, which remains a fundamental challenge in the study of population dynamics. Biological controls based on the rear and release technique are sustainable and environmentally friendly. These techniques involve releasing large numbers of insects reared in the laboratory that are either sterile or incapable of transmitting disease, in order to reduce or replace the wild population. Reaction-diffusion models have been applied and updated in this work to describe the spatial phenomena that influence the effectiveness of these techniques. In an isolated area, we provide a critical domain size to ensure the efficacy of the control in the presence of migration of individuals on the boundary. In wide regions, we design moving release strategies to block and reverse the propagation of the population. A metapopulation model with discrete diffusion is also used to model the population in the presence of inaccessible zones. The monotonicity is the key tool to analyze the models to help design better release strategies. We also use empirical data to calibrate the models using an approach that combines the mechanistic view of differential equations and the statistical view of data to make simulations and predictions about mosquito population behavior while applying these techniques in the field
Bolduc, Jean-Sébastien. "Epistémologie historique de l'étude du comportement animal". Thèse, Dijon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3257.
Testo completoIn this inquiry I undertake to explore the notion of animal behaviour as it is expounded in a contemporary field of inquiry: behavioural ecology. In order to carry out an analysis of such a complex notion, localized in a very narrow context, I design and use a specific tool of investigation called “historical epistemology”. Simply understood, this tool consists in the integration of diachronic and synchronic perspectives of investigation into a single approach to investigate a circumscribed theme. So, in order to proceed to the analysis of the notion of animal behaviour, I first draw into the recent history of behavioural ecology. I take special interest in its filiation with classical ethology and, after having reconstructed the historical frame that links the two fields together, I proceed to compare them. This comparison, the second step of my epistemology, is used to highlight the characteristics of the animal behaviour conceptions put forward by the two scientific disciplines. These distinctions, bringing to the fore the specificity of behavioural ecology, then allow me to scrutinize the notion of animal behaviour as it is instantiated in the main approaches mobilized by the discipline (especially what I identifies as the “phenotypic adaptationist”, the “phenotypic structural”, the “comparative” and the “by reduction” approaches). Last, I design two definitions of the notion of animal behaviour. The first one reflects the ontological status of the notion in this field of investigation, whereas the second corresponds to the conception underlying behavioural ecologist practices.
Projet réalisé dans le cadre d'une cotutelle avec l'Université de Bourgogne (Dijon, France)
Vicart, Marion. "Des chiens auprès des hommes : ou comment penser la présence des animaux en sciences sociales". Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0070.
Testo completoAlmost human, and in the meantime "something". The following statement is the basis of my PHD Thesis: in social sciences, the canine presence is often set between two interceptable concepts. Not really "someone" nor "something," dogs are never studied for what they really are. Where does the dog stand in sciences? How can one observe it as an understood being? How can one study the uniqueness to its own existence? These are the key questions that express the problematic to this field of research. There is a link that stands as an epistemology and a methodology of establishing new ways, which provides us with new methods of presenting animals in social sciences. This view enables us to enrich our understanding on man and dog. A specific observation-description called phenomenography is placed on the core foundations of this research. This approach draws on the step-by-step detailed analysis of modality of humans and dogs presence observed in their daily routines. More specifically, with the help of photographed sequences, it allows the study of their cognitive capacity and their regular attitudes in order to discover the differences and similarities. The underlying meaning of the hypothesis of this work, despite the characteristics of their existence, man and dog share a minor way of being in the world. This minor characteristic is an essential component of the inter-specific relation from which we are trying to define these stakes. Dogs are an example of a new presence of animal in social sciences. 80 they may help us to consider a new definition of 'anthropology’
Bouchet, Hélène. "Relation entre variabilité du répertoire vocal et système social : étude comparative chez les cercopithécinés (Cercocebus torquatus, Cercopithecus campbelli, Cercopithecus neglectus)". Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S035.
Testo completoCommunication is essential to the social functioning. Therefore social pressures may have a major role on the evolution of communicative abilities. We studied, in captivity, three non-human primate species which differed by their social systems : the red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus), the Campbell's monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli) and the de Brazza's monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus). Our results highlight a strong link between vocal variability and social factors. The individual's social role is reflected in its repertoire's composition and diversity, and in its loquaciousness. The function of a call type influences its degree of acoustic variability and its potential to convey an identitary message. Finally, we were able to establish a link between size, diversity of the repertoire, vocal activity and degree of complexity of the species' social system. Thus, our comparative study supports the hypothesis of a social-vocal co-evolution in the Primate lineage
Benhajali, Haifa. "Reproduction et bien-être chez le cheval domestique : approche comportementale". Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S147.
Testo completoLe but de ce travail était d’identifier les facteurs mis en jeu, en particulier comportementaux, dans les problèmes de fertilité constatés chez la jument domestique. Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’effet de certains facteurs liés à l’individu tels que l’âge, statut de reproduction et père de la jument ains que l’étalon de saillie. Les résultats de cette analyse ont confirmé les effets âge, statut de reproduction et étalon de saillie observés chez d’autres races de chevaux mais ont aussi permis de mettre en évidence pour la première fois l’effet de l’origine paternelle de la jument sur sa fertilité. Une étude préliminaire du comportement de poulinières maintenues en forte densité dans des paddocks dénudés a révélé des répertoires comportementaux et des budgets temps inhabituels par rapport à ceux observés à l’état naturel. Afin d’évaluer ces perturbations comportementales et de rechercher leurs causes possibles, nous avons procédé à l’expérimentation. Nous avons donc testé l’effet de promouvoir un comportement alimentaire naturel sur le bien-être et la reproduction des juments. Cette expérience a montré des effets significatifs du traitement sur le comportement social, le répertoire comportemental et le budget temps des juments mais aussi sur leurs performances de reproduction (des taux de conception meilleurs et une faible fréquence de troubles du cycle ovarien). Dans une troisième étape de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés au lien entre les stéréotypies, considérées comme étant des indicateurs de stress chronique, en réponse à des conditions environnementales défavorables et les performances de reproduction des juments. Nos résultats ont révélé, pour la première fois, un succès reproducteur plus faible chez les juments montrant une activité stéréotypique
Labarrière, Jean-Louis. "L'intelligence et la vie des animaux selon Aristote". Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0034.
Testo completoLansade, Léa. "Le tempérament du cheval : étude théorique : application à la sélection des chevaux destinés à l'équitation". Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4005.
Testo completoTemperament is defined as a set of behavioural characteristics which are stable over time and across situations, called “traits”. This stability means that, to a certain extent, the behaviour of the individual is predictable. By testing the stability of behavioural responses in various situations and over time (between 8 months to 2. 5 years of age), we identified four temperamental traits, which are relatively or totally independent of each other: fearfulness, social motivation, responsiveness to humans and locomotor activity. For each of these traits, we developed a set of standardised tests and identified the most appropriate behavioural indicators to characterise them. The second part of the study examined the ontogeny of temperament at a young age (between 3 and 24 weeks), particularly that of fearfulness and responsiveness to humans. This work showed that these traits are not expressed through specific behaviour at a very young age but appear progressively with time. Thus, it is not possible to predict temperament in very young foals. However, once a foal expresses a particular response, this remains stable over time and is therefore predictable. The third part of the study investigated the influence of genetics and environmental factors on temperament development. The study of genetic factors showed a sire and a sex effect on most of the traits previously identified. In particular, males were more fearful, more responsive to humans, less active and had weaker social motivation than females. The study of environmental factors showed that early experiences, such as foal handling, can have persistent effects on certain aspects of temperament, but only if they are present during particularly sensitive periods, such as weaning. The final part of the work identified the relationship between the temperamental traits previously identified and the horse's suitability to be used for leisure or sport. From a practical point of view, this means that foals to be used as adults can be tested as early as 8 months to predict their behavioural qualities
Salomé, Nicolas. "Caractérisation d'un modèle animal d'anxiété congénitale : étude comportementale, neuroendocrinienne, neurochimique et neuroanatomique". Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-53.pdf.
Testo completoAttard, Robert Isabelle. "Evaluation de l'impact du Gypaete (Gypaetus Barbatus) et des griffons dans la constitution des accumulations d'ossements animaux et humains des sites anthropises et naturels quaternaires". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHNA001.
Testo completoFavreau-Peigné, Angélique. "Les caractéristiques sensorielles des aliments : quels rôles jouent-elles dans les aspects qualitatifs et quantitatifs du comportement alimentaire des ovins". Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22017.
Testo completoLainé, Michaël. "Quelle rationalité pour les esprits animaux ? : étude sur le comportement d'investissement des entrepreneurs en incertitude non probabilisable". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0151/document.
Testo completoIn a background of fundamental uncertainty, entrepreneurs cannot rely on a precise calculus of profitability. For their investment expectations, they have to lean on their animal spirits, that is an analogical, instinctive judgment about the future associated with an automatic emotional decision under the guidance of motivations. The notion traces back to the Ancient times. She was then synonymous with “nerve impulse”. Nowadays, if one probes neuroscience, it appears that somatic markers could shed some light on them. Emotions are useful to stop thoughts, restrict the states of nature and value certain options. They contribute to the intelligence of decisions. It is the excess, be it of cognition or emotion, that is detrimental. Emotions also serve to update or strengthen our beliefs. By their own momentum, they can create cycles, which I propose to dub “the confidence paradox”. When confidence is high, the terrain for the future fall is being prepared. Conversely, when it is low, little by little the conditions for a reversal are being staged. Our work proposes an analysis of inductive reasoning responsible for the elaboration of anticipative scripts. Cultural and symbolic capital also appears to come into play. Our empirical inquiry establishes a link between cultural capital and risk-taking. It outlines as well a clustering of animal spirits so as to grasp the heterogeneity of entrepreneurs. 11 different sorts are outlined and sorted by their motivations, emotions, cultural capital, investment behaviors and preferred anticipative scripts
Pari-Perrin, Élodie. "Les agencements des propriétaires de chiens et leurs chiens en milieu public urbain". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0019.
Testo completoThis naturalistic study seeks to describe the practices of dog owners and their dogs in urban public spaces in order to arrive at an overview of their characteristics and their movements. Four questions characterize the placements of dogs and their owners in urban spaces: Who are the dog owners and the dogs? When do they move about in public urban space? How do they move about in the urban space? What activities do they engage in? We systematically observed seven areas. The results show a low inter-area variability of the characteristics of owners and dogs, that dyads adapt the modalities of their presence according to how space can be used and the constraints they are likely to encounter. Dog-owner dyads adapt their activities to the area and the elements in their environment. This exhaustive study highlights the constant adaptation of human-dog dyads to different types of urban spaces
Gublin, épouse Diquelou Amérina. "L'animal et la technique : Etude comparée des processus de domestication". Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1577.
Testo completoThe aim of this thesis was to determine the actors’ relative influences in the human/animal relationship. The animal's identity changes when placed in the human technical environment The human, in return, is also modified. The human/animal relationship is thus a dynamic system, determined by the human cultural origin as well as by the animal's species. A study, done in French Guyana, shows that the less the domesticity of a species is ambiguous, the more its emotional status is stable and strong within the culture; the study also shows that the symbolic power of the animal strongly influences the relationship. It is therefore at the interface between human phantasm of the animal and the animals own natural identity, that the relationship is built. The adequacy between human desire and the potential of the animal species mould the relation and determine the outcome. Ln conclusion, the study of human/animal relationships could be considered as a useful tool in culture characterization
Fresquet, Nadine. "Analyse expérimentale des effets du vieillissement sur les capacités d'apprentissage et de mémoire à court terme chez la drosophile (Drosophila melanogaster)". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30131.
Testo completoRamos, André. "Analyse génétique de comportements liés à l'émotivité chez le rat". Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28572.
Testo completoWagner, Nicolas. "Détection des modifications de l’organisation circadienne des activités des animaux en relation avec des états pré-pathologiques, un stress, ou un événement de reproduction". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC032.
Testo completoPrecision livestock farming consists of recording parameters on the animals or their environment using various sensors. In this thesis, the aim is to monitor the behaviour of dairy cows via a real-time localisation system. The data are collected in a sequence of values at regular intervals, a so-called time series. The problems associated with the use of sensors are the large amount of data generated and the quality of this data. The Machine Learning (ML) helps to alleviate this problem. The aim of this thesis is to detect abnormal cow behaviour. The working hypothesis, supported by the biological literature, is that the circadian rhythm of a cow's activity changes if it goes from a normal state to a state of disease, stress or a specific physiological stage (oestrus, farrowing) at a very early stage. The detection of a behavioural anomaly would allow decisions to be taken more quickly in breeding. To do this, there are Time Series Classification (TSC) tools. The problem with behavioural data is that the so-called normal behavioural pattern of the cow varies from cow to cow, day to day, farm to farm, season to season, and so on. Finding a common normal pattern to all cows is therefore impossible. However, most TSC tools rely on learning a global model to define whether a given behaviour is close to this model or not. This thesis is structured around two major contributions. The first one is the development of a new TSC method: FBAT. It is based on Fourier transforms to identify a pattern of activity over 24 hours and compare it to another consecutive 24-hour period, in order to overcome the problem of the lack of a common pattern in a normal cow. The second contribution is the use of fuzzy labels. Indeed, around the days considered abnormal, it is possible to define an uncertain area where the cow would be in an intermediate state. We show that fuzzy logic improves results when labels are uncertain and we introduce a fuzzy variant of FBAT: F-FBAT
Lefebvre, Diane. "Approvisionnement en pollen et en nectar des colonies de bourdons Bombus terrestris. Ecologie comportementale et modélisation. Implications pour la pollinisation des fleurs de tomate en serre". Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10068.
Testo completoLardant, Emma. "Hétérogénéité de la réponse à un stress de forte intensité : Évidences comportementale, neurobiologique et hypnique chez la souris". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL003.
Testo completoPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that affects some individuals exposed to high-intensity stress. The heterogeneity in the expression of various symptoms could explain the lack of effective treatment and/or patient relapse. These subtypes of symptoms are associated with specific brain activities; their better understanding appears crucial for the pursuit of more personalized and thus more effective treatment. In this context, the behavior of outbred mice was evaluated through various tests for 28 days after receiving two high- intensity electric shocks. An analysis of behavioral profiles in two steps revealed three phenotypes in animals exposed to high-intensity stress. The first step, based on a composite score of generalized anxiety-like behaviors, allowed for the differentiation of resilient and susceptible animals and the establishment of a severity score for behavioral alterations. The second step, focused on persistent defensive behaviors during different re-exposures to stimuli associated with electric shocks, identified two behavioral phenotypes in susceptible animals: immobile and fleeing. Analysis of the cellular expression of the Fos protein highlighted distinct cellular activations in the amygdala (AMG) and the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Specifically, the severity of PTSD- like behavioral alterations is positively correlated with right AMG activation, and susceptible phenotypes are associated with different activations along the anteroposterior axis of the PAG. Sleep analysis also revealed differences among the three animal phenotypes. In particular, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep appears to be a marker of post-exposure resilience but also an indicator of susceptibility to pathology development before exposure. In conclusion, by demonstrating distinct brain activations and differential effects on sleep in the three animal phenotypes, this study highlights the importance of analyzing behavioral profiles in mice. Refinement of analysis methods of this kind should enhance the translational validity of the PTSD model, thus opening new perspectives for more personalized treatments
Colin, Catherine. "Apports d'une situation de difficulté d'accès à la nourriture dans l'étude des relations sociales chez le rat". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10289.
Testo completoLaurence, Agathe. "Effets du stress chronique sur la construction comportementale chez la caille japonaise Corturnix c. Japonica". Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S158.
Testo completoThis thesis explores the effects of chronic stress on the behavioural development of Japanese quail. Our problematic is based on fundamental, by exploring behavioural ontogeny, as well as applied, in the view of animal welfare, approaches. Hence, we applied a chronic stress procedure on young birds and we analysed its impact on their behaviours. This procedure positively impacted individual spatial learning. But it also increased their emotional reactivity, all the more so for those with a high intrinsic emotivity. On the long term, the levels of sexual receptivity and motivation to interact with sexual partners increased in stressed individuals of both sexes. However, stressed males behaved sexually inappropriately with females. Typical maternal behaviour was merely not affected by the chronic stress procedure. Nevertheless, treated mothers rarely interacted with their foster young, and social behaviours differed between the two sets of foster sons. Finally, we reported that environmental enrichment coupled with the stress procedure decreased the negative effects of chronic stress. In general, our work shows that a moderated chronic stress procedure impact negatively the behaviours related with welfare and potentially productivity, probably through physiological mechanisms. Those effects can be attenuated by a change in the home cages, allowing a certain degree of control of animals on their environment
Chemtob, Yohann. "Collective behaviour of zibrafish and robot groups in a constrained environment". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7017.
Testo completoCollective movement can be observed throughout the animal kingdom, particularly in fish. Yet, despite many studies on the subject, the decision-making mechanisms of these collective events remain poorly understood.In this thesis, we want to better understand collective movement by studying more precisely the decision-making process, the organisation and the cohesion of groups of social fish. Our study focuses on the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model used in different areas of research. To highlight those behaviours, we have developed a specific constrained environment composed of two rooms connected by a corridor. Cohesion on groups of different sizes and the organisation of leadership have been examined. The collective behaviour of zebrafish in a constrained environment was then described throughout a multi-contextual stochastic model. We have also developed a robotic agent to determine the importance of aspect and behaviour in conspecific recognition. Finally, after its integration into the group, we influenced the movements of the fish group with this biomimetic and autonomous fish robot to test our hypotheses on the different rules underlying collective movements.We have achieved the following results. In a constrained environment, fish use the rooms as resting areas and frequently move from one area to another. We observed that the size of fish groups influences the structure and proportion of these transitions. Group size also changes the cohesion between individuals and their spatial distribution. We studied more precisely the decision-making process during transitions, and in particular the mechanics of leadership. We have shown that leadership is shared among all individuals in a group, with heterogeneous sharing modalities between the different groups studied. The stochastic model developed from these results correctly simulates fish group behaviour in a constrained environment, using different parameter values according to the position of the agent. We have succeeded in integrating an autonomous and biomimetic fish robot into a group of zebrafish. The use of the stochastic model to drive the robot has highlighted the importance of biomimetic behaviour in the process of recognising a conspecific. Finally, we modulated the behaviour of the zebrafish with the fish robot by inducing collective departures as well as significantly biasing the distribution of fish between the two rooms. These positive results allow us to validate the hypotheses about leadership and cohesion among social fish
Diez, Lise. "Enjeux et mécanismes d'un comportement prophylactique: le rejet des cadavres chez la fourmi Myrmica rubra". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209600.
Testo completoTout d’abord, nous avons mis en évidence l’importance du rejet des déchets pour la survie des fourmis (Chapitre 1). Le rejet des cadavres, même exempts de pathogènes, permet d’augmenter légèrement la survie des ouvrières. La nécrophorèse prend toute son importance lorsque la colonie est exposée à des cadavres infectés par le champignon Metarrhizium anisopliae. Une limitation du rejet de ces cadavres porteurs de pathogènes entraîne une mortalité des ouvrières relativement importante (jusqu’à 30% après 50 jours) tandis que celle des larves reste très limitée. Nous avons également cherché à identifier les composés chimiques susceptibles de déclencher le rejet des cadavres par leurs congénères (Chapitre 2). Les cadavres fraîchement tués n’étaient pas rejetés rapidement. Par contre, des cadavres vieux de 1 à 6 jours étaient presque toujours éloignés du nid. Sur ces corps « âgés » de 1 à 6 jours, on constate l’apparition de deux composés :les acides oléique et linoléique. L’adjonction sur des cadavres frais d’acide oléique et/ou d’acide linoléique en quantités équivalentes à celles trouvées sur un cadavre de plus de 24h en provoque le rejet par les ouvrières. Nous avons ensuite étudié les facteurs susceptibles d’influencer le lieu de dépôt des cadavres à l’extérieur du nid (Chapitre 3). Les cadavres ne sont pas entassés dans un endroit particulier, mais dispersés autour du nid, relativement loin de l’entrée de celui-ci. De plus, le marquage passif des zones explorées par les ouvrières -qui sont un indice de fréquentation de cette zone par la colonie- n’influence pas la décision des ouvrières d’y déposer le cadavre. Lors du transport des corps, nous avons étudié quels sont les moyens utilisés par les fourmis pour leur orientation (Chapitre 4). Aucune clé chimique n’intervient dans l’orientation des fourmis transporteuses mais celles-ci utilisent leur mémoire spatiale en retournant préférentiellement dans la direction déjà visitée. Enfin, nous avons testé s’il existe une spécialisation à court ou moyen terme des ouvrières dans le transport de cadavres (Chapitre 5). Nous avons pu montrer que les fourmis transporteuses de corps peuvent se spécialiser lors de transports successifs à court terme (de l’ordre d’une heure). Par contre, aucune spécialisation dans les activités de nécrophorèse n’a pu être mise en évidence à moyen terme (de l’ordre de quelques semaines). Les fourmis transporteuses de cadavres sont le plus souvent des ouvrières actives à l’extérieur du nid qui n’ont que peu de contacts avec leurs congénères au sein du nid ou avec les stades particulièrement sensibles aux pathogènes tels que les larves.
L’ensemble des comportements liés au rejet et au transport des cadavres s’inscrivent dans les stratégies prophylactiques et hygiéniques de la colonie. Nous discuterons des liens entre le rejet des cadavres et l’ensemble des comportements appartenant à l’immunité sociale, qui permettent de limiter la prévalence et la propagation des pathogènes chez les insectes sociaux.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Riviere, Sébastien. "Conséquences d'un régime diabétogène enrichi en fructose sur la muqueuse olfactive : aspects anatomiques, fonctionnels et comportementaux". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS052/document.
Testo completoThe influence of metabolic status on olfactory processes has been thoroughly investigated over the last few years. Both nutritional status and hormones implicated in food metabolism can effectively modulate the olfactory system from the single neuron to the behavior. Thus, it seems likely that metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) can induce olfactory dysfunctions. In fact T2D patients display poor olfactory performances however the effects of diabetes in itself (as well as underlying mechanisms) are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the modulation of olfaction in young adult male mice caused by a high-fructose diet (HFruD) inducing T2D in rodents. Animals displayed early diabetic state after only 4 weeks of HFruD. In addition, animals exhibited a decrease in olfactory capacities for both neutral and food odors. These behavioral effects persisted and were amplified after 8 weeks of HFruD. Electrophysiological responses to odorants of both olfactory mucosa and olfactory sensory neurons were reduced in HFruD animals after 8 weeks of diet. Immunohistochemistry experiments then revealed an increase in the number of olfactory sensory neurons and a reduction of apoptosis in the OM indicating that HFruD modifies cell dynamics. Our results demonstrate that, in rodents, olfaction is modified by HFruD-induced diabetes. Functional, anatomical and behavioral changes occurred in the olfactory system even at a very early stage of the disease, indicating that T2D in itself can disrupt olfaction. Metabolic changes taking place during the onset of T2D may trigger olfactory dysfunctions
Pichon, Claire. "Contraintes écologiques et sociales sur l'acquisition alimentaire du propithèque couronné (Propithecus coronatus) dans une forêt sèche semi-caducifoliée du nord-ouest de Madagascar". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0037.
Testo completoThe role of trophic constraints in the evolution of societies and life history traits is a central question in primatology. Yet, the lack of quantified data on energy flows in the wild does not allow satisfactorily investigating the hypothesis of specific energy strategies in malagasy primates. Over 10 months, I characterized the food availability on trees, undergrowth and climbers, and I collected behavioral data on 3 of the 16 groups of sifakas inventoried in a dry forest of the Antrema station. Fluctuations in food intake and energy expenditure suggest that sifakas are particularly dependent on the wet season for the constitution of energy reserves and/or the restoration of a sufficient physical condition to reproduce in the next breeding season. The weak feeding competition associated with small group sizes and the complementarity of phenological plant production undoubtedly allow sifakas to maintain a high density of individuals, despite of forest fragmentation
Hamidou, Amine. "Analyse des interactions entre l'animal et son environnement physique et social : exemple d'un mutant neurologique : la souris Staggerer". Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10046.
Testo completoBinette, Kéven. "L'impact de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée à haute fréquence sur le substrat moléculaire et le comportement de souris déficitaires en sérotonine". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31589.
Testo completoRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that is being extensively used in clinical research. For instance, the use of high-frequency (HF) rTMS to treat treatment-resistant major depression (TRD) is approved by Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration, but its neurobiological mechanisms remains unclear. The laboratories of Jean-Martin Beaulieu and Shirley Fecteau reported in the past that a 5-day HF rTMS regimen applied over the frontal cortex of mice induced epigenetic modulations of specific protein levels in a manner similar to those of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In that sense, a protocol using a mice model that suits the TRD condition was created. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) is an enzyme which synthesize serotonin (5-HT) in the adult brain. Mice expressing a mutant form of that enzyme results in ~80 % less 5-HT and leads to anxiety, depressive and compulsive behaviors. This mutation has been found in an elder and teenager group, the former showing TRD and the latter showing obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. The main goal of this project was to assess the epigenetic impact of a 5-day HF rTMS regimen on gene expression and behaviors in Tph2 mutant mice as compared to a sham-rTMS regimen. In the end, no significant differences occurred between the rTMS and sham Tph2 mice in both anxiety and compulsivity behaviors following a 5-day HF rTMS regimen. Unfortunately, the second part of this project, the gene expression assessment, was postponed halfway because of the extensive data analysis not inserting itself within the timescale of this master’s project and other reasons out of our control. Nevertheless, the future analysis of gene expression might, as observed in the past, show significant differences on the molecular level even if no significant behavior modifications were observed.
Varela, Susana Araújo Marreiro. "Animal decision-making for habitat and mates : the selection of breeding commodities through inadvertent social information and its consequences for the evolution of coloniality". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066668.
Testo completoMerle, Alice. "Modification du comportement exploratoire et des capacités de navigation du crapaud commun en paysage fragmenté". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10306/document.
Testo completoLandscape fragmentation increases resource distribution and constrains animal movements. Two kinds of adaptive strategy have been revealed in response to this selective pressure: an increase or a decrease of animal capacity and propensity to move. I studied the resistance strategy (i.e. increase of movements) which is poorly documented in the literature. To do so I focused on an organism facing the need to cross the matrix to achieve its life cycle (Bufo bufo). Only a few studies enable to disentangle phenotypic plasticity, maternal effect and evolution of movement characteristics. I used common garden rearing and cross-breeding experiments in order to focus on the evolutionary dimension of movement characteristics changes induced by landscape fragmentation. More precisely, I studied the evolution of navigation capacities by focusing on vector orientation, its evolutionary rate, its genetic basis, its magnetic basis and its influence on dispersal. I also studied the evolution of the exploratory behaviour in response to landscape fragmentation and searched for convergent evolution of this behaviour
Toulet, Sylvain. "Déplacements collectifs auto-organisés : décision individuelle et transfert d'information". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30172/document.
Testo completoCollective movements often involve very spectacular displays that fascinate nature lovers and researchers. How do such amazing patterns appear and how group cohesion can be maintained ? If many studies were carried out to decipher the rules underlying cohesion for groups in movement, there is a lack of works adressing the transitions involved in collective movements : departures and stops. This thesis adresses the behavioural mechanisms involved in the collective decision-making processes oc- curing in such transitions in Merino sheep (Ovis aries) groups. We propose some new kinds of spatial hypotheses that can account for the way interactions between individuals are locally modulated in large groups where individuals cannot have an access to the global information of all individuals. We developed a novel spatiotemporal model of sheep collective motion that reproduces the experimental observations and allows to explore the outcomes of collective decisions in various conditions. The experimental and theoretical results increase the understanding of the individual mechanisms that produce collective decisions allowing to maintain group cohesion
Percelay, Solenn. "Validation d'un modèle murin de schizophrénie pour améliorer la recherche de nouveaux traitements : approche psychopharmacologique, en imagerie et en électrophysiologie A new 3-hit mouse model of schizophrenia built on genetic, early and late factors Functional dysregulations in CA1 hippocampal networks of a 3-hit mouse model of schizophrenia Olfactory laterality is valence-dependent in mice Assessing olfactory laterality in mice: new tool in preclinical psychiatric study Combination of MAP6 deficit, maternal separation and MK801 in female mice: a 3-hit animal model of neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive deficits Antipsychotic lurasidone: Behavioural and pharmacokinetic data in C57BL/6 mice". Thesis, Normandie, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NORMC403.
Testo completoAffecting 1% of worldwide population, schizophrenia is a debilitating pathology. Whether the aetiology of schizophrenia remains unknown, its multifactorial aspect is conversely now well admitted, and certainly gathers genetic vulnerability and environmental factors. Actual treatments are still unmet, particularly for negative and cognitive symptoms. For a better translation from treatments design of schizophrenia to clinical efficiency, there is a crucial need to refine preclinical animal models that considers the multifactorial aspects of this disease.We developed a new murine multifactorial model of schizophrenia (3-hit), that possesses a strong construct validity. To this, we combined a genetic predisposition (1st hit: partial deletion of MAP-6) with an early postnatal stress (2nd hit: 24 h maternal separation at postnatal day 9), and a late cannabinoid exposure during adolescence (3rd hit: tetrahydrocannabinol THC from post-natal day 32 to 52; 8 mg/kg/day).First, we characterised a promising face validity through behavioural, imaging and electrophysiological studies. At behavioural level, we demonstrated that 3-hit mice displayed negative-like symptoms, cognitive deficits and altered olfactory laterality. Moreover, we showed a sensory motor gating deficit, that is a major translational clue for animal models of schizophrenia. Additionally, 3-hit mice displayed some characteristic morphological and functional impairments of the disease: reduced hippocampal volume, altered callosal fibres, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission dysfunctions. We moreover highlighted some sexual dimorphisms.Second, we compared deficits of 3-hit mice to those of others models of schizophrenia developed in our laboratory. Deficits induced by one factor, or combination of several factors, evidenced a synergistic effect, and not a simple addition between each of them.The 3-hit model therefore presents strong construct validity and promising face validity, encouraging to assess the pharmacological validity
Vourc'h, Gwenaël. "Interactions entre plantes longévives et grands mammifères : défense chimique du thuya géant et herbivorie par le cerf-à-queue-noire en Colombie Britannique (Canada)". Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20189.
Testo completoNivelet, Charlotte. "Impact de la cohabitation homme/faune sauvage en zone touristique : étude des comportements liés à la proximité homme/animal d’une population touristique et de deux espèces de cercopithèques, le singe vert (Cercopithecus aethiops) et le cercopithèque à diadème (Cercopithecus albogularis), au sein d’une structure hôtelière au Kenya". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05H003.
Testo completoThe global environmental modifications associated to human activities have an influence about wildlife behaviour. The human being exploits all the ecosystems where living many animal species. This cohabitation is qualified by an overlapping of species habitat, that doesn’t have the same adaptation capacity. Flexibility degrees follow species and animal/Human relations development; have been noticed in few situations. Tourist’s activities tend to put human and wildlife together. Kenya has areas where tourists share the place with monkeys that come out of an important proximity. During this PhD in ethology, cohabitation impact in a touristy area has been studied in order to know if a harmonious cohabitation was possible in a hotel and what could be the conditions? For answer to this question, the ethological method was used with observations during ten months of two monkey species behaviour, the Vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and the blue monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis), and tourist people in a south Kenya hotel. Different types of interactions, between monkey species, associated to their environment and those with tourists of the hotel, has been collected. The observation area has been studied with the repartition of monkeys and tourists in accordance with the time of the day. Behaviours follow the place has been specified in order to make cross-reference that permit to understand the reasons of presence monkeys. The goal of this study was to elaborate a plan that it was neither troubling nor dangerous for animals, but to keep them at a distance for the observation in strict rules. The data obtained had concluded about the presence factors of monkeys. The food for human, the trees and flowers of the garden, the well-being notion and security against predators like baboons could be the causes of monkey’s presence. Follow the observations; monkeys could be more present at the meal time and precisely at the end of the day when the food is more attainable. On the whole, the Vervet monkeys are more presents than blue monkeys and they are greater numbers, which confirms the opportunistic nature of Vervet monkeys than Blue monkeys. The human behaviour study with monkeys shows that this proximity was kept going by tourists themselves. An important part of the plan against the proximity must concerned the tourist education in a special context, the holidays. The implication of local population is very important for the strategy, because they can communicate to the tourists the adapted behaviour with monkeys and wildlife. The implication of local people could increase their tolerance with monkey nuisances and decrease their apprehension. The government must involve itself to the reduction of this proximity phenomenon and to harden the law concerning the food giving by tourists. To understand models and interactions between human and animals is important for setting up a program of management, tourism, and development of subsistence means locally (Campbell, 2003). This type of study must take in consideration many areas because the phenomenon involves ecological, sociological, political, behavioural and anthropological questions, for a global comprehension of the issue, it’s necessary to take in count all these aspects (Hockins, 2009)
Greiveldinger, Lucile. "Processus d'évaluation et réponses émotionnelles chez les ovins : prévisibilité, contrôlabilité, correspondance aux attentes et contexte social". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718313.
Testo completoBrajon, Sophie. "Perception de l'humain et processus émotionnels et cognitifs chez le porcelet : impact de l'expérience avec l'humain". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26407.
Testo completoHumans are part of the environment of domestic animals and their impact on animal welfare is largely underestimated. This thesis focused on the human-animal relationship during the post-weaning period in pigs. This period has not been much studied in a context of human-animal relationship, although it is known to be associated with the development of social abilities. The first part of this thesis aimed at understanding some processes involved in the development of the perception of humans by weaned piglets, namely memory, recognition and generalisation. Results showed that weaned piglets are able to form a memory of a familiar human which persists at least 5 weeks. Moreover, piglets adapt their behaviour according to the movements (rough or gentle) of humans towards them. However, the addition of food rewards or physical stress does not amplify their behavioural responses. An unfamiliar handler is not perceived positively. In addition, familiarisation to a passive human is not sufficient to remove the fear of an approaching human, suggesting that piglets form a context-specific memory. Thereafter, it has been shown that piglets can discriminate and recognise familiar humans based on experience, although their reactions depend on numerous factors, including the consistency of the experience and the context of testing. It does not preclude that piglets are able to generalise their behavioural responses to unfamiliar humans and to form a general memory of humans. The second part of the thesis aimed at investigating the impact of the experience with humans on emotional states and cognitive abilities of weaned piglets. It has been demonstrated that the way humans behave with piglets modulates their emotional states. Piglets receiving positive interactions with humans develop a positive emotional state and are more optimistic. Fear of humans appears to be correlated with motivation to explore, a temperament trait helping animals in a learning task. Overall, it has been demonstrated that the nature of the contact given by humans plays a major role in the development of the perception of humans, but also influences emotional states and is linked with motivation of this young domestic animal to learn and adapt to its environment. Key words: weaned piglet, human-animal relationship, welfare, perception of humans, recognition/generalisation, emotional state, cognitive bias, learning.
Bernadou, Abel. "Du micro-paysage au paysage : approche éthologique et écologique de l'impact des hétérogénéités spatiales du milieu sur les fourmis". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU30132.
Testo completoWhatever the scale at which it is considered, the natural environment of an animal constitutes a landscape whose structure is composed of many spatial heterogeneities that can be related either to the biotic or abiotic factors of the environment. These heterogeneities can significantly affect the movement of animals but they can also influence their decision when choosing a habitat. Our work constitutes a multiscale study of the impact of environmental heterogeneities on ants. It combines methods from both ethology and ecology in a bottom-up approach whose ambition is to make a link between the behaviour of ants, both at the individual and collective level, and their distribution in the natural environment
Delaunay, Anne. "Rôles et régulations des canaux ioniques ASIC3 dans la douleur". Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00919428.
Testo completoDelaunay, Anne. "Rôles et régulations des canaux ioniques ASIC3 dans la douleur". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4084.
Testo completoChronic, inflammatory, neuropathic, or incisional pain is affecting about 20 % of the adult population and up to 50 % of the elderly population. It thus represent a real public health issue. Despite the existence of large families of analgesics, treatments are often ineffective. This is due in large part to a lack of knowledge of the patho-physiological mechanisms of pain. During my PhD, I have been interested in the roles and regulation of molecular sensors of the pain recently highlighted: ion channels (ASICs "Acid Sensing Ion Channels "). ASICs constitute a family of excitatory cationic channels. The ASIC3 channels, in particular, are present in sensory neurons that innervate the skin, muscles, organs and joints. They are activated by low extracellular acidification occurring in many patho-physiological mechanisms such as inflammation, ischemia, tumor growth, or the subsequent tissue damage, for example, surgery. In a first study, we showed that ASIC3 channels play a crucial role in the development of post -operative pain, including postural pain, close to clinical cases. From a plantar incision model in rats, we demonstrated an over-expression of ASIC3 channels in sensory neurons innervating the operated hindpaw. Pharmacological inhibition (with toxin) and invalidation (siRNA) of ASIC3 in vivo reduce pain behavior. Our second study focused on the human ASIC3 channel, not yet extensively studied. I demonstrated that this channel has a unique and inducible property which gives it a sensitivity not only to acidification, but also to the extracellular alkalinization. This alkaline sensitivity is an intrinsic characteristic of the channel. It involves two specific arginine residues in the human channel that are present in its extracellular loop.Thus the human ASIC3 channel adapts its activity at different pH environments, and could participate in the fine regulation of membrane potential and neuronal sensitization. More recently, I have studied the regulation of ASIC3 channel by inflammatory lipids and there effects on pain. Interestingly, I showed that lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a lipid produced from the degradation of the membrane during inflammation, is a new activator of ASIC3 channel under normal pH conditions. Moreover, in synergy with moderate acidosis (pH 7.0), the LPC and its non-metabolizable analogue produce spontaneous pain in rats. This pain is reduced in the presence of the ASIC3 inhibitory toxin
Foucart, Julie. "Étude comparée des habilités opératoires et motrices de l'homme et du chimpanzé pour une utilisation d'outils trans-primatique : le cassage de noix". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0052.
Testo completoThe purpose of this work is to compare technical skills between human and chimpanzee for a relevant tool-use activity for these two species : nut-cracking. We perform real measurement of subjects' abilities to produce fonctional actions to accomplish the desired task in modified contextual situations. The different functional actions to accomplish the desired task in modified contextual situations. The different functional levels of the action organization are analysed : action strategies (choise of tools and form of action) and elementary movement. Results suggest that chimpanzee is able to, like human, subtly adapt his actions to task conditions. More precisely, we notice important inter-primatic similarities in the process of technical skills construction. Indeed, with experience, we observe : 1 - an increase of capacities to select the adequate tools and to perform a functional manipulation of them ; there is an increase of capacities to perceive and to master a higher number as well as more complex affordances structures and relational constraints ; 2 - an increase of the precision of the elementary movement adjustement to the constraints of the task
Rozen-Rechels, David. "Patrons et optimisation des comportements de thermo-hydrorégulation dans un paysage hétérogène Water restriction in viviparous lizards causes transgenerational effects on behavioral anxiety and immediate effects on exploration behavior When water interacts with temperature: Ecological and evolutionary implications of thermo‐hydroregulation in terrestrial ectotherms". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS345.
Testo completoActual climate changes drive modifications of the thermal and water landscapes where live organisms. Thermoregulation in ectotherm species mostly rely on behavioral adjustments. These adjustments buffer the negative effects of these environmental changes on the physiology and the performances of the individuals. However, too few studies focused on the costs of changes in the water environment on thermoregulation behaviors. The main objective of this thesis is to highlight behavioral patterns involved in the joint regulation of body temperature and water balance, hereafter called thermo-hydroregulation behaviors, which would be critical to understand the responses of organisms to global changes. I focused on studying space use behaviors (activity patterns, micro-habitat selection) of a temperate squamate species, the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) through experimental set-ups in laboratory or outdoor conditions, as well as a comparative study of natural populations in the Massif Central, France. My results highlighted that behavioral regulation of the water balance can trade-off or act in synergy with thermoregulation behaviors according to environmental conditions. The observed behavioral adjustments could consist in a water conservation strategy. A decrease in water availability in the environment as well as a dehydration induced changes in thermoregulation strategies (body temperature, thermoregulation accuracy). These studies highlighted the importance of a joint consideration of the thermal and water constraints when studying the ectotherms responses to global change, and questioned our current understanding of individual and populational responses to these changes
Simon, Philippe. "Etude du rôle des transmissions dopaminergiques dans divers comportements exprimant chez le rongeur les niveaux d'activité et d'anxiété". Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES014.
Testo completoRincel, Marion. "Role of the gut-brain axis in early stress-induced emotional vulnerability". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0870/document.
Testo completoEarly-life adversity is a main risk factor for psychiatric disorders at adulthood; however the mechanisms underlying the programming effect of stress during development are still unknown. In rodents, chronic maternal separation has long lasting effects in adult offspring, including hyper-anxiety and hyper-responsiveness to a novel stress, along with gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Moreover, recent studies report gut barrier hyper-permeability in rat pups submitted to maternal separation, an effect that could potentially lead to dysbiosis and altered gut-brain communication. Therefore, the aim of my PhD was to unravel the role of the gut-brain axis in the neurobehavioral effects of early-life stress. We recently reported that some neural, behavioral and endocrine alterations associated with maternal separation in rats could be prevented by maternal exposure to a high-fat diet. We first addressed the effects of maternal high-fat diet on brain and gut during development in the maternal separation model. We show that maternal high-fat diet prevents the stress-induced decrease in spine density and altered dendritic morphology in the medial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, maternal high-fat diet also attenuates the exacerbated intestinal permeability associated with maternal separation. To explore a potential causal impact of gut leakiness on brain functions, we then examined the impact of pharmacological and genetic manipulations of intestinal permeability on brain and behavior. We report 1) that restoration of gut barrier function attenuates some of the behavioral alterations associated with maternal separation and 2) that chronic gut leakiness in naive adult transgenic mice recapitulates the effects of maternal separation. Finally, we examined the effects of multifactorial early-life adversity on behavior, gut function and microbiota composition in males and females using a combination of prenatal inflammation and maternal separation in mice. At adulthood, offspring exposed to early adversity displayed sex-specific behavioral (social behavior deficits in males and increased anxiety in females) and intestinal phenotypes. In conclusion, our work demonstrates an impact of gut dysfunctions, in particular gut leakiness, on the emergence of emotional alterations. Further studies are needed to unravel the role of the gut dysbiosis in the expression of the behavioral phenotypes associated with early-life adversity
Benoit, Simon. "Impact of the administration of α-casozepine, a benzodiazepine-like peptide from bovine αs1-casein, and of a proteolysis fragment on neural activity in mice". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0345/document.
Testo completoΑ-casozepine (α-CZP) is a decapeptide that mediates the anxiolytic-like properties of the tryptic hydrolysate of bovine αs1-casein. Different properties of α-CZP leads to consider this peptide close to the benzodiazepine family, the most commonly used anxiolytic molecules. In contrast, other results suggest a distinct mode of action between α-CZP and benzodiazepines, especially the fact that the peptide does not have side effects. Although a central action remains the main hypothesis of the mode of action of α-CZP, no regulation of the brain activity has been shown before. The work achieved in this thesis displayed the fact that the anxiolytic-like properties of α-CZP, after a single intraperitoneal injection of the peptide, are associated with a modulation of cerebral activity in several regions linked to anxiety regulation in mice brains, such as the amygdala, the hippocampal formation, the accumbens nucleus and some nuclei of the hypothalamus or raphe. Besides, these modulations of neural activity are not exactly the same as those obtained after an injection of diazepam, a reference benzodiazepine, or YLGYL, a derivative of α-CZP, even though observed behaviours are similar. Eventually, it has been demonstrated that an anxiety-inducing situation is needed to trigger the central effects of α-CZP. This work allowed a better understanding of the mode of action of a bioactive peptide from alimentary origin that has a positive action on its consumer’s mood and behaviour
Jeannin, Sarah. "La relation homme-animal : étude de la communication vocale adressée au chien". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100172/document.
Testo completoWhen addressing their dogs, owners often use a special speech register called pet-directed-speech. This communication modality is very similar to infant-directed-speech used by parents when speaking to young children, which suggests common bases. These two types of speech share characteristics that differ from those of adult-directed-speech, such as a higher fundamental frequency and greater modulations. A series of experiments carried out at the National Veterinary School of Alfort allowed us to explore how pet-directed-speech occurs in the human-dog interaction. The first chapter shows that acoustic and verbal features of pet-directed-speech vary according to the interaction context. The second chapter aims to highlight how dogs process human vocal information; overall, our results reveal a right hemispheric advantage. The third chapter indicates that pet-directed-speech increases significantly dogs’ attentional state. This phenomenon is not perceived by human observers, as it is shown in chapter four. Together, these studies which mainly focused on pet-directed-speech bring to light the complexity of the human-dog communication
Delattre, Claire. "Approches physiopathologiques des interactions entre accident vasculaire cérébral et démence vasculaire". Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982049.
Testo completoPeyrafort, Manon. "Emotion et prise de décision chez la seiche, Sepia". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC259.
Testo completoIn 2013, cephalopods were included in European Directive 2010/63/EU, which requires scientists to provide them with welfare conditions in the laboratory. However, they do not have any evaluation tools. The emotional responses of animals are proving to be good indicators for assessing their welfare in captivity. The aim of this thesis is therefore to identify behavioural indicators in common cuttlefish. Cuttlefish change their appearance (chromatically and texturally) which are similar in function to the facial expressions of vertebrates. These changes are particularly observed in a feeding context, a context that is conducive to the expression of emotions. Firstly, the work described the changes in the appearance of cuttlefish when attacking prey to identify the components expressed. Secondly, these components were evaluated in predation contexts, probably inducing emotions of different valence and intensity, as well as in a competitive social context. The results highlight 8 components (1 textural and 7 chromatic, including 3 observed for the first time) that are expressed differently from one cuttlefish to another and from one context to another. When attacking prey, cuttlefish therefore appear to use two different camouflage strategies (one “chromatic” and the other “textural”) directed towards a predator. These strategies seem to reveal a personality trait. For cuttlefish using the first strategy, the expression of 6 chromatic components seems to correlate with their preferences and motivation. This thesis concludes that chromatic changes probably integrate an emotional component and proposes for the first time that cuttlefish have affective states, but without being able to state it with certainty. In the future, chromatic components could be proposed as a tool for evaluating the welfare of cuttlefish, at least at the feeding level
Tallet, Céline. "Mécanismes comportementaux d'établissement de l'affinité pour le soigneur : étude sur agneaux élevés en allaitement artificiel". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688759.
Testo completoSalvador, Alexandre. "Modulation pharmacologique du raisonnement et de la prise de décision : apports pour la psychiatrie". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB007/document.
Testo completoSuccessful new drug development has declined in psychiatry in the last decades. This is in part the resut of a high failure rate in translating positive preclinical efficacy results to positive clinical trials. Limitations in the validity of animal models and shortcomings in the usefullnes of the current categorical diagnostic system. Cognitive neurosciences and particularly reinforcement learning and its computational analysis might provide biomarkers required to develop new ways of classifying mental disorders on the basis of both observable behaviour and neurobiological measues. Used in conjunction with pharmacological challenges, it may bring new insights into the physiopahtology and brain mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. It may also help design new animal models with imporved predictive validity for the develoment of medications relying on innovative mechanisms of action. We illustrate the use of reinforcement learning and pharmacological challenge in two experimental studies. In the first experiment, we administered a reinforcement learning task that involves both direct learning from obtained outcomes and indirect learning from forgone outcomes to two groups of Gilles de la Tourette patients, one receiving aripiprazole, one unmedicated and to a group of healty subjects. In the second experiment, we administered two probabilistic stimulus selection learning tasks (one simple, one with occasional reversals) to healthy subjects randomly and blindly allocated to either escitalopram, a typical serotonin reuptake inhibitor, agomelatine, an antidepressant with a different mechanism of action, or placebo. The experiment compard the effect of these two classes of antidepressants to placebo after both short term (3 days) and long term (8 weeks) treatment. These experiments bring insights into the understanding of the clinical condition studied, and the effects of the drugs tested. Implications of this approach for the translational approach to drug development is discussed
Marcet, Rius Miriam. "Physiological and behavioural indicators of positive animal welfare in pigs". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0013.
Testo completoThe first step for ensuring a good quality of life for farm animals may be the ability to assess their welfare correctly. To do this, not only is it essential to include the detection of welfare problems but it is also essential to detect positive welfare states, such as the emission of positive emotions. The ability to measure the appearance of negative emotions is important, and positive animal welfare should also include frequent emissions of positive emotions and less frequent emissions of negative ones. Therefore, the presence of positive and negative emotions should be included in animal welfare assessments, and not only their physical health but also their mental health should be considered. Currently, few indicators of emotions exist, and such indicators are essential to better understand the adaptation or not of several husbandry practices in current production systems. Furthermore, the few existing indicators or measures are not always feasible and objective to evaluate. Therefore, research identifying new indicators of positive welfare, more specifically, indicators that reflect emotional responses, is needed. Thus, the present work mainly aimed at investigating potential physiological and behavioural measures of positive animal welfare. For this investigation, we conducted five studies: four with mini-pigs and one with domestic commercial pigs. The four studies with mini-pigs were performed in an experimental setting, whereas the last study was performed under farm conditions. In each study, a positive situation was created for the animals according to the literature as well as a control situation, and several measurements were taken to compare both groups. This work provides many interesting results about the potential physiological and behavioural indicators of welfare that could be used to improve current welfare assessments of pigs. The present behavioural indicators are important because they provide measures that are feasible. Furthermore, this work provides further knowledge of the real state of animals and a better understanding of their emotions. This work also provides information about different types of enrichment materials, which could help stockpersons and others who provide for and manage pigs find adequate material for enrichment. Finally, this work is an example of the way many different sciences, such as physiology, ethology and welfare, among others, can be linked to scientifically describe the state of animals in a specific context
Caillé-Garnier, Stéphanie. "Implication des systèmes monoaminergiques centraux dans l'expression de la dépendance aux opiacés". Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28763.
Testo completoDe, Bruyn Colin. "Modalités fonctionnelles et évolutives des parasitoses développées par les crabes Pinnotheridae aux dépens des échinides fouisseurs". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659457.
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