Tesi sul tema "Administrative divisions"

La division politico-administrative des territoires des États est un outil de leur organisation. Dans le cas du Pérou, l'espace politico-administratif a été organisé durant chaque grande période historique (période pré-colombienne, colonie et république) en fonction des systèmes socio-politique et économique dominants. Ainsi, la division du territoire en circonscriptions politico-administratives et les délimitations de ces dernières se sont au fil du temps adaptées aux formes de l'État et à celles des relations sociales et productives dominantes. La réforme de la décentralisation engagée au Pérou contempaine en 2001 apparaît bien comme une réponse aux problèmes structurels qui bloquent le développement du pays. Parmi ceux-ci figurent les problèmes liés au centralisme politique, à la concentration économique, et aux déséquilibres de l'occupation du territoire. Ceux-ci mettent particulièrement bien en évidence les inadéquations des mailles politico-administratives du territoire péruvien manifeste au début du XXe siècle. Dans le cadre de cette problématique de la recherche d'une correspondance pertinente entre les divisions politico-administratives du territoire et les enjeux des politiques de décentralisation, et compte tenu de l'approche systémique revendiquée, la thèse propose à la fois une démarche d'ajustement de l'espace politico-administratif péruvien et des objectifs des politiques de décentralisation. Et les résultats de cette démarche. Une modélisation de l'identification et de la délimitation des circonscriptions districts. Provinces et régions est réalisée. Alliant théorie et pratique. Cette modélisation propose pour le Pérou un modèle de reforme de l'ensemble de la couverture territoriale. Ce modèle sélectionne des chefs-lieux (centres fonctionnels). Il délimite des districts et des provinces à l'échelon local et des régions et à l'échelon supra local. Définissant ainsi, avec l'espace régional, un nouveau niveau d'identification du territoire.

Les communes mixtes, au senegal, furent presentees par l'administration coloniale comme une institution de decentralisation chargee de promouvoir le developpement economique et social de certains centres urbains grace a un budget autonome. Les faits prouvent qu'il y eut sans doute de nombreuses realisations de developpement, mais egalement quelque chose qui etait contraire au projet initial : un developpement de la demogratie municipale et une prise de conscience politique qui devait deboucher sur l'independance du pays
In senegal, the mixed communes were presented by colonial administration as a decentralization institution which had to promote the economic and social development of some urban centers by an onn communal budget. In fact, many social and economic realizations can be observed, but something which was not in the project arised : a democratic development of that cities institutions and a political awakening that drove to independance

Since Woodrow Wilson’s seminal essay "The Study of Administration,” when he called for educating administrators in administration in hopes of making government more business-like, scholars have been investigating the differences and similarities between government and business. Largely ignored was the education for administration; should it likewise be more focused on business? Despite the development of specialized public administration degrees, the Master of Public Administration (MPA) and its equivalents, many managers trained in business schools are employed in federal government. This, alone, should make one question whether or not graduate education in public administration is truly any better or more appropriate for public sector management careers than other graduate degrees, notably the MBA. The present study addresses the issue of degree appropriateness by comparing federal sector managers who are MPA-trained with those who are MBA-trained on ten career success indices. Data to construct the indices were collected via a mailed survey questionnaire sent to the population of federal sector managers holding the MPA or MBA from selected universities. A variety of statistical procedures in SPSS were used to analyze the data. Analysis of the data indicates that few significant differences exist between MPA's and MBA's in career success, as measured in the short term. Possible explanations for these findings are explored. A cohort analysis and t-Test indicates that MBA's receive higher starting salaries than MPA's but MPA's surpass their MBA peers approximately twelve years after completing the master's degree. A hypothetical fourth (older) cohort of MPA's would be significantly higher paid now than MBA's. Implications for individuals, institutions, and society, based on the findings, were discussed, along with limitations to the study and future topics of research.
Ph. D.

Este trabalho monográfico tem por objeto a análise e a proposição de caminhos alternativos para a compreensão do direito à cidade sustentável, sob o prisma das relações de poder. Para tanto, busca esquadrinhar alguns pressupostos e conceitos centrais da obra de Henri Lefebvre, notadamente aqueles em que a proposta original do direito à cidade se alicerça, a fim de compatibilizá-los com as categorias de análise necessárias à condução da pesquisa. Nesse intento, esboça um quadro argumentativo sistemático que aponta para as direções da redistribuição do poder no espaço urbano, da plenitude do exercício da multiterritorialidade e dos múltiplos territórios e da participaçãointervenção na produção dos discursos ambiental e jurídico-urbanístico, este último através do pluralismo jurídico. Busca, ainda, analisar a viabilidade teórica dos sentidos propostos no escopo da teoria espacial lefebvriana.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
This dissertation aims at analyzing and proposing alternative ways of understanding the right to a sustainable city, in the light of power relations. To do so, it seeks to explore some key assumptions and concepts of Henri Lefebvre's work, mostly those on which the original proposal of the right to the city was built, in order to match with the categories of analysis in the development of the research. In this attempt, outlines a systematic argumentative framework, that points to the redistribution of power in the urban space, the full exercise of multiterritoriality and multiple territories and the participationintervention in the production of environmental and legal-urban discourse, the latter through the legal pluralism. Also seeks to analyze the theoretical feasibility of the proposed meanings within the scope of Lefebvrian spatial theory.

A presente pesquisa tem por escopo analisar os fundamentos dos direitos territoriais quilombolas na localidade de Palmas-PR: as dificuldades e expectativas quanto à sua efetivação. Assim, inicia-se o estudo com uma incursão à historiografia tradicional para buscar os principais elementos da formação social brasileira, ao mesmo tempo em que procura insular-se da noção idealizada de quilombo pautada em elementos históricoarqueológicos. Já com o advento da Constituição de 1988, previsão dos direitos territoriais quilombolas, ocorre a evolução do conceito de quilombo a partir de elementos antropológicos capazes de abranger a sua dinamicidade como fenômeno social. A partir da demonstração do que pode significar a concretização de tais direitos para o quilombo de Palmas-PR, emergem as diferentes dimensões assumidas pela relação dos quilombolas com o seu território e com o trabalho tradicional, além dos obstáculos encontrados. Assim, os direitos territoriais são frutos do campo das disputas políticas que ao buscar reparar as injustiças da escravidão e da excludente sociedade do trabalho livre; trazem visibilidade para os quilombolas, reforçam a sua luta e criam possibilidades, seja na arena de disputas jurídicas, seja na arena de disputas políticas.
This research has as the main scope to study the fundamentals Maroons territorial rights in Palmas-PR: their issues and their expectations. The study begins through traditional Brazilian historiography elements and the Brazilian social formation, to avoid using the idealized concept of “quilombo”, based in historical and archaeological elements. In the Brazilian National Constitution of 1988, there is an evolution of the concept of “quilombo” with anthropological elements, to become able to comprehend its dynamics as a social phenomenon. After the meanings demonstration of these rights for the Maroons from Palmas- PR, emerge the differents dimensions by the Maroons with its territory and its traditional work. However the structural formation of Brazilian society; the territorial maroons rights are answering to the slavery injustices and social exclusion from the free work society. Theses rights bring visibility to the Maroons, strengthen their cause and create possibilities rather in the legal issues, rather in the political issues.
5000

La circonscription administrative intermédiaire sous la Révolution et le Consulat. La projection locale d'une volonté politique. La loi du 22 décembre 1789 et celle du 28 pluviôse an VIII, genèses de l’actuelle distribution administrative du territoire, retranscrivent la volonté du pouvoir central de projeter localement son autorité. De l’une à l’autre, l’objectif centralisateur ne cesse d’être affirmé. Il évolue, en revanche, en fonction des variables circonstancielles, idéologiques, et politiques qui redéfinissent ses contours. Si l’organisation et les fonctions des administrations locales expriment de manière évidente cette évolution, il apparaît que c’est au niveau de l’échelon intermédiaire que l’expression est la plus forte. Paradoxalement, c’est également le niveau d’administration qui est le moins considéré par l’historiographie. Entre autres raisons, il en est une qui perdure : ce qui est placé « entre-deux » est par essence destiné à ne guère susciter l’intérêt. Une lecture linéaire et globalisante de la qualité d’intermédiaire qui doit être révisée à la suite de l’observation de la période étudiée. Du district de la Constituante au district de la Convention, de la municipalité de canton du Directoire à l’arrondissement du Consulat : à chaque instant réformateur, la circonscription administrative intermédiaire correspond à une réalité différente
Laws of December 22th 1789 and « 28 pluviôse an VIII », genesis of the ongoing territory’s administrative distribution, symbolize the central power’s will in terms of planning locally it’s authority. From one to the other, the centralizing objective keeps being claimed. On the other hand, it evolves functions of ideological and political variables that define it’s outlines. If local administrations’ organisation and duties obviously express this evolution, it appears it is by the intermediate rung that it’s expression is the the most apparent. Paradoxically, it is also the administration level whom is the less considered by historiography. One reason lasts : what is placed in-between is essentially meant to not give rise to interest. A linear and globalizing reading of the intermediate quality that must be reviewed in the aftermath of the studied period. From the « Constituante » district to the « Convention » district, from Directory township municipality to Consulate arrondissement: at every reforming instant, the intermediate administrative constituency correspond to a different reality

The theme of territorial development has attracted interests of different areas of knowledge. In this sense, it becomes necessary to think about the approach of territorial development in Brazil, which became wider at the beginning of the XXI century. This particular thesis aims to perform reflections on the process of preparing and implementing territorial actions to promote a development in rural areas; in this regard the discussion about the experience of Brazilian planning is recognized, and it is also aimed to understand the challenge of construction of mediation processes which are able to guide and operationalize territorial policies; it also aims to forward the interests for discussion that evidences the problematic of social management. The research has an exploratory and investigative character, performing an approach that ponders the territorial development through an analysis, from survey and literature review on the theme, and the analysis of data obtained through fieldwork, such as interviews with the main social actors bound to entities and members of social movements that contribute in the process of territorial development, taking as a parameter the main instance: the Rural Territorial Collegiate. It is acknowledged that the participation of civil society in the elaboration of public policies is significantly important, providing the transcendence of apparent contradictions of interests and visions inherent to public and private domain, particularly when referring to rural environments, in which an increasing on density of commitments and responses is aimed. It is to respond to the challenge of territorial development, in the face to the difficulty in forming government capacity of multiple commitments on strategic interplay of the actors. It refers to the recognition of the importance of the participation and interaction of different social actors in the attempt of delineating ways to territorial development. Also regarding to the discussion of territorial development, this job is linked to the references of the discussion about the rural environment in Portugal, especially the discussion of governance, through contact with Portugal Local Development Associations, although it is considered the significant and notable differences regarding to the territorial dimension and the socio-economic and environmental issues between these two countries. As a result of the research, it is evidenced that the Rural Development Policy in Brazil is a process in construction that still goes through difficulties regarding to its supporting pillars among which is called attention to social management; the data and conducted analysis reveal that there was a process of change in the manner and consequences of action planning in rural environment, and also reveal that there is an advance regarding to the innovation in the instruments of participation and valuing of local forces, from the point of view of the togetherness of different representations that are heterogeneous. And therefore, they try to find the ways to reduce social disparities in rural environment, through management, but still in a fragile way.
A temática do desenvolvimento territorial despertou interesses de diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Torna-se necessário uma análise sobre a abordagem do desenvolvimento territorial no Brasil, que ganhou maior expressão no início do século XXI. A tese em tela tem como objetivo realizar reflexões em torno do processo de elaboração e implementação das ações territoriais para a promoção do desenvolvimento em áreas rurais. Retoma-se a discussão sobre a experiência do planejamento brasileiro, no intuito de compreender a construção de processos de mediação capazes de orientar e operacionalizar as políticas territoriais, visa encaminhar os interesses para a discussão sobre a problemática da governança. A pesquisa é de caráter exploratório-investigativo, aborda e pondera o desenvolvimento territorial por meio da análise, parti do levantamento e revisão bibliográfica referente à temática, e da análise de dados obtidos por meio de trabalho de campo, como as entrevistas dos principais atores sociais vinculados a entidades e membros de movimentos sociais que contribuem no processo de desenvolvimento territorial, tomando como parâmetro a instância principal: os Colegiados Territoriais Rurais. Reconhece-se que a participação da sociedade civil na elaboração das políticas públicas é significativa e propicia a transcendência de aparentes contradições de interesses e visões inerentes ao domínio público e privado, especialmente, quando se refere aos meios rurais, onde se procura aumentar a densidade de compromissos e de respostas. Trata-se de responder ao desafio do desenvolvimento territorial, face à dificuldade para constituir capacidade governativa de compromissos múltiplos no entrosamento estratégico. Refere-se ao reconhecimento da importância da participação e interação de diferentes atores sociais na tentativa de delinear caminhos para o desenvolvimento territorial. No âmbito da discussão do desenvolvimento territorial, o trabalho faz vínculo com as referências do debate sobre o meio rural em Portugal, em especial o contato com as Associações de Desenvolvimento Local de Portugal, embora se considere as significativas e notórias diferenças sobre a dimensão territorial e aos aspectos sócio-econômicos e ambientais existentes entre os dois países. O resultado da pesquisa evidencia que a política de desenvolvimento territorial rural no Brasil é um processo em construção que passa por dificuldades nos pilares de implantação e sustentação, dentre os quais se destaca a gestão social. Dados e análises realizadas revelam que ocorreu um processo de mudança na forma e nos desdobramentos das ações no meio rural, e que há avanços no sentido de inovações nos instrumentos de participação e de valorização das forças locais, como o ajuntamento de diferentes representações que são heterogêneas, mas buscam encontrar meios de reduzir as disparidades sociais no meio rural por meio da gestão, entretanto, ainda de forma frágil.

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude des collectivités territoriales françaises. Entre empilement des structures et enchevêtrement des compétences, le paysage local est très souvent critiqué. L'objectif est de s'interroger sur l'avenir de ces structures dans un contexte de bouleversement territorial. Deux collectivités sont particulièrement concernées par cette recherche : les départements et les régions. Le constat d'une dualité politique est avéré et les tentatives de rapprochements sont légion. Pour autant de nombreuses difficultés ne permettent pas de créer de véritables articulations entre ces deux entités. Face à ces éléments, il apparaît nécessaire de dresser un constat général de l'organisation territoriale actuelle dans un paysage local français complexe. Chacune des collectivités territoriales s'est insérée différemment au sein des territoires et les contours de chacune d'entre elles seront étudiés sous l'angle principal de leur statut juridique. Cependant, l'aspect politique des différentes collectivités territoriales permettra de donner une vision différente de ces structures. Avec l'influence des élus locaux, les collectivités territoriales se situent au coeur de l'action publique. Depuis plus de trente ans, par les différentes dispositions législatives intervenues en la matière, le paysage local n'a cessé de se transformer au point qu'il apparaît actuellement comme bouleversé. L'étude propose plusieurs pistes de réflexions en vue de faire évoluer les collectivités territoriales et de les doter d'outils juridiques leur permettant d'être mieux représentés au sein des territoires
This thesis is about the research of French territorial communities. In between piled up stuctures and confused abilities, local landscape is often criticized. The main aim is to examine and question the future of these structures in a context of territorial diruption. Two communities are especially concerned : territorial and administrative divisions and territories. The report of a political duality is true and the attempts to come together are numerous. So far, multiple difficulties do not allow to create true articulations in between those two entities. Facing those elements, It's necessary to elaborate a general established fact in a complex French local territory. Each one of those French territorial communities are at the center of the public action thanks to the local elected représentatives. Within the different legislative arrangements which happened, the local landscape has been changing for more than thirty years and now seems to be upside down. Several tracks of thoughts are offered in order to change in a better way the territorial communities and to give to them legal Tools allowing them to be better represented among territories

Les lois des 14 et 22 décembre 1789, adoptées par les Constituants, représentent la genèse de l'administration locale moderne. A plus de deux siècles de distance, leur interprétation suscite toujours la controverse. Les municipalités du royaume sont le plus souvent présentées comme des administrations possédant une très large autonomie. L'exemple de la municipalité lyonnaise, installée le 12 avril 1790, permet d'atténuer de telles conclusions. Le département de Rhône-et-Loire, en sa qualité d'autorité de tutelle et de supérieur hiérarchique, exerce un contrôle rigoureux sur les délibérations municipales. Ainsi, le concept de décentralisation excessive doit être rejeté. Au lendemain de la révolte fédéraliste, les troupes de la Convention entrent dans Lyon vaincue. Les représentants en mission deviennent les instruments de la centralisation jacobine. Après la chute de Robespierre, les Thermidoriens conservent les mêmes mécanismes de contrôle à l'égard de la municipalité lyonnaise

This dissertation contributes to the definition of an analytical framework for the study of optimal jurisdictional size for local service delivery. We argue that the standard economics framework for the analysis of optimal jurisdictional size importantly neglects individual preferences for political accountability. Our theoretical model shows that once we take into account such preferences, the optimal jurisdictional size for the provision of local public goods is smaller than in the standard model. We obtain empirical evidence to support our hypothesis from a sample of 197 countries. Our results show that, in fact, demand for political accountability leads to higher jurisdictional fragmentation both in terms of greater number of jurisdictions and smaller average population per jurisdiction. In addition, a meta-analysis of the empirical contributions to the study of economies of scale in the provision of local services shows that the economies of scale expected from service provision to larger jurisdictional sizes may not be present except for a handful of local services, and limited to relatively small population sizes. The results of the meta-analysis signal moderately increasing to constant returns to scale in the provision of traditional local services. In light of these results, we argue that forced jurisdictional consolidation programs across the world justified by perceptions of excessive jurisdictional fragmentation, or by the expectation of large expenditure savings due to economies of scale may have been, thus, erroneously designed. From a policy perspective, multi-layered institutional frameworks for service delivery (including cooperation and privatization among other options) may allow targeting available efficiency gains more efficiently than consolidation.

Dans le cadre tracé par la nouvelle constitution espagnole adoptée en 1978, la Catalogne a développé un modèle de région qui répond à des aspirations profondes d'autonomie. Au sein de l'état des autonomies, régime démocratique de forme inédite, qui respecte la diversité des peuples d'Espagne dans l'unité de la nation, cette "nationalité historique" est avec le Pays basque à l'origine de l'organisation territoriale actuelle. Elle dispose désormais de capacités d'autogouvernement et de pouvoirs législatifs propres comparables à ceux d'un état fédéré. La Catalogne peut ainsi assumer des responsabilités très étendues inscrites dans son statut d'autonomie pacte négocié avec l'état et sert de référence aux autres communautés autonomes. Le nouveau système politico-administratif tente ainsi de résoudre définitivement le problème posé par l'antagonisme séculaire entre le centre et la périphérie
Within the framework of the new Spanish constitution adopted in 1978, Catalonia has developed an institutional model for a region, responding to a deeply yearning for autonomy. Within the state of autonomous regions, a democratic regime of a completely new kind, respectful of the diversity of Spanish peoples united within the Spanish nation, this "historical nationality", together with the Basque country, is the basis for today's territorial organisation. It is now endowed with institutions for self-government, as well as with its own legislative powers similar to those of a federated state. Therefore Catalonia can take upon itself great responsibilities, as defined in its statute of autonomy, a pact negociated with the central government that serbes a model for other autonomous communities. The new political and administrative system thus attempting to come to terms once and for all with the age-old antagonism between central government and regions

La transition démocratique sud-africaine se caractérise par une refondation radicale de l'Etat et de ses relations avec la société. Le gouvernement local est un enjeu central de cette entreprise de révolution sociale. Ce travail étudie le processus de refondation de l'Etat à travers une focalisation sur la politique institutionnelle mise en oeuvre dans le secteur du gouvernement local. L'analyse de la genèse du dispositif post-apartheid du gouvernement local montre qu'il résulte d'une solution négociée de sortie de crise. Il traduit une rupture rapide et innovante tout en s'inscrivant dans une logique de continuité où des phénomènes de path dependency viennent rappeller le poids du legs institutionnel de l'apartheid. La mise en oeuvre de ce dispositif se manifeste par une homogénéisation et une normalisation des gouvernements locaux, en adéquation avec le nouvel ordre démocratique et non-racial. Le nouveau cadre municipal, largement défini en fonction d'enjeux locaux, autorise une démocratisation de la gouvernance locale et une prise en compte élargie des demandes sociales au profit des populations autrefois discriminées.

Orientador: Marcio Antonio Cataia
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T08:14:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galli_TelmaBatalioti_D.pdf: 6143335 bytes, checksum: b157f5941072d5cb2e9df38523b73000 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: A proposta de novo redesenho fronteiriço do município de Holambra (SP), expressa a complexidade de relações no território brasileiro com a presença nos lugares de vetores da economia global. À luz do atual período desenvolve-se uma economia globalizada que vem sendo comumente confundida como "sem fronteiras", no entanto, os redesenhos fronteiriços, presentes em todo território nacional desacreditam a tese do fim das fronteiras ou de sua obsolescência. Entre os entes federativos (estados e municípios) acentuam-se disputas territoriais produtoras de dinâmicas locais exigentes em regulação política. A complexidade de relações internas e externas a uma fronteira amplia a necessidade de maior regulação, justificando-se o Estado e suas fronteiras. Ao município portador de poder legiferante cabe-lhe uma racionalidade própria de solucionar localmente o uso social e o uso corporativo do território. Este é o caso do município de Holambra que ao propor um novo redesenho de suas fronteiras, reorganiza o território, a partir da especialização produtiva de flores e plantas ornamentais, marcando uma hibridização entre Estado e economia na medida em que ao primeiro cabe atender aos reclamos do segundo, é assim, que política e economia conformam-se um par dialético dos novos usos do território brasileiro.
Abstract: The proposal for a new borderline re-arrangement in the municipality of Holambra (SP) manifests the complexity of relations in Brazil with a presence in the venues of the global economy's vectors. In the light of the current period, a globalized economy is being developed which is commonly and mistakenly referred to as "borderless", yet the borderline rearrangements seen throughout the country refute the issue regarding the end of borders or of their obsolescence. Territorial disputes have grown among the federative bodies (states and municipalities), which have given rise to local dynamics that require political regulation. The complexity of relations within and without a border increases the need for greater regulation, justifying a State and its borders. A local government in possession of legislating powers will be in charge of its own rationale in order to decide locally on the social and corporate use of its territory. This is the case in the municipality of Holambra, which while proposing a new rearrangement of its borders is reorganizing its territory based on the specialized production of flowers and ornamental plants, encouraging a hybridized relation between State and economy inasmuch as the former is responsible for meeting the latter's requirements, this is how politics and economics form a dialectical couple for the new uses of Brazilian territory.
Doutorado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Doutor em Ciências

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study examines the Western Cape municipal Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and questions whether these IDPs include Information and Communication Technology (ICT) initiatives that promote development. IDPs are used by municipalities as multi-sectoral plans that provide situation analyses of municipal areas and determine development priorities in municipal areas. These development priorities must be met within certain budget and time constraints. Globalisation and the technological revolution have led to the rapid development and convergence of technology. Technology, such as the Internet and cellular telephones, has had various influences on society. One of these influences includes the possible application of ICT for the purpose of development. Therefore both IDPs and ICT can be applied for developmental purposes. The study thus brings together two seemingly unrelated concepts, namely Integrated Development Plans and Information and Communication Technology and aligns them with one another through the concept of development. The study includes three main objectives. Firstly, the Integrated Development Plans of the municipalities in the Western Cape were examined to ascertain whether these municipalities address ICT in their IDPs. Secondly, the nature of the ICT initiatives was determined. This refers to whether the ICT initiatives are for use in the community or for use in the municipality. Finally, a framework was developed, which includes the classification of the different types of municipalities, together with the different types of ICT initiatives. Recommendations were made based on this framework. The various theoretical issues discussed in this study include the transformation of local government in South Africa and the establishment of developmental local government. Various issues concerning the use of ICT for development are also discussed and they include the ‘Information Society’, the ‘Digital Divide’ and ICT for development. This discussion emphasises that success of ICT initiatives for development depends on the nature of the underlying policy agenda; this agenda must be demand-driven and pro-poor.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die Wes-Kaap munisipale Geintegreerde Ontwikkelingsplanne (GOP’s) en bevraagteken of dié GOP’s Inligting en Kommunikasie Tegnologie (IKT) inisiatiewe wat ontwikkeling bevorder, insluit. GOP’s word deur munisipaliteite as multi-sektorale planne gebruik wat toestandsontledings van munisipale gebiede voorsien en die ontwikkelingsprioriteite in munisipale gebiede bepaal. Hierdie ontwikkelingsprioriteite moet binne sekere begrotings- en tydsbeperkings bevredig word. Globalisering en die tegnologiese revolusie het tot die spoedige ontwikkeling en samevoeging van tegnologie gelei. Tegnologie, soos die Internet en selulêre telefone, het verskeie uitwerkings op die samelewing teweeggebring. Een van die uitwerkings sluit die moontlike aanwending van IKT vir ontwikkelingsdoeleindes in. Beide GOP’s en IKT kan dus vir ontwikkelingsdoeleindes aangewend word. Die studie bring daarom twee oënskynlik onverwante onderwerpe, naamlik Geintegreerde Ontwikkelingsplanne en Informasie en Kommunikasie Tegnologie deur die konsep van ontwikkeling by mekaar uit. Die studie bevat drie hoof doelwitte. Eerstens om die Geintegreerde Ontwikkelingsplanne van die munisipaliteite in die Wes-Kaap te ondersoek om vas te stel of hierdie munisipaliteite IKT in hul GOP’s aanspreek. Tweedens is die aard van die IKT inisiatiewe vasgestel. Dit verwys na IKT inisiatiewe wat binne die gemeenskap óf binne die munisipaliteit plaasvind. Laastens is ’n raamwerk ontwikkel. Dit sluit ’n klassifikasie van die verskillende soorte munisipaliteite, asook die verskillende soorte IKT inisiatiewe in. Aanbevelings wat gemaak word, word op hierdie raamwerk gegrond. Verskeie teoretiese kwessies word ook verder in hierdie studie bespreek. Dit sluit die transformasie van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika en die totstandkoming van ontwikkelingsgerigte plaaslike regering in. Verskeie kwessies wat die gebruik van IKT vir ontwikkeling betref, word ook bespreek. Dit sluit die ‘Inligting-gedrewe Samelewing’, die ‘Digitale Gaping’ en IKT vir ontwikkeling, in. Hierdie bespreking beklemtoon dat die geslaagdheid van IKT inisiatiewe vir ontwikkeling van die aard van die onderliggende beleidsagenda afhang; dié agenda moet aanvraag-gedrewe en ten gunste van armes wees.

Orientador: Arlêude Bortolozzi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria_RivaldoMaurode_D.pdf: 13210732 bytes, checksum: 14049caaae323d42acaaf9b945ee0cf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Este trabalho foi construído em torno de dois objetivos intimamente ligados: discutir a territorialização como técnica e política de gestão dos serviços de atenção primária à saúde no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e apresentar uma perspectiva de adequação desses serviços aos perfis do território urbano. Os caminhos metodológicos foram construídos a partir das orientações dadas por Maria Cecília Minayo, para as pesquisas qualitativas em saúde, e a categoria território usado em Milton Santos foi tomada como fundamento para a construção da base teórico-conceitual. A pesquisa comunica teoria e prática. Por isso, o território urbano de Pouso Alegre-MG foi definido como local de estudo e aplicação. A reflexão sobre a territorialização da saúde levou a concluir que se trata de uma concepção política e pragmática do território, com dimensão padronizada e elementos burocráticos que fragmentam o sistema de atenção. Como técnica, a territorialização "cria" territórios políticos para a saúde e como inscrição espacial impõe os limites de abrangência para os serviços. O seu ponto de partida são os serviços e o número de habitantes. A perspectiva dos perfis territoriais apontou um caminho diferente. O ponto de partida, nesse caso, deve ser o reconhecimento dos usos do território, através dos quais são identificados os seus perfis. Dessa forma, os serviços de atenção primária devem se adaptar a esses perfis territoriais. Como técnica, essa perspectiva reconhece os usos do território e como inscrição espacial se adapta a esses territórios reconhecidos pelos seus usos
Abstract: This work was developed based on two closely connected aims: discuss the territorialization as technique and management policy of the services of primary attention to health in the SUS (Unique Health System) and present a perspective of adequacy of such services for the urban territory profiles. The methodology was researched having the support of Maria Cecília Minayo, for the qualitative research in health, and the territory category used in Milton Santos was taken as foundation for the construction of the conceptual-theoretical support. This research deals with theory and practice, this is why, the urban territory of Pouso Alegre-MG was defined as the venue of studies and application. The reflection upon the territorialization of health lead to the conclusion that there is a political and pragmatic conception of the territory with patterned dimension and procedural elements which divide the system of attention. As technique, the territorialization "generates" political territories for health and as spatial registration enforce the limits of ranges for the services. Therefore, the starting point is the services and inhabitants figure. The perspective of territory profiles have shown a different way. The starting point must be the acknowledgement of the uses of the territory and from them the profiles are identified. This is why the services of primary attention should be adapted to these territory profiles. As a technique, this perspective acknowledges the uses of territory and how spatial register adapts to these territories acknowledge by their uses
Doutorado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Doutor em Geografia

L'objet de cette étude est d'analyser, de manière comparée, le fonctionnement de l'échelon régional en France et au Nigeria. Pour cela, nous avons défini ces deux pays comme systèmes en voie de modernisation, qui tentent a travers la construction régionale de se doter des moyens pour faire face a certains de leurs problèmes politiques, administratifs et économiques. Or, malgré les fondements fédéralistes de la construction régionale au Nigeria, a l'oppose de la stratégie plus prudente et limitée derrière le même processus en France, notre étude dévoile que l'instance régionale dispose d'une marge de manoeuvre politique et décisionnelle plus étendue en France qu'au Nigeria. Et ceci pour la simple raison qu'il existe plusieurs ressources de facto du pouvoir régional en France qui sont absentes au Nigeria : l'accès facile aux centres nationaux de prise de décision et la légitimité directe des détenteurs du pouvoir régional entre autres. Il en résulte que la région s'affirme comme une instance décisionnelle active et offensive en France, alors que le même échelon fonctionne au Nigeria en réalité comme un relais territorial passif de l'Etat central, servant a des fonctions de pénétration plutôt que de mobilisation des forces sociopolitiques locales. Malgré cette différence fondamentale dans la capacité de la région à participer activement à l'allocation autoritaire des ressources publiques dans les deux pays, on observe pourtant que cet échelon ne constitue ni en France ni au Nigeria un véritable lieu de contre-pouvoir organise. En effet, on observe que le fonctionnement réel de la région est accompagne de la centralisation ou de la recentralisation du pouvoir au profit de l'Etat dans les deux pays. D'ou notre conclusion partielle que la modernisation politico administrative, dont la régionalisation constitue l'un des vecteurs essentiels dans les deux pays, aboutit à la centralisation plutôt qu'a la décentralisation du pouvoir politique
The intention of our study is to analyze, using the comparative method, the consequences of regionalization on the fonctioning of the french and nigerian territorial systems. We define both countries as essentially modernizing because we believe that each embarked on region building in order to facilitate the solution and resolution of a number of given political, administrative and economic problems inscribed on their respective political agendas. However, irrespective of the federal character of region building in Nigeria, as different from the more limited approach that govern regional construction in France, we observe that this decisional unit has a relatively wider margin of political and decisional manouvre in France than in Nigeria. We explain this apparent "contradiction" in relation to the existence in France of several de facto resources of regional power - easy access to national centers of political decision making and the direct legitimacy of regional political actors - resources which hardly exist in Nigeria. The result is that whereas the region in France has asserted its position as an active participant in the inter-organizational system of public decision making, the same echelon in Nigeria serves in reality as a territorial relay structure in the service of central government. This difference in the level of de facto regional power notwithstanding, we note that neither in France nor in Nigeria is regionalization accompanied by the constitution of sub-national centers of counter-power. The real functioning of regional government in both countries seems to be accompanied by the centralization or the recentralization of powers in favor of the national center. This leads us to the tentative conclusion that the process of political and administrative modernization usually leads to the centralization rather than the decentralization of political power

Notre etude est consacree aux mecanismes de sapa tambon comme la seule administration locale des communes rurales en thailande. Depuis la fondation de la commune, l'evolution de l'administration communale est venue des elites. Lors de tous les changements, la decentralisation a toujours ete alleguee. Mais fit toujours defaut une veritable tentative pour decentraliser le pouvoir vers les collectivites locales. La situation de l'administration actuelle du sapa tambon n'est pas tres satisfaisante : plusieurs points capitaux doivent etre ameliores notamment la competence du comite de sapa tambon. Celui-ci doit obtenir la personnalite juridique. Il apparait necessaire d'augmenter le pouvoir de decision de sapa tambon et son autorite en matiere financiere et budgetaire. Il faut de plus ameliorer la distribution des revenus communaux pour pallier a l'insuffisance des ressources. La tutelle de l'etat doit etre diminuee afin de permettre au sapa tambon d'agir. La thailande est confrontee a de grands problemes dus au retard et a la pauvrete du monde rural. D'ores et deja, de nombreux programmes ont ete projetes par le gouvernement pour resoudre le probleme. Le sapa tambon, en tant que base rurale, a ete juge apte a executer les projets de developpement rural. Notre etude a prouve un grand nombre d'insuffisances concernant le fonctionnement de sapa tambon. Neanmoins, celuici demeure l'unite permettant d'esperer le developpement rural
The objective of this study was to analyse the mechanisms of the sapa tambon, the only local administration of rural communes in thailand. The result of the study showed that the evolution's initiative came from the elites. The decentralization was often alleged. Nevertheless, the real attempt to decentralize the power to the local was not found. The situation of the actual administration of the sapa tambon was not satisfied i. E. Several main points were to be reformed especially the competence of the sapa tamnon's commitee. The power of decision of the sapa tambon, as welle as the financial authorization had to be increased. It was necessary to the sapa tambon to have proper autonomy. The main causes of the principal problems in thailand were the rural poverty and retard. Many programs of development were projected by the government to resolve the problems. As the rural base, the sapa tambon was convenient to be the main organization to execute the projects of rural development. It revealed that there were so many insufficiencies ans obstacles that the programs of rural development executed by the sapa tambon were not very efficient. However, the progresse of rural development

The concept of Region is one of the elements which has differentiated Regional Economics from other fields of Applied Economics. In spite of this, however, researchers in this field of economic analysis have not paid a great deal of attention to this concept. All too often, Regions have been identified with the politico-administrative units into which nationstates have divided their territory and for which statistical information is widely available. However, a Region can be defined in many different ways. Frameworks which define regions according to analytical/theoretical criteria provide greater scope for applied studies and permit a more complete interpretation of the results contained therein. In this research we have proposed a concept of Region which goes beyond the administrative division of territory. Our regional aggregation has been based on agglomeration economies, one of the fundamental concepts in the fields of Economic Geography and Urban and Regional Economics. In accordance with the work of Polèse et al. (2007), the territory has been classified into analytical regions which take into account the size of the population and the distance from the main urban areas. In doing so, we achieve an aggregation which corresponds with the differences in agglomeration economies across space. However, their robustness in comparison with the administrative units commonly used has - to date - not been evaluated.The objective of the first chapter of this thesis was to prove that the functional regions defined under such economic criteria provide better defined regions - in terms of greater compactness and separation - than the administrative ones commonly used to carry out labour market studies at sub-national level. Using micro data from the last available Spanish Census, the functional and administrative regions are evaluated using the Theil index and the Davies-Bouldin Validation index. Applied to employment (by gender, industry and level of qualification and occupation), both indexes show better results for the analytical regions than for any of the ordinary administrative ones (NUTS I, II or III regions). In other words, the analytical classification generates areas where the distribution of employment is more homogeneous within and more heterogeneous between the regions. Agglomeration economies and distance (to the metropolis) seem to be relevant for understanding the patterns of distribution of employment, either by gender, by industry or by level of qualification and occupation. In practice, this provides a clearer way for identifying local labour markets and explaining their differences and similarities. In light of the results from the first chapter, we suggest the use of this alternative classification -subject, of course, to the availability of data - when carrying out Labour Economics studies that include a spatial dimension. The following chapters have provided two applications of this analytical division of the territory to Labour Economics issues: the factors affecting the probability of being employed (Chapter 2) and the effects that labour mobility and commuting have on the central regions (Chapter 3). In the second chapter, we presented a spatial analysis of employment at local level where, among other factors, the demographic and geographical characteristics can and do affect the outcome. The empirical results support the hypothesis that size - in terms of population - and location - in terms of distance to a metropolis - are explanatory variables for the probability of being employed. In other words, employment depends not only on the personal characteristics of the individuals (level of education, age, sex, etc.) but also on the type of analytical region - as defined in Chapter 1 - where they live. Regarding the importance of location, our results show a significant gap in the chances of being employed between "central" and "peripheral" types of regions, i.e., the closer the region is to the metropolis, the higher the concentration of economic activity and therefore employment. Likewise, the types of regions, i.e., the closer the region is to the metropolis, the higher the concentration of economic activity and therefore employment. Likewise, theexpected negative relationship between employment and the size of the region where the individual lives is confirmed, and this seems to be stronger for non-skilled individuals than for people with university studies. In terms of employability, the largest Spanish metropolitan areas (MA1) seem to be enjoying the full benefits of agglomeration economies while the smaller metropolitan areas (MA2) seem to be suffering their negative effects. Likewise, for urban areas that cannot be considered "metropolitan areas" (UA1 and UA2), size does not seem to be as important as their central-peripheral location. In rural areas (less than 50,000 inhabitants), both size and distance seem to be relevant determinants of employability. In other words, regardless of the level of studies, there are fewer chances of being employed in rural areas as opposed to urban areas and in peripheral rural areas as opposed to central rural areas. Recognizing the importance of these spatially differentiated results should have a significant impact on current policy discussions, shifting the focus from general solutions to more spatially customized ones where size and location are considered. Just as differences in age, gender or industrial structure are taken into account in the design of employment policies (at national or local level), these results suggest that an additional spatial dimension that somehow includes the size and location of the local area where the person lives should be considered. Some important migration policy implications can also be derived when using these alternative functional regions to analyze the direct and indirect effects that the arrival of workers has in the core regions. Spain has experienced over the last two decades an intense arrival of both immigrants and in-migrants to its central regions, and as a consequence (though not exclusively) of these inflows, we can observe internal migrations and/or commuting to some areas that might be more attractive. Using the last available Census, the estimations for Spain of an input-output multi-regional model that includes the possibility of commuting show that the arrival of in- and im-migration to the core generates a set of effects induced by the redistribution of population among other regions. The arrival of workers from the periphery to the core provokes reallocations of residence in all cases (displacement effect).However, the intensity of these reallocations increases with size, which shows the existence of some agglomeration diseconomies associated with big cities. When the possibility of commuting is also considered, the arrival of workers from the periphery to the core generates the reallocation of both jobs (economic activity) and residences. The larger cities are the ones pushing out more residents to other areas, while keeping most of the jobs. In other words, they are becoming attractive areas to work in, but not to live in (due to, among other reasons, high housing costs, congestion or other negative externalities). The oppposite is true for the smaller cities, which are attractive for residing in but for working in. The distributional pattern of residences proves to be different to the distributional pattern of jobs. These results highlight the idea that the effects of the arrival of population are not only felt by the recipient region/city but may generate comparatively far larger effects on other regions in the form of internal migration and commuting flows, something that policy makers should bear in mind. To conclude, surpassing the administrative division of the territory, this classification manages to have explanatory power in spatial Labour Economics topics while including relevant geo-economic characteristics such as location and agglomeration economies. The use of this classification has proved to offer a better understanding of the patterns of distribution of employment (by gender, by industry or by level of qualification and occupation), job opportunities, and of the probabilities of being employed depending on the level of qualification or the degree of attractiveness of a region for working or living purposes. Some other questions spatially related to the performance of regional labour markets remain unanswered. Future lines of research include the application of this classification to the study of labour economic issues such as the determinants of unemployment, inter-industrial labour mobility or the existence of overqualification taking into account spatial factors (i.e. the type of analytical region where the potential worker lives) which are usually ignored.Agglomeration economies and distance play an important role in the location of economic activity, and therefore should affect the labour outcomes once the worker has decided to live in certain type of region. Obviously, such a decision does not have to be permanent, and workers can move in order to improve their labour opportunities. Therefore, a further possible question of relevance is the internal migration decisions between and within analytical regions. That is, can certain regularities be observed? Are people moving from peripheral regions to central or metropolitan areas or the other way round? Are internal migrations better explained in terms of size, i.e. in terms as counter-urbanization or urbanization? Are these movements linked to job opportunity decisions? Can we observe any differences according to their level of qualification? Even more, workers can be employed in a certain type of region but live in another, i.e., we could observe migration on a daily basis (commuting). Is one type of analytical region attracting workers or attracting residents? Do people tend to live and work in the same type of region? Could the analytical division be improved in order to specifically include the commuting criteria used in the local labour markets literature? We believe that these questions provide a fascinating and important future research agenda.

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE ADVANCEMENT IN AN URBAN SCHOOL DIVISION? By Elizabeth Roberson, Ph.D. A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Director: Henry T. Clark, Ph.D. Associate Dean of the School of Education The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between emotional intelligence and administrative advancement in one urban school division; however, data acquired in the course of the study may have revealed areas that could be further developed in future studies to increase the efficacy of principals and, perhaps, to inform the selection and training process for prospective administrators. This phenomenon, then, might increase aspirants’ opportunities for advancement and augment the pool of potential leadership candidates as well. The open-minded administrator realizes that extremely well honed interpersonal skills are critical in order to inspire and emotionally move others to work towards a shared vision. Without a high degree of emotional intelligence, such a collaborative climate may not easily be created. Attuned to the feelings of others, leaders rich in EQ can help their peers to achieve at high levels and work comfortably in a cooperative way. The self-report version of the Emotional and Social Competence Inventory (ESCI) was administered electronically to principals and assistant principals in one urban school division. In turn, each principal or assistant principal was asked to provide an email address for four other individuals capable of assessing their interpersonal skills via the 360 degree version of the ESCI. Data were collected using the statistical package, SPSS, and analyzed using a variety of statistical analyses. Variables included level of emotional intelligence, age, gender, ethnicity, and level of school (elementary, middle or high), number of times an individual applied for an administrative position, the length of time it took to be appointed to such a position, and the number of administrative positions held. This was a non-experimental, quantitative comparative/descriptive study.

Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-62).
The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides care to over eight million Veterans and operates over 1,700 sites of care distributed across twenty-one regional networks in the United States. Health care providers within VHA report large seasonal variation in the demand for services, especially in healthcare systems located in the southern U.S. that experience a large influx of "snowbirds" during the winter. Since the majority of resource allocation activities are carried out through a single annual budgeting process at the start of the fiscal year, the seasonal load imposed by "traveling Veterans," defined as Veterans that seek care at VHA sites outside of their home network, make providing high quality services more difficult. This work constitutes the first major effort within VHA to understand the impact of traveling Veterans. We found a significant traveling Veteran population (6.6% of the total number of appointments), distributed disproportionately across the VHA networks. Strong seasonal fluctuations in demand were also discovered, particularly for the VA Bay Pines Healthcare System, in Bay Pines, Florida. Our analysis further indicated that traveling Veterans imposed a large seasonal load (up to 46%) on the Module A clinic at Bay Pines. We developed seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models to help the clinic better forecast demand for its services by traveling Veterans. Our models were able to project demand, in terms of encounters and unique patients, with significantly less error than the traditional historical average methods. The SARIMA model for uniques was then used in a Monte Carlo simulation to understand how clinic resources are utilized over time. The simulation revealed that physicians at Module A are over-utilized, ranging from a minimum of 92.6% (June 2013) to maximum 207.4% (January 2013). These results evince the need to reevaluate how the clinic is currently staffed. More broadly, this research presents an example of how simple operations management methods can be deployed to aid operational decision-making at other clinics, facilities, and medical centers both within and outside VHA.
by Shahed Al-Haque.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

In the best of times, emergency managers of athletic event venues struggle with the responsibilities of venue security. The possibility of terrorist threats exacerbates the situation, especially when security threats can involve a critical mass of spectators at an event. Emergency managers at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletic venues were the focus of this study. The overarching research question examined whether the minimum core competencies and qualifications for NCAA emergency managers were perceived by the same managers as being sufficient and in alignment with the work that is expected of the position. Research questions were designed to study what practices emergency managers in the field deemed as the most important minimum work qualifications necessary to competently perform their duties. A quantitative survey instrument was administered to 120 Division I-A football stadium emergency managers. A 42 percent response rate was obtained. Data were collected and analyzed using a 3-round Delphi technique. Data were solicited by an online survey for the first 2 rounds, and either online or by mail for the final round. A total of 50 core competencies were identified with a high rate of agreement (96 percent) among participants. Findings indicate that command level emergency management related experience is vitally important with developing the most competent stadium emergency manager, while advanced educational training opportunities available through the Department of Homeland Security and National Center for Sports Security ranked low. Positive social change implications stemming from this study include a greater understanding of skills required to secure sporting venues, thereby potentially increasing the level of safety to spectators and reducing the possibility of terroristic threat.

The aim of this master thesis is assessing the possibility of a real division of the office building in Brno as a solution of the settlement of ownership of property among the co-owners. Firstly, in the theoretical part of the study, important terms which are related to the topic are summarised, and also possibilities of settlement of co-ownership, assumptions of the real estate division and approach of valuation are handled. Secondly, in the practical part of the thesis, the description of the office building and assessment of possibility of real division in all aspects are provided. Moreover, the valuation of the office building before the division is discussed, as well as quantification of the height of costs for real division and valuation of newly established immovable properties after the division based on proprietary proportions. The study is finished with the suggestion of settlement according to the amount of proprietary proportions.

Comment l’Etat haïtien est-il passé du statut d’Etat centralisé à celui d’Etat unitaire et décentralisé ? Ce travail de recherche a pour objet de comprendre du point de vue du droit et de l’histoire, le comportement du pouvoir central par rapport au pouvoir local en mettant en relief leurs relations institutionnelles. Pour ce faire, un échantillon de 5 collectivités municipales est étudié. Le socle juridique des collectivités locales haïtiennes a été défini par la Constitution de 1816 avec la création des communes comme circonscriptions administratives de l’Etat pour se substituer aux anciennes paroisses héritées des structures coloniales françaises du XIXe siècle. De 1816 à nos jours, l’histoire montre des périodes d’avancées, de silence voire de recul dans la construction des collectivités locales, selon que les priorités des régimes politiques étaient centralisatrices ou décentralisatrices. Si la Constitution de 1843 a tenté d’instituer des instances locales, celles qui lui ont succédé, dans leur grande majorité, ont fait marche arrière. On doit attendre la Constitution de 1987 pour voir la naissance de trois niveaux de collectivités décentralisées ayant des prérogatives et obligations pour qualifier le système haïtien de système décentralisé. L’Etat est donc devenu unitaire et progressivement décentralisé. Toutefois, il fallait aussi s'interroger sur la réalité du fonctionnement desdites collectivités en raison de leurs faiblesses, notamment financières. L’étude de ces administrations décentralisées permet d’appréhender leurs compétences techniques, administratives et financières par rapport aux compensations de l’Etat, lesquelles restent très maigres et n’aboutissent qu’à un système peu ou faiblement décentralisé
How did the Haitian State go from the status of Centralized state to that of unitary and decentralized one ? The purpose of this paper is to understand, from the point of view of laws and history, the behavior of the central government in relation to the local one by highlighting their institutional relations. To do this, we studied a sample of 5 municipal communities. The legal base of the local authorities of Haiti was defined by the Constitution of 1816 with the creation of the communes as administrative districts of the State to replace the old parishes inherited from the French colonial structures of the nineteenth century. From 1816 to the present days, history of Haiti shows periods of progress, of silence and even of decline in the construction of local communities, according to whether the priorities of the political regimes were centralizing or decentralizing. Although the 1843 Constitution attempted to establish local bodies, the vast majority of them followed suit. We had to wait until the 1987 Constitution to see the birth of three levels of decentralized communities with prerogatives and obligations to recognize he system of Haiti as a decentralized one. The state has become unitary and progressively decentralized. However, it was also necessary to put in question the reality of the functioning of the said communities because of their weaknesses, more specifically financial ones. The study of these decentralized administrations makes it possible to understand heir technical, administrative and financial competences in relation to the compensations of the State, which remain very inadequate and result in a weekly decentralized system

Interprovincial Confederations and Great Inter-Ethnic Lords in TawantinsuyuThe four suyus of Tawantinsuyu were divided into various administrative provinces called guamaníes. However, there were also some interprovincial confederations as well as other inter-ethnic formations within the Inca State (e.g. Colesuyu, Collao, Charcas, etc.). They remain a much-neglected area of investigation, but we do know that some of the lords of these confederations were regarded as apocuna, "kings, captain generals and segundas personas of the Inca". For example, according to an unpublished manuscript, kept in the General Indian Archive of Seville, the grandson of the curaca of Lurin Huanca said in 1561 that his grandfather was married to an Inca daughter, and as an Inca’s son-in-law, he governed a territory up to the Quito, as he was also the lord of the parcialidades of "hananguanca, luringuanca y Jauja". While we need not take this statement too literally, we should not reject it, either, among many other independent and quite similar pieces of evidence. It seems that special privileges with interprovincial powers were indeed granted by the Incas (within the respective suyus), and especially to chiefs who distinguished themselves in military campaigns. Furthermore, some Incas related to a religious cult, such as Apu Chalco Yupanqui, the son of the first Copacabana Governor, also had great interprovincial authority, similar to that described by Sarmiento in connection with suyoyoc apo. In this article we aim to elaborate on the hypothesis that the origin of these kinds of confederations and inter-ethnic powers may have been political or religious. Additionally, it seems that religion and military powers were frequently inseparable, because every military group had its own huaca or powerful idol, commonly shared with various local ethnic groups of the same area. In general, it was the chiefs of the most important military groups that received special privileges, and it was these same groups that were later used to setting up units of political and economic administration.
Los cuatro suyus del Tawantinsuyu estuvieron divididos en varias provincias administrativas llamadas guamaníes; pero, existieron también algunas confederaciones interprovinciales y otras divisiones administrativas interétnicas dentro del Estado Inca, entre las que destacaron Colesuyu, Collao, Charcas, etc. A pesar de la poca información sobre el tema, se sabe que algunos jefes de estas confederaciones fueron considerados como apocuna, "soberanos, capitanes generales y segundas personas del Inca". Así pues, según un manuscrito inédito conservado en el Archivo General de Indias de Sevilla, un nieto del curaca de Lurin Huanca declaró en 1561 que su abuelo se casó con la hija del Inca y en su condición de yerno habría gobernado el territorio que se extendía hasta las provincias de Quito, siendo además señor de las parcialidades de "hananguanca, luringuanca y Jauja". Aunque no se acepta esta información en sentido literal, tampoco se la rechaza, pues se tiene conocimiento de otras declaraciones parecidas como testimonios independientes, dentro de un grupo de otras manifestaciones. Pudo suceder que los incas del Cuzco dieron mercedes especiales con poderes interprovinciales —dentro de los respectivos suyus— a los jefes que se distinguieron en las campañas conquistadoras, pero también algunos incas del culto estatal, como Apu Chalco Yupanqui, hijo del primer gobernador de Copacabana, tenían mucha autoridad interprovincial, parecida a la que Sarmiento describe en relación a un suyoyoc apo. Por ello, en este artículo se presenta la hipótesis de que el origen de dicho tipo de confederaciones y poderes interétnicos puede ser militar o religioso. Además, parece que muchas veces los poderes religiosos eran inseparables de los poderes militares, porque cada grupo militar tenía también su propia huaca o ídolo poderoso, muchas veces compartido con varias etnias de la misma área. En general, los jefes de los grupos más hábiles en los frentes bélicos recibieron ciertos privilegios y también es posible que, posteriormente, estos mismos grupos hayan sido empleados como unidades de la administración política y económica.

This purpose of this mixed model study was to ascertain the implicit leadership theory (ILT) content held by National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I baseball teams. Data were collected during the 2012 baseball season from 34 Division I programs, and 1032 coaches and players participated in the research.

As an information-processing approach to understanding leadership, ILT is concerned with the knowledge structures persons maintain and utilize when identifying and interacting with leaders. Ample ILT research has examined such structures within the business context. This study, however, is believed to be the first in-depth exploration of ILT content within the sports domain.

Leadership categorization and connectionist architecture served as the theoretical bases for the study's four research questions, which addressed: the effect that the target cues leader and coach had on ILT (RQ1); the impact that team context (RQ2) and player tenure (RQ3) had on ILT; and whether a sports ILT existed—and if so, how it differed from a business ILT (RQ4). Research was conducted in four sequential steps using qualitative and quantitative methods. Importantly, no external or explicit measures were used to collect data, as such instruments can bias implicit perceptions. The primary tools for processing quantitative data were principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.

A 21-item, 5-factor ILT model for NCAA Division I baseball was derived from factor analysis processes and generalized across two separate data sets. This model demonstrated the existence of a sports ILT, as it differed noticeably from models that explain ILT content within the business domain. Data also indicated that team context had some correlation with ILT differences, whereas player tenure did not. Furthermore, results showed that players do delineate between the targets leader and coach; that is, being perceived as a leader within Division I baseball may not correspond with holding an official organizational/team position.

This study's findings strengthen the idea that leadership is social-cognitive phenomenon that differs according to context. Implications for applying these findings within Division I baseball are discussed. Additionally, this research might be cause for revisiting some of the previous models of leadership within sports studies.

Athletic administration is a growing field of study with many educational institutions offering sport management degrees. As a field of study it is important for sport managers to be aware of the management functions at the various levels of athletics.

Master of Science

Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-94).
There are numerous frameworks for abstracting an enterprise complex system into a model for purposes of analysis and design. Examples of such frameworks include the Complex Large-scale Interconnected Open Social-technical System (CLIOS) process for handling enterprise system architecture, the Enterprise Architecture eight views (EA) for diagnosing and improving overall enterprise performance, and the Enterprise Strategic Analysis for Transformation (ESAT). In addition to helping identify and manage complexity, emergent behavior and the requirements of many stakeholders, all of these frameworks help identify enterprise-wide processes, bringing value-added flow between enterprises and their stakeholders. This thesis evaluates the applicability of integrating these frameworks into a hybrid process in ongoing programs and to determine if a standard process can be generated through an integrative, interdisciplinary approach using the above models and frameworks. Enterprise Architecture eight views framework as developed at MIT is designed to create enterprise-level transformations in large, complex socio-technical enterprises. In the past 15 years of research at LAI, these enterprise developments have been applied and validated in the government and in other industries including aerospace, transportation, healthcare case, defense acquisition and logistics. The CLIOS process, also developed at MIT, is designed to work with Complex, Largescale, Integrated, Open, Socio-technical systems, creating strategies for stakeholders to reach goals through enterprise development. This process has been used heavily in transportation systems, energy distribution, and regional strategic transportation planning. This thesis will apply both of these frameworks to the case of Veterans Affairs health care enterprise to evaluate its effectiveness. Based on insights from self-assessments and the organization's strategy, a transformation plan will be generated for the Veterans Affairs organization's current state and preferred future state. These outcomes will help to identify the strengths of the merged methodology.
by Chunguang Wang.
S.M.in Engineering and Management

Ayant deux sources d'inspiration « la géopolitique » et la « géomatique », cette thèse propose une réflexion sur l'apport de l'outillage de la « géomatique » à l'analyse de l'évolution du découpage administratif tunisien. Elle s'organise en trois parties. La première partie, intitulée « Mutations des territoires et politiques des données géographiques », pose bien l'enjeu de l'organisation territoriale qui relève , comme pour d'autres pays, d'une « rationalité inconsciente des compromis » entre différents acteurs. Quant à la deuxième partie, elle porte sur « la conception d'un système d'information géographique temporel pour l'étude de l'évolution du découpage administratif tunisien ». La démarche adoptée propose une formalisation systémique du découpage administratif. Elle analyse l'unité administrative dans ses différents contextes d'appartenance (horizontal et vertical). La formalisation accorde une place importante à la notion du changement qui permet la reconstitution temporelle du maillage. La troisième partie est celle de la valorisation à travers « une démarche de cartographie dynamique appliquée aux données démographiques ». Elle dépasse la logique de mono représentation cartographique qui fournit des réponses différenciées et adaptées aux différentes questions que peuvent se poser les aménageurs et les décideurs »
Having "geoplitics" and "geomatics" as double sources of inspiration , the present thesis offers a reflexion on the contribution of the tools of geomatics' to the analysis of the evolution of Tunisian administrative boundaries. It divides into three main parts. The first part, entitled "territory changes and politics of geographical data", exposes the stakes of territorial organisation which, as is the case with other countries, is a matter of an "unconscious rationality of compromises" among different actors. The second part is devoted to the "conception of a temporal geogaphical information system for the study of the evolution of the Tunisian administrative boundaries". The approach adopted consists in a systematic formalisation of administrative boundaries by analysing the administrative unit in its different contexts (horizontal and vertical). Formalisation assigns an important place to the notion of change which allows for the temporal reconstitution of boundaries. The third part is empirical in nature and proposes a "dynamic cartography approach applied to demographical data". It doesn't restrain itself to the logic of cartographic mono-representation and supplies differentiated ad adapted answers to the various questions which the planners and decision-makers might pose

A majority of the research on student-athletes occurs at the Division I level, acid less is known about Division III student-athletes. The scant research addressing the experiences of Division III students-athletes focused on academics, campus involvement, development, and athletic identity (Griffith & Johnson, 2002; Heuser & Gray, 2009; Richards & Aries, 1993; Schroeder, 2000; Umbach, Palmer, Kuh, & Hannah, 2006). What remains unknown is how they manage life roles as Division III student-athletes.;This case study sought to address the time demands and life roles (e.g. athletics, family, friendship, religion, academic, and romantic interests) of student-athletes. Two private, Division Ill institutions in the Midwest were selected. A total of 21 student-athletes from both men and women's basketball teams were interviewed. The findings suggest student-athletes are strained by time demands, yet have developed strategies to better manage their time. Family serves as a foundation and the most important life role for a majority of student-athletes. Teammates, coaches, and athletic involvement offer additional support as student-athletes transition through college. The life roles of religion and romantic relationships, however, were not seen as important for student-athletes. This research concluded that Division III student-athletes juggle multiple roles but their priorities change over time. of note, participant's integrated roles over time and particular transition phases existed for students. Moreover, instead of border keepers vying to reinforce borders between roles, this study concluded that border bridgers existed instead that sought to aid students in blurring boundaries between their various roles. Male athletes were less able to describe how they managed time, whereas female athletes readily identified organizational strategies and stronger team bonds.

Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, June 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-94).
This thesis utilizes ideas taken from different Systems Engineering modeling tools to model the hiring process for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Veterans Health Administration (VHA). This model is a guide for understanding the current state of the process and shows that inadequate Position Descriptions (PD) are not the primary reason why the VA cannot meet the 80 day window set forth by U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Additionally, the model can assist in identifying potential areas for reducing the overall process timeline and be used as a training tool to illustrate how the hiring process progresses. Existing models only show major steps in the process which can mask sources of delay, communication issues, and confusion. The developed model delves deeper into those major steps, showing individual sub-steps, accountability, timelines, and data flows. Data for the model was obtained by direct observations, interviews, analysis from data collected by the VHA, and documents released by the VA and OPM. When fully developed, the model allowed for the conduction of case studies on three different positions within VHA; these case studies illustrate that the inability to meet the hiring process timeline is only partially due to issues with the PD and that other factors (namely internal reviews and classification delays) have a significantly greater effect in the resulting timeline. The model itself and recommendations provided, such as establishing priorities, targeting specific areas of time delays, improving communication, and generating and providing access to knowledge can help the VHA to achieve a streamlined and compressed timeline.
by Ethan R. Fiedel.
S.M.in Engineering and Management

Face aux inégalités socio-spatiales françaises, l'organisation des territoires incarne l'occasion de donner d'autres chances de développement aux espaces en difficultés et, plus généralement, aux espaces non métropolitains, qui ne concentrent pas la croissance économique. De multiples acteurs, associations d'insertion, d'animation, de développement, comités de bassin d'emplois, etc. Contribuent par leurs initiatives à valoriser le milieu local. Le système institutionnel, à travers la décentralisation, et le développement intercommunal, entend "rapprocher le pouvoir du citoyen" et favoriser la gestion concertée de l'espace et des ressources locales dans le cadre de projets de territoire. Pourtant, le lancement des pays naît précisément des défaillances liées au développement intercommunal. La construction de la "gouvernance territoriale" procède d'une mise en cohérence de forces d'actions diverses, notamment politiques et sociales. . .

Une forte hétérogénéité caractérise les niveaux et les fluctuations du taux de chômage dans les régions du Québec. Par exemple, entre mars 1997 et décembre 2018, le taux de chômage moyen s’est respectivement établi à 6,3% et à 10,0% dans les régions de la Capitale-Nationale et du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean ; un écart non négligeable de près de quatre points de pourcentage. Dans la mesure où ces inégalités sont inefficaces (Taylor, 1996) et qu’elles exacerbent les écarts de revenus (Macphail, 2000), il est primordial de déterminer les facteurs qui les sous-tendent. En ce sens, des travaux antérieurs ont permis de conclure à l’influence de la fiscalité et des institutions du marché du travail comme facteurs explicatifs des disparités du taux de chômage à travers les États. Ces éléments sont toutefois homogènes sur l’ensemble du territoire de la province du Québec et ne peuvent donc pas expliquer les différences du taux de chômage à travers les régions administratives québécoises. À partir de la définition de Friedman (1968), nous développons un modèle structurel du taux de chômage qui divise ce dernier en une portion structurelle et en une portion cyclique permettant, par le fait même, de mettre à l’épreuve de nouveaux facteurs explicatifs tels que la productivité régionale et la composition industrielle. En nous appuyant sur un panel de données sur les régions administratives du Québec, qui s’étend de mars 1997 à décembre 2018, nous procédons à cette décomposition à l’aide d’une estimation des moindres carrés ordinaire (MCO) à effets fixes robuste à l’autocorrélation et à l’intercorrélation ainsi qu’à une seconde évaluation des moindres carrés généralisés(MCG) à effets fixes qui considère la structure autorégressive du terme d’erreur. Nos résultats démontrent que la productivité et la composition industrielle régionale ont toutes les deux un effet significatif sur le taux de chômage régional. Finalement, nous utilisons les résultats pour mesurer le taux de chômage naturel de chaque région et discutons brièvement de son évaluation.
Regional unemployment in the province of Quebec is characterized by a significant heterogeneity both in the levels across the regions and how they evolve. Between March 1997 and December 2018, for example, the mean unemployment rate was about 6.3% in Capitale-Nationale and of 10.0% in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean; an important gap of almost four percentage points. Because those disparities are inefficient (Taylor, 1996) and because they exacerbate income inequalities (Macphail, 2000), understanding their determinants is essential. Previous works on the determinants of unemployment point to the influence of fiscal legislation and labourmarket institutions to explain unemployment rates disparities amongst the countries. Therefore, those factors being homogeneous for regions in the same province, they cannot explain this diversity between Quebec’s administrative regions. Based on Friedman’s (1968) definition of structural unemployment, we develop a model that divides the observed regional unemployment rates in a natural (or structural) and a cyclical component which allows for the integration of new determinants like regional productivity and industrial composition. Using panel data on Quebec’s administrative regions from March 1997 to December 2018, we run a fixed effects ordinary least square (OLS) estimation with an SCC error term robust to correlation and cross-correlation plus a fixed effects general least square (GLS) estimation integrating an AR(1) correlated error term. Results show that regions’ productivity and industrial composition both have a significant effect on regional unemployment. Finally, we use our results to calculate the natural unemployment rate and its evolution for each region andbriefly discuss its evaluation.

The major purposes of this study were to describe the recruitment practices of the public school divisions in Virginia and to examine the relationship between recruitment sources used in Chesapeake Public Schools and four measures of personnel effectiveness (retention rates, job performance, job satisfaction, and attendance of teachers). Data were collected using three questionnaires designed for the study, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and archival records maintained by Chesapeake Public Schools. Information was solicited from the superintendents or chief personnel officers of the 133 public school divisions in the Commonwealth of Virginia and from teachers hired in Chesapeake Public Schools between 1989 and 1993, inclusively.;Data related to the recruitment practices of Virginia school divisions were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data related to recruitment source effectiveness were analyzed using chi-square tests and analyses of variance.;Study findings indicated that most Virginia school systems do not have written policies addressing teacher recruitment or a plan for regularly evaluating the recruitment process. In addition, most use traditional methods of recruiting such as campus recruitment and recruitment brochures and provide little or no training for recruiters. No statistical difference was found in the retention rates, job performance, job satisfaction, or attendance rates of teachers who were recruited from different sources. Results of this study suggest that school systems need to carefully evaluate their recruitment efforts to determine if their recruitment goals are being met.

Transitions are defined as "any event or non-event that results in changed relationships, routines, assumptions, and roles" (Goodman, Schlossberg, & Anderson, 2006, p. 33). A particular transition unique to student-athletes in comparison to other college students is the end of their collegiate athletic eligibility. The purpose of this study is to understand how female student-athletes competing in NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletic programs perceive their preparedness for post-collegiate careers as they undergo transitions. Using basic interpretive qualitative research methods and interview protocol developed from Schlossberg's theory of transition, 20 female participants in NCAA Division I intercollegiate sports were asked to describe the situation surrounding the end of their collegiate sports career and their post-competition plans, the support they received to prepare for careers, the strategies they used to prepare, and their own self-assessment of their transition (Schlossberg, 1981; Goodman, Schlossberg and Anderson, 2006).

The words and descriptions the participants attributed to their own experiences of transition and career development provided insight into this phenomenon. Participants reported having sufficient resources at their institutions to be prepared for their lives post-competition, but because of their schedule demands, lacked experience they felt necessary to gain entry into their chosen professions. The lack of experiential learning opportunities and unfamiliarity with student services outside of athletic contributed to their feelings of inadequate preparation. Implications for this research are to help student affairs practitioners, athletic administrators, faculty, and coaches better understand the areas that impede student-athlete career development.

La carte des departements francais dessinee lors de la revolution est demeuree pratiquement intacte. Le projet de division radicale du departement des pyrenees atlantiques (d'un cote le pays basque, de l'autre, celui du bearn) est donc tout a fait singulier. La revendication issue du pays basque ne peut etre reduite au seul determinant identitaire, mais exprime la convergence de groupes differencies, dont le seul veritable point commun est de relever de la societe civile, en faisant front a l'hostilite des notables locaux et, jusqu'en 1981, a celle du pouvoir central. Celui-ci, semblera desireux d'integrer la demande de changement et de l'eriger en symbole de ses nouvelles orientations administratives et culturelles. Il se resoudra pourtant a delaisser le projet, soulignant ainsi, au dela de l'intersection avec la question basque d'espagne, la solidarite du centre et de la peripherie. L'echec du courant departementaliste, se rapporte aussi a la comptabilite difficile, au sein d'un etat unitaire, entre la communaute nationale et un espace administratif local recouvrant exactement un espace ethno-culturel
The map of departements, drawn up at the time of the french revolution, has remained almost untouched. The plan for dividing the departement of pyreneesatlantiques (on one side, the pays basque and on the other, bearn) is quite singular. The pays basque's claim cannot be reduced to its identity determinant ; it also expresses the convergence of different groups whose only real common denominator is that they belong to the civil society and face the hostility of the local notables and, until 1981, that of the central authorities. These then appeared to want to take into account the desire for change and to make it a symbol of their new administrative and cultural orientation. They were nevertheless ready to give up the projet, thereby emphasizing, in addition to the implications of the spanish basque question, the solidarity linking the center and the periphery. The failure of the pro-departement current is connected with the difficulties of comptability, in a unitary state, between the national community and a local administrative space which covers exactly an ethniccultural space

Government funding shortages are changing the financial landscape of collegiate athletic programs. Athletic administrators struggling to discover alternative financial sources have frequently focused their efforts on increasing home game attendance, which leads to increased concession and licensing revenues. The problem is that schools sporting programs will continue to lose funds if schools do not attract and maintain a larger fan base at athletic events. The purpose of this multiple case study is to identify and explore the factors that motivate fans attendance at NCAA Division II football games using both a survey and interviews at four universities within the Great American Conference, the Lone Star Conference, and the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association. The research study that is employed is based on multiple case study and triangulated data collected from a small sample group at four universities: Northeastern State, Southeastern Oklahoma State, Southwestern Oklahoma State, and West Texas A & M. Data collection methods included the administration of a Sport Fan Motivation Scale survey to fans at a home game for each university, individual interviews of the sample group athletic directors, and review of online sources. Key results of the study yielded significant insight into optimal methodologies athletic administrators can employ to increase program revenues by increasing home game attendance. The findings were evaluated based upon the data collected utilizing four research questions. Economic factors were most likely to affect motivation of fans to attend home football games. Game attractiveness factors have a positive effect on fans at home football games. Demographic factors affect the motivation of fans to attend home football games. Residual factors affect the motivation of fans to attend football games. Many commonalities were found in the collected data that helped to identify themes and connect this information to previous research described in the literature review. A review of economic, team oriented, demographic, and ancillary factors yielded results indicating that integration of promotional activities, ensuring ample parking space for non-tailgaters, and a feeling of commitment or identification with the team are means to increase attendance.

Educational Leadership
Ed.D.
This study examined differences in achievement outcomes among undergraduate business students enrolled in an online and face-to-face upper division business management course. Proponents of online education support the argument that there are no differences in outcomes between students who take online courses, and much of the literature supports this position. The purpose of the current study was to ascertain whether that belief is supported at the university where the study was conducted using a specific course from the Business School. The course that served as the focus of this study is Finance 3000 (FIN 3000). It is a quantitative course, and one that is a prerequisite to other upper division courses in the core degree requirements. Failure to complete this course in the allotted three attempts results in students having to change their major out of the college. The two units of analysis for this particular study consisted of students who completed the Finance 3000 (FIN 3000) course via online delivery and the traditional face-to-face classroom setting on the university’s Main campus between fall 2012 and fall 2015. These students were all declared Business majors (specific major will vary) at the university’s Business School. A demographic profile of the students registered for these sections was constructed using data that are available through Self-Service Banner. The information gathered included: ethnicity (using categories defined by the university), major, academic classification (such as sophomore, junior or senior), and final grade earned in the course. The purpose behind this information is to determine whether there is any relationship between grades earned in this course and the grades earned in FIN 3000, as well as to make sure that the online and face-to-face students are comparable. Finally, a voluntary survey was administered to those students who completed the online version of FIN 3000 in fall 2015, in order to assess perceived levels of engagement. Results of this study revealed that, overall, students who enrolled in the online section of FIN 3000 performed worse than those in the face-to-face section. Further analysis indicated that while there were no significant differences in factors such as major and gender, seniors registered more frequently in the online section and had lower achievement results. The results of this study contradict the literature that suggests there are no differences in achievement outcomes.
Temple University--Theses

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between changes in the administrative organizational structure in community colleges and the workload of division chairmen. Changes in administrative organizational structures were characterized by structural complexity variables, primarily horizontal and vertical differentiation. Division chairman workload was analyzed, and division chairmen were described by demographic characteristics and employment patterns.;The division chairman has been identified in the literature to be a critical middle management position whose increasing workload is an issue. Reflecting a time of change in higher education in general, organizational changes have been taking place in community colleges in Virginia, particularly in the direction of consolidation, that were hypothesized to impact on this crucial position. The three year period from 1981-82 to 1984-85 was identified for study. The entire population of division chairmen in Virginia's Community College System was surveyed by a mail questionnaire in January 1985 to determine what changes in administrative organizational structures they perceived contributed to change in their workload.;Using non-parametric statistical tests to analyze the data, it was concluded that changes in community colleges in Virginia had occurred which decreased complexity in the college organizational structure but increased complexity at the divisional level. In examining the division chairman cohort in Virginia's community colleges over a ten year period, it was found that the division chairmen were stable in the position and tended toward increasing education and academic rank as well as prior experience in the two-year college.;There are implications from the study to suggest a further look at the nature of the division chairman position, particularly in Virginia, and preservice training for an applicant pool that is increasingly drawn from within the teaching faculty, with special attention to the female and minority representation. The level of involvement of division chairmen in the decision making process when changes in administrative organizational structure are made is an issue also raised by this study.;Finally, the question of whether the division chairman is primarily a faculty role, "first among peers," or is an administrative role continues to be an issue in collective bargaining. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.).

The purpose of this study was to examine the practices middle school principals employed during the supervisory process. This qualitative research study examined the practices middle school principals followed during the pre-observation process, observation process, and post observation process. The study also detailed how the data collected from formal observations and classroom walk-through observations was utilized by middle school principals. Due to the increasing number of responsibilities and mounting pressure to provide quality teacher supervision, the practices employed by middle school principals during the supervisory process was an important topic in need of additional research.
Ed. D.

The growing calls for accountability within higher education have mobilized student affairs divisions to develop practices that provide evidence of student learning and development. In order to do this effectively student affairs divisions understand the importance of creating, managing, and sustaining a culture of assessment. The purpose of this study was to explore and understand effective practices in creating a culture of assessment within a division of student affairs at a large public university. The findings from this study offer insight into the experiences of one division in creating a culture of assessment. Key themes of leadership, socialization, and learning were consistent with organizational theory regarding the creation and management of a culture of an organization and with student affairs assessment literature. This study offers suggestions for best practices in ways other divisions might approach the creation of a culture of assessment.

La cohabitation est le fait que le pouvoir exécutif et le pouvoir législatif appartiennent à des majorités différentes. Celle-là est le résultat d'un grand processus de réformes économiques et politiques au Mexique d'autant plus qu'elle met à l'épreuve ses institutions. La Constitution de 1917 consacre la forme d'État fédéral et le régime présidentiel. Le Mexique commence alors sa construction et sa consolidation institutionnelles. L'économie grandie mais le régime politique accuse des dérives telles que le présidentialisme et l'autoritarisme. Les manifestations sociales contre ces détournements démocratiques ainsi que les graves crises économiques dont souffre le pays, provoquent un mouvement d'ouverture politique et de changement du modèle révolutionnaire d'économie. Le réformisme politique ne va pas changer la nature du régime mais permet l'épanouissement démocratique du pays. La cohabitation apparaît en 1997 tout en révélant un fonctionnement plus réel des institutions mexicaines, notamment de l'exécutif et du législatif. La gouvernabilité devient un élément central que les Gouvernements successifs cherchent à maintenir. D'où le surgissement des alternatives telles que la gouvernance. Elle cherche justement à préserver celle-là tout en faisant prévaloir les accords sur les différences, le pragmatisme sur l'idéologie, les pouvoirs factuels sur la souveraineté de l'État. Et c'est justement ici, où la réforme de l'État, poussée par la cohabitation, prends un nouvel élan. Une réforme qui doit assurer un plus haut degré de gouvernabilité tout en renforçant l'État pour que celui-ci maintienne les équilibres sociaux et politiques du pays.