Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Abeilles – Effets des modifications de l'habitat"
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Tesi sul tema "Abeilles – Effets des modifications de l'habitat":
Leroy, Clémentine. "Sensibilité des abeilles sauvages face aux transformations du paysage dans les agroécosystèmes : Utilisation d'une approche écophysiologique pour évaluer l'influence des ressources florales sur la condition corporelle des abeilles sauvages". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023AVIG0616.
The actual context of bee species decline raises the actual needs of finding and thinking about more proactive and relevant conservation and restoration measures. In this initiative, the use of new biological metrics that can link individual bee responses to environmental alteration with populationlevel responses could represent an interesting opportunity. We hypothesized that physiological indicators could communicate the actual individual bee sensitivity to environmental changes and act as early warning signals of bee population decline or sustainability. Physiological markers can for example, provide helpful information on the interface between bee populations and their resources. Those indicators are indeed very promising and already show benefits and success for numerous organisms and numerous environmental perturbations they have to cope with, namely chemicals, climate change and landscape resources. In that extent, we used such ecophysiological approach to measure the effects of floral resources abundance, availability and richness on female’s bee body condition. We approximate bee body condition as a compilation of body mass, and nutritional healthindicators (proteins, triglycerides and proteins) contents. Firstly, we examined the effect of seminatural elements (temporary and permanent grasslands, fallows and woody moorlands) on the reproductive success and the body condition of a mason bee in apple orchards from south of France. Parallelly, we tested the effect of a land-use index (compilation of farmers practices including mowing, grazing and fertilizing) and floral diversity from agroecosystems habitats on the health state of wild bee communities in Belgium and Germany thanks to the multilevel approach of the European NutriB² project. This thesis work shows that metrics of body condition can be useful to improve our understanding of pollinator responses to habitat quality with a focus on nutrition. In particular, the measure of body mass and proteins content seem to be of particular interest to attest for individual sensitivity. Additional physiological health parameters including stoichiometry and pathogen loads also provide valuable information on the health state of wild bees and are also the focus of working groups within the european project. We can optimistically assume that the acquisition of this knowledge and its application in practice, in conjunction with these other disciplinary fields and with players involved in pollinator conservation, could enable us to refine and co-construct wild bee conservation or restoration strategies to combat bee decline
Foltz, Jane. "Structure d’une communauté de propithèques de Milne-Edwards (Propithecus edwardsi) dans une forêt fragmentée malgache : approches démographique, génétique et comportementale". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6088.
Habitat destruction represents a major threat to biodiversity. Nonetheless, the highly complex interactions between habitat destruction and species extinction are poorly understood. The present study was conducted at the Ialatsara forest’s station, located in the east center of Madagascar. The total surface of this forest station is of 2500 hectares, but nowadays the natural forest only covers 500 hectares. It is divided into 6 fragments that are not connected to each other anymore. In spite of its critical state, this forest shelters the Milne-Edwards’ sifaka (Propithecus edwardsi), a strepsirrhine primate that belongs to the Indridae family. According to recent IUCN evaluations, this species is threatened with extinction (EN(A2cd)). In 2005, a preliminary census of the Ialatsara’s sifaka community counted 43 individuals divided into 8 groups. Our study is part of a conservation program aimed at maintaining and even increasing the population of Propithecus edwardsi. By means of a multi disciplinary approach we assessed the impact of forest fragmentation on the demographic and genetic parameters of the sifaka community. We also analyzed the social dynamic of this specie in such a fragmented habitat both globally and at different levels of analysis. Taken together our results are essential to determine the social system of the Milne-Edwards’ sifaka and to adjust our conservation efforts in order to set up a suitable and long-term management program
Pereboom, Vincent. "Mode d'utilisation du milieu fragmenté par une espèce forestière aux habitudes discrètes". Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0032.
The destruction of forests, a main issue in biological conservation, is one of the greatest threat in biodiversity worldwide. In Europe and North America, however, the maintenance of populations is put in jeopardy by the destruction of trees outside of forests and hedgerows. In order to acquire new insights in the impact of habitat fragmentation, I chose a species regarded as forest specialist and recognised as vulnerable to forest degradation, the Pine marten Martes martes, as a model. I studied habitat and corridor use by Pine martens by radio-tracking 24 martens in France on two different sites. The marten was shown as being a species not dependant on old growth forest, as was previously considered, but instead on the presence of trees in the close vicinity, be they forest groves or hedgerows
Plante, Sabrina, e Sabrina Plante. "Effets simples et cumulés des perturbations humaines sur l'utilisation de l'habitat et la survie du caribou migrateur". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38097.
Les perturbations humaines sont en augmentation dans de nombreuses régions du monde et entraînent des conséquences graves sur les écosystèmes. Les régions nordiques et arctiques pourraient être particulièrement touchées par le développement anthropique à cause du fort potentiel en ressources naturelles et la faible résilience de ces écosystèmes. Le caribou migrateur (Rangifer tarandus) est au coeur de ces préoccupations puisqu’il constitue une espèce clé de cet écosystème. La majorité des troupeaux de caribous est toutefois en déclin et la nature généralisée et parfois synchrone de ces déclins suggère que des changements globaux, comme les changements climatiques et le développement anthropique, pourraient être responsables. Dans le nord du Québec et au Labrador, les caribous migrateurs des troupeaux Rivière-aux-Feuilles (TRAF) et Rivière-George (TRG) ne font pas exception à la tendance observée. Ces troupeaux ont subi une importante diminution au cours des dernières décennies. Simultanément à ces déclins, la région a connu une augmentation marquée des activités humaines, particulièrement dans le secteur minier. Toutefois, la contribution des perturbations humaines aux déclins de populations actuellement observés reste inconnue. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, je me suis intéressée à quantifier les effets des perturbations humaines sur l’utilisation de l’espace et la survie des caribous migrateurs du TRAF et TRG. Mes travaux sont divisés en quatre objectifs : 1) Évaluer les effets des perturbations humaines sur le comportement des caribous en évaluant l’impact des infrastructures linéaires sur les déplacements et en estimant les zones d’influence autour des infrastructures; 2) Évaluer la perte cumulée d’habitat associée à l’évitement des perturbations; 3) Évaluer l’effet des perturbations humaines sur la vulnérabilité des caribous à la chasse sportive; 4) Évaluer les effets des perturbations humaines sur le risque de mortalité des caribous et leur importance relative par rapport aux facteurs naturels; Mes travaux ont démontré que les caribous migrateurs répondent aux perturbations humaines à différentes échelles spatiotemporelles. À fine échelle, les caribous accéléraient leurs déplacements lors de la traversée d’une route. Une des routes sur l’aire de répartition du TRAF (route Raglan) semblait jouer un rôle de barrière aux mouvements des caribous. Les caribous évitaient les infrastructures sur des distances pouvant aller jusqu’à 23 km et l’évitement semblait exacerbé durant la période de chasse sportive. À plus large échelle, l’évitement des infrastructures s’est traduit en une perte cumulée d’habitat qui pouvait atteindre jusqu’à 30% des aires saisonnières et jusqu’à 37% des habitats fortement utilisés par les caribous. Mes travaux ont également démontré que la vulnérabilité des caribous à la chasse sportive était principalement affectée par les caractéristiques du paysage qui influencent la visibilité et l’accessibilité des chasseurs aux zones de chasse. Les caribous étaient plus vulnérables sur les lacs gelés, près des infrastructures de chasse, comme les pourvoiries et les routes, et dans les terrains moins accidentés. Ces résultats suggèrent que le développement anthropique pourrait augmenter l’accessibilité des chasseurs sur l’aire de répartition des caribous et donc augmenter leur vulnérabilité à la chasse. Finalement, mes travaux ont permis de démontrer que les perturbations humaines ont des effets négatifs limités sur le risque de mortalité des caribous. Leurs effets étaient typiquement moins forts que les facteurs naturels, tels que les patrons individuels d’utilisation de l’habitat, le risque de prédation et les conditions météorologiques, pour expliquer les variations du risque de mortalité des caribous. Ces résultats suggèrent que les impacts des perturbations humaines sur la survie des caribous sont limités, mais sont néanmoins présents. Le développement humain se poursuit dans les régions nordiques, ce qui pourrait rendre les caribous de plus en plus vulnérables aux impacts négatifs des perturbations humaines. Le niveau actuel de développement anthropique étant actuellement faible dans la région, il est possible de suggérer un changement dans l’élaboration et l’application de mesures de gestion pour les populations de caribou migrateur. Au lieu de tenter de mettre en place des mesures de gestion et de restauration coûteuses, il est encore possible aujourd’hui de restreindre le développement dans les zones critiques pour le caribou. Une approche proactive serait plus efficace afin de limiter les impacts négatifs sur la distribution et l’abondance des caribou. Les changements climatiques constituent une menace grandissante pour les populations de caribous, l’atténuation des impacts anthropiques pourrait donc augmenter la résilience des populations à ces changements globaux.
Human disturbances are increasing worldwide and have led to serious and irreversible consequences on natural ecosystems. Northern and Arctic regions may be particularly affected by anthropogenic development because of the high potential for the extraction of natural resources and the poor resilience of these ecosystems. Migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are at the heart of these concerns raised by anthropogenic development in northern regions because they represent a key species of this ecosystem. Most caribou populations, however, are declining and the generalized and sometimes synchronous nature of these declines suggest that global changes, such as climate change and human development, may be responsible. In northern Québec and Labrador, Canada, migratory caribou of the Rivière-aux-Feuilles (RFH) and Rivière-George herds (RGH) are no exception to the current worldwide trend of decline. These herds have experienced an important decline in the last decades. Simultaneous to these declines, the region has experienced a rapid increase in human development, mainly owing to the mining sector. Yet, the contribution of human disturbance to the herds’ decline remains to be investigated. In this thesis, I assessed the effects of human disturbances on space use and survival of migratory caribou of the RFH and RGH. My work is divided into four objectives: 1) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou behavior, by evaluating the effect of linear features on caribou movements and by estimating the zones of influence of infrastructure; 2) Evaluating the cumulative habitat loss associated with the avoidance of infrastructure; 3) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou vulnerability to sport hunting; 4) Evaluating human disturbance effects on the mortality risk of caribou and their importance relative to that of natural factors. My results revealed that migratory caribou react to human disturbance at various spatiotemporal scales. At a fine scale, caribou increased their movement rate when crossing roads. One of the road in the Rivière-aux-Feuilles range (Raglan road) also appeared to act as a barrier to caribou movement. Caribou also avoided infrastructure over distances reaching as much as 23 km, and avoidance was exacerbated during the sport hunting period. At a larger scale, avoidance of infrastructures resulted in a cumulative habitat loss that could reach as much as 30% of the area of seasonal ranges, and 37% of high-quality habitat available for caribou. My work also revealed that caribou vulnerability to sport hunting was mainly affected by landscape characteristics influencing visibility and accessibility for sport hunters. Caribou were more vulnerable on frozen lakes, near hunting infrastructure such as roads and outfitter camps, and in less rugged terrain. These results suggest that human development could increase hunters’ accessibility to the landscape and thus, increase caribou vulnerability to sport hunting. Lastly, my work also showed that human disturbances have a limited impact on the mortality risk of caribou. These effects were typically less strong than natural factors, such as individual patterns of habitat use, predation risk and weather conditions, on caribou survival. These results suggest that the impacts of human disturbances are limited at the currently low state of development in northern Québec and Labrador, but are nevertheless observable. Anthropogenic development is continuing in northern regions, thus caribou could become increasingly vulnerable to the negative impacts of human disturbance. Because the current level of development in the RFH and RGH ranges is still low, it is appropriate to suggest a shift in the planning and implementation of management actions for population of migratory caribou. Instead of pursuing costly management and restoration activities after disturbance, it would be more effective to limit the area and intensity of development across the critical habitat of caribou. Such proactive approaches would be more efficient and effective at limiting declines in the distribution and abundance of caribou. Climate change is a growing threat for caribou populations; the mitigation of anthropogenic impacts could increase the resilience of these populations to global change.
Human disturbances are increasing worldwide and have led to serious and irreversible consequences on natural ecosystems. Northern and Arctic regions may be particularly affected by anthropogenic development because of the high potential for the extraction of natural resources and the poor resilience of these ecosystems. Migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are at the heart of these concerns raised by anthropogenic development in northern regions because they represent a key species of this ecosystem. Most caribou populations, however, are declining and the generalized and sometimes synchronous nature of these declines suggest that global changes, such as climate change and human development, may be responsible. In northern Québec and Labrador, Canada, migratory caribou of the Rivière-aux-Feuilles (RFH) and Rivière-George herds (RGH) are no exception to the current worldwide trend of decline. These herds have experienced an important decline in the last decades. Simultaneous to these declines, the region has experienced a rapid increase in human development, mainly owing to the mining sector. Yet, the contribution of human disturbance to the herds’ decline remains to be investigated. In this thesis, I assessed the effects of human disturbances on space use and survival of migratory caribou of the RFH and RGH. My work is divided into four objectives: 1) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou behavior, by evaluating the effect of linear features on caribou movements and by estimating the zones of influence of infrastructure; 2) Evaluating the cumulative habitat loss associated with the avoidance of infrastructure; 3) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou vulnerability to sport hunting; 4) Evaluating human disturbance effects on the mortality risk of caribou and their importance relative to that of natural factors. My results revealed that migratory caribou react to human disturbance at various spatiotemporal scales. At a fine scale, caribou increased their movement rate when crossing roads. One of the road in the Rivière-aux-Feuilles range (Raglan road) also appeared to act as a barrier to caribou movement. Caribou also avoided infrastructure over distances reaching as much as 23 km, and avoidance was exacerbated during the sport hunting period. At a larger scale, avoidance of infrastructures resulted in a cumulative habitat loss that could reach as much as 30% of the area of seasonal ranges, and 37% of high-quality habitat available for caribou. My work also revealed that caribou vulnerability to sport hunting was mainly affected by landscape characteristics influencing visibility and accessibility for sport hunters. Caribou were more vulnerable on frozen lakes, near hunting infrastructure such as roads and outfitter camps, and in less rugged terrain. These results suggest that human development could increase hunters’ accessibility to the landscape and thus, increase caribou vulnerability to sport hunting. Lastly, my work also showed that human disturbances have a limited impact on the mortality risk of caribou. These effects were typically less strong than natural factors, such as individual patterns of habitat use, predation risk and weather conditions, on caribou survival. These results suggest that the impacts of human disturbances are limited at the currently low state of development in northern Québec and Labrador, but are nevertheless observable. Anthropogenic development is continuing in northern regions, thus caribou could become increasingly vulnerable to the negative impacts of human disturbance. Because the current level of development in the RFH and RGH ranges is still low, it is appropriate to suggest a shift in the planning and implementation of management actions for population of migratory caribou. Instead of pursuing costly management and restoration activities after disturbance, it would be more effective to limit the area and intensity of development across the critical habitat of caribou. Such proactive approaches would be more efficient and effective at limiting declines in the distribution and abundance of caribou. Climate change is a growing threat for caribou populations; the mitigation of anthropogenic impacts could increase the resilience of these populations to global change.
Znidi, Manel. "Habiter la grotte à Tataouine (sud tunisien) : de la maison creusée à la maison construite". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0169/document.
The objective of this work is to contribute to the academic debate on the vernacular habitat. This multidisciplinary study combines three disciplines of architecture, anthropology and sociology to study the troglodyte habitat at Tataouine, a mountainous region in sourthen Tunisia at the edge of the Sahara.In this reseach work, we study the processus of mutations of this troglodyte habitat. The changes affect housing practices and lead to a new relationship with habitat. The reconstruction of the old theoretical writing on the corpus of study confronted with the results of the courses allows to rephrase the original characteristics of the troglodyte house and to take note of the current changes in this domestic architectural space.Rapid urbanization generates new configurations and new relationships between environments. The objective of our study is to know: to what extent has the phenomenon of urbanization of fected troglodyte habitat? What are the forms of readjustment adapted by the population to deal with changes in lifestyles? Today, only the two villages of Chenini and Douiret are still inhabited. The morphology of the evolution in tie and in space of troglodyte habitat in these two villages should be examined. What are the new ways of living? What are the new forms of construction? To what extent is the cave still used?
Gervais, Amélie. "De la communauté à l’individu : influence de l’intensité agricole et du paysage sur les bourdons (Bombus spp.) du Sud du Québec". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66288.
Pollinators are essential to natural ecosystems and crop production. However, they are in decline and many causes are possible: climate changes, diseases, parasites, loss of natural habitats, loss of floral resources, landscape homogenization and agricultural intensification. In southern Québec, a west-east gradient, from intensively managed landscapes in the west to a more extensive production in the east is present. In this context, it is quite interesting to see how pollinators, such as bumble bees, cope with such an important agricultural gradient. To test the importance of agricultural landscape composition on bumble bees, we investigated three different levels of organization: 1) individual, 2) colonies and 3) communities. To evaluate the impact of the landscape on the individuals and colonies levels, we placed 80 colonies of Bombus impatiens on 20 different sites in the gradient during the spring and summer of 2016. Landscapes were characterized within 1 km from the colonies using orthophotos and the landscape components were categorized following: intensive crops, extensive crops, flowering crops, forests, urban areas and aquatic environment (lakes, rivers). Each week, we counted the number of workers entering and exiting colonies and a total of four workers per colony were captured, measured and had their pollen load identified. Worker size was not influenced by the landscape. However, their foraging behavior seemed affected since the ins and outs of workers dropped in more intensive landscape. Furthermore, pollen species collected by workers were different in more intensive landscapes compared to those of more extensive landscapes. For the colony level, each one had its weight taken every week and at its death, its final weight, the number of queens produced and the presence of Aphomia sociella were noted. Colonies placed in the landscape with a high proportion of intensive crops gained less weight and lived almost two weeks less than colonies in more extensive landscape. The proportion of flowering crops in the landscape had the opposite effect by increasing both the weight and the life expectancy of colonies. The number of queens produced and the probability of being predated by A. sociella were not linked to landscape composition. At the community level, another study took place from 2006 to 2016 on 40 farms from the same agricultural gradient. A total of 4726 bumble bee queens were captured using yellow window traps. The landscape was described again using orthophotos and the same categories, but at a 500 m radius instead. The proportions of intensive and flowering crops as well as the proportions of forests each influenced the abundance and occurrence of some species, but they were not the most important variables explaining the bumble bee community structure. The functional traits were, in fact, more important to explain the abundance of species, where smaller and underground nesters species were more abundant, in all the landscapes. The results presented in this thesis bring even more evidence that landscape has an important impact on bumble bees at every level. Furthermore, we highlight once more that intensive cropping systems are truly detrimental to bumble bee persistence in agroecosystems.
Houde, Nicolas. "La manipulation des ressources alimentaires et du risque de prédation afin d'augmenter la vulnérabilité du cerf de Virginie à la chasse". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27089.
A trade-off between forage acquisition and predation avoidance often drives space use by prey herbivores. We tested the effects of manipulating forage production and residual forest cover on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) space use and vulnerability to hunting on Anticosti Island. Our results demonstrated that deer space use and deer vulnerability to hunting could be modified by different structural components of the habitat. Forage productivity led to higher deer use of managed habitats, whereas decreased residual forest cover increased deer vulnerability to hunting. These results provide useful insights for wildlife managers who have to deal with conflicting goals such as maintaining hunter satisfaction with increased observations of deer while reducing deer densities which are undesirable in many economic and ecological aspects.
Rioux, Jérôme. "Effets de la coupe avec la protection des petites tiges marchandes (CPPTM) et de la coupe avec la protection de la haute régénération et des sols (CPHRS) sur la faune de la pessière noire à mousses de l'Est". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24072/24072.pdf.
Huillet, Laetitia. "Tendances spatio-temporelles de répartition chez les oiseaux hivernants durant 26 ans d'étalement urbain à Québec". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24161/24161.pdf.
Québec City, along with other North American cities, has experienced a very rapid growth in area in the last three decades. We assessed the consequences of urban sprawl on wintering bird trends by determining, among 29 wintering species, those whose trends were correlated to habitat change resulting from urban sprawl. We used data from Christmas Bird Counts (CBC) of Québec City and a series of aerial photos taken between 1978-2003. The Québec Christmas Bird Count territory (a 460 km² circle) is divided in 75 census plots. In order to study land use trends of these plots we scanned and georeferenced 6 series of aerial photos taken between 1978 and 2003 and measured “Green” (parks, residential zones, etc.) and “Grey” (industrial, commercial, etc.) urban areas, agricultural lands, fallow lands and forest patches. We proceeded in two steps. First, we calculated a specific habitat area index for each census plot, species, and year of the study (this habitat index took into account species associations to each land use). Then we measured the relationship between population trends and corresponding habitat change for 1) all the species and 2) individual species. Most species were associated to « green » urban areas and avoided agricultural areas. A large number of species showed a significant habitat gain. Species that had the highest habitat gains showed the highest increase in their population trends. Population trends for at least seven species were strongly associated with local habitat change. However, in most species, association explained by urban sprawl per se is not clear, numerous factors could play a major role in population trends.
Devoucoux, Pierrick. "Conséquences et impacts prévisibles d'une perte d'habitat majeure sur une espèce menacée aux exigences écologiques complexes : effets de la mise en place du contournement ferroviaire à grande vitesse Nîmes-Montpellier sur la dynamique de la population d'Outarde canepetière des Costières de Nîmes". Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2285/document.
Urbanization and increasing transport infrastructure construction are known as the main cause of biodiversity loss. By habitat loss and landscape fragmentation they cause, these structures impact populations. Our work sought to assess, on a case of complex ecological requirements, foreseeable impacts of the establishment of a High Speed Line (HSL) and their consequences. We studied the population of Little Bustard Tetrax Tetrax of the Costières nîmoise area. Within its own range scale, this population is an exception: it reaches locally unusually high densities and develops distributions patterns never met previously. We sought to identify local variations in distribution and their correlation with habitat parameters in a wide range of spatial scales, to model the expected distribution patterns and expected impacts of future infrastructure
Libri sul tema "Abeilles – Effets des modifications de l'habitat":
Canada. Direction de la gestion de l'habitat du poisson. Modifications physiques de l'habitat du poisson dans le Saint-Laurent de 1945 à 1984, et effets sur les pêches commerciales. Québec, Qué: Ministère des pêches et des océans, Direction de la gestion des pêches et de l'habitat, Division de l'habitat du poisson, 1988.
Canada. Direction de la gestion des pêches et de l'habitat. Modifications physiques de l'habitat du poisson en amont de Montréal et en aval de Trois-Pistoles de 1945 à 1988 et effets sur les pêches commerciales. Cap-Diamant, Qué: Ministère des pêches et des océans, 1991.
Donald, St-Laurent, a cura di. Suivi spatiotemporel de la communauté benthique au dépôt D des déblais de dragage du chenal de la Grande Entrée, Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec. Montréal: Environnement Canada, Région du Québec, Direction protection de l'environnement, 2004.
Dickson, D. Lynne. Movement of king eiders from breeding grounds on Banks Island, NWT, to moulting and wintering areas. Yellowknife, NT: Canadian Wildlife Service, Prairie and Northern Region, 2012.
Sandilands, Allan P. Birds of Ontario: Habitat requirements, limiting factors, and status. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2005.
Potvin, François. Abondance des colonies de castor avant et après coupe à blanc de type CPR en Abitibi-Témiscamingue. Québec: Ministère de l'environnement et de la faune, Direction de la faune et des habitats, 1997.
Enns, K. A. Impacts of hardwood management on British Columbia wildlife: Problem analysis. [Victoria, B.C.]: Forestry Canada, 1993.
Hooper, Tracey D. Breeding bird communities and habitat associations in the grasslands of the Chilcotin Region, British Columbia. [Victoria, B.C.]: Canadian Forest Service, 1996.
Enns, K. A. Effects of mechanical site preparation on wildlife in British Columbia: Problem analysis. Victoria, B.C: Canadian Forest Service, 1994.
Chan-McLeod, Ann. Factors affecting the ecological legacy of unsalvaged post-mountain pine beetle stands. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 2008.