Articoli di riviste: "AA6061"

1

Agustín-Sáenz, Cecilia, Patricia Santa Coloma, Francisco J. Fernández-Carretero, Fabiola Brusciotti e Marta Brizuela. "Design of Corrosion Protective and Antistatic Hybrid Sol-Gel Coatings on 6XXX AlMgSi Alloys for Aerospace Application". Coatings 10, n. 5 (30 aprile 2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050441.

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An inorganic–organic coating based on glycidyl-functionalized silica and zirconia was synthesized by sol-gel technology to protect three types of AlMgSi (6XXX series) alloys against corrosion in aerospace applications. Different parameters such as the solid content, the organic/inorganic ratio of the sols and the deposition conditions were studied with the aim to achieve a tradeoff between the corrosion protection, antistatic performance and low vacuum-induced outgassing. Those parameters directly influence the thickness and the density of the coatings, and therefore the barrier effect against corrosion and the contact electrical resistance, which are affected in opposite ways. To obtain a low contact electrical resistance, silver nanowires (NW) with a high aspect ratio were loaded in the sol-gel matrix with the aim to create a conductive path through the hybrid coating with a low concentration of NWs. The coatings were adapted for AA6063, AA6061 and AA6082, and they all showed an outstanding anti-corrosion performance in different artificial weathering tests, whereas electrochemical impedance spectroscopy permitted the identification of the most critical parameters affecting water uptake. An antistatic performance was demonstrated by the low contact electrical resistance of the coated AA6061 and AA6063 alloys, although the incorporation of NWs showed a detrimental effect on the corrosion protection compared with the unloaded coating.

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Kumar, B. Ashok, M. Muthu Krishnan, A. Felix Sahayaraj, Mohamad Reda A. Refaai, G. Yuvaraj, D. Madhesh e Haiter Lenin Allasi. "Characterization of the Aluminium Matrix Composite Reinforced with Silicon Nitride (AA6061/Si3N4) Synthesized by the Stir Casting Route". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (29 gennaio 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8761865.

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The current work is concerned with the synthesis of aluminium (AA6061-T6) matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with 15 and 20 weight percentages of silicon nitride (Si3N4) particulates using the indigenously fabricated electric stir casting furnace with bottom discharge arrangement. The major concern in the synthesis of AMCs of ceramic particles with the aluminium matrix is wettability in the casting route, and it was overcome by adding 2% of magnesium in the melt, proper incorporation time, and appropriate stirring speed. The microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the synthesized AMC were analyzed. Si3N4 particles in the matrix are uniformly dispersed in the optical and scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Adding reinforcement particles of Si3N4 to the AA6061 matrix increased microhardness, macrohardness, and ultimate tensile strength significantly. Microhardness and macrohardness of the AA6161/20 wt.% Si3N4 composite were 98 VHN and 91 BHN, respectively, which were 117.8% and 111.63% higher than those of the AA6061 matrix alloy, respectively. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of AA6061 was 159.82 MPa which was increased to 249.12 MPa in the AA6061/20 wt.% Si3N4 composite. Percent elongation of the AA6061/Si3N4 composite was reduced with the addition of Si3N4 reinforcement.

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Inagaki, Hirosuke. "Texture Development in 6000 Series Al-Mg-Si Alloys for Car Body Panels". Materials Science Forum 558-559 (ottobre 2007): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.77.

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Recovery, recrystallization and the formation of recrystallization textures were investigated in three representative Al-Mg-Si alloys used for car body panels. Commercial hot bands of AA6016, AA6111 and AA6061 Al-Mg-Si alloys finished at low temperatures were cold rolled to a rolling reduction of 95 % in thickness and isothermally annealed at temperatures between 250 and 500 °C. In these alloys, precipitation was completed for the most part during low temperature hot rolling, and the sizes and the amount of fine precipitates formed during this low temperature hot rolling strongly affected recrystallization and the development of recrystallization textures. As a result, in the specimens annealed at 300 °C, quite different recrystallization behavior and recrystallization textures were observed. In the AA6061 alloy, in which, among three alloys, the maximum amount of Mg2Si should be precipitated, recrystallization was significantly suppressed. This resulted in the formation of strong {110} <111> and {100} <013> recrystallization textures. Also in the AA6111 alloy, in which precipitation of a medium amount of Mg2Si was expected, recrystallization was retarded to the same extent. In this alloy, however, recrystallization textures consisted of very strong {100} <001> and rather strong {110} <111> main orientations. In theAA6016 alloy, in which the minimum amount of Mg2Si and a large amount of Si particles should be precipitated, recrystallization occurred very rapidly, forming very weak recrystallization textures. In all alloys, annealing at higher temperatures resulted in the formation of weak textures, since fine precipitates were dissolved during annealing. Thus, the solution treatment, which is a necessary step to induce bake hardening in these alloys, randomizes their recrystallization textures.

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Sun, Yu-Kai, Shih-Ying Chang, Lung-Chuan Tsao, Tung-Han Chuang, Guo-Zhan Zhang e Chih-Yi Yeh. "Effects of Adding Active Elements to Aluminum-Based Filler Alloys on the Bonding of 6061 Aluminum Alloy and Alumina". Applied Sciences 11, n. 21 (6 novembre 2021): 10440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110440.

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In this study, AA6061/AA6061 and AA6061/alumina were directly brazed with Al10.8Si10Cu, Al10Si10Cu4Ti and Al10Si10Cu4Ti0.1RE filler alloys at 530 °C for 10 min without the use of flux. The addition of titanium and rare-earth elements into Al10.8Si10Cu alloy effectively improved the bonding shear strengths of AA6061/AA6061 and AA6061/alumina joints. The highest joint shear strengths were 61.1 and 19.2 MPa, respectively. The Al10.8Si10Cu filler alloy without titanium and rare-earth elements could not wet on the alumina and caused failure of the AA6061/alumina joint. The shear strengths of the AA6061/AA6061 and AA6061/alumina joints both strongly depended on the active element addition. Due to the high chemical activity of the rare-earth elements, they formed AlLa between the Al10Si10Cu4Ti0.1RE filler alloy and alumina. The addition of rare-earth elements into Al10Si10Cu4Ti filler alloy resulted in significant enhancement of the average bond strength of AA6061/alumina joints, from 8.0 to 14.8 MPa.

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Arsyad, H., L. H. Arma e Januari. "The Roughness Characteristic of AA6061-F, AA6061-O and AA6061-T6 after Machining Process". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 875 (23 luglio 2020): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/875/1/012057.

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S, Senthil Kumaran, Jayakumar Kaliappan, Kathiravan Srinivasan, Yuh-Chung Hu, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban e Srinivasan N. "Realizing a Novel Friction Stir Processing-Enabled FWTPET Process for Strength Enhancement Using Firefly and PSO Methods". Materials 13, n. 3 (5 febbraio 2020): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030728.

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The friction welding of tube to tube plate using an external tool (FWTPET) is widely deployed in several industrial applications, such as aerospace, automotive, and power plants. Moreover, for achieving a better tensile strength and hardness in the weld zone, the friction stir processing (FSP) technique was incorporated into the FWTPET process for joining aluminum alloys (AA6063 tube, AA6061 tube plate). Furthermore, it has to be noted that FWTPET was applied for joining the AA6063 tube to the AA6061 tube plate, and FSP was deployed for reinforcing the weld zone with carbon nanotube (CNT) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles, thereby attaining the desirable mechanical properties. Subsequently, the Taguchi L25 orthogonal array was used for identifying the most influential input and output FWTPET + FSP process parameters. Furthermore, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the firefly algorithm (FFA) were deployed for determining the optimized input and output FWTPET + FSP process parameters. The input process parameters include CNT, Si3N4, rotational tool speed, and depth. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the welded joint was considered as the output process parameter. The process parameters predicted by PSO and FFA were compared with the experimental values. It was witnessed that deviation between the predicted and experimental values was minimal. Moreover, it was found that FFA provided a superior tensile strength prediction than PSO.

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Prasad Reddy, A., P. Vamsi Krishna e RN Rao. "Two-body abrasive wear behaviour of AA6061-2SiC-2Gr hybrid nanocomposite fabricated through ultrasonically assisted stir casting". Journal of Composite Materials 53, n. 15 (6 gennaio 2019): 2165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318822723.

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Two-body abrasion wear rate of AA6061 aluminium alloy, AA6061-2SiC nanocomposite, and AA6061-2SiC-2Gr hybrid nanocomposites were studied using a pin on disc machine at various applied normal loads 5-20 N and 50-150 µm abrasive grit size by maintaining a constant sliding distance of 120 m. Morphology of fabricated materials, worn surfaces of tested specimens, and abrasive grit papers were analysed under a scanning electron microscope. The wear rate of the AA6061-2SiC-2Gr hybrid nanocomposite was found to be less than that of AA6061 alloy and AA6061-2SiC nanocomposite. The wear rate decreased by 19% for 50 µm, 28.2% for 100 µm, and 22.5% for 150 µm at an applied normal load of 20 N and 120 m sliding distance for Al 6061-2SiC-2Gr hybrid nanocomposite compared to base alloy.

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8

Suthar, Harish, Anirban Bhattacharya e Surajit Kumar Paul. "Local deformation response and failure behavior of AA6061-AA6061 and AA6061-AA7075 friction stir welds". CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 30 (agosto 2020): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2020.03.006.

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9

Bhovi, Prabhakar M., Akash R. Naik, Dattatraya Adarsh, C. G. Ranjitkumar e K. Venkateswarlu. "Simulation Studies and Evolution of Mechanical Properties of AA6061 Subjected to RCS". Advanced Materials Research 1148 (giugno 2018): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1148.142.

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AA6061 alloy was selected as starting material, as this alloy play vital role in aerospace, automotive and naval applications. To enhance mechanical properties and study the structural correlation of AA6061 using one of the promising SPD (Severe Plastic Deformation) technique. In RCS (Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening), repetitive bending and shearing stresses act alternatively on the specimen. The die models and work piece were designed using Creo parametric 2.0 and imported to AFDEX-2014 (Adviser metal Forming Design Expert) for simulation studies. AA6061 was subjected to four passes (8 stages) of RCS. Effective strain observed in AA6061 alloy was 2.389 and strain rate increased during corrugation and less during straightening stages. The theoretical effective strain was 2.65.The experimental effective strain was validated and found to be nearly approximately 92% of the theoretical result. Further, mechanical properties like tensile strength and microhardness increased to 1.5 to 2 times in AA6061 alloy after eight passes of RCS. Keywords: AA6061, RCS, SPD, Microhardness, Tensile strength

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Newell, Ryan, Abhishek Mehta, Young Joo Park, Dennis D. Keiser Jr. e Yong Ho Sohn. "Interdiffusion, Reactions, and Phase Transformations Observed during Fabrication of Low Enriched Uranium Monolithic Fuel System for Research and Test Reactors". Defect and Diffusion Forum 383 (febbraio 2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.383.10.

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Monolithic fuel plates have been developed utilizing low enriched U alloyed with 10 wt.% Mo to replace highly enriched fuels in research and test reactors, in accordance with the goals of the Materials Management and Minimization Reactor Conversion Program. The fuel plates consist of U10Mo fuel, Zr diffusion barrier, and AA6061 cladding. They are fabricated by co-rolling the U10Mo and Zr, which are then encapsulated via hot isostatic pressing of the entire U10Mo/Zr/AA6061 assembly. During fabrication, the metal constituents of the fuel plates undergo phase transformations as well as interdiffusion and reactions at interfaces. The areas of interest are the U10Mo fuel, U10Mo/Zr interface, U10Mo/AA6061 interface, Zr/AA6061 interface, and AA6061-AA6061 bond line. Knowledge of the transformations and growth in the plates is necessary to optimize fabrication parameters and predict behavior as they relate to irradiation performance. Numerous studies have been conducted to analyze these reactions in monolithic fuel plates, and a summary of their observations is provided in this paper.

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11

Borrego, L. P., J. D. Costa e J. A. M. Ferreira. "Crack Growth Behavior of AA6082 and AA6061 Aluminum Alloys". Procedia Engineering 74 (2014): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.245.

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12

Bahuguna, Shailja, Pradyumn K. Arya e Vinay Kumar Patel. "Mechanical and Abrasive Wear Properties of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Aluminum Alloy AA6061-T6 with/Without Nickel Coating". Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 70, n. 2 (1 novembre 2020): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2020-0017.

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AbstractThe purpose of this work is to examine the microstructure, mechanical and sand abrasive properties of friction stir welded joints of aluminium alloy AA6061-T6 with and without nickel coating. A total eighteen samples, six samples of AA6061-T6 plates, six samples of 10 μm thick Ni coated AA6061-T6 plates and six samples of 15 μm thick Ni coated AA6061-T6 plates were friction stir welded by using different tool rotation speed (710 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1400 rpm) and different welding speed (28 mm/min, 56 mm/min). The joints manufactured using 1400 rpm tool rotation speed and 56 mm/min welding speed generated the highest tensile strength and percent elongation with joint efficiency of 69.05% with 15 μm Ni-coated AA6061-T6 plates and joints manufactured from 10 μm Ni-coated AA6061-T6 plates using 1000 rpm tool rotation speed and 28 mm/min welding speed generated the highest impact energy and higher hardness in NZ compared to the other joints. The 15 μm Ni-coated AA6061-T6 plates exhibited better abrasive wear resistant properties than the 10 15 μm Ni-coated plates. Microstructure investigation showed the precipitate size variations and their distributions and after friction stir welding, these precipitates became slightly coarser in the HAZ but finer in the nugget region.

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Raturi, Madhav, e Anirban Bhattacharya. "Post corrosion tensile strength and failure of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminium alloys". MATEC Web of Conferences 326 (2020): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032604008.

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The present study efforts towards appraising the effects of corrosion on the tensile and fracture behaviour of dissimilar friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium alloys. Three different dissimilar FSW joints obtained between AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T651, AA6061-T6 and AA2014-T6, AA7075-T651 and AA2014-T6, using threaded pin profile with three flat faces (TIF) tool at rotational speed of 1200 rpm and welding speed of 98 mm/min. The maximum joint tensile strength was achieved for AA7075-AA2014 joints followed by AA6061-AA2014 and least recorded for AA6061-AA7075 for as obtained FSW joints (non-corroded). The joints are further immersed into a corrosive solution for 1, 2, 7 and 14 days duration. The corrosion occurred all over the joint but much accelerated rate of exfoliation corrosion exists away from stir zone near the confluence of heat affected zone and base material irrespective of the advancing or retreating side. With increase in corrosion time the location of tensile failure shifted towards corroded region (AA6061-T6) instead of stir zone in dissimilar weld joint AA6061-AA2014, whereas it remained unchanged for other two joints. The fractured surfaces of AA6061-AA2014 FSW joints reveals the articulated view of pits and fracture morphology advocating the loss in YS, UTS and % elongation with increases in immersion duration.

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Abioye, Taiwo Ebenezer, Ebenezer Olanipekun e Abu Seman Anasyida. "Prediction of the Hardness of Pulverized Glass Waste-Reinforced Aluminium Alloy 6061-T6 Friction Stir Welded Joint". International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 62 (23 novembre 2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-j02z6p.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the friction stir weld quality of pulverized glass waste (PGW)-reinforced AA6061-T6 and develop a model predicting the hardness of the joint. Friction stir welding of PGW-reinforced AA6061-T6 was done within a process window. The process was optimized for the maximum joint hardness. Thereafter, the result of the hardness was used to develop a model using a novel statistical analytical technique. The addition of PGW enhanced the AA6061-T6 friction stir welded joint hardness. The maximum hardness (112 HV) of the PGW-reinforced joint, which was obtained at optimal setting of 900 rpm rotational speed, 40 mm/min traverse speed and 1o tilt angle, is by a factor of 1.72 greater than the unreinforced joint and close to the hardness of the as-received AA6061-T6 (120 HV). The developed model can predict the hardness of the PGW-reinforced AA6061-T6 joint up to an accuracy of 89%. The model shows that the rotational speed, tilt angle and their interaction contributed significantly to the hardness of the PGW-reinforced AA6061-T6 friction stir welded joint. This model is suitable for determining the hardness property of particle-reinforced AA6061-T6 friction stir welded joint at varying processing parameters.

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Chiu, Liu Ho, Kuan Hung Chen, Chi Ying Tsai e Shah Rong Lee. "The Galvanic Corrosion between Anodized 6061 Aluminum Plate and C1100 Copper Plate Couple". Advanced Materials Research 849 (novembre 2013): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.14.

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The galvanic corrosion behavior of anodic AA6061 Al and C1100 Cu couples is investigated. Anodized AA6061-T6 Al plates were produced at different thickness of 1μm, 5μm and 12μm, respectively. The galvanic corrosion current of anodized plate and C1100 copper plate couples was measured using a zero resistance ammeter for 8 hours in two solutions, 3.5wt.% NaCl solution and 1.0 wt.% NaClO solution under temperatures of 25°C, 40°C and 60°C. The results show that the AA6061-T6 aluminum plate without anodizing produced the highest galvanic corrosion current, 1200 μA/cm2, among the tested specimens under flowing NaClO electrolyte at 60°C. Anodized AA6061-T6 aluminum plates with a 12μm anodized layer produced the lowest galvanic corrosion current, 15 μA/cm2, in a static 3.5wt.% NaCl electrolyte at 25°C. Severe corrosion attack was observed at the aluminum specimen with thin and non-uniform anodized layer after the galvanic corrosion tests. The anodizing AA6061 Al plate process can effectively reduce the galvanic corrosion of the AA6061 Al and C1100 Cu couples.

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Ali, Ghadanfer Hussein, e Sabah Khammass Hussein. "Friction spot lap joining of the anodized aluminium alloy 6061 with high-density polyethylene sheets". World Journal of Engineering 16, n. 4 (19 agosto 2019): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-12-2018-0415.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to join an anodized aluminium alloy AA6061 sheet with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) using friction spot process. Design/methodology/approach The surface of AA6061 sheet was anodized to increase the pores’ size. A lap joint configuration was used to join the AA6061 with HDPE sheets by the friction spot process. The joining process was carried out using a rotating tool of different diameters: 14, 16 and 18 mm. Three tool-plunging depths were used – 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mm – with three values of the processing time – 20, 30 and 40 s. The joining process parameters were designed according to the Taguchi approach. Two sets of samples were joined: the as-received AA6061/HDPE and the anodized AA6061/HDPE. Findings Frictional heat melted the HDPE layers near the lap joint line and penetrated it through the surface pores of the AA6061 sheet via the applied pressure of the tool. The tool diameter exhibited higher effect on the joint strength than processing time and the tool-plunging depth. Specimens of highest and lowest tensile force were failed by necking the polymer side and shearing the polymer layers at the lap joint, respectively. Molten HDPE was mechanically interlocked into the pores of the anodized surface of AA6061 with an interface line of 18-m width. Originality/value For the first time, HDPE was joined with the anodized AA6061 by the friction spot process. The joint strength reached an ideal efficiency of 100 per cent.

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Zuhailawati, Hussain, Mohd Noor Halmy, Indra Putra Almanar e Brij Kumar Dhindaw. "Friction Stir Processed of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with Silica from Rice Husk Ash". Advanced Materials Research 1024 (agosto 2014): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.227.

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This paper presents a development of a composite using friction stir process of AA606-T6 aluminum alloy reinforced with amorphous silica obtained from rice husk ash. The amorphous silica was produced after acid leaching and calcinations at 500°C. The silica powder was placed into a groove made in the joining line of AA606-T6 plates prior to friction stir process. Hard silica particles restricted the grain growth of aluminum matrix that contributed to a slight increase in hardness. Hardness decreases in zones under the tool was observed because AA6061-T6 alloy was sensitive to friction heat generated by the tool. Ageing at 200°C increased the hardness of the aluminum in the friction stir process zones.

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Ma, Z. Y., S. C. Tjong, L. Geng e Z. G. Wang. "Effect of interfacial reaction on tensile and creep behaviors of aluminum-borate-whisker-reinforced AA6061 composite". Journal of Materials Research 15, n. 12 (dicembre 2000): 2714–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0390.

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Aluminum-borate (AlBO) whisker-reinforced AA6061 composite fabricated by squeeze casting was subjected to both tensile and creep investigations. The whisker exhibited a significant reinforcing effect on as-extruded AA6061, but not for T6-treated specimen. The yield strength of the composite decreased slightly after T6 treatment. This was caused by the degradation of the whiskers and the microcrack initiation. The incorporation of the AlBO whisker into the AA6061 improved the creep resistance of the alloy by several orders of magnitude. Moreover, the composite exhibited higher values of apparent stress exponent and apparent activation energy for both the static and cyclic creep. Finally, cyclic creep retardation behavior was observed for both reinforced and unreinforced AA6061.

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Sun, Kai, Ping Zhu, Pinliang Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Puzhen Shao, Zhijun Wang, Wenshu Yang et al. "Dispersion and Preparation of Nano-AlN/AA6061 Composites by Pressure Infiltration Method". Nanomaterials 12, n. 13 (30 giugno 2022): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132258.

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Nanomaterials play an important role in metal matrix composites (MMC). In this study, 3.0 wt.%, 6.0 wt.%, and 9.0 wt.% nano-AlN-particles-reinforced AA6061 (nano-AlN/AA6061) composites were successfully prepared by pressure infiltration technique and then hot extruded (HE) at 500 °C. The microstructural characterization of the composites after HE show that the grain structure of the Al matrix is significantly refined, varying from 2 to 20 μm down to 1 to 3 μm. Nano-AlN particles in the composites are agglomerated around the matrix, and the distribution of nano-AlN is improved after HE. The interface between AA6061 and nano-AlN is clean and smooth, without interface reaction products. The 3.0 wt.% nano-AlN/AA6061 composite shows an uppermost yield and supreme tensile strength of 333 MPa and 445 MPa, respectively. The results show that the deformation procedure of the composite is beneficial to the further dispersion of nano-AlN particles and improves the strength of nano-AlN/AA6061 composite. At the same time, the strengthening mechanism active in the composites was discussed.

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Al-Alkawi, Hussain J. M., Abduljabbar Owaid Hanfesh e Saja Mohammed Noori Mohammed Rauof. "Development of High Performance (Mechanical and Wear Properties) of AA 6061-Hybrid Nano Composites Via Liquid Metallurgy Route". Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 22, n. 2 (21 luglio 2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.22020143.

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This research is devoted to study the influence of different weight percent concerning to the additions of Ti and Cu on mechanical and tribological properties of AA6061. The composite materials consist of different weight percentage of Ti (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) wt% and constant weight percentage of Cu (0.2) wt% which were fabricated by liquid metallurgy route technique. Microstructural characterization and phases have been examined by using SEM (scanning electron microscopic).SEM examination showed uniform distribution of nano Ti and Cu in AA6061. The consequences of mechanical tests demonstrated clear enhancement in mechanical properties, such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, young modulus, ductility% and hardness at additive percentage of 0.4% Ti+0.2%Cu nano particles incorporated into molten AA6061. Percentage of enhancement ultimate tensile strength is about 73.3%, yield strength about 82.7%, young modulus is about 21.2%, the Vickers hardness about 42.6% and the decreasing in ductility was about 25.2% compared with the metal matrix (AA6061). The wear rate test was performed by using pin on disc rig for both hybrid nano composite and base metal (AA6061) under various loads (10,15and 20) N with sliding speed (1.282) m/sec at a (10) min’s time. The results showed a decrease in wear rate at 0.4%Ti+0.2%Cu compared with the base metal (AA6061). Improvement percentage of wear rate is about 105% at 20 N load.

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Doddamani, Saleemsab, Chao Wang Chao Wang, M. Sheik Mohamed Jinnah e Md Arefin Kowser Md. Arefin Kowser. "Fracture analysis of AA6061-graphite composite for the application of helicopter rotor blade". Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, n. 58 (25 settembre 2021): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.58.14.

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The main objective of the work is to study the fracture behavior of AA6061-graphite material using both experimental technique and finite element simulation by considering helicopter rotor blade as a case study. From the case study, it has been observed that the helicopter rotor blade, made of AA6061, has been failed at the threaded portion of the hole. Experimental fracture toughness is carried out using the compact tension specimens as per ASTM standard testing procedure. Modeling of compact tension specimens and the threaded portion of the bolt hole was utilized to analyze the fracture toughness using a simulation tool. From the results and the comparison, it is recommended to use AA6061-9wt% graphite material as a replacement of AA6061 in the application of main rotor blades of the helicopter.

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Al-Alimi, Sami, Mohd Amri Lajis, Shazarel Shamsudin, Nur Kamilah Yusuf, Boon Loong Chan, Djamal Hissein Didane, Mohammed H. Rady, Huda M. Sabbar e Munthader S. Msebawi. "Development of Hot Equal Channel Angular Processing (ECAP) Consolidation Technique in the Production of Boron Carbide(B4C)-Reinforced Aluminium Chip (AA6061)-Based Composite". International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, n. 3 (20 marzo 2021): 607–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33942.

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The production of metal matrix composites (MMCs) through recycled materials is a cost-saving process. However, the improvement of the mechanical and physical properties is another challenge to be concerned. In this study, recycled aluminium 6061 (AA6061) chips reinforced with different volumetric fractions of boron carbide (B4C) were produced through hot equal channel angular processing (ECAP). Response surface methodology (RSM) was carried out to investigate the dependent response (compressive strength) with independent parameters such as different volumetric fractions (5-15%) of added contents of B4C and preheating temperature (450 – 550°C). Also, the number of passes were examined to check the effect on the mechanical and physical properties of the developed recycled AA6061/B4C composite. The results show that maximum compressive strength and hardness of recycled AA6061/B4C were 59.2 MPa and 69 HV respectively at 5% of B4C contents. Likewise, the density and number of pores increased, which were confirmed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopes (AFM) analysis. However, the number of passes enhanced the mechanical and physical properties of the recycled AA6061/B4C composite. Therefore, the maximum compressive strength and hardness achieved were 158 MPa and 74.95 HV for the 4th pass. Moreover, the physical properties of recycled AA6061/B4C composite become denser of 2.62 g/cm3 at the 1st pass and 2.67 g/cm3 for the 4th pass. Thus, it can be concluded that the B4C volumetric fraction and number of passes have a significant effect on recycled AA6061 chips.

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23

Mehta, Abhishek, Le Zhou, Esin A. Schulz, Dennis D. Keiser, James I. Cole e Yongho Sohn. "Microstructural Characterization of AA6061 Versus AA6061 HIP Bonded Cladding–Cladding Interface". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 39, n. 2 (aprile 2018): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11669-018-0629-0.

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24

Balasubramanian, Kaliyaperumal, e V. Balusamy. "Effect of Vibratory Treatment on Hot Cracking Resistance in AA6061 Alloy". Advanced Materials Research 584 (ottobre 2012): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.516.

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Abstract (sommario):

AA6061 alloy is most widely used in aircraft fittings, marines fitting and automobile industries. This alloy can be joined by fusion welding process like Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). An important metallurgical difficulty in arc welding of this alloy is hot cracking. As the name indicates, this kind of cracking occurs while the metal is still hot. It usually occurs in the fusion zone during solidification. The main aim of this work is to investigate the effect of vibratory treatment on hot cracking of AA6061 alloy. Houldcroft hot cracking test is used to determine the hot cracking tendency. Weld bead was made on AA6061 alloy specimen in the presence and absence of vibratory treatment. Vibratory treatment was carried out in the frequency range of 250 Hz to 900 Hz. Weldments made with and without vibratory treatment were compared using hot cracking tests. Test results show that by applying vibratory treatment, hot cracking can be largely controlled in AA6061 alloy.

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25

Raturi, M., e A. Bhattacharya. "Effect of additional heating on corrosion of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminum alloys". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1258, n. 1 (1 ottobre 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1258/1/012026.

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Abstract (sommario):

In the present work, aluminum alloys AA2014-T6, AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T651 are used to fabricate two different dissimilar friction stir welds of AA6061-AA7075, and AA6061-AA2014 using a threaded tool pin with three flat faces at tool rotational speed of 1200 rpm, weld speed 98 mm/min and employing additional secondary heating. Additional heating is provided using butane gas torch which principally expedites better material mixing supplementarily resulted in increased corrosion resistance. The higher working temperature provides steeper cooling rates necessary for grain refinement and additional breakdown or dissolution of corrosion susceptible particulates. The joints fabricated sustained corrosive environments for adequate duration and ultimate tensile strength of the joints are retained after 14 days of immersion in corrosive saline solution. AA6061 experienced pitting as well as intergranular corrosion, AA2014 shows pitting and AA7075 exhibited exfoliation corrosion. The fracture morphology shows substantial size dimples indicating the loss in ductility for all the joints due to the after effects of heating.

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26

Jamshidi Aval, Hamed. "Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Simulation of AA6061-AA5086 Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding". Metals 13, n. 5 (7 maggio 2023): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13050906.

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Abstract (sommario):

The present study investigates thermo-mechanical issues associated with the dissimilar friction stir welding process of AA6061 and AA5086 aluminum alloys through smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation and experimental investigations. The results demonstrate that the presented model accurately predicts the thermal history during the friction stir welding process. Furthermore, both simulation and experimental data indicate that when the AA6061 alloy is located on the advancing side, the temperature profile is drawn towards the AA6061 alloy. Conversely, the temperature profile is more symmetrical when the AA6061 alloy is positioned on the retreating side. Additionally, simulation results reveal that when the AA5086 alloy is on the advancing side, the strain rate distribution between the advancing and retreating sides is nearly symmetrical. When the AA5086 alloy is placed on the advancing side, the temperature and strain rate on the advancing side are higher than on the retreating side, compared to when the AA5086 alloy is located on the retreating side.

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27

Mironi, J. "Thermomechanical Treatment of AA6061". Materials Science Forum 163-165 (maggio 1994): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.163-165.173.

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28

Rutherford, Ben A., Dustin Z. Avery, Brandon J. Phillips, Harish M. Rao, Kevin J. Doherty, Paul G. Allison, Luke N. Brewer e J. Brian Jordon. "Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Fatigue Behavior in Solid-State Additive Manufacturing of Al-Mg-Si Alloy". Metals 10, n. 7 (14 luglio 2020): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070947.

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Abstract (sommario):

This work presents, for the first time, an in-depth investigation of the structure–property–fatigue relationships of an Al-Mg-Si alloy (AA6061) processed via additive friction stir-deposition (AFS-D). As industry focus continues to shift for more efficient and lightweight structures, quantitative studies on the cyclic performance of additively manufactured materials are needed. In this study, the AFS-D processed AA6061-T6 was machined into specimens in two orthogonal orientations and subjected to monotonic and strain-controlled fatigue testing. The microstructural features of as-deposited AA6061 exhibited evidence of dynamic recrystallization and grain refinement. In addition, significant reduction in the intermetallic particles was observed after AFS-D processing. The fatigue results demonstrate that the as-deposited material, particularly the longitudinal direction, exhibited similar fatigue performance to wrought AA6061-T6 in both low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue regimes, which is a promising result for additively manufactured material in the as-deposited condition. By contrast, the as-deposited build direction orientation possessed slightly lower fatigue resistance than the wrought feedstock material. The AFS-D material was observed to exhibit different damage mechanisms from porosity-based damage mechanisms observed in fusion-based additively manufactured materials. Lastly, a microstructure-sensitive fatigue model was employed to capture the fatigue effects of the AFS-D processing on the AA6061.

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29

Das, Shubhajit, M. Chandrasekaran e Sutanu Samanta. "Study on Mechanical Properties of AA6061/SiC/B₄C Hybrid Nano Metal Matrix Composites". Materials Science Forum 1034 (15 giugno 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1034.35.

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Abstract (sommario):

The present work investigates the mechanical characterization of aluminium alloy (AA) 6061 based hybrid nanometal matrix composites (MMCs) fabricated using conventional stir casting process. Two compositions viz., AA6061+1.5 wt.% B4C+0.5 wt.% SiC (Hybrid A) and AA6061+1.5 wt.% B4C+1.5 wt.% SiC (Hybrid B) was prepared and its mechanical properties such as microhardness, tensile, compressive, flexural and impact strength were investigated to compare with unreinforced AA6061. SiC and B4C ceramic particles (purity 99.89%) of average particle size of 50 nm were used as reinforcements. Significant enhancement in microhardness of 30.2% and 31.02% for hybrid A and B are observed respectively. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased by 10.72% and 16.55% for hybrid A and B respectively. Improved interaction because of the enhanced surface to volume ratio at the interface resulted in improvement of mechanical properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of the fractured surface shows brittle fracture because of the incorporation of the ceramic reinforcements in the matrix material. The developed AA6061/SiC/B4C hybrid nanocomposites show improved mechanical properties for high-performance structural applications.

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30

Anjalin, F. Mary, A. Mohana Krishnan, G. Arunkumar, K. Raju, M. Vivekanandan, S. Somasundaram, T. Thirugnanasambandham e Elangomathavan Ramaraj. "Inorganic Adsorption on Thermal Response and Wear Properties of Nanosilicon Nitride-Developed AA6061 Alloy Nanocomposite". Adsorption Science & Technology 2023 (25 gennaio 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8468644.

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Abstract (sommario):

Inorganic-based ceramic reinforcements are promising superior thermal behaviour and are lightweight and developed with aluminium alloy matrix for automobile applications. The AA6061 alloy nanocomposite containing 0 wt%, 4 wt%, 8 wt%, and 12 wt% of silicon nitride nanoparticles(50 nm) was synthesized by stir cast. The influences of thermal adsorption on silicon nitride (nano) additions, density, thermal response, hardness, and wear characteristics of AA6061 matrix nanocomposites are studied. Based on the rule of mixture, the density of nanocomposites is evaluated. The differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis techniques are used to find the thermal response nanocomposite. The differential scanning calorimeter is used to find the heat flow between 400°C and 700°C. The micro Vickers hardness and wear characteristics of AA6061 nanocomposite were experimentally investigated by ASTM E384 and ASTM G99-05 standards. The adsorption of inorganic nanosilicon nitride particles (12 wt%) in AA6061 alloy showed a decreased mass loss with increased temperatures 0° to 700°C. The differential thermal analysis of nanocomposite reveals the transformation of solid-to-liquid phase under high temperature (528°C).

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31

Kuddus, Suriyanti, Mohammad Sukri Mustapa, Mohd Rasidi Ibrahim, Shazarel Shamsudin, Muhammad Irfan Ab Kadir e Mohd Amri Lajis. "Microstructures and Tensile Characteristics on Direct Recycled Aluminium Chips AA6061/Al Powder by Hot Pressing Method". Materials Science Forum 909 (novembre 2017): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.909.9.

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Abstract (sommario):

This research aims to investigate the effect on tensile strength of the recycled chip AA6061 aluminium alloy metal by using powder metallurgy method. Material used is recycled aluminium Chip AA6061 and Al powder. The recycled AA6061 chips mixed together with various compositions of Al powder content were fabricated to form a specimen by hot compaction technique. The compaction using hot pressed at 30 tons with holding time of 60 minutes. The final product was analyzed by tensile test shown the specimen A5 have higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) 156.404 MPa and yield strength (YS) at 107.399 MPa. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was conducted to observe the microstructure of fracture surface existing on the tensile specimens.

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32

Kim, In Soo, Su Kwon Nam e Dong Nyung Lee. "Plastic Strain Ratio of Warm and Hot Asymmetrically Rolled AA6061 Al Sheet". Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (novembre 2017): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.60.

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Abstract (sommario):

AA6061 Al alloy sheet was prepared by warm and hot asymmetric rolling at the temperature from 200 to 600°C. Pole figures of warm and hot asymmetric rolled AA6061 Al sheets were measured by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Orientation distribution function (ODF) and the plastic strain ratio (R-value) were calculated. The calculated plastic strain ratio of starting sample was compared with those of different temperature warm and hot asymmetrically rolled samples. The plastic strain ratios of warm and hot asymmetrically rolled under different temperature and subsequently heat treated AA6061 Al sheets were shown higher than that of starting sample, but ΔRvalues expect 600°C were lower than that of starting sample.

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33

Poovazhagan, L., K. Kalaichelvan, V. R. Balaji, P. Haripriya e S. C. Amith. "Upshot of Ultrasonic Amplitude on Developing the AA6061/SiC Metal Matrix Nanocomposites". Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (agosto 2015): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.558.

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Abstract (sommario):

In this work, AA6061/1.25 vol. % SiCp metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) were fabricated using the ultrasonic cavitation assisted casting process. To investigate the effect of ultrasonic amplitudes on processing the MMNCs, the MMNC samples were processed with 15 µm, 30 µm and 50 µm of ultrasonic amplitudes. The results indicate that the ultrasonic amplitudes play a significant role in dispersing the SiC nanoparticles uniformly in the AA6061 melt and it also affecting the mechanical properties of the fabricated MMNCs. The AA6061/1.25 vol. % SiCp MMNC sample processed with 30 µm of ultrasonic amplitude possessed the good dispersion of SiCp in the Al melt and hence better mechanical properties compared to the MMNCs processed with 15 µm and 50 µm amplitudes.

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34

Sidhu, Ramandeep Singh, Raman Kumar, Ranvijay Kumar, Pankaj Goel, Sehijpal Singh, Danil Yurievich Pimenov, Khaled Giasin e Krzysztof Adamczuk. "Joining of Dissimilar Al and Mg Metal Alloys by Friction Stir Welding". Materials 15, n. 17 (26 agosto 2022): 5901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175901.

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Abstract (sommario):

In engineering applications, such as automobile, marine, aerospace, and railway, lightweight alloys of aluminum (Al) and magnesium (Mg) ensure design fitness for fuel economy, better efficiency, and overall cost reduction. Friction stir welding (FSW) for joining dissimilar materials has been considered better than the conventional fusion welding process because of metallurgical concerns. In this study, dissimilar joints were made between the AA6061 (A), AZ31B (B), and AZ91D (C) combinations based on the varying advancing side (AS) and retreating side (RS). The dissimilar joints prepared by the FSW process were further characterized by tensile testing, impact testing, corrosion testing, fracture, and statistical and cost analysis. The results revealed a maximum tensile strength of 192.39 MPa in AZ91 and AZ31B, maximum yield strength of 134.38 MPa in a combination of AA6061 and AZ91, maximum hardness of 114 Hv in AA6061 and AZ31B, and lowest corrosion rate of 7.03 mV/A in AA6061 and AZ31B. The results of the properties were supported by photomicrographic fracture analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. Further, the performance of dissimilar joints was statistically analyzed and prioritized for preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method.

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35

Surojo, Eko, Hammar Ilham Akbar, Dody Ariawan, Aditya Rio Prabowo, Teguh Triyono e Fahmi Imanullah. "Effects of Stir Casting Baffles on Hardness and Microstructure: Investigation of Designed Aluminum Composites". Civil Engineering Journal 8, n. 8 (1 agosto 2022): 1584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-08-04.

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Abstract (sommario):

The increasing demand for lightweight material specifications has forced researchers to develop lightweight materials that are inexpensive, can be produced on a large scale, and are environmentally friendly. One solution that has been developed is an aluminum composite reinforced with sea sand. Indonesia has the second longest coastline in the world, which means that the country is rich in maritime resources, one of which is sea sand. The ceramic contents of SiO2, SiC, and Al2O3allow sea sand to be used as a reinforcement in aluminum composites for engineering purposes. The most effective manufacturing method of AA6061–sea sand composites is stir casting, but the homogeneity and distribution of particles are the main disadvantages of the stir casting method. Various factors affect particle distribution and homogeneity, one of which is the flow during the stirring process. The increase in turbulent flow in the stirring process affects the homogeneity and distribution of the particles. One way to create a turbulent flow when stirring is to add baffles. This paper examines the effect of adding baffles during the stir casting process on the mechanical properties of AA6061–sea sand composites. The mechanical properties of AA6061–sea sand composites were characterized using the Brinell hardness test according to ASTM E-10. The test results show that the addition of baffles during the stir casting process decreases the hardness of the AA6061–sea sand composites due to the turbulent flow that occurs. This makes the material more porous, which makes the AA6061–sea sand composites less hard. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-08-04 Full Text: PDF

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36

Ismeal, Mustafa K., Kharia S. Hassan e Hussian A. Hussian. "Corrosion Behavior of Nanocomposite Al-9 wt% Si Alloy Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes". Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 13, n. 1 (31 marzo 2017): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2017.08.006.

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Abstract (sommario):

An effort is made to study the effect of composite nanocoating using aluminum-9%wt silicon alloys reinforced with different percentage (0.5,1,2,4)wt.% of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using plasma spraying. The effect of this composite on corrosion behavior for AA6061-T6 by extrapolation Tafel test in sea water 3.5wt% NaCl was invested. Many specimens where prepared from AA6061-T6 by the dimension (15x15x3)mm as this first set up and other steps include coating process, X-ray diffraction and SEM examination .The results show the CNTs increase the corrosion rate of the nanocomposite coatings with increasing the weight percentage of CNTs within the Al-Si matrix. Al-9wt%Si coating layer itself has less corrosion rate if compared with both nanocomposite coating and the substrate of AA6061-T6.

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37

El-Garaihy, Waleed H., Abdulrahman I. Alateyah, Mahmoud Shaban, Mohammed F. Alsharekh, Fahad Nasser Alsunaydih, Samar El-Sanabary, Hanan Kouta, Yasmine El-Taybany e Hanadi G. Salem. "A Comparative Study of a Machine Learning Approach and Response Surface Methodology for Optimizing the HPT Processing Parameters of AA6061/SiCp Composites". Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, n. 4 (10 agosto 2023): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7040148.

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Abstract (sommario):

This work investigates the efficacy of high-pressure torsion (HPT), as a severe plastic deformation mechanism for processing plain and silicon-carbide-reinforced AA6061, with the broader objective of using the technique for improving the properties of lightweight materials for a range of objectives. The interactions between input variables, such as the pressure and equivalent strain (εeq) applied during HPT processing, and the presence of SiCp and response variables, like the relative density, grain refinement, homogeneity of the structure, and the mechanical properties of the AA6061 aluminum matrix, were investigated. Hot compaction (HC) of the mixed powders followed by HPT were employed to produce AA6061 discs with and without 15% SiCp. The experimental findings were then analyzed statistically using the response surface methodology (RSM) and a machine learning (ML) approach to predict the output variables and to optimize the input parameters. The optimum combination of HPT process parameters was confirmed by the genetic algorithm (GA) and ML approaches. Furthermore, the constructed ML and RSM models were validated experimentally by HPT processing the same material under new conditions not fed into the models and comparing the experimental results to those predicted by the model. From the ML and RSM models, it was found that processing the AA6061/SiCp composite HPT via four revolutions at 3 GPa produced the highest mechanical properties coupled with significant grain refinement compared to the HC condition. ML analysis revealed that the equivalent strain induced by the number of revolutions was the most effective parameter for grain refinement, whereas the presence of SiCp played the highest role in improving both the hardness values and the compressive strength of the AA6061 matrices.

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38

Jo, Sang-Hyeon, e Seong-Hee Lee. "Formation of Heterogeneous Microstructure in AA1050/AA5052/AA6061/AA1050 Layered Sheet Processed by Cold Roll-Bonding and Subsequent Annealing". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, n. 9 (1 settembre 2021): 4773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19267.

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Abstract (sommario):

A cold roll-bonding process was applied to fabricate an AA1050/AA6061/AA5052/AA1050 four-layer clad sheet and subsequently annealed. Three types of aluminum alloy sheets such as AA1050, AA6061 and AA5052 with 2 mm thickness, 40 mm width and 300 mm length were stacked up each other after such surface treatment as degreasing and wire brushing, then reduced to a thickness of 2 mm by multi-pass cold rolling. The rolling was performed at ambient temperature without lubricant using a 2-high mill with a roll diameter of 400 mm at rolling speed of 6.0 m/sec. The roll bonded AA1050/AA6061/AA5052/AA1050 clad sheet was then annealed for 0.5 h at 200~400 °C. Microstructures of the as-roll bonded and subsequently annealed aluminum sheets are investigated by electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) measurement. After rolling, the roll-bonded AA1050/AA5052/AA6061/AA1050 sheet showed a typical deformation structure that the grains are largely elongated to the rolling direction. However, after annealing, it exhibits a very heterogeneous structure consisting of both deformation structure and recrystallization structure containing nanometer order grains. The formation of this heterogeneous structure and texture with annealing is investigated in detail through EBSD analysis.

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39

Qian, Dai Shu, e Zhu Liu. "Comparative Study of Microstructural and Corrosion Characteristics of Excimer Laser-Melted AA2124-T4 and AA6061-T4 Alloys". Materials Science Forum 794-796 (giugno 2014): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.235.

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Abstract (sommario):

A KrF excimer laser was introduced for laser surface melting (LSM) of the aluminium alloys AA2124-T4 and AA6061-T4. The microstructural and compositional analysis was conducted using SEM, low-angle XRD, and TEM; the corrosion behaviour of as-received (AR) and laser-treated (LT) samples was evaluated by electrochemical techniques and immersion test in a 3.5% NaCl solution. A melted layer consisting of a re-solidified layer with refined microstructure and dissolution of intermetallic particles (IMPs), and a thin film of aluminium oxides at the top, was formed after LSM for both alloys. The corrosion resistance of both alloys was improved after LSM. The results of immersion test showed different corrosion behaviour for LT AA2124 and LT AA6061. The delamination of the melted layer was observed for AA2124 but was not observed for AA6061 after exposure to 3.5% NaCl solution for 24 h. This was attributed to the formation of copper-rich segregation bands in the melted layer of AA2124 due to higher content of copper in AA2124 than AA6061. A significant number of micro-pores were present in the melted layer for AA2124 treated with high number of laser pulses, leading to the decrease of the corrosion resistance.

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40

Heidarzadeh, Akbar, Mousa Javidani, Mohammadreza Mofarrehi, Amir Farzaneh e X. Grant Chen. "Submerged Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of AA6061 and AA7075 Aluminum Alloys: Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Property". Metals 11, n. 10 (7 ottobre 2021): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101592.

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Abstract (sommario):

The possibility of underwater dissimilar friction stir welding of AA6061 and AA7075 aluminum alloy was explored to overcome the problem of hardness loss in different microstructural zones. Optical microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction were employed to characterize the microstructure of the joint. Vickers hardness measurements were conducted on the cross-section of the joint to evaluate the mechanical strengths. The results showed that the microstructure of the AA7075 side had undergone the same mechanisms as those occurring during conventional friction stir welding. In the case of the AA6061 side, in addition to typical restoration mechanisms, the grain subdivision was observed. The AA7075 side had finer grains compared to the AA6061 side, which may be related to the different morphology and size of precipitates. Moreover, friction stir welding caused a reduction in the hardness values in all the microstructural areas compared to those of corresponding base materials. For example, it caused a reduction in the hardness of a thermomechanically affected zone from 105 HV to 93 HV in the AA6061 side, and from 187 HV to 172 HV in the AA7075 side. The underwater media improved the overall hardness values in thermo-mechanically affected zones (13% reduction in hardness) compared to those reported in literature (57% reduction in hardness).

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41

Channabasavachar, Yogeesha. "Studies on Bending Properties of AA 6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy Joined By Friction Stir Welding". ECS Transactions 107, n. 1 (24 aprile 2022): 783–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.0783ecst.

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Abstract (sommario):

Presently for various engineering applications AA6061-T6 aluminum-magnesium alloys are widely preferred, which is due to its light weight and superior properties as compared to other aluminum alloys. The metal joining process is most complex in various industrial applications like automobile, aerospace, railway and marine. The Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of AA6061-T6 alloy has influenced substantial scientific and industrial importance, because it has a potential to transform the welded product with a good quality joint. In the present work AA6061-T6 alloy joined using FSW process. Observation has been made about material flow behavior and effect of process parameters on various mechanical properties and associated defects during FSW. From experimental results it can be concluded that FSW can be used to produce defect free welds, with better bending properties as compared to the welds produced by other conventional welding process.

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42

Nur Azida, Che Lah, Azman Jalar, Norinsan Kamil Othman, Nasrizal Mohd Rashdi e Md Zaukah Ibel. "Effect of Different Filler Towards Welding of AA6061 Al Alloy by X-Ray CT Scan". Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (ottobre 2010): 1402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1402.

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Abstract (sommario):

AA6061 Aluminum alloy welded joint using two different filler metals were studied by using X-ray CT-Scan. The filler metals ER 4043 and ER 5356 were used in this present work in order to investigate the effect of using different filler metals on the welded joint quality of AA 6061 aluminum alloy in welded zone microstructure. Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) technique and V grove butt joint with four layers and five passes welded joint were performed. From this investigation, it is found that AA6061 with ER 4043 showed less distribution of porosity compared to AA6061 with ER 5356 welded joint confirmed by X-ray Ct-Scan. The decreasing of porosities and presence of very fine grains in weld region area with ER 5356 compared to ER 4043 will be discussed in term of microstructure analysis.

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43

Su, Li Hong, Cheng Lu, Guan Yu Deng, Kiet Tieu, Jin Tao Li, Hong Tao Zhu, Hui Jun Li e Xu Dong Sun. "Investigation of Deformation Behavior during Cold Rolling Cladding Process of Four-Layer Composite Aluminum Alloys". Advanced Materials Research 651 (gennaio 2013): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.424.

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Abstract (sommario):

Two different types of aluminum alloys of AA5005 and AA6061 were used to fabricate four-layer laminated composite materials by the cold rolling cladding technology. The original sheet metals were annealed at 500 °C for three hours to achieve equiaxed microstructures, with an average grain size of 50 µm for AA5005 and 38 µm for AA6061. Tensile tests of these two alloys have been conducted and the results were used as the input parameters to build the finite element model. The influences of sample assembling order and frictional conditions on the deformation behavior have been studied in the present work. In the experiments, very good bonding with no delamination between four layers was attained. Similar hardness has been observed for both AA5005 layer (about 79.6 Hv) and AA6061 layer (about 80.3 Hv) in the laminated composite materials.

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44

Grinspan, A. Sahaya, e R. Gnanamoorthy. "Surface modification by oil jet peening in Al alloys, AA6063-T6 and AA6061-T4". Applied Surface Science 253, n. 2 (novembre 2006): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.12.164.

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45

Señorís-Puentes, Sara, Ricardo Fernández Serrano, Gaspar González-Doncel, Jesper Henri Hattel e Oleg V. Mishin. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA6061/AA6061 + 40 vol% SiC Plates". Metals 11, n. 2 (23 gennaio 2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020206.

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Abstract (sommario):

The feasibility of butt friction stir welding (FSW) of a metal matrix composite (MMC) with a very high SiC particle content to a monolithic aluminum alloy is tested in this work. It is demonstrated for the first time that sound FSW joints can be obtained between an AA6061 aluminum plate and a thick MMC plate consisting of AA6061 reinforced with 40 vol% SiC particles. The joints withstand tensile testing, with ductile failure taking place in a soft region of the heat-affected zone on the alloy side. Metallographic examination of the MMC side after FSW reveals curved bands, where both the frequency of SiC particles and hardness are significantly lower than those in any other region on the MMC side. It is suggested that these bands are produced by transporting the alloy material to the MMC side, where the alloy is mechanically mixed with the MMC.

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46

Suganuma, K., T. Okamoto e N. Suzuki. "Joining of alumina short-fibre reinforced AA6061 alloy to AA6061 alloy and to itself". Journal of Materials Science 22, n. 5 (maggio 1987): 1580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01132377.

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47

Razzaq, M. K. A., e A. N. Abood. "Effect of arc stud welding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA6061 and AA5086 aluminium alloys". Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, n. 108 (1 settembre 2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4796.

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Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the effect of arc stud welding (ASW) process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA6061-T6 and AA5086-H116 joint. Design/methodology/approach: ASW process was done with argon as a shielding gas. Optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were employed to investigate the influence of welding current, welding time, and gas flow-rate on the microstructure of the fusion zone (FZ). Torque strength and Microhardness tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the welded joints. Findings: OM and SEM showed a cellular dendritic structure with equiaxed zone and columnar dendritic are forming at welding zone and weld interface. XRD analysis showed the precipitation of Mg2Si and Al3Mg2 in the similar and dissimilar joints. Similar ASW of AA6061-T6/AA6061-T6 recorded 19 N.m torque strength, while dissimilar welding of AA6061-T6/AA5086-H116 registered 23 N.m. With increasing heat input, grains in Fusion Zone (FZ) and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) coarsen and the hardness in both zones decreased. The hardness of similar weldments indicated a remarkable softening of FZ, while lower hardness values were registered in HAZ of dissimilar weldments. Softening of both weldments is due to the dissolution of the strengthening precipitates. Hot cracks exist with similar weldments, while no cracks evidence with dissimilar weldments. Research limitations/implications: The main challenge in this work was how to minimize porosity level and how to avoid hot crack in the FZ. Practical implications: The application of ASW with ceramic ferrule has an important role in different production areas such as; automobile industry, aircraft applications, and appliances industry. Originality/value: Study the effect of welding current, welding time, and gas flow-rate of ASW process on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA6061-T6 and AA5086-H116 joint.

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48

Fauziah, Mat, Ismail Khairul Azwan e Sazali Yaacob. "An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Empty and Foam-Filled Aluminium Conical Tubes under Oblique Impact Loading". Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (ottobre 2014): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.73.

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This paper presents the crushing behaviour of empty and foam-filled conical aluminium alloy (AA6061-T6) tubes under oblique impact loading using a validated nonlinear finite element (FE) code, LS-DYNA. The study aims to assess the beneficial of foam filling on the energy absorption in terms of mass reduction, for variations in filler density and geometrical parameters of AA6061-T6 tubes. The results obtained successfully identified the critical tube mass and critical foam density. It is evident that foam filling successfully induced high Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) value of foam-filled tubes thus proving that the assessment of critical total tube mass and critical foam density point is vital in identifying proper combination of tube-filler to the effectiveness of foam-filled tubes. The combination of AA6061-T6 tube and aluminium foam demonstrates pronounced SEA increase as high as 72.3% compared to the empty tube.

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49

Rinaldi, Hanif, Eko Surojo, Teguh Triyono e Hammar Ilham Akbar. "Analisis Artificial Aging dan Perlakuan Electroless Coating Terhadap Karakteristik Gesek dan Kekerasan Komposit AA6061-Al2O3". Semesta Teknika 25, n. 1 (17 maggio 2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/st.v25i1.13448.

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Komposit merupakan bahan rekayasa yang terdiri dari dua bahan yaitu matrik dan penguat. Komposit matriks aluminium merupakan salah satu jenis komposit matriks logam yang banyak digunakan dalam dunia otomotif dan konstruksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan AA6061 dan Al2O3 yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan panas dan electroless coating terhadap karakteristik gesek dan kekerasan komposit AA6061-Al2O3. Pembuatan komposit menggunakan metode stir casting. Perlakuan panas dilakukan dalam tiga tahap. Variasi dari penelitian ini adalah waktu penahanan yaitu 2-6 jam. Waktu penahanan optimum pada proses artificial aging terjadi pada 4 jam. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi perlakuan electroless coating pada partikel dan 4 h artificial aging menghasilkan kekerasan tertinggi 56,70 BHN, koefisien gesek 0,543 dan keausan spesifik terendah 1,25x10-4 mm3/Nm. Hasil karakterisasi gesekan dan pengujian kekerasan membuktikan bahwa perlakuan electroless coating efektif dalam meningkatkan kekerasan dan karakteristik gesekan yang unggul pada komposit AA6061-Al2O3.

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50

Kumar, K. Ratna, G. Madhusudhan Reddy e K. Srinivasa Rao. "Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Cast A356 and Wrought AA6061 Aluminium Alloy Welds". Advanced Materials Research 117 (giugno 2010): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.117.37.

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In this work, it was intended to improve the corrosion resistance of welds of A356 and AA6061 by adopting mainly a special welding techniques, viz., pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW), electron beam welding (EBW) and friction stir welding (FSW). It was found that the corrosion resistance of A356 and AA6061 welds could be improved by PCGTAW technique rather than continuous current gas tungsten arc welding (CCGTAW). It can be further improved by using electron beam welding. Improved corrosion resistance in A356 welds could be obtained by selecting T6 temper rather than as cast condition. In the case of AA6061, improved corrosion resistance was achieved by selecting T4 temper rather than T6 temper. As for as the welding techniques, friction stir welding (FSW) is useful than fusion welding techniques like CCGTAW,PCGTAW and EBW for improving the corrosion resistance of both the welds.

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