Tesi: "A study of heads"

1

RODRIGUES, PAULA SALGADO LUCENA. "EXPRESSIVE TALKING HEADS: EXPRESSIVE TALKING HEADS: A STUDY ON SPEECH AND FACIAL EXPRESSION IN VIRTUAL CHARACTERS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6525@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
FUNDAÇÃO PADRE LEONEL FRANCA
A face humana é interessante e desafiadora acima de tudo pela sua familiaridade. Essencialmente, é a parte do corpo utilizada para reconhecer indivíduos. Assim como a face, a fala é um importante instrumento na forma de comunicação do ser humano. Através da fala é possível externar pensamentos e, muitas vezes, ela indica o estado de ânimo em que uma pessoa se encontra. Juntos, fala e face são os principais elementos de interatividade entre os seres humanos. Contudo, reproduzir com naturalidade e fidelidade as peculiaridades destes dois elementos no universo computacional não é uma tarefa simples, constituindo-se em tópicos de pesquisa em diversas áreas, em particular na animação facial. Entre os diversos tipos de sistemas de animação facial, destacam-se como diretamente relacionados a este trabalho aqueles que envolvem a sincronização da fala de um personagem com a animação da sua face. Sistemas desse tipo são conhecidos como talking head ou talking face. Para o desenvolvimento de um sistema talking head, é necessário identificar as possíveis abordagens para a modelagem dos dois elementos básicos: fala e face. Os modelos utilizados irão influenciar não apenas a maneira como a animação é conduzida, mas a própria forma de interatividade do sistema. Uma contribuição importante deste trabalho é o estudo das possíveis abordagens e a proposta de uma taxonomia para a classificação de sistemas talking head. A partir da taxonomia proposta e fazendo uso de uma determinada abordagem para cada parâmetro analisado, foi desenvolvida uma aplicação que recebe como entrada um texto contendo a fala e anotações de expressividade e gera como saída, em tempo real, a animação de um personagem virtual enunciando o texto de entrada com o áudio e os movimentos faciais sincronizados. O sistema desenvolvido, denominado Expressive Talking Heads, explora a naturalidade da animação facial e ao mesmo tempo busca oferecer ao usuário uma interface com interatividade em tempo real. O Expressive Talking Heads pode ser executado tanto no modo isolado (stand alone) como acoplado a navegadores para a web, tendo sido projetado e desenvolvido com a preocupação de oferecer uma solução independente da plataforma e do sistema operacional utilizados.
The human face is interesting and challenging mainly because of its familiarity. Essentially, it is the part of the human body that is used to recognize individuals. As well as the face, the speech is an important instrument for human communication, allowing the exteriorization of thoughts and the definition of emotions. Together, speech and face are the main elements of interactivity among human beings. However, the natural and faithful reproductions of the pecularities of these elements in the computational universe is not a simple task, constituting topics of the research in the diverse areas, particularly in facial animation. Among the diverse types of facial animation systems developed, those that involve the facial animation of the virtual character combined with speech synchronization are distinguished as directly related to this work. These kinds of systems are known as talking head or talking face. Fot the development of a talking head system, it is necessary to identify the possible approaches for the speech and face modeling. The models used will influence not only the way that the animation is performed, but it will also affect the system´s interactivity. An important contribution of the present master thesis is the study of several possible approaches for the main elements and the proposal of taxonomy for the classification of the talking head systems. From the proposed taxonomy and making use of one approach for each analyzed paramenter, an application was developed that receives as input a text composed by the character´s speech and genus, language and emotion parameters, and it generates as output, in real time, the animation of a virtual character uttering the input text with speech synchronization and expressiveness. The system developed, called Expressive Talking Heads, explores the naturalness of facial animation and it seeks to offer the user a real- time interactivity interface. The Expressive Talking Heads system can run as a stand-alone applicattion or connected to web browsers. It was designed and developed to provide a platform and operating system independent solution.

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Crow, Rosanna Yvonne. "Axe-Heads and Mississippian Political Economy: A St. Francois Provenance Study". OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1438.

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Axe-heads made of a distinctive raw material are found at Mississippian sites across southern Illinois and the Ohio-Mississippi confluence region, yet little research has been done to determine their geological provenance. In this thesis, I use geochemical methods to analyze ground stone tools and debitage from across the Confluence Region in order to prove their origins in the St. Francois Mountains of Missouri. I also compare patterns of axe-head production, consumption, and deposition to Charles Cobb's (2000) model of Mill Creek chert hoes, so as to gain a greater understanding of the political economy of these objects.

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Anderson, I. "A study of the dynamic cutting characteristics of roadheader cutting heads". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315535.

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4

鍾永強 e Wing-keung Chung. "The leadership roles of school heads in IT integration". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256612.

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5

Tseung, Chun-Lan Meggy. "A study of a university department head : learning approach, strategic planning & thoughts /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B26234105.

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Ling, Rebecca. "Department heads and School leadership : a narrative study of professional life space /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17489.pdf.

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Al, Dossry Theeb Mohammed. "Consumer culture in Saudi Arabia : a qualitative study among heads of household". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4205.

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As Saudi Arabia turns towards modernisation, it faces many tensions and conflicts during that process. Consumerism is an extremely controversial subject in Saudi society. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes that the opportunities and constraints of consumerism have brought about in the specific socio-economic and cultural settings between local traditions, religion, familial networks and institutions, on the one hand, and the global flow of money, goods, services and information, on the other. A qualitative method was applied. Focusing on Saudi consumer behaviour, the study was explorative; open-ended qualitative interviews and observations were considered to be appropriate methods. The questions covered not only practices of consumption, such as shopping, tourism, leisure time and managing the budget, etc., but also attitudes to consumption in general as well as more general views on social change. In this study the interviews were used and relied upon as the basic method for collecting data. In addition, observation was used to support and supplement the interview data. The research subjects of this study are 29 (male) heads of households/families residing in the three cities of Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. The focus on fathers/husbands is, of course, immediately recognisable as a limitation of this research. The results of the study were that the cultural pattern of the Saudi family depends heavily on the Islamic religion, a religious reference that distinguishes it from other cultures, such as volunteer work or a desire to give to charity. The existences of other factors that contribute to the formation of consumer behaviour of the Saudi family were discovered, including the social background as well as social pressure to apply such behaviour. The results revealed women have also come to play a major role in influencing the purchasing and selection of both the quantity and quality of goods. The principal conclusion was that despite the obvious manifestations of consumer culture for Saudi families (luxury cars, modern technology, and Western fashion), Saudi society is still loyal to the Islamic religion as a fundamental doctrine. The acceptance of, and trends in, Western-consumer Saudi families do not necessarily mean that there is a Western-driven consumer base depending on the individual. Although Saudi families also enjoy acquiring Western goods and impressive fashions, these may conflict with Islamic and traditional values in general.

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Cullinan, Cristine Ann. "Experience, education, culture and context : a case study of the forces that shape department chair behavior /". view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3024512.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-177). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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9

Munro, Tommy. "The study of stray magnetic fields from digital recording heads for tape applications". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395108.

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10

Daniel, Joseph C. "Heads and Skulls as Sediment Sorters: An Actualistic, CT-Based Study in Taphonomy". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1337781667.

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11

Naundobe, Robert Natukondye. "Horns of dilemma : Department head and subject teacher : a case study of Heads of Department in a public secondary school, northern Namibia". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017354.

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The accountability and responsibilities of school leaders have intensified greatly over the past decades and school leadership has become a strong focus of research. Meanwhile, Bush (2003) asserts that “school leaders [experience] tensions between competing elements of leadership, management and administration” (p. 7). This study uses observations, questionnaires, interviews and document analysis to unpack the perceptions of four Heads of Department (HoDs), the principal, and eight teachers on the tensions inherent in balancing the responsibilities of department head and subject teacher for HoDs in public secondary school. The study goes beyond the mere task of influence in its attempts to unpack how the leadership and teaching practices of HoDs may, or may not, be in conflict with each other. Using distributed leadership as a theoretical framing and drawing in particular on the work of Spillane and colleagues (2001; 2004), the study examines the roles HoDs enact; the challenges HoDs encounter in enacting their responsibilities as department head and subject teacher; and the strategies HoDs employ to combat the emerging challenges. The study found that the roles of HoDs are extensive and stretch across the classroom, the department, the whole school and beyond. However, the majority of these roles are biased in favour of management systems and processes and opportunities for leadership are rare. The many and extensive management responsibilities of the HoDs limit both their classroom teaching as well as their agency as leaders. The weight of their management work thus restricts their leadership, resulting in an authorised form of distributed leadership (Grant, 2010). The data also revealed that HoDs struggle to balance the responsibilities of department head and subject teacher due to both inter-role and intra-sender conflict. However, the study also found that the HoDs strategically adopt a range of strategies to assist them in doing their work, these include: compensatory teaching; delegation; and planning and prioritizing.

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Pointon, Sally. "Two heads one tale : a study of the merger of two independent preparatory schools". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418956.

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13

Korach, Rachel Mae. "A Comparative Study of Perceptions of High School Department Chairs and High School Teachers on the Role of the High School Academic Department Chair: the Voice of the Teacher-department Chair". PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1254.

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The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine and compare perceptions between high school department chairs and teachers regarding the role of the high school academic department chair in Oregon, a position which has been largely ignored in recent educational reform efforts. Schools selected for the study were limited to those sharing the same qualities of size and structure as those of the high schools in the researcher's own district. A researcher-constructed questionnaire defining 44 activities comprising five categories of department chair responsibility provided data from 118 high school department chairs and 114 teachers from 34 Oregon high schools. Respondents addressed three issues: (a) definition-perceptions of what the role of the high school department chair looks like in practice; (b) clarification-perceptions of which activities are most important to the role; and (c) extension-perceptions of which activities are most important for the department chair to continue to improve in carrying out the role. Results of this study show teachers' expectations for the role of the department chair to be substantially different from those of the chairs themselves. Chi-square testing revealed statistically significant (R < .05) incongruence of perceptions between department chairs and teachers for 21 of the 44 activities across all five of the categories of department chair responsibility. Department chairs consistently perceived themselves to devote more time to their role than teachers perceived chairs to spend. Teachers placed more importance than did chairs on protection of instructional time and support of teachers' professional needs and concerns. Statistically significant differences in perception between males and females in the study population were also found for 24 of the 44 activities. Females consistently valued more highly than did males those department chair activities that reflect a facilitative, collaborative approach to leadership. Greater percentages of males more highly valued management activities than did females. These findings suggest both ambiguity in role definition and incongruence of role expectations to be obstacles to effective role performance for the high school department chair. Open, focused dialogue is suggested as a means for resolving these contradictions.

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Lawrence, Dale R. (Dale Robert). "A Study of the Responsibilities of Department Chairpersons in 5-A Public High Schools in Texas". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331827/.

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This study identified and compared the perceptions of department chairpersons and their principals about what responsibilities should be assigned to chairpersons, what responsibilities are currently assigned to chairpersons, and the chairperson' perceived need for any additional training, administrative support, departmental support, or released time in order to fulfill responsibilities currently assigned. Principals and chairpersons from 132 of the 264 5-A public high schools in Texas were surveyed by means of a 61- item questionnaire. The questionnaire included responsibilities in ten areas: planning, evaluation, budgeting, personnel, curriculum and instruction, communications, scheduling, clerical activities, supervision, and advising. Chairpersons from English, Foreign Languages, Mathematics, Physical Education, Science, and Social Studies were included in the study. Data collected in the study were keypunched and computer-processed, generating frequencies, percentages, means, and appropriate chi-square tests of independence, and probability factors for determining significance. The following conclusions were drawn from the study. 1. There is substantial agreement between Texas principals and chairpersons about responsibilities that should and should not be assigned to chairpersons in the areas of planning, budgeting, communications, and advising. 2. There is moderate to substantial disagreement . between Texas principals and chairpersons about responsibilities that should and should not be assigned in the areas of evaluation, personnel, curriculum and instruction, and scheduling. 3. There is a general difference perceived by chairpersons in the study between what they think they should be doing as chairpersons and what they are currently assigned to do. 4. There is general agreement among chairpersons from different disciplines about responsibilities that should and should not be assigned to chairpersons in the areas of planning, budgeting, personnel, and advising. 5. Texas chairpersons perceive a greater need for administrative and departmental support than for additional training. 6. Texas department chairpersons perceive responsibilities in the area of evaluation as those for which they need the highest levels of support.

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Bellini, Edith. "-To Bow Heads or Shake Hands - : A Study of Direct and Indirect Communication in Chinese Management". Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1463.

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The world-wide globalisation that has taken place during the past decades has led to more Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) choosing to relocate some parts of their organisation to other countries. China, which is in command of the world’s lowest-cost manufacturing plants, is the first destination for MNEs. Although China presents a great opportunity for MNEs, this investment does not come without its difficulties, MNEs wishing to invest in China are confronted with certain challenges. MNEs are faced with dealing with the notable differences in Western and Chinese business culture. One particular difference is related to intercultural communication between western managers and Chinese managers. The theory of low context and high context cultures states that the Chinese communicate indirectly and Western countries directly.

The main purpose of this research is to find out if the Chinese manager, after obtaining experience negotiating with foreign managers from low context cultures, adopts a more direct communication style. The purpose of this research is to answer the following question:

Does the Chinese manager have a preference for direct or indirect communication when negotiating with foreign managers?

The following hypotheses were stated:

Ho: Chinese managers prefer direct communication during business negotiations with foreign managers.

Ha: Chinese managers prefer indirect communication during business negotiations with foreign managers

A quantitative method with a positivistic epistemology was used for the research. Quantitative research is an exploratory study with a deductive approach and therefore the most appropriate method for this research was a survey. A survey was chosen for data collection and a questionnaire based on the research model was developed and used as the survey instrument to collect data from the target group.

The target group was stated as Chinese managers with at least three years work experience, fluent in English and with experience in negotiations with managers from cultures considered as low-context cultures such as Germany, Sweden and the United States of America.

The target group was selected from the MBA programs at Fudan University.

The SPSS program was utilised to analyse the responses and to test the hypothesis. Numeric values were assigned to each of the responses, with 5 being the most direct and 1 being the most indirect. The scale was appropriately reversed for negative questions.

Descriptive statistics were obtained about distribution, variability and central tendency of the variables. t tests were applied to compare group means. Furthermore, a regression analysis was conducted to estimate a linear relationship between direct communication and the lack of miscommunication showed by the descriptive test. All tests were conducted at a 95% confidence level.

The result of the hypothesis test indicated that Chinese managers have preference towards direct communication when conducting business negotiations with foreign managers.

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Muzvidziwa, Irene. "A phenomenological study of women primary school heads' experiences as educational leaders in post colonial Zimbabwe". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008200.

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This research study was carried out in order to gain an understanding of the experiences of women primary school heads, their perceptions of their roles as leaders, the challenges they face and how they dealt with them. The study focused on the lived experiences of five women in Zimbabwe's primary schools. Literature relating to the issues and experiences of women in educational leadership within school contexts and the conceptual framework is examined. The importance of leadership has been emphasised in the literature of school effectiveness. Leadership theories tended to emphasise measurability and effectiveness of leadership, oversimplifying the complexity of leadership phenomenon. These features reflect research approach adopted by researchers from a positivist orientation. This study is an in-depth qualitative study conducted along the lines suggested by a phenomenological-interpretivist design with emphasis on rich contextual detail, close attention to individual's lived experience and the bracketing of pre-conceived notions of the phenomenon. Views and experiences based on the participants' perspectives are described through in-depth interviews which were dialogical in nature. Through this approach, I managed to grasp the essences of the lived experiences of women The research highlights the women's perceptions of themselves as educational leaders. What emerges is the variety of approaches to handling challenges. My findings show a rich and diverse culture of creativity in the way participants adopted a problem-solving strategy, which is not reflected in the mainstream leadership. Though educational leadership emerges as a complex phenomenon, with alternative approaches to educational research, there is high potential for increased understanding of woman's leadership, its importance and implications for school.
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Lamberton, Robert William. "A study of the microstructure and growth of ultra-thin film amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD)". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264694.

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Brown, Jessica M. M. "Heads and adjuncts : an experimental study of subextraction from participials and coordination in English, German and Norwegian". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/268101.

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In recent years, attempts to simplify the grammatical mechanisms used in syntax have led to proposals to reduce the relationships between elements in a sentence to relations between heads and complements, doing away with free adjunction. For the analysis of modifying relations one consequence has been the rise of analyses that use the properties of selecting heads to stipulate unexpected syntactic behaviour, such as the use of light verbs to derive transparency in complex verb constructions. This thesis shows that such accounts are empirically inadequate and argues that the relationship between heads and adjuncts provides a more empirically-satisfactory model of modifying relations, such as complex verb constructions, than one restricted to the selection relation between heads and complements in the syntax. In support of the adjunct relation, I show how a modular approach to adjuncts in which the position of adjunction is licensed in the semantics and long-distance dependencies are licensed in the syntax can provide a more unified account of subextraction from two separate types of island configurations, viz. asymmetric subextraction from coordination and subextraction from participial adjuncts, either than analyses involving complementation in the syntax (Borgonovo and Neeleman, 2000; Fabregas and Jiménez-Fernández, 2016; Wiklund, 2007), or hybrid analyses mixing processing filters with syntactic licensing of long-distance dependencies (Truswell, 2009, 2011). The first part of the thesis shows that Chomsky’s (2000; 2001) phase theory gives rise to blackholes in the specifier positions of phases from which movement cannot take place. I provide a theoretical account in terms of feature-licensing, where blackholes are formed by the impossibility of licensing at least one unlicensed feature on a phase head, and show how this account derives the distinction between canonical adjuncts from which subextraction is not permitted and subextraction from single event constructions in which subextraction is permitted. The section speculatively concludes with a demonstration of how blackholes might provide a unified analysis of islandhood in general. The second part of the thesis concentrates on the empirical phenomenon of subextraction from coordination and participial adjuncts. I report the results of a series of judgement experiments run in parallel across two sets of constructions, coordination and participial adjuncts, in three languages, English, German and Norwegian. The aim was to test whether acceptability of subextraction from within coordination and participial adjuncts varied depending on the aspectual or grammatical type of matrix predicate. The results show that acceptability of subextraction does depend on the type of matrix predicate. The crucial factor is intransitivity, partially confirming the bias towards unaccusatives in subextraction from participial adjuncts observed informally in Borgonovo and Neeleman (2000); Fabregas and Jiménez-Fernández (2016); Truswell (2011) whilst providing evidence against theoretical accounts that rely primarily on unaccusativity (Borgonovo and Neeleman, 2000; Fabregas and Jiménez-Fernández, 2016), primarily on aspectual distinctions (Truswell, 2007b) or primarily on agentivity (Truswell, 2009, 2011). Interestingly, the hierarchy in acceptability between the four types of matrix predicates stays constant across all three languages, despite both pseudocoordination and subextraction from within participials being ungrammatical in German.

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Howell, Britteny Marie. "Evidence for Interpersonal Violence or Human Sacrifice? The Case Study of Amato, ACARí Valley, Peru". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1179248753.

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20

Yuen, Kam-chao, e 袁錦秋. "Teachers' and school heads' beliefs and feelings regarding calculator use in primary mathematics in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31959180.

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21

Taylor, Wanda Denise. "A study of the relationship between self-esteem and unemployment among Black single female heads of household". DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1871.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-esteem and unemployment among black single female heads of household who were enrolled in the Atlanta Urban League, Career Opportunities Project. The finding of this study indicated that there were no significant differences in the level of self-esteem before entering the program and during the time one was enrolled in the training program. Results Thirty black female single heads of household, ages 16-40 years of age were administered a standard test Index of Self Esteem. They were requested to respond on a pre-test and post-test format. The researcher recognized that a true pretest condition did not exist, inasmuch as the participants were already in the training program at the time of the pretest. They were asked to respond to the index for the pretest based on how they felt prior to entering the program.

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22

Macy, Harry Joseph. "Role analysis study of chairpersons in academic departments offering accredited baccalaureate social work degree programs". Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720411.

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There is wide acknowledgment in higher education literature of the importance of the academic department in the administrative hierarchy of higher education institutions and of the leadership potential of the departmental chairperson to influence program quality.Two hundred and seventy chairpersons in departments that provide accredited baccalaureate social work programs were surveyed. This study (1) identified the structural characteristics of the institutions and the academic departments that house these accredited programs, and (2) identified demographic characteristics and the role difficulties, motivations, and professional development needs of faculty members serving as chairpersons.Completed two-part self-administered questionnaires were obtained from 158 (61%) practicing chairpersons; 74 (47%) employed in private institutions and 84 (53%) employed in public institutions.Most chairpersons viewed the position as a time-limited, challenging opportunity to influence the overall quality of their departmental programs. Less than a third of the respondents, however plan to seek another consecutive term in the position. Most chairpersons reported finding their work meaningful or rewarding. However, they also judged that position responsibilities were heavily dominated by the necessity to complete mandatory administrative tasks that were irrelevant to effective role performance. Respondents reported experiencing numerous role conflicts associated with excessive or incompatible role responsibilities, personnel conflicts, lack of position authority, and inadequate program resources.The majority of chairpersons viewed the position as one requiring specialized competencies different from those needed by regular faculty members. However, based on self-reports, data showed that most chairpersons learned to complete specific role tasks on their own or via informal means.Findings support the need to: (1) examine the effectiveness of traditional professional development offerings to chairpersons, (2) clarify position responsibilities, (3) strengthen the amount, type and quality of role support provided to chairpersons, and (4) enhance informal, self-directed opportunities for interest faculty members to acquire administrative experience prior to assuming the position. Findings also supported the need for formalized mentorship programs for new chairpersons supplemented by an increased use of collaborative training by experienced chairpersons.
Department of Educational Leadership

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Kampangkaew, Phairot. "A Study of the Percepts in Leadership Roles of Department Chairpersons in the Faculty of Education at Six Teacher Colleges". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332615/.

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The focus of this study is a comparison of the perceptions and expectations of the leadership role and function of the department chairpersons in the faculty of education by the respective department chairpersons, deans, and all faculty members from each of the six public teacher colleges in Bangkok, Thailand. In conclusion, role conflict between the department chairpersons can be reduced if the department chairpersons concentrate on the expectations of faculty members. The department chairpersons need to reevaluate their leader behavior in relation to both deans and faculty members in order to fulfill the organizational goals and personal needs.

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24

Sanders, Sandra O. "An exploratory study of the Economic and Psychosocial barriers to achieving self-sufficiency among female heads of households". DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1996. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2206.

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The purpose of the study was to examine the economic and psychosocial barriers to achieving self-sufficiency among female heads household. The sample for this study consisted of thirty respondent who received public assistance benefits and reside in Dekalb County, Georgia. An original instrument consisting of twelve questions was self-administered. The results were analyzed utilizing frequency distribution, means, standard deviations and Pearson's "r" Correlation Coefficient. The Cognitive Theory was utilized as a tool to understand the reason for female heads of household not achieving self-sufficiency. The Pearson's "r" correlation was conducted between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Both of the null hypothesis were accepted. As a result, the major findings in this study concluded that there was no statistically significant relationship between psychosocial and economic barriers to achieving self-sufficiency among female heads of household.

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Sopromadze, Natia. "Emotion in leadership : a cross-cultural study of heads of department and academic staff at Georgian and English universities". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/103093/.

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The thesis examines the emotional experience of departmental leadership from the perspectives of heads of department (HoDs) and academic staff across Georgian and English universities. While scholarly interest in the emotional side of educational leadership is growing, cross-cultural research on the emotional dynamics of HoD-staff relationships in academia remains fragmented. To understand the interplay between emotion, higher education (HE) leadership and culture, a sequential mixed-methods design was adopted. An online bilingual questionnaire, pretested through cognitive interviews, was combined with vignette-based semi-structured interviews. In total, 296 individuals responded to the survey from 20 universities, eight in Georgia and 12 in England. Out of those surveyed, 39 participated in individual interviews. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed in SPSS to analyse the survey results while a thematic analysis of the interview data was conducted using NVivo. Triangulating the quantitative and qualitative findings allowed the research problem to be seen from multiple angles, providing complementary rather than confirmatory evidence. The study found that the emotional experience of departmental leadership was shaped by unique contextual features of the comparison academia. The results showed discrepancies between the HoDs’ self-perceptions of their leadership and the way it was perceived by the academic staff. Yet, there was general agreement that the HoD’s ability to walk in others’ shoes and engage the hearts was central to departmental leadership. Apart from highlighting the academic staff’s concerns, the analysis suggested the need to understand the emotional demands of the HoD’s role. The study makes an original contribution to knowledge as it is the first to compare the emotional dimensions of HE leadership in Georgia and England. To date, there is no published research on middle leadership at a Georgian university and this work adds to the limited knowledge base on the former Soviet academia. The study also contributes to cross-cultural research methodology with an innovative research design. The findings carry practical implications that inform departmental leadership selection and development across culturally diverse universities.

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26

Brown, Glenn E. "A descriptive study of department heads of public high schools in Virginia: who they are and what they do". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53917.

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This study described who the department heads of public high schools in Virginia are, what functions they are assigned, the degree of responsibility they hold for each function, and the responsibility it is believed they should be assigned for each function. A descriptive survey method was used in this study. The population consisted of the principal and two department heads selected from each public high school in the Commonwealth of Virginia. From a list of items identified through a search of the literature, as functions performed by department heads, the respondents were asked to describe each relative to importance to instruction, the degree to which each function is assigned to department heads, and the degree to which the function should be assigned to department heads. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, means, medians, ranges, and percentages. It was found that most department heads are experienced white female teachers who have been department heads five years or less. The number and size of departments increased as school size increased and the position of department head is well established in the administrative hierarchies of Virginia's public high schools. Principals believe that all twenty-eight functions studied are important to instruction and department heads reported twenty-six. Principals and department heads agreed that department heads are assigned at least some responsibility for most of the functions studied and that department heads should be assigned at least some responsibility for all of the functions studied. While the status and function of the department heads may be affected by issues related to the administration of schools and empowerment of teachers, this study indicates that the department heads in Virginia's high schools are more of an extension of the principal down than extensions of the teachers up in the administrative ranks of the schools. If the department heads are to assume larger roles in instructional leadership, it is suggested that they should receive more release time and salary supplementation.
Ed. D.

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27

Yau, Tak. "An empirical study of the departmental leadership of heads of physical education departments in Hong Kong : issues in effective leadership". Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417154.

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28

Mosley, Harold Marcel Lewis Rodney L. "A study of the requirements for a heads-up display for use in motor transportation in the United States Marine Corps". Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA397139.

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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2001.
Thesis advisor: Michael, James Bret. "September 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-90). Also available online.

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29

Qiu, Bao Die. "Does Chinese first lady matter in diplomacy? :a comparative study". Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953877.

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30

Lam, Kwok-keung, e 林國強. "A study of the concerns and practices of the heads of geography departments in the implementation of environmental education insecondary schools of Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195795X.

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31

Mankazana, Thozama Betty. "A case study analysing the dropout rate of children who are heads of households at Mandela Village in Tshwane Municipality, Gauteng Province". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3382.

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Thesis (MPhil (Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
The study was about assessing the dropout rate of children who are heads of households at Mandela Village in Tshwane Municipality, Gauteng Province. Given the number of orphans who are escalating in each year as a result of HIV/AIDS pandemic especially in the Sub Saharan region, the author’s intention was to analyse what are the causes for these children to drop out from school, and what can be done to minimize the dropout rate of these children. All the participants were the children who are heads of households and residents of Mandela Village, East of Mamelodi Township, and Pretoria. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with thirty-one children who are heads of households, as well as with two educators in schools where these children are attending school or were attending school. This was followed by two focus groups with the same children. The intention of using the focus group was to investigate the issues raised during the interviews and to establish an understanding of how the children who are heads of households want to improve their own circumstances. The study findings observed that there were no strong linkages in assisting children who are heads of households between the Department of Social Development and Department of Education in the North Rand Region, Gauteng. Other findings were that the schools have no support programmes or teachers assigned to assist these children to cope with schoolwork. Due to multiplicity of responsibilities they are faced with, they are not copying with their studies.

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32

Atkinson, Tamara D. (Tamara Dawn). "Characteristics of Intensive English Program Directors". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279307/.

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The purpose of this study is to discover if there exists a difference between the perceived roles and functions of intensive English program (IEP) directors and what they actually are. The study is a partial replication of Matthies (1983). A total of 46 subjects participated in a nation-wide survey which asked the respondents to rate the importance of functions and skills in good job performance and in self-assessment of ability. The findings indicated that IEP directors rate the activities associated with administration higher in importance than teaching skills, yet rate themselves better at teaching overall. Additionally, the respondents have more and higher degrees in Linguistics and Applied Linguistics than previously seen by Matthies (1983).

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Al-Tuwayjiri, Hissah Abdullah. "The role of heads of department in achieving quality : a case study of a high-ranking university in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108577/.

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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is governed by an absolute monarchy, with a relatively short history of Higher Education (HE). However, the need for high quality and strong educational leadership within its academic institutions is just as pressing as elsewhere. Despite a growing number of studies on the performance of Heads of Department (HoDs), there is relatively little research investigating their role in Quality Assurance (QA), and virtually none within the KSA context. The present research is grounded in ‘leadership’ and ‘HE quality’ literature. A case study approach was adopted to investigate HoD perceptions of their roles in QA at a leading Saudi university. Data were collected through 59 online questionnaires administered to the HoD participants as well as through interviews with 36 selected HoDs, a former university rector and various staff members with QA responsibilities. The data collection is probably unique in so far as the female researcher conducted face-to-face interviews with 26 male academics, despite the strict gender segregation normally observed in KSA. The study found that most HoDs acknowledged their QA role and that their beliefs and actions in this regard were influenced by their disciplinary affiliation and length in post. Identified challenges in quality achievement included limited resources, a lack of financial and administrative autonomy, heavy workload and bureaucracy and resistance from senior colleagues. Participants also identified several ways that the work of the National Commission for Academic Accreditation and Assessment, a key body in the quality achievement context within KSA, might be improved. HoDs claim they are heavily involved in QA but other staff are critical of their contribution. The new system for appointing HoDs is seen as enhancing departmental quality because the Selection Committee increases faculty involvement and reduces patronage. The two-year term of office is deemed too short for QA purposes. Although professional development opportunities are available, HoDs say they do not have time for them. Based on these findings, a theoretical model linking different QA approaches (compliance, consistency and culture) to different outcomes (achieving accreditation, maintaining standards, and change and improvement) has been developed. The study also makes practical recommendations about Saudi HoD recruitment, professional development and institutional support of value to policymakers in KSA higher education.

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Kramer, Marc Noah. "The pathways for preparation : a study of heads of Jewish community day schools affiliated with the Jewish community day school network, 1998-1999 /". Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/preview/9959342.

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35

Wilmot, Ann-Marie. "HOW ENGLISH LANGUAGE HEAD OF DEPARTMENTS PERCEIVE THEIR ROLES in TEACHER DEVELOPMENT AND TEACHER EFFICACY: A STUDY of EIGHT JAMAICAN SCHOOLS". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/468994.

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Teaching & Learning
Ed.D.
This qualitative study sought to gain deeper insights into how English Language Heads of Department (H.O.D.) perceive their roles in teacher development and efficacy, what leadership style inform their role enactment and the different skill sets and beliefs they take to their H.O.D. roles. The population was limited to selected schools in central Jamaica with a sample size of eight Heads of Departments in upgraded and traditional high schools. The motivation to conduct this research arose out of the concerns about Jamaica’s poor ratings in CXC English Language passes and my perception that insights into how H.O.D.s perceived their roles could possibly generate a solution to enable them to facilitate teaching learning experiences that could redound to improved CXC English Language results. Extensive case-based interviews, ranking activity and stimulated recall of artefacts were my primary sources of data, and I used open coding axial coding systems to analyze my data. Presently H.O.D.s engage in more traditional roles align them to a transactional approach as their leadership style. However, the changing roles of the H.O.D.s demand a more transformational leadership style. The findings suggest that some H.O.D.s’ approach is transformational, some transactional, while others display no distinct leadership style. Some play an excellent role in teacher development and efficacy, others play very little or no role. H.O.D.s perception of their role conflict with how they enact these roles and what they believe about them. The conclusion is that i H.O.D.s need a comprehensive system of training in their H.O.D.s specific roles and to help them develop and utilize more transformational leadership skills for use with their departments. Keywords: transformational and transactional leadership, heads of department/department chairs, Jamaican education
Temple University--Theses

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36

Shipper-Cordaro, Paula (Paula C. ). "Characteristics of College Level ESL Administrators". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278215/.

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While many studies have been conducted on the methodology of teaching English, second language (ESL), few have focused on ESL administration, specifically college level ESL administration. This descriptive study analyzed and evaluated the personal and professional characteristics of college level ESL administrators.

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37

Lee, Chi-kwong Paul, e 李志光. "A study of deputy heads' view on school-based in-service teacher educational needs: implications for the roleof professional tutors in Hong Kong secondary schools". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195649X.

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38

Lam, Kwok-keung. "A study of the concerns and practices of the heads of geography departments in the implementation of environmental education in secondary schools of Hong Kong". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14709533.

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39

Da, Cruz Peter. "From narrative to severed heads : the form and location of white supremacist history in textbooks of the apartheid and post-apartheid eras : a case study". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10414.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation reveals the enduring willingness of South African history textbooks to legitimate white supremacy. During the apartheid era, a historiographic mythology bearing the stamp of officialdom was propagated by history textbooks. This mythology constituted the era's "white history" - that version of history which serves to legitimate white supremacy in South Africa. Though in specific instances the old mythology has been forsworn, white history survives in the post-aparheid textbooks. The tenets of white history are now delivered individually and indirectly by way of severed heads (primary of secondary sources) that, once recovered and reassembled by student learners, constitute the familiar grand narrative. Two historiographical myths promulgated during apartheid are taken as emblems of white history and adopted for the purposes of study as units of analysis. Their form and location are then traced through one prominent publisher's history textbooks of the apartheid and post-apartheid eras. The demonstrated survival of white history in post-apartheid history education is traced to the white stipulations placed upon the post-apartheid curriculum during the reconciliation process. The contemporary trend of progressivist education enabled the phenomenon pedagogically through emphasis on a zealously learner-centred, interactive approach.

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40

Cheung, Wing-hung. "A study of primary school heads’ perceptions of the new Moral and Civic Education (MCE) curriculum of 2001 and the implications for its implementation in Hong Kong". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9171.

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The research studies school heads’ perception of the implementation of the new Moral and Civic Education (MCE) curriculum in Hong Kong primary schools. The MCE curriculum is positioned as a key task in curriculum reform since 2001. The present study recognises school leadership role in steering curriculum delivery in which school heads’ perception is one of the determinants in shaping curriculum execution. Qualitative approach is adopted to uncover the factors affecting the perception of school heads and subsequent implementation strategies. Purposive sampling of six primary school heads is identified for interview to collect data. Content analysis is employed to make inferences from the data reviewing how school heads’ personal belief and values orientation affect the delivery of the curriculum. The MCE curriculum, resting on virtue ethics projecting desirable values to be promoted, is appealing to the school heads. The MCE curriculum designed as values education, resonates Chinese culture emphasizing cultivation of virtue through education while at the same time addressing the societal expectation of the call for promoting national identity with the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997. Given the social and political context of Hong Kong, positive attitude is exhibited by all the sample school heads but they respond differently to the curricular role, reflecting a wide spectrum of understanding of the curriculum and pedagogical competency. The research findings propose the importance of a heightened awareness of school heads’ cognition of the curriculum but their attitude towards the curriculum is deterministic how the curriculum is implemented. The attitude taken hinges on the values and belief of school heads vis a vis organisation values of the school. A model portraying school heads’ awareness, attitude and action for curriculum implementation is recommended to further study school leadership with implications for theory building and practice.

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Al, Kalbani Darwish A. A. "The characteristics of effective leadership in an academic context: A case study of four colleges of technology in Oman". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17167.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to advance the literature on leadership by investigating the Full Range Leadership Model (FRLM) Bass and Avolio (1994-1997) in the context of the Colleges of Technology (CoTs) in Oman. Design/methodology/approach – In order to achieve the research objective and answer the research questions, a qualitative study was undertaken. The data was obtained by two methods, namely semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The semi-structured interviews were held with College Deans, Heads of Departments (HoDs) and teachers. The focus groups were carried out with seven groups of students from four CoTs. The data was analysed by a thematic approach, following the systematic steps outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006). Findings – Significant relationships were found between the transactional leadership approach and institutional theory (Isomorphism and legitimacy). The findings advance leadership knowledge by exploring the relationship between the components of FRLM, transformational and the transactional leadership approaches in hierarchical levels of leadership in the context of the CoTs in Oman. Both the Deans and the HoDs employed transactional leadership approaches to ensure compliance with the requirements of the Ministry of Manpower. Moreover, the study extended the leadership literature by exploring the interaction between leadership approaches of the Deans and the HoDs on multi-national teachers and Omani students. Originality/value – The originality of this research lies in its exploration of the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership approaches in hierarchical levels of academic leadership and its identification of the characteristics of effective leadership in HEIs from a multicultural perspective.
Ministry of Manpower (MoMP)

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42

Eliphas, Foster. "Exploring school leadership development in Tanzania : a survey study of twenty newly appointed heads of schools in contextually different state secondary schools in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2885/.

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This research study draws on the experience of twenty newly appointed head teachers, those in year one and two of their headship role in secondary schools in Tanzania. The study gathered the head teachers’ experience, perceptions, and suggestions about their own continuing professional development and that of others in schools. It strived to understand how and when these new heads of schools are trained, and whether they receive sufficient training before taking on a headship role. It further sought to understand the significance of mandatory leadership qualifications in enhancing the head teachers’ knowledge, skills and abilities to lead schools. In particular, it argues that despite the rhetoric on better education management at district, regional and ministry level at present, there is still a widespread need for education leaders, researchers and all other education providers to emphasise the importance of school leadership development programs for school leaders. The research findings indicate that head teachers can gain the required knowledge and skills to lead their schools through short and long term leadership training programs and also through accession to headship in schools. Consequently, the majority participants commented on mentoring and coaching, as significant programs in head teacher development. Moreover, the study recommends that there is a need for the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training to increase budgets for school leadership development programs and to ensure that clear policies and directives shape leadership development in schools, and those directives demarcate how formal training for newly appointed head teachers can be achieved.

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Moyo, Africa. "The perceptions of Heads, middle leaders and classroom teachers about the effects of distributed leadership on teaching and learning : A study in selected schools in the West Midlands of England". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1346/.

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There has been a significant increase in interest in distributed leadership among policy-makers, practitioners and researchers in educational leadership over the past decade. Most of the literature has focused on distributed leadership as a leadership approach and has paid little attention to its effects on student learning outcomes. This study explores the perceptions of headteachers, middle leaders and teachers about the effects of distributed leadership on teaching and learning. The study uses semi-structured interviews with four headteachers, six middle leaders and eight teachers from two primary and two secondary schools in the West Midlands region of England. From these semi-structured interviews with eighteen participants, the study captures their perceptions of distributed leadership: what it means to them, how it is practised in schools and the perceived effects on teaching and learning. The findings show that distributed leadership has the support of leaders and teachers. They perceived it to have a positive effect on teaching and learning and the majority of practitioners believe that distributed leadership contributes to improvement in student learning outcomes. The participants’ responses also reveal that distributed leadership is believed to contribute to effective school leadership and involvement in decision making. The study identifies two interrelated yet competing principal approaches to the practice of distributed leadership. First, responsibilities are devolved across the school through formal mechanisms in a top-down manner. Second, was the emergent approach where bottom up influences were operational. Whilst the majority of the literature on distributed leadership promotes the latter approach, findings from this study reveal that the former is predominant in terms of how distributed leadership is practised in schools.

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44

Korach, William Anthony. "A Comparative Study of Perceptions of Superintendents, High School Principals, and High School Department Chairs on the Role of the High School Academic Department Chair: the Voice of the Administrator". PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1200.

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The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to provide a first step in clarifying the role of the high school academic department chair as it is currently practiced in the state of Oregon. The study examined from the administrative perspective the potential for the continued development of the educational leadership role of the department chair as an administrative resource for instructional improvement. A researcher-constructed questionnaire was used to gather data from 27 Oregon school district superintendents, 34 high school principals, and 118 high school department chairs from English, math, science, and social studies departments in those same high schools.

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45

Björkström, Angela. "Is it all in their heads? : A study of the strategies used in mental arithmetic by Swedish pupils in their last years of the obligatory school and in the upper secondary school". Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Education, Culture and Communication, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4615.

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Competence in mental arithmetic is recognised by many as essential to be active participants in the fast flowing, high technological society we live in today. Many have noticed pupils’ unwillingness to set their calculators aside and practice this aspect of mathematics when possible. Furthermore, some studies show that pupils’ ability to compute mentally deteriorates as they pass through the school system. Through testing classes in a Swedish obligatory school and an upper secondary school, the aim of this thesis is to see if the goals set by The National [Swedish] Agency for Education regarding mental arithmetic, are being fulfilled. Through using questionnaires to collect the strategies and ideas of the pupils, a wide range of problematic mathematical misconceptions became evident. These are highlighted since they are important aspects teachers should be aware of. The results of this study show that the obligatory school classes are far from reaching the goals set for them whereas the upper secondary classes show good results. Furthermore, there is an apparent improvement in their progression, resulting in a fulfilment the official goals. Many pupils however, seem reluctant to rely on their mental arithmetic capabilities and resort to algorithmic strategies. Other problems to emerge are in carrying out table calculations and in a lack of number sense when deeming if the answers are reasonable.

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46

Phillips, Susan R. "Student Discussions in Cooperative Learning Groups in a High School Mathematics Classroom: A Descriptive Multiple Case Study". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1287086564.

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47

Guydosh, Nicholas R. "Putting two heads together :". May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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48

Adger, David. "Functional heads and interpretation". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/527.

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This thesis examines the effect that functional heads have on the interpretation of arguments. It focuses on the functional head Agr, which is implicated in predicate-argument agreement relations; the import that other functional heads have on interpretation is a subsidiary concern. The argument of the thesis goes as follows: firstly, reference must be made to both an independently projecting functional head Agr and to a level of discourse representation in order to adequately analyse the phenomenon of predicate argument agreement. This theory sheds light on an unusual complementarity between agreement and overt arguments in Celtic because it provides a natural constraint on morphological feature checking mechanisms. The thesis shows that functional heads are therefore implicated in the interpretation of arguments.

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49

WU, BAI-WEN, e 吳白玟. "The study of caroteneoids in grass prawn heads". Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54695815258893137923.

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50

Cheng, Li-Kang, e 鄭力綱. "Study of In-Line Gratings for Optical Pickup Heads". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10547752492678287085.

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碩士
國立中興大學
機械工程學系所
101
This study investigated various types of in-line gratings on generating the differential push-pull (DPP) signal for the tracking detection of an optical pick head (OPH). The method of in-line DPP is different from that of the conventional DPP. The advantage is that it doesn’t need to consider the relation between the track pitch of each disk type and the corresponding angle of diffraction orders. With the study, we obtained the quality of the tracking error signals (TESs) for various types of in-line gratings, and discussed the in-line grating patterns that are applicable to the OPH applications. By using the numerical analysis software of Matlab, we first designed the phase profiles of the in-line gratings. The fast Fourier transform was then applied to simulate the intensity distributions of the zeroth, positive-first, and negative-first diffraction orders. Besides, we simulated the interference distributions of the push-pull signals for the in-line gratings. Furthermore, the TESs were calculated according to the track pitch of different disk types. Also, the comparisons between the TES quality and the shifting effect of the objective lens were performed for various types of in-line gratings. After the simulation, we found that the TESs of DVD-R and BD-R disks have the same tendency. A better TES could be obtained by reducing the width of the intermediate region of an in-line grating. Finally, the devices of all simulated in-line grating patterns were fabricated by using the photolithography and etching processes. Their optical diffraction efficiencies were verified for being consistent with the original designs. The dark and bright variations of the push-pull signal were also experimentally observed by setting up two OPH configurations.

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