Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "303.483 4"

Thermoelectric properties of BiSbTe-based composites dispersed with a small amount (<1 vol%) of amorphous Si₃N₄ (a-Si₃N₄) nanoparticles (∼25 nm) were investigated in the temperature range from 303 K to 483 K.

Abstract Dacitic tuff breccia (DTB) and poultry by-products (PBP) were added to nursery pig diets to evaluate their effects on growth performance in a 35 d experiment. A randomized complete block design based on BW and sex was used. Newly weaned pigs (N=564, 20.1 d of age, 6.18±0.006 kg initial BW) allotted to four diets (15 replicates/treatment; 9 or 10 pigs/pen): 1) Negative control (NC; no DTB or PBP), 2) NC+DTB (0.5% inclusion), 3) NC+PBP (4% chicken by-product meal + 2% feather meal – replacing fishmeal, corn, and synthetic amino acids in the NC), 4) NC+DTB+PBP. Phase 1–3 were each 7-d and Phase 4 was from d21-35. During week one there were no differences (P &gt;0.10) among treatments. In week 2, pigs fed DTB tended to increase ADG (323 vs. 303 g/d; P=0.068) and ADFI (376 vs. 356 g/d; P=0.055) compared to pigs not fed DTB and pigs fed PBP tended to have increased ADG (P=0.093). In week 3 pigs fed PBP had reduced ADG (460 vs 483 g/d; P=0.011) and G:F (0.689 vs. 0.723; P&lt; 0.001), and there tended to be an interaction for G:F (P=0.083) with DTB improving G:F when fed in combination with PBP but reducing G:F in the control diet. In week 4, feeding PBP decreased ADG (384 vs 415 g/d; P&lt; 0.01) and ADFI (629 vs 666 g/d; P&lt; 0.01) compared to pigs fed no PBP. There were no differences among treatments during week 5. For Phase 4 (d21-35) pigs fed PBP had decreased ADG (479 vs 497 g/d; P=0.041) and tended to have reduced ADFI (P=0.092) compared to pigs fed no PBP. Overall (d 0–35), there were no significant differences among treatments. In conclusion, DTB improved nursery pig growth performance early, however, pigs fed PBP had decreased ADG and feed efficiency late in the nursery period.

Background:Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Circular RNAs(circRNAs) can act as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to regulate gene transcription, which is involved in mechanism of many diseases, such as, autoimmunity diseases. However, the role of circRNA in lupus nephritis has been rarely reported.Objectives:In this study, we aim to investigate the clinical value of circRNAs and explore the mechanism of circRNA involvement in the pathogenesis of LN.Methods:Renal tissues from three untreated LN patients and three normal controls (NCs) were used to identify differently expressed circRNAs by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Validated assays were used by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to reveal the clinical value of selected circRNA, miRNA and mRNA. The interactions between circRNA and miRNA, or miRNA and mRNA were further determined by luciferase reporter assay. The degrees of renal fibrosis between the two groups were compared by Masson-trichome staining and immunohistochemistry staining.Results:159 circRNAs were significantly dysregulated in LN patients compared with NC group. The expression of hsa_circ_0123190 was significantly decreased in renal tissues of patients with LN (p=0.014), as same as the sequencing results. The area under the ROC curve of hsa_circ_0123190 in renal tissues was 0.820. Bio-informatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay illustrated that hsa_circ_0123190 can act as a sponge for hsa-miR-483-3p which was also validated to interact with APLNR mRNA. APLNR mRNA expression was positively related with chronicity index (CI) of LN (R2=0.452,p=0.033). Finally, the factors of renal fibrosis, especially TGF-β (p=0.018), were more pronounced in the LN group.Conclusion:Hsa_circ_0123190 could function as a ceRNA to regulate APLNR expression involved in renal fibrosis by sponging hsa-miR-483-3p in LNReferences:[1]Aljaberi N, Bennett M, Brunner HI, Devarajan P. Proteomic profiling of urine: implications for lupus nephritis. Expert review of proteomics. 2019;16(4):303-13.[2]Zheng ZH, Zhang LJ, Liu WX, Lei YS, Xing GL, Zhang JJ, et al. Predictors of survival in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2012;21(10):1049-56.[3]Chen LL. The biogenesis and emerging roles of circular RNAs. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2016;17(4):205-11.[4]Mahmoudi E, Cairns MJ. Circular RNAs are temporospatially regulated throughout development and ageing in the rat. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):2564.[5]Liang D, Wilusz JE. Short intronic repeat sequences facilitate circular RNA production. Genes & development. 2014;28(20):2233-47.[6]Tan WL, Lim BT, Anene-Nzelu CG, Ackers-Johnson M, Dashi A, See K, et al. A landscape of circular RNA expression in the human heart. Cardiovascular research. 2017;113(3):298-309.[7]Zhao Z, Li X, Jian D, Hao P, Rao L, Li M. Hsa_circ_0054633 in peripheral blood can be used as a diagnostic biomarker of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta diabetologica. 2017;54(3):237-45.[8]Ouyang Q, Huang Q, Jiang Z, Zhao J, Shi GP, Yang M. Using plasma circRNA_002453 as a novel biomarker in the diagnosis of lupus nephritis. Molecular immunology. 2018;101(undefined):531-8.[9]Luan J, Jiao C, Kong W, Fu J, Qu W, Chen Y, et al. CircHLA-C Plays an Important Role in Lupus Nephritis by Sponging miR-150. Molecular therapy Nucleic acids. 2018;10(undefined):245-53.[10]Kuschnerus K, Straessler ET, Müller MF, Lüscher TF, Landmesser U, Kränkel N. Increased Expression of miR-483-3p Impairs the Vascular Response to Injury in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2019;68(2):349-60.[11]Huang Z, Wu L and Chen L. Apelin/APJ system: A novel potential therapy target for kidney disease. Journal of cellular physiology. 2018;233(5): 3892-900.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Abstract Introduction The “classical” IPSS, based on cytogenetics, marrow blast percentage, and number of cytopenias, has played a major role in prognosis assessment in MDS. The recently published revised IPSS (IPSS-R), refines the original IPSS prognostic value (Greenberg et al, Blood 2012). However, its prognostic value for response to ESA has not been assessed. We analyzed it retrospectively in 456 IPSS Low-/Int-1-risk MDS patients (pts) treated with ESA in France, Germany and Italy. Results Those 456 pts had serum EPO < 500mU/ml and Hb≤10g/dl, and had received ESA (EPO alfa or beta 40000-60000 IU/week, or darbepoietin 150 - 300µg/week) for at least 12 weeks. In addition to IPSS-R parameters, age, sex, serum EPO level, serum ferritin (SF), and RBC transfusion requirement before ESA onset were assessed for response to ESA (based on IWG 2006 criteria), and overall survival (OS) from ESA onset. Characteristics of the 456 pts at ESA onset are listed in Table 1. 71% of the pts had never received RBC transfusions, with a median Hb level of 9.3g/dl (range 7.0-10) , and 29% pts had received at least 4 RBC concentrates/8wks before ESA onset (with a maximum of 12). Median SF was 357ng/ml and serum EPO 60mU/ml (range 6-483). IPSS was low in 55% and intermediate-1 in 45% pts. IPSS-R was very low in 15%, low in 61%, intermediate in 19% and high in 4% of the pts. 303 (61%) pts had an erythroid response (ER), including 72% and 52% of low and int-1 risk pts respectively (p=0.001). Using IPSS-R, 85%, 68%, 48% and 31% of pts had ER in the very low, low, intermediate and high risk group respectively (p<0.0001). Other prognostic factors of ER, in univariate analysis, included individual IPSS-R parameters analyzed according to IPSS-R thresholds (Hb level, platelet count, ANC, marrow blast %, cytogenetics) serum EPO level, SF (variables tested as continuous variables) and previous RBC-transfusions. In multivariate analysis, IPSS-R, serum EPO, and SF remained significantly associated with ER (p<0.0001, p=0.002 and p<0.0001 respectively). Applying 1 point to each of the following unfavorable variables of ER: serum EPO >200mU/ml (=1), SF >350 ng/ml (=1), IPSS-R (very low=0, low=1, intermediate=2 and high=3), yielded a score ranging from 0 to 4, with ER rates of 85%, 80%, 64%, 40% and 20% respectively. As expected, IPSS-R also had strong prognostic value for OS (not shown). Conclusion In this patient cohort with overall favorable prognostic factors of response to ESA according to the Nordic score (ie serum EPO <500 mU/ml and no or limited transfusion dependence, Hellstrom-Lindberg et al BJH 2003), IPSS-R alone, and even better, a score >=3 (using IPSS-R, serum EPO and SF) proved useful to identify pts with low response to ESA, who also have worse OS and may require alternative treatments (Kelaidi et al, Leukemia 2013). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Silver oxide (A2O) films were deposited on glass and silicon substrates held at temperatures in the range 303–473 K by reactive RF magnetron sputtering of silver target. The films formed at room temperature were single phase Ag2O with polycrystalline in nature, while those deposited at 373 K were improved in the crystallinity. The films deposited at 423 K were mixed phase of Ag2O and Ag. Atomic force micrographs of the films formed at room temperature were of spherical shape grains with size of 85 nm, whereas those deposited at 473 K were with enhanced grain size of 215 nm with pyramidal shape. Electrical resistivity of the single phase films formed at room temperature was 5.2 × 10−3 Ωcm and that of mixed phase was 4.2 × 10−4 Ωcm. Optical band gap of single phase films increased from 2.05 to 2.13 eV with the increase of substrate temperature from 303 to 373 K, while in mixed phase films it was 1.92 eV.

The chemical transformation of the Tokem-308 cation exchanger (analogous to KU-2x8) in an HNO3 (steam)—air atmosphere obtained by evaporating 12 mol / l HNO3 is described. Gas-phase treatment of Tokem-308 resin samples in the above atmosphere at 403—443 K for 4—24 h leads to a change in some of their physical (mass, color, etc.) and chemical (solubility in H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH, acetone) properties. It has been found that 2,4-dinitrophenylacetic acid and para-nitrobenzoic acid are among the products of Tokem-308 resin transformation in the HNO3 (steam)—air atmosphere.

ABSTRACTOn a global and regional scale, Indonesia has one of the least environmentally sustainable economies in the Asia-Pacific region. Consumption is one of the key factors contributing to environmental degradation. By using materialism and environmental knowledge as mediators, this study aimed to understand how religiosity affects ethical consumption. This research used quantitative methods with structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis techniques based on partial least squares (PLS). The data came from a questionnaire distributed online. 153 valid questionnaires were selected for analysis. All respondents came from Indonesia, were adults (from 18 years old), and were Muslims. Findings show that religiosity influences ethical consumption, materialism, and environmental knowledge. This research also reveals that materialism and environmental knowledge influence ethical consumption, as well as the mediating effect of materialism and environmental knowledge on the influence between religiosity and ethical consumption. So, all hypotheses from this research can be accepted. These findings contribute theoretically to explaining the relationship between religiosity, materialism, environmental knowledge, and ethical consumption. Thus, this findings contribute to the field of Islamic economics. Practically, the findings of this research can help marketers formulate communication strategies that take into account the level of religiosity of consumers in Indonesia. Marketers must avoid unethical practices to encourage ethical consumption.Keywords: Religiosity, ethical consumption, materialism, environmental knowledge ABSTRAKPada skala global dan regional, Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan perekonomian paling tidak ramah lingkungan di kawasan Asia-Pasifik. Konsumsi merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang berkontribusi terhadap degradasi lingkungan. Dengan menggunakan materialisme dan enviromental knowledge sebagai mediator, penelitian ini berupaya memahami bagaimana religiosity mempengaruhi ethical consumption. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis Structural Equation Model (SEM) berbasis Partial Least Square (PLS). Data berasal dari kuesioner yang disebarkan online. 153 kuesioner yang valid dipilih untuk analisis. Seluruh responden berasal dari Indonesia, dewasa (mulai 18 tahun) dan beragama Islam. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa religiosity berpengaruh terhadap ethical consumption, materialism, dan environmental knowledge. Selain itu juga diketahui bahwa materialism dan environmental knowledge berpengaruh ethical consumption, serta adanya efek mediasi dari materialism dan environmental knowledge pada pengaruh antara religiosity dan ethical consumption. Sehingga, semua hipotesis penelitian ini dapat diterima. Secara praktis, temuan penelitian ini dapat membantu pemasar untuk merumuskan strategi komunikasi yang mempertimbangkan tingkat religiosity konsumen di Indonesia. Pemasar harus menghindari praktik tidak etis untuk mempromosikan ethical consumption.Kata Kunci: Religiosity, ethical consumption, materialism, environmental knowledge REFERENCES Adib, H., & El-Bassiouny, N. (2012). Materialism in young consumers: An investigation of family communication patterns and parental mediation practices in Egypt. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 3(3), 255–282. doi:10.1108/17590831211259745 Adil, M. (2022). Influence of religiosity on ethical consumption: The mediating role of materialism and guilt. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(10), 2173–2192. doi:10.1108/JIMA-01-2020-0035 Al-Aidaros, A., Shamsudin, F. M., & Idris, K. M. (2013). Ethics and ethical theories from an Islamic perspective. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 4(1), 1–13. doi:10.24035/ijit.04.2013.001 Al Glenid, M. A., Al Sabbagh, A. 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Two novel thiopyrano [4,3-d] pyrimidine derivatives 7 and 8 were synthesized from dimethyl 3,3'-thiodipropanoate through six steps including two times of cyclization, chlorination, oxidation, substitution with morpholine and piperazine and their structures were confirmed by1H NMR and MS spectrum. The total yield of the six steps was 18.6% (calculated from methyl dimethyl 3,3'-thiodipropanoate). The synthetic routes of them can be used to synthesize PI3K/mTOR inhibitors bearing a thiopyrano [4,3-d] pyrimidine nucleus.

BackgroundPsoriasis is a chronic, multisystem inflammatory disease with predominantly skin and joint involvement. The interleukin-(IL-)17 axis plays a vital role in the development of psoriasis. Secukinumab (Cosentyx) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that selectively targets IL-17A for the treatment of adult patients with psoriasis[1].ObjectivesThis study aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of secukinumab therapy in psoriasis.MethodsEight databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Knowledge, MEDLINE, Clinical Trials.gov, and FDA.gov) were searched for studies on secukinumab treatment of psoriasis published from the date of establishment of the database to January 3, 2022. A random effect model was used to conduct a meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of abatacept in patients with RA using (Stata 12.0).ResultsA total of 27 studies with a total of 4470 patients were included. After receiving secukinumab therapy for 12 weeks, The response rate of PASI 75 was 82.2% (95% CI 0.766–0.879,p<0.01), PASI 90 was 66.3%(95% CI 0.609–0.718,p<0.01), and PASI 100 was 42% (95% CI 0.343–0.497,p<0.01). The results showed that more than 80% of patients achieved skin lesion removal in 12 weeks. Considering PGA 0/1 as the secondary endpoint. The percentage of patients who achieved a PGA score of 0 or 1 was 72.3% at 12 weeks (95% CI 0.658–0.788,p=0.005). As for the safety, the incidence of adverse events was 63.7%. Infection is the main adverse effects, with rates of 19.4%. Most of the adverse events were mild and recovered quickly after discontinuation. (Figure 1)ConclusionSecukinumab is effective in patients with psoriasis and is generally well tolerated, and thus represents a useful treatment alternative to TNFi and other bDMARDs in adult patients with psoriasis.Reference[1]Blair HA. Secukinumab: A Review in Psoriatic Arthritis. Drugs. 2021;81(4):483-94.Table 1.Available evidence including patients with psoriasis treated with secukinumab.Study. Year.Patients(include in analysis)Age(year)Gender(female %)PASI 75,n(%)PASI 90,n(%)PASI 100,n(%)PGA, n(%)Ulrich Mrowietz 202179(79)50.6 ± 14.881.021(26.6)NANANAA Blauvelt201559(59)45.1 ± 12.5764.445(75.9)36(60.3）26(43.1）NARichard G Langley2014245(245)44.9±13.531.0200 (81.6)145 (59.2)70 (28.6)NAC Paul 201560(60)46.6 ± 14.2323.352(86.7)NANANANan-Lin Wu 201516(16)38.1± 12.012.514(87.5)11(68.8)5(31.3)NAMamitaro Ohtsuki 201429(29)51.9 ± 11.7710.324(82.8)18(62.1)8(27.6)NALin Cai 2020221(221)39.0 ± 11.619.9215(97.7)179(81.0)NANAXi-Bei Chen 202283(83)39.43 ± 12.4248.280(96)73(88)63(76)NAGaojie Li 202287(87)36.06 ± 11.8234.579(90.59)65(74.12)NANAIlteris Oguz Topal 2022229(229)19 ± 7.839.3206(89.9)181(79)110(48)NASi-Man Zhu 202020(20)NANA17(87.5)14(68.8)9(43.8)NAJing-Xin Zeng 202054(54)36.5±3.624.152(96.3)NANANAJosé-María Ortiz-Salvador 2019156(156)28 ± 17.743130(83.5)97(62)NANADiamant Thaçi 2015334(334)45.2 ± 13.9632307(91.8)246(73.5)131 (39.3)NARichard G Langley2014245(245)44.9 ± 13.531200(81.6)145(59.2)70（28.6)NARichard G Langley2014323(323)44.95± 13.231.5249(77.1)175(54.2)78(24.1)NAMamitaro Ohtsuki 201734(34)51.50 ± 12.0829.717(50)17(50)NANADiamant Thaçi2015338(334)45.2 ± 13.9632304(91.0)243 (72.8)130 (38.9)NAJerry Bagel 201751(51)42.7±13.447.1NA27(52.9)18(35.3)NAJ-P Lacour 201760(60)46.6 ± 14.2323.353(88)33(55.6)16(26.9)NAIain B McInnes 2020426(426)48.5 ±12.3851NA230(54)NANAJoel M. Gelfand 202046(46)47.9 ±12.728.3NA34(74)NANANina Magnolo 202242(42)NANANANA23(54.8)NAYu-Xin Zheng202222(22)12.0±4.554.5NANA19(86.3)NAR B Warren2021163(163)46·8 ± 14·962.0NANANA108 (66.3)M Augustin20221756(745)48.4 ± 13.548.9NANANA578 (77.6)Uta Kiltz2022534(303)52.5 ± 11.954.9NANANA216 (71.3)Figure 1.Efficacy of Secukinumab in patients with psoriasis (A) PASI 75 (B) PASI 90 (C) PASI 100 (D) PGA score of 0 or 1Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

New green natural particles as corrosion inhibitor namely, macromolecules were incorporated beginning from 4-hydroxycoumarin with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of glacial acid (1) then synthesis with methyl bromoacetate after that this compound (2) used to synthesis of 2,2'-(3,3'-((4-nitrophenyl)methylene)bis(2-oxo-2H-chromene-4,3 diyl))bis(oxy)diacetohydrazide (3) when was refluxed with hydrazine hydrate when compound(2) refluxed with HCl to obtain compound (4) and tested all the synthesis compounds on mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl, 1M H2SO4 media by a weight loss method and identification of the surface technique employee scanning/electron/microscope (SEM) studies. The weight loss investigation demonstrated that inhibition performances have been improved via concentration raising of inhibitor. To support our results scanning electron microscopy was employed to clarify the surface of the MS with and without synthesis compounds in 1.0 M HCl and1.0M H2SO4 media.

Der von Karl Korinek und Michael Holoubek begründete Großkommentar bietet traditionell eine ebenso umfassende wie profunde Aufarbeitung des österreichischen Verfassungsrechts. Was vor mehr als zwanzig Jahren als Pionierprojekt begonnen hat, ist mittlerweile zum bestimmenden Referenzwerk für Wissenschaft und Praxis geworden. Der zwischenzeitlich um Christoph Bezemek, Claudia Fuchs, Andrea Martin und Ulrich E. Zellenberg ergänzte Kreis der Herausgeberinnen und Herausgeber verfolgt nach wie vor konsequent jenen Anspruch, der das Werk seit jeher ausgezeichnet hat: die Verbindung von unbedingter wissenschaftlicher Exzellenz mit größtmöglicher Aktualität. In zehn laufend ergänzten und aktualisierten Teilbänden vermessen führende Vertreterinnen und Vertreter des öffentlichen Rechts aus Wissenschaft und Praxis sämtliche Bestandteile der Grundordnung der Republik. Sie machen den "Korinek/Holoubek" damit nicht nur zu einem Zentralwerk der österreichischen Rechtsdogmatik, sondern auch zum Ankerpunkt jeder akademisch fundierten Auseinandersetzung mit der österreichischen Bundesverfassung. Die 16. Lieferung (Februar 2021) umfasst: Art 7/1 S 3, 4 (Benjamin Kneihs) Art 7/3, Art 7/4 (Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer/Melina Oswald) Art 10 Abs 1 Z 15 2. Tb (Markus Vasek) Art 10 Abs 1 Z 6 1. Tb (Andreas Wimmer) Art 30a (Christoph Konrath/Rosi Posnik) Art 47 (Christoph Bezemek) Art 59a (Kucsko-Stadlmayer/Melina Oswald) Art 83 Abs 2 (David Leeb) Art 85 (Alexandra Kunesch) Art 95 (Kucsko-Stadlmayer/Melina Oswald) Art 100 (Thomas Müller) Art 105, Art 106 (Gerhart Wielinger) Art 126 (Barbara Leitl-Staudinger) Art 129, Art 130/1 (Harald Eberhard) BVG ÄmterLReg (Gerhart Wielinger) GRC Art 43 (Marcus Klamert) 6. ZPEMRK Art 1-4, 13. ZPEMRK Art 1-4 (Alexandra Kunesch) Aufbau des Gesamtwerkes: Band I/1: Art 1 bis 12 B-VG Band I/2: Art 13 bis 49b B-VG Band I/3: Art 50 bis 81c B-VG Band I/4: Art 82 bis 128 B-VG Band I/5: Art 129 bis 152 B-VG Band II/1: Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention samt Protokollen, Charta der Grundrechte Band II/2: Staatsgrundgesetz über die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger, BVG zum Schutz der persönlichen Freiheit sowie weitere Grundrechte (zB Grundrecht auf Datenschutz) Band III/1: Kommentar zum sonstigen Bundesverfassungsrecht: Internationale Beziehungen - Demokratische Grundordnung - Finanzverfassung - Staatsorganisation - Verfassungsaufträge und Staatszielbestimmungen - Energieverfassungsrecht Bände IV/1 und IV/2: Archiv

In this part of the book, I offer a detailed commentary on the companion album Twilight Rāgs from North India. In section 4.2, the subject under the spotlight is Vijay Rajput’s performance of Rāg Bhairav on the Twilight Rāgs album. One priority in this essay is to provide details of the texts and notations of the bandiśes, in the interests not least of students who want to learn them. A further aim is to consider issues raised by these songs. I first examine the mutable identity of the baṛā khayāl bandiś ‘Balamavā more saīyā̃’, alongside alternative versions sung by doyens of the Kirana gharānā. I then analyse the subtleties of the bandiś ‘Suno to sakhī batiyā’, and the ways in which VR works it into an extended drut khayāl. With this last analysis, I conjecture further about the possibility of an underlying performance grammar, as first raised in section 3.3. In section 4.3, I turn to the question, ‘How do you sing a baṛā khayāl?’ Also known as vilambit [slow] khayāl, a baṛā khayāl is where an artist is able most fully to display not only their technical prowess, but also their ability to explore the deeper reaches of a rāg. In this essay, I focus on the subtle tension between non-metrical and metrical principles (anibaddh and nibaddh) that permeates, and arguably defines, a baṛā khayāl. My case study here is Vijay Rajput’s performance of the baṛā khayāl ‘Kahe sakhī kaise ke karīe’, in Rāg Yaman, the second rāg featured on the album Twilight Rāgs from North India. In this analysis, I seek not only to illustrate what happens and in what order (under the wider principles of baṛhat and laykārī), but also to convey the various ways in which a baṛā khayāl’s ambiguous temporality, and its related interplay between the fixed and the free, permeate the performance ethos and contribute to the experience of musical depth. This also relates to the question of how a baṛā khayāl gets taught; as elsewhere in Rāgs Around the Clock, my account here includes insights gleaned directly from learning with my own guruji, VR.

4.1 Functional anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract - outline of structure, 288 4.2 Saliva, 289 4.3 Swallowing (deglutition), 292 4.4 Stomach, 293 4.5 Small intestine, 297 4.6 Pancreas, 300 4.7 Liver, 302 4.8 Gallbladder, 305 4.9 Large intestine, 306 • The gastrointestinal tract has a fairly consistent general structure that is arranged into 4 concentric layers (see Figure ...

SUMARIO: l. LA POTESTAD ORGANIZATORIA DE LA COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA. 2. ASPECTOS GENERALES DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA 2.1. Personalidad jurídica 2.2. Principios organizativos 2.3. Régimen general de los órganos de la Administración de la Junta de Andalucía 2.4. Especial referencia a los órganos colegiados 3. LA ORGANIZACIÓN CENTRAL DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LA JUNTA DE ANDALUCÍA 3.1. Las Consejerías 3.2. Los órganos directivos de las Consejerías 3.3. Otras estructuras organizativas 3.4. Los órganos interdepartamentales 4. LA ORGANIZACIÓN TERRITORIAL DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LA JUNTA DE ANDALUCÍA 4.1. La organización vicarial fallida 4.2. Las Delegaciones Provinciales 4.3. Las Delegaciones del Gobierno de la Junta de Andalucía 4.4. Otros órganos territoriales ANEXO

SUMARIO: III.1 INTRODUCCIÓN Y CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA INSPECCIÓN URBANÍSTICA III.2 LA TRASCENDENCIA PRE-CONSTITUCIONAL. LA DISCIPLINA URBANÍSTICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN PRECONSTITUCIONAL III.3 LA TRASCENDENCIA POST-CONSTITUCIONAL III.3.1 Regulación en la Constitución Española III.3.2 Derecho Autonómico Comparado III.3.3 Regulación en el Estatuto de Autonomía para Andalucía III.4 EL CUERPO DE INSPECCIÓN DE ORDENACIÓN DEL TERRITORIO, URBANISMO Y VIVIENDA DE LA JUNTA DE ANDALUCÍA (IOTUV) III.4.1 Características.del Cuerpo de Inspección de OTUV III.4.2 Facultades del personal inspector III.4.3 Documentación Inspectora III.4.4 Deberes de los funcionarios de la Inspección III.5 ACTUACIONES DE LA INSPECCIÓN DE ORDENACIÓN DEL TERRITORIO, URBANISMO Y VIVIENDA III.5.1 Actuaciones preventivas. Actuaciones de cooperación y colaboración III.5.2 Actuaciones de la Inspección autonómica en materia de ordenación del territorio y urbanismo dentro del ámbito de sus competencias y ámbito del Plan de Inspección III.5.3 Actuación programada

Abstract The longest selection in the Reader is excerpted from an extended interview with Kenneth Leish, arranged in twelve parts (392 double-spaced pages of typescript and a two-page index of names). Although only the first four parts include dates, It is clear from references to current productions at places like the Music Theater at Lincoln Center that the final portions of the interview did not extend much beyond Summer and Fall 1968.* In a portion of the Reminiscences not reprinted here readers learn that the press suppressed Hart’s excessive drinking as well as his homosexuality, not because Rodgers threatened the publisher of a scandal rag when confronted with questions about Hart’s sexuality, but “because the newspaper people were all crazy about him” (p. 200}. Also in this section Rodgers discloses that For the archivally curious this footnote offers topics, dates (when provided in the interviews), and page numbers for each section: (I) Rodgers’s current activities (December I4, I967), I-39; (2) Background (December I9, I967), 40-84; (3) Producing Avanti and The Garrick Gaieties through A Connecticut Yankee (February 2I, I968), 85-u8; (4) I927-I932 (March I, I968), II9-43; (5) I932-I936, I44-67; (6) Working with Hart, I68-203 [marked on the title page “closed during lifetime”]; (7) Pal Joey and Oklahoma!, 204-46; (8) State Fair and Carousel, 247-78; (9) Allegro and South Pacific, 279-307; (IO) The King and I, Victory at Sea, and Me and Juliet, 308-36; (II) Pipe Dream and The Sound of Music, 337-62; (I2) After Hammerstein, 363-92.

OBJECTIVES Puberty suppression (PS) is a cornerstone of treatment in youth experiencing gender dysphoria. In this study, we aim to inform prescribing professionals on the long-term effects of PS treatment on the development of sex characteristics and surgical implications. METHODS Participants received PS according to the Endocrine Society guideline at Tanner 2 or higher. Data were collected from adolescents who received PS between 2006 and 2013 and from untreated transgender controls. Data collection pre- and post-PS and before surgery included physical examination and surgical information. RESULTS In total, 300 individuals (184 transgender men and 116 transgender women) were included. Of these, 43 individuals started PS treatment at Tanner 2/3, 157 at Tanner 4/5, and 100 used no PS (controls). Breast development was significantly less in transgender men who started PS at Tanner 2/3 compared with those who started at Tanner 4/5 and controls. Mastectomy was more frequently omitted or less invasive after PS. In transgender women, the mean penile length was significantly shorter in the PS groups compared with controls (by 4.8 cm [Tanner 2/3] and 2.1 cm [Tanner 4/5]). As a result, the likelihood of undergoing intestinal vaginoplasty was increased (odds ratio = 84 [Tanner 2/3]; odds ratio = 9.8 [Tanner 4/5]). CONCLUSIONS PS reduces the development of sex characteristics in transgender adolescents. As a result, transgender men may not need to undergo mastectomy, whereas transgender women may require an alternative to penile inversion vaginoplasty. These surgical implications should inform decision-making when initiating PS.

SUMARIO: 1. MODOS DE PROVISIÓN DE SERVICIOS SOCIALES EN ANDALUCÍA 1.1 El Sistema Público de Servicios Sociales de Andalucía 1.2 La gestión indirecta de servicios sociales a la luz de la legislación europea y española sobre contratos del sector público 2. EL CONCIERTO SOCIAL EN LA LEGISLACIÓN ANDALUZA 2.1 La preferencia por el concierto social como modo de gestión indirecta 2.2 Marco jurídico 3. CONFIGURACIÓN LEGAL Y NATURALEZA JURÍDICA 3.1 Del ambiguo tratamiento del concierto social en la Ley de Servicios Sociales de Andalucía 3.2 El concierto social como contrato administrativo especial 3.3 Prioridad condicionada de las entidades de iniciativa social 4. ELEMENTOS SUBJETIVOS 4.1 Las Administraciones contratantes 4.2 Requisitos que deben reunir las entidades que suscriban el concierto social 4.3 Las prohibiciones para contratar 4.4 Solvencia técnica o profesional, compromiso de adscripción de medios y solvencia económica y financiera 5. OBJETO Y CONTENIDO DEL CONCIERTO SOCIAL 5.1 Objeto 5.2 Contenido 6. PREPARACIÓN Y ADJUDICACIÓN DEL CONCIERTO SOCIAL 6.1 Órgano de contratación 6.2 Preparación del concierto social 6.3 Adjudicación del concierto social 7. EJECUCIÓN DEL CONCIERTO SOCIAL 7.1 Efectos del concierto social 7.2 Modificación del concierto social 7.3 Extinción y suspensión del concierto social

In the course of a synthesis of (-)-sclerophytin A 3, James P. Morken of Boston College showed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 16380) that Oshima-Utimoto conditions transformed 1 into 2 with high stereo-and regiocontrol. En route to (+)-dictyosphaeric acid 6, Richard J. K. Taylor of the University of York found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5574) that the intramolecular Michael cyclization of 4 proceeded smooothly to give 5. Xingang Xie and Xuegong She of Lanzhou University devised (Synlett 2010, 2283) the In-mediated cyclization of 7 with benzaldehyde, to effect an elegant synthesis of goniothalesdiol A 9. The carbene-mediated cyclization of 10 to 11 developed (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4836) by David W. Lupton of Monash University set the stage for the synthesis of (-)-7-deoxyloganin 12. Jun’ichi Uenishi of Kyoto Pharmaceutical University showed (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4160) that the Pd-mediated cyclization of 13 proceeded with high diastereocontrol. Intramolecular esterification than led to (-)-apicularen A 15. Martin G. Banwell of the Australian National University established (Heterocycles 2010, 82, 313) that LiHMDS was effective for the cyclization of the alkynyl Weinreb amide 16 to 17. Reduction and deprotection completed the synthesis of the resorcylic lactone L-783, 277 18.

SUMARIO: 1. LOS SERVICIOS TURÍSTICOS 2. LOS SERVICIOS DE INFORMACIÓN TURÍSTICA 2.1. Evolución histórica 2.2. Aproximación conceptual 3. LOS GUÍAS DE TURISMO 3.1. Antecedentes jurídicos y regulación actual de los guías de turismo 3.2. La actividad de los guías de turismo 3.2.1. La Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional 122/1989, de 6 de julio 3.2.2. La Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas 38/1994, de 22 de marzo 3.3. La habilitación de los guías de turismo 3.3.1. Procedimiento general de habilitación 3.3.2. Procedimiento mediante reconocimiento de las cualificaciones profesionales obtenidas en otros Estados miembros de la Unión Europea 3.3.3. Procedimiento mediante la superación de pruebas 3.4. La prestación de la actividad de guías de turismo de forma temporal u ocasional por profesionales de otros Estados miembros 3.5. La inscripción registral y la credencial de los guías de turismo 3.6. Derechos y obligaciones de los guías de turismo 4. LAS OFICINAS DE TURISMO Y LOS PUNTOS DE INFORMACIÓN TURÍSTICA 4.1. Las oficinas de turismo 4.2. Los puntos de información turística 4.3. Deberes de las oficinas de turismo y de los puntos de información turística 5. LA RED DE OFICINAS DE TURISMO DE ANDALUCÍA 5.1. Concepto, integración y funcionamiento 5.2. Deberes y derechos de las oficinas de turismo integradas en la Red BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Abstract Joining of two different materials like aluminium and steel is a challenging task because of the vast differences in their physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining technique which is successful in joining dissimilar materials. In this study, the tool made with Tungsten-Rhenium with a pin length of 4.1 mm is used to weld 4 mm stainless steel and 2 mm aluminium plates in lap configuration with steel as the top plate. The process parameters used in the study are tool rotational speeds between 800 rpm and 1200 rpm, traverse speed ranging from 20 mm/min to 40 mm/min, penetration depth of 4.1 mm to 4.3 mm with a varying tilt between from 0° and 2.5°. The Aluminium is melted during the process because of the high temperature and is thrown out in the form of flash resulting in the formation of defects and a cup like structure at the weld zone. Microstructural analysis confirmed that formation of a sound joint without defects was impossible. The mechanically stirred zone consists of a thin intermetallic layer at the interface of aluminium and steel plates. The thickness of the intermetallic layers formed were between 5 μm and 20 μm. The maximum shear strength of 2.7 kN was achieved with tool rotational speed of 1000 rpm, penetration depth of 4.3 mm and welding speed of 30 mm/min when the angle was tilted at 0°. It is evident from the experiments that the joints achieved were not defect free because of improper mixing of the material.

In platelets exposed to chelating agents at 37°C and recalcified, aggregation to ADP, adrenaline, collagen and thrombin were either abolished or markedly reduced (1). This phenomenon has been suggested to be caused by disruption, by Ca2+ deprivation, of the fibrinogen receptor (glycoprotein lib Ilia complex) on the surface of the platelet (2). This effect was dependent on the exposure time of Ca2+ chelators and was reduced at lower temperatures. We have investigated the effect of exposure of human platelets to EGTA upon aggregation to a range of agonists at both 37 and 25°C. EGTA (5 mM) was incubated with citrated (12.9 mM) whole blood for either 0, 1, 5, 15 or 30 min. One minute following recalcification (5 mM CaCl2), full aggregation concentration-response curves were constructed to ADP and adrenaline (0.1 to 3 μM), PAF (3 to 100 nM), collagen (0.1 to 4 μg/ml) and U46619 (0.03 to 1 μM), using a platelet counting technique (3). At 25°C, EGTA produced little or no significant loss of sensitivity to any agonist. At 37°C marked rightward shifts of the ADP, adrenaline and PAF aggregation curves occurred which were related to the time of incubation with EGTA (e.g. ADP concentration ratios (CR) of 2.0 (0.8-4.8), 4.7 (2.1-10.7), › 186.6 (135.2-257.6) (95% confidence intervals n=4) obtained at 1, 5 and 15 min respectively). Following 30 min incubation aggregation to all three agonists was abolished (up to ADP 300 pM; adrenaline 100 μM; PAF 10 μM). In contrast, whilst collagen and U46619 concentration-effect curves were displaced to the right following 30 minutes exposure to EGTA (CR =13.6 (6.1-30.4) and 9.0 (4.3-18.7) respectively, n=4) full aggregation curves could still be established. Furthermore, a 60 min incubation with EGTA caused little further effect. Our findings suggest platelet agonists such as collagen and U46619, but not ADP, adrenaline and PAF, can evoke expression of a population of fibrinogen receptor sites involved in platelet aggregation that are inaccessible to EGTA.(1) Zucker, MB & Grant, RA (1978). Blood, 52, 505. (2)Shattil, SJ et al. (1985). Blood, 66, 92. (3) Lumley, P & Humphrey, PPA (1981). J. Pharm. Methods, 6, 153.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for Sri Lankans, and it serves as a key source of essential mineral elements. The variation of grain nutrient concentrations as affected by genetic factors (variety, grain color and age group) are not known, and those were tested in the current study. Total of 200 rice grain samples were collected using a stratified random sampling approach, representing all agro-climatic zones in Sri Lanka. Grain nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations were measured using Kjeldahl, Colorimetric, and General methods, respectively. Grain N P and K concentrations were significantly different among rice varieties (P<0.1). Grain N concentration varied between 4-19 mg g−1 . The highest grain N concentration was recorded in Bg 307 (14 mg g−1 ) while the lowest (i.e., < 10 mg g−1 ) in Bg 367, Bg 374, Bg 358, Bg 310 and Bg 379-2. Grain P concentration varied in the range 0.6- 1.7 mg g−1 . Grain P concentration in At 406 was the highest (1.6 mg g-1), followed by Bg 307, Bg 94-1, Bg 367 i.e., >1.3 mg g-1 and the lowest in Bg 403, Ld 365 and Bg 310 i.e., < 1 mg g−1 . Bg 357, Ld 365, Bg 406, Ld 368 and Bg 310 rice varieties showed significantly lower P concentration than other varieties (P<0.1) Grain N, P and K concentrations were similar among different age classes of rice varieties (P>0.05). Moreover, grain N and P concentrations between the red and white grain varieties were similar (P>0.05). However, varieties with white color grains had higher K concentration than in red rice varieties. There was a significant correlation between grain P and K concentrations (r =0.496, P<0.001). This information would be useful when selecting rice varieties with high and low nutritional qualities and implementing sustainable nutrient management practices in rice-based cropping systems in Sri Lanka. KEYWORDS: Age class, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Rice

ABSTRACT Geothermal formations are generally fractured using water-based fracturing fluid, which has several issues, such as high-water consumption and environmental issues. In this study, a waterless stimulation method was used on granite samples. Studying the optimum injection time of LN2 in HDR formations for efficient fracturing will be beneficial for the future of EGS. Effects of varying LN2 exposure time on heated granite samples and their mechanical and physical properties were studied. Eleven core samples were heated to different temperatures, up to 482°F, and treated with LN2 for different times of 10,20, and 30 minutes. CT scan, porosity, permeability, and ultrasonic velocities tests were conducted both before and after LN2 treatment. Later, unconfined compressive strength and X-Ray Diffraction tests were conducted on the treated samples. The results indicated that the physical and mechanical properties of the core samples were altered after implementing LN2 treatment. The permeability enhancement was more significant than the porosity improvement. The ultrasonic velocities of the samples decreased after the cryogenic treatment owing to the creations of the new fractures inside the samples. Increasing the treatment temperature and treatment time results in an increase in the permeability of samples, which will improve the heat extraction in geothermal formations. INTRODUCTION As an abundant and sustainable energy source, geothermal energy, particularly stored in hot dry rocks (HDR), can play a critical role in reducing the fossil fuel consumption and the associated environmental dangers such as carbon dioxide emissions, water pollution, and acid rain (Lu, 2018; Y. Shi et al., 2018; Tester et al., 2006). The amount of heat present in HDR is large, approximately 1.4 × 1025 J in the United States and over 2.52×1025 J in China, and the temperature is higher than in the other geothermal systems, 300°F – 1200°F (Song et al., 2018). The most suitable rock type for HDR is granite or other crystalline basement rock with temperatures from 300°F to 950°F at depths from 3 to 4 miles (Potter et al., 1974). The method of producing energy from hot dry rocks is known as Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). Even though there are startling numbers regarding the potential of EGS from numerous studies around the world, tapping energy from HDR is still in progression (Breede et al., 2013).

Abstract Enhanced oil recovery by steam injection requires the burning of natural gas, a finite and expensive resource for steam production. However, solar energy can be harnessed for steam production via solar parabolic troughs. In this study, the design and application of a solar parabolic trough, in tandem with a heat exchanger for producing steam for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in Trinidad and Tobago is presented. Excel spreadsheets were developed to perform the calculations and to optimize the size and design of the parabolic trough collector for maximum heating efficiency. The parabolic trough designed was 36 m in length and consisted of a parabolic aluminum reflector, stainless steel receiver tube, and a glass envelope that surrounded the receiver tube. The heat transfer fluid used was Therminol VP-1, a synthetic oil, which was heated up to 403 °C. Once heated, the heat transfer fluid was then transferred to a heat exchanger whereby steam was produced at 300°C. Overall, 4 of the parabolic trough collector systems were required to heat enough fluid to fill the calculated 343 tubes of the heat exchanger, which were 0.091 m in diameter and 4.9m in length. The total cost of the parabolic troughs and the heat exchanger tubes was calculated to be USD 119,562. By having a mass flow rate of 46 kg/s for the water within the heat exchanger, approximately 1630 barrels of oil were economically produced at a maximum steam oil ratio of 4.5 after one day of steam injection. A cash flow projection was completed using both operational and capital expenditure of the parabolic trough collector. From this study, the parabolic trough system was shown to generate a profit of USD 1.8 MM after six months of steam injection. Profit calculation considered both capital and operating expenditure as well as the income gained from oil recovery due to the parabolic trough collector. The spreadsheet developed can be used to design similar systems of steam generation for enhanced oil recovery projects of different scales.

Стоянка Костенки 9 (Бирючий Лог) относится к однослойным памятникам КостенковскоБорщевского района. Стоянка открыта в 1937 г. П.П. Ефименко в ходе шурфовки периферии Костенок 8. В 1959 г. А.Н. Рогачев разбил раскоп 510 м вокруг глинокопной ямы, которая частично вскрыла локальное скопление культурных остатков с кострищем по центру. Вне скопления находки отсутствовали. А.Н. Рогачев интерпретировал объект как остатки жилища. Каменный инвентарь Костенок 9 из раскопа 1959 г. насчитывает более 3200 предметов (включая микродебитаж), в том числе 423 предмета с вторичной обработкой. Сырье индустрии меловой кремень (98,5), цветной моренный() кремень, кремневая опока, кварцит, сланец. В качестве основных видов заготовок для орудий использовались пластины и пластинки. Среди морфологически выраженных орудий количественно доминируют микроорудия пластинки с притупленным краем и единичные микроострия с притупленным краем. Пластинки с притупленным краем Костенок 9, несмотря на некоторую метрическую вариабельность по длине и ширине, крайне единообразны с типологической точки зрения это прямоугольники , концы которых, как правило, усечены крутой вентральной ретушью. Примерно равную долю в орудийном наборе составляют долотовидные орудия, резцы, на сломе заготовки, двугранные, реже ретушные, и скребки, представленные исключительно концевыми формами. Серийны острия, среди которых выделяются крупные листовидные изделия на пластинах с контурной дорсальной ретушью. яркой отличительной чертой каменной индустрии Костенок 9 является присутствие 57 шлифованных сланцевых предметов. Коллекция из раскопа 1959 г. насчитывает четыре фрагмента галек сланца со следами шлифования, а также два граненных сланцевых стержня, шлифованных по всей поверхности. Изделия из кости и бивня представлены обломком лощилообразного орудия из ребра мамонта и двумя фрагментами округлых в сечении бивневых стержней. Украшения представлены клыком песца с просверленным отверстием. В 20062007 г. под руководством А.В. Попова и А.Ю. Пустовалова на стоянке велись охранные раскопки на суммарной площади 9 кв.м. Полученная коллекция каменного инвентаря 316 экз. Типологически набор артефактов повторяет инвентарь предыдущих раскопок с добавлением находки двояковыпуклого шлифованного диска из сланца. Были также найдены 2 обломка лощила с нарезками по краям из ребра мамонта, фрагмент кости с пазом, а также подвеска из пластины бивня с 2 прорезанными отверстиями. В 2019 г. на Костенках 9 С.Н. Лисицыным вблизи раскопа А.Н. Рогачева был заложен шурф 23 м. В культурном слое были обнаружены 83 артефакта, включая еще один сланцевый шлифованный диск. Костяные изделия представлены находкой бивневой пуговицы с перехватом александровского типа. Костенки 9 долгое время не имели культурной атрибуции и датировки. Результаты полевых исследований последнего десятилетия в Костенковско-Борщевском районе позволяют сделать вывод об археологической идентичности каменной и костяной индустрий Костенок 9 и Борщево 5/I, существенная часть специфических типов орудий и украшений которых имеет также полные аналогии в материалах Костенок 4 (Александровка). Полученные в 2019 г. по Костенкам 9 в оксфордской лаборатории 14С даты 2422 тыс.л.н. не противоречат подобной ассоциации. На настоящий момент, можно говорить о выделении на Дону культурно обособленного варианта граветта, хронологическая позиция которого определяется в пределах 2522 тыс. л. н. Работа подготовлена в рамках реализации ФНИ ГАН по теме государственной работы 0184-2019-0001 Древнейшие обитатели России и сопредельных стран: пути и время расселения, эволюция культуры и общества, адаптация к природной среде , а также при поддержке РФФИ, проект 18-00-00837 КОМФИ Культурная география верхнего палеолита центральных районов Русской равнины: восточный граветт и эпиграветт .

The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is one of the fully superconducting tokamak, its aim at the long-pulse operation (1000s) to study the physics of steady-state operation for nuclear fusion sciences. In order to support the steady-state operation and physical research, the high power neutral beam injection (NBI) system need to be employed on the EAST for the plasma heating and current driving. According to the scientific study schedule of the EAST, the designed NBI system includes two beam lines which will be constructed in two phases. Each beam line will deliver a deuterium neutral beam with beam energy of 50–80 keV with beam duration of 10–100 s. Each beam line has the maximum beam power of 4MW. The high current ion source is one of the most important parts in the high power NBI. A hot cathode positive ion based source was developed for EAST-NBI, which shown in Fig. 1. The ion source contains a bucket hot cathode arc chamber with 650 mm long, 260 mm width and 300 mm depth. There are 32 hairpin filaments with diamond of 1.5 mm and 160 mm long to supply primary electrons. A tetrode type accelerator with slit type used to extract the ions from the plasma and accelerated to the desired energy. The beam extraction area is 120 mm × 480 mm (can be changed) with beam transmittance of 60 %. The designed beam species is deuterium with beam power of 2–4 MW and beam energy of 50–80 keV and beam pulse length of 10–100 s. The ion source needs to be conditioning before operation on the EAST-NBI. An ion source test bed was designed and developed for the ion source performance tests and the optimization verification. The characteristics of ion source were tested with hydrogen beam, and each ion source should achieve 4MW ion beam with beam energy of 80 keV. The optimum beam perveance and arc efficiency were analyzed too. The optimum beam perveance was 2.8 μp with beam energy of 50 keV and the arc efficiency was 0.55A/kw. Long pulse operation was one of the requests of EAST ion source. The real-time feedback control method was employed and can got stable plasma and ion beam. The beam extraction was tested to achieve 100 s on the test bed. Consider the high power deposited on the calorimeter, the beam was modulated with suitable frequency and duty ratio. When the conditioning finished, the ion sources were moved to the EAST-NBI. The deuterium beam was extracted and injected into the EAST plasma. Details of the performance of positive ion source on the test bed and EAST-NBI will be presented.

Abstract Aminopolycarboxylate-based chelants are used to control iron precipitation during acidizing operations by interacting directly with the iron, resulting in water-soluble complexes. This paper highlights that, in order to improve the effectiveness of iron control during acidizing operations, the type and the concentration of the chelants should be based on the formation properties and the well characteristics by comparing the cheltors’ performance as iron-control agents at different temperatures and pH environments with different levels of iron concentrations and chelant to iron molar ratios in acid (HCl). This study also addresses the interactions between the tested iron-control additives and acid, as well as the performance of the chelants in carbonate cores. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), glutamic acid, N, N-diacetic acid (GLDA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) as iron control additives in 5 wt% HCl at pH values 0 to 4.5 to simulate carbonate acidizing at temperatures of 70 to 300°F, and initial iron concentrations of 2000 ppm. The performance of NTA and EDTA was also compared at higher initial iron concentration (4000 ppm). This work also quantified the effects of acid additives such as corrosion inhibitor and non-ionic surfactant on the chelation performance. Coreflood experiments using carbonate cores in acid with chelant helped determine its influence on permeability. Testing chelant-to-acid molar ratios of 1:1, 1.1:1, 1.2:1, 1.3:1, 1.4:1, 1.5:1, and 2:1 relative to iron concentration yielded optimal values. Additional tests monitored iron precipitation in solution using an inductively coupled argon plasma (ICAP) emission spectroscopy. Precipitates were filtered and analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Without chelant, at 70°F and 2000 ppm initial iron concentration, precipitation began at pH 1.45 and completed by pH 2.42. At 150 and 210°F, iron precipitated at pH 0.68 and 0.3 and completed by pH 1.3 and 1, respectively. At 70°F, NTA showed a minimum of 98% chelation at pH 4.3; however, its performance declined at 150°F to 74% chelation at pH 4.24, and at 210°F to 53% chelation at pH 4.0. Although DTPA dissolves completely in live acid, precipitations occurred at partially spent acid. At pH 0.15, SEM-EDS showed that the precipitate contains as much as 13 wt% iron. Thus, DTPA is not a suitable iron-control agent. HEDTA showed a 90% chelation at 210°F and pH 4.8. GLDA's performance declined to less than 50% at 150°F. At higher iron concentrations of 4000 ppm, Na3NTA kept all iron in solution in a 5 wt% HCl up to pH 4.0 at 70°F and its performance declined to a minimum of 97% at pH 4.7 at same temperature. At 150°F, and 210°F, Na3NTA started to gradually decline at pH values greater than 3.9, and 3.5, respectively. The minimum chelation reached by NTA was 91% at pH 4.4, at 150°F, and 73% at pH 4 at 210°F. Upon comparing the NTA's results at high iron concentrations to the popular EDTA, Na4EDTA at 1-to-1 mole ratio with iron exceeded its maximum solubility in 5 wt% HCl and precipitated in the original solution. For NTA, a molar ratio of 1.4:1 is optimal at 70 and 150°F, showing chelation performance of 95% and 94%, respectively, while a molar ratio of 1.5:1 is optimal at 210°F, showing a chelation performance of 87%. This study's results improve field operations by identifying NTA and HEDTA as having the best iron-control chelation performance of the five additives tested, thus reducing guesswork and streamlining production. The work also provided recommendations for choosing the best type of iron-control agent based on solubility and coreflood analysis. The results can be used to design more efficient acidizing fluids. This work won second place in the Masters division of the 2020 Gulf Coast Regional Student Paper Contest, April 2020.

Two major components of insensitive munition formulations, nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), are highly water soluble and therefore likely to photo-transform while in solution in the environment. The ecotoxicities of NQ and NTO solutions are known to increase with UV exposure, but a detailed accounting of aqueous degradation rates, products, and pathways under different exposure wavelengths is currently lacking. We irradiated aqueous solutions of NQ and NTO over a 32-h period at three ultraviolet wavelengths and analyzed their degradation rates and transformation products. NQ was completely degraded by 30 min at 254 nm and by 4 h at 300 nm, but it was only 10% degraded after 32 h at 350 nm. Mass recoveries of NQ and its transformation products were >80% for all three wavelengths. NTO degradation was greatest at 300 nm with 3% remaining after 32 h, followed by 254 nm (7% remaining) and 350 nm (20% remaining). Mass recoveries of NTO and its transformation products were high for the first 8 h but decreased to 22–48% by 32 h. Environmental half-lives of NQ and NTO in pure water were estimated as 4 and 6 days, respectively. We propose photo-degradation pathways for NQ and NTO supported by observed and quantified degradation products and changes in solution pH.

This study conducted small-scale trials under various concentration and exposure time (CET) scenarios to determine florpyrauxifen-benzyl activity on dioecious hydrilla and hybrid watermilfoil and determine impact on water stargrass and elodea. Hydrilla treated with 12, 24, or 36 μg active ingredient (a.i.) L⁻¹ florpyrauxifen-benzyl and exposed for 12, 24, or 48 hr under outdoor mesocosm conditions was reduced in biomass by 30-75% at 8 weeks after treatment (WAT). An additional hydrilla trial at the same herbicide concentrations, but under longer exposures (24, 72, or 168 hr), resulted in 33–85% plant control. Under indoor conditions, hybrid watermilfoil dry weight decreased 98–100% with subsurface applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl under CET scenarios of 3–12 μg a.i. L⁻¹ at 3–24 hr exposure times in a growth chamber trial. Under shorter exposure periods (0.5–4 hr) in a follow-up trial, low doses (3–9 μg a.i. L⁻¹) achieved 50–100% control of hybrid watermilfoil. In the same trial, the nontarget species water stargrass and elodea proved relatively tolerant to the florpyrauxifen-benzyl at doses up to 6 μg a.i. L⁻¹ (4 hr exposure) and 9 μg a.i. L⁻¹ (1 hr exposure). These small-scale trials demonstrate florpyrauxifen-benzyl’s potential to selectively manage invasive species.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the second version of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADSv2) scores in predicting positive in-bore MRI-guided targeted prostate biopsy results across different non-university related institutions. The study focuses on PI-RADS v2 scoring because during the study period, PI-RADS v2.1 had not been released. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective review of 147 patients who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the pelvis followed by in-bore MRI-guided targeted prostate biopsy from December 2014 to May 2018. All lesions on mpMRI were rated according to PI-RADS v2 criteria. PI-RADS v2 scores were then compared to MR-guided biopsy results and pre-biopsy PSA values. Results: Prostate Cancer (PCa) was detected in 54% (80/147) of patients, with more prostate cancer being detected with each subsequent increase in PI-RADS scores. Specifically, biopsy results in patients with PI-RADS 3, 4, and 5 lesions resulted in PCa in 25.6% (10/39), 58.1% (33/55), and 86.0% (37/43) respectively. Clinically significant PCa (Gleason score ≥7) was detected in 17.9% (7/39), 52.7% (29/55), and 72% (31/43) of cases for PI-RADS 3, 4, and 5 lesions respectively. When the PI-RADS scoring and biopsy results were compared across different institutions, there was no difference in the PI-RADS scoring of lesions or in the positive biopsy rates of the lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for PI-RADS 3-4 lesions were also not statistically different across the institutions for detecting Gleason 7 or greater lesions. Conclusion: Our results agree with prior studies that higher PI-RADS scores are associated with the presence of clinically significant PCa and suggest prostate lesions with PI-RADS scores 3-5 have sufficient evidence to warrant targeted biopsy. The comparison of PI-RADS score across different types of non-university practices revealed no difference in scoring and biopsy outcome, suggesting that PI-RADS v2 can be easily applied outside of the university medical center setting. Clinical Relevance: PI-RADS v2 can be applied homogeneously in the non-university setting without significant difference in outcome.

The EuroSea project has been running for 4 years by the writing of this report, and this report covers months 33-48 of the action at a time when most tasks are completed and deliverables submitted. However, a few items still need to be finalized as we have experienced delays for a few items, mostly due to COVID, or Brexit, but we expect all of those to be solved before the end of the project by the end of 2023. The progress of the WPs is summarized below, and is described in more detail in the main part of this report. As an innovation action, EuroSea is keeping a close eye on creating impact and on creating services and products that will last past the lifetime of the project. Therefore, we would like to emphasis the registry of impacts that is published on the EuroSea website1. These about 100 areas illustrate the impact that EuroSea has had on improving the European ocean observing and forecasting system. EuroSea has produced a number of targeted services and products for ocean health, operational services and climate, that are tested and used by the stakeholders. (EuroSea Deliverable, D9.4)

Background: The tens of thousands of academic journal websites that are on the Internet today often do not have a clear organizational structure for their website. If most of them are convenient enough for readers (if the journal is open access), then many have problems informing authors about the conditions, the process of submitting and reviewing the manuscript. The Editorial Offices empirically populate the journal's website with content that can change dramatically (both in terms of website design and content) as the journal develops. Aim of Study: To develop a website model for an academic journal that takes into account the basic requirements for the preparation, publication, and archiving of high quality scientific manuscripts. Material and Methods: The academic journal website model is based on a structural-functional approach. The website content consists of text and integrated applications. This model takes into account the basic requirements for the preparation, publication, and archiving of high-quality open access scientific manuscripts, as well as the indexing of journal articles by leading indexing agencies. Results: The academic journal website model is structured with the following menu and submenu elements: 1. HOME: 1.1. Journal information; 1.2. From the editorial office; 1.3. Databases, Indexing; 2. EDITORIAL BOARD: 2.1. Editorial board; 2.2. Reviewers; 2.3. Editing and reviewing process; 3. EDITORIAL POLICIES: 3.1. Editorial policies; 3.2. Plagiarism policy; 3.3. Open access policy; 3.4. The ethics codex of scientific publications; 3.5. Disclaimer; 3.6. License terms; 3.7. Terms of publications (fee); 4. ARCHIV: 4.1. Previous issues; 4.2. Current issue; 4.3. Articles online first; 5. INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS: 5.1. General recommendations; 5.2. Manuscript templates; 5.3. Supplemental materials; 6. STATISTICS: 6.1. Publications; 6.2. Authors; 6.3. Readers; 7. CONTACTS: 7.1. Contact; 7.2. Subscriptions; 7.3. Search. Conclusions: This academic journal website model was implemented for the International Journal of Science Annals (IJSA). Authors and readers of IJSA noted the advantages of the model proposed by the author, including: a convenient and understandable website interface, the availability of the necessary hyperlinks to the pages of the journal's website and external media (sites of indexed agencies, library archives, etc.), convenient search for information on the website and published in the journal articles (by author, publication, text of the article), availability of integrated applications (online submission of manuscripts, filing appeals against the decision of reviewers and complaints about published articles, viewing the interactive printed version of the journal, etc.), availability of templates (for authors, reviewers), availability of multiple formats for archiving articles (PDF, DOAJ, XML, TXT), the ability to choose the style of citing the article and the website language (English, Ukrainian), etc. Keywords: journal, model, website, academic, indexing

Vibration compaction is the most effective way of compacting coarse-grained materials. The effects of vibration frequency and amplitude on the compaction density of different backfill materials commonly used by INDOT (No. 4 natural sand, No. 24 stone sand, and No. 5, No. 8, No. 43 aggregates) were studied in this research. The test materials were characterized based on the particle sizes and morphology parameters using digital image analysis technique. Small-scale laboratory compaction tests were carried out with variable frequency and amplitude of vibrations using vibratory hammer and vibratory table. The results show an increase in density with the increase in amplitude and frequency of vibration. However, the increase in density with the increase in amplitude of vibration is more pronounced for the coarse aggregates than for the sands. A comparison of the maximum dry densities of different test materials shows that the dry densities obtained after compaction using the vibratory hammer are greater than those obtained after compaction using the vibratory table when both tools were used at the highest amplitude and frequency of vibration available. Large-scale vibratory roller compaction tests were performed in the field for No. 30 backfill soil to observe the effect of vibration frequency and number of passes on the compaction density. Accelerometer sensors were attached to the roller drum (Caterpillar, model CS56B) to measure the frequency of vibration for the two different vibration settings available to the roller. For this roller and soil tested, the results show that the higher vibration setting is more effective. Direct shear tests and direct interface shear tests were performed to study the impact of particle characteristics of the coarse-grained backfill materials on interface shear resistance. The more angular the particles, the greater the shear resistance measured in the direct shear tests. A unique relationship was found between the normalized surface roughness and the ratio of critical-state interface friction angle between sand-gravel mixture with steel to the internal critical-state friction angle of the sand-gravel mixture.

The National Park Service (NPS) began monitoring landbirds at Channel Islands National Park in 1993 as part of its long-term inventory and monitoring program. The park?s landbird monitoring later became part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Division?s Mediterranean Coast Network long-term monitoring programs. Consequently, landbird monitoring has been conducted in the park during every breeding season since 1993. In this report, we summarize data collected during the 2020 breeding season. Landbird monitoring was conducted between 1 April and 30 June 2020. Using distance-based sampling methods in a standardized protocol, birds were counted on 7 of 10 permanent line transects (70%) (2 of 3 on Santa Barbara Island, 1 of 1 on East Anacapa Island, and 4 of 5 on San Miguel Island). Two transects were not sampled in 2020 because of nesting California Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) on Santa Barbara Island (i.e., Canyons Transect) and reduced person hours and unfavorable winds on San Miguel Island (i.e., San Miguel Hill Transect). For point counts, 225 of 338 (67%) permanent stations were counted (i.e., 30 of 33 points on Santa Barbara Island, 8 of 8 on East Anacapa Island, 100 of 112 on Santa Cruz Island, 40 of 40 on San Miguel Island, and 47 of 145 on Santa Rosa Island). The 8 Prisoners? Cove points were not counted in 2020. Three points were not counted on Santa Barbara Island due to nesting pelicans: these points and the transect were also not counted in 2016?2019 to avoid disturbing breeding pelicans. Other points (i.e., on east Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island) were not counted due in large part to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Traveling to and from the park was only granted to essential NPS staff for the majority of the landbird season. Fifty-one bird species were counted from points and transects across all of the islands in 2020; 39 of these are breeding species on the island. Parkwide, the 10 most commonly detected breeding landbirds in 2020 were, in descending order: Horned Lark, Spotted Towhee, Song Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, Western Meadowlark, Orange-crowned Warbler, Bewick?s Wren, Island Scrub-Jay, House Finch, and Common Raven. On East Anacapa Island, 26 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 5 species were counted in 2020. No new transient species were detected in 2020; 10 transient or visiting species (nonbreeding, native species recorded only once or twice during surveys) have been counted on the island overall since 1993. On Santa Barbara Island, 49 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 15 species were counted in 2020. The highest number of Horned Lark since 1993 were counted in 2020 (n = 451). Warbling Vireo was a new transient species counted in 2020 on Santa Barbara; 30 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Cruz Island, 74 landbird species have been counted since 2013; 34 species were counted in 2020. Bullock?s Oriole was a new transient species counted in 2020 on Santa Cruz; 21 transient or visiting species have been counted on this island since 2013. On San Miguel Island, 69 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 14 were counted in 2020. No transient species were counted in 2020; 34 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Rosa Island, 75 landbird species have been counted since 1994; 26 were detected in 2020. Rose-breasted Grosbeak was a new transient species counted in 2020 on Santa Rosa Island; 30 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1994. Across all the 5 islands, 3 transient or visiting bird species were newly counted in 2020, for a total of 77 such species counted since NPS monitoring began on the islands. Nonnative and invasive birds were counted on only 1 of the 5 islands in 2020: 4 European Starlings on Santa Rosa Island. However, anecdotal sightings of nonnative species occurred much more frequently (i.e., outside of the point and transect counts), and were made on all islands except Anacapa in 2020. The highest numbers of nonnative species detections occurred on Santa Cruz Island, with 33 detections of Eurasian Collared Dove (primarily at the Main Ranch area in the Central Valley), 15 detections of Brown-headed Cowbird (primarily at Scorpion Harbor), and 15 detections of European Starling (primarily at the Main Ranch and Scorpion Harbor). House Sparrows were observed fewer times, but on all islands except Anacapa; cowbirds occurred on all islands except Anacapa and San Miguel; and Rock Pigeon occurred on Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz Islands. In 2020, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, 67% of all points and 77% of all transects were counted among the 5 islands. Santa Rosa received the lightest sampling of points (32%), due to the difficulty of getting observers onto the island. Even with diminished sampling, species richness (number of species) values fell in predictable patterns: richness was greatest on the larger islands (75 on Santa Rosa, 73 on Santa Cruz) and least on the smallest islands (26 on Anacapa, 48 on Santa Barbara). We continue to recommend that nonnative invasive species, such as European Starlings on Santa Rosa Island, be removed before their numbers become harder to manage. Also, because Distance analyses assist statistically with evaluations of trends, we continue to recommend that a trend analysis using program DISTANCE, or newer hierarchical distance analyses, should be used after the 2020 season to assess 5-year trends in breeding species? numbers following the 2015 trend analysis conducted by Coonan and Dye (2016).

Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.

: The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and performance led to the following hypothesis: (a) thethermoregulatory-response threshold for heat production can be altered by thermal manipulation (TM) during incubation so as to improve the acquisition of thermotolerance in the post-hatch broiler;and (b) TM during embryogenesis will improve myoblast proliferation during the embryonic and post-hatch periods with subsequent enhanced muscle growth and meat production. The original objectives of this study were as follow: 1. to assess the timing, temperature, duration, and turning frequency required for optimal TM during embryogenesis; 2. to evaluate the effect of TM during embryogenesis on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during four phases: (1) embryogenesis, (2) at hatch, (3) during growth, and (4) during heat challenge near marketing age; 3. to investigate the stimulatory effect of thermotolerance on hormones that regulate thermogenesis and stress (T₄, T₃, corticosterone, glucagon); 4. to determine the effect of TM on performance (BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass yield, breast muscle yield) of broiler chickens; and 5. to study the effect of TM during embryogenesis on skeletal muscle growth, including myoblast proliferation and fiber development, in the embryo and post-hatch chicks.This study has achieved all the original objectives. Only the plasma glucagon concentration (objective 3) was not measured as a result of technical obstacles. Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of embryogenesis when satellite cell population normally expand should increase absolute pectoralis muscle weight in broilers post-hatch. Major conclusions: Intermittent TM (39.5°C for 12 h/day) during embryogenesis when the thyroid and adrenal axis was developing and maturing (E7 to E16 inclusive) had a long lasting thermoregulatory effect that improved thermotolerance of broiler chickens exposed to acute thermal stress at market age by lowering their functional Tb set point, thus lowering metabolic rate at hatch, improving sensible heat loss, and significantly decreasing the level of stress. Increased machine ventilation rate was required during TM so as to supply the oxygen required for the periods of increased embryonic development. Enhancing embryonic development was found to be accomplished by a combination of pre-incubation heating of embryos for 12 h at 30°C, followed by increasing incubation temperature to 38°C during the first 3 days of incubation. It was further facilitated by increasing turning frequency of the eggs to 48 or 96 times daily. TM during critical phases of muscle development in the late-term chick embryo (E16 to E18) for 3 or 6 hours (39.5°C) had an immediate stimulatory effect on myoblast proliferation that lasted for up to two weeks post-hatch; this was followed by increased hypertrophy at later ages. The various incubation temperatures and TM durations focused on the fine-tuning of muscle development and growth processes during late-term embryogenesis as well as in post-hatch chickens.

Objectives. To update the evidence on benefits and harms of cannabinoids and similar plant-based compounds to treat chronic pain using a living systematic review approach. Data sources. Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS® databases; reference lists of included studies; and submissions received after Federal Register request were searched to April 4, 2022. Review methods. Using dual review, we screened search results for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with chronic pain evaluating cannabis, kratom, and similar compounds with any comparison group and at least 1 month of treatment or followup. Dual review was used to abstract study data, assess study-level risk of bias, and rate the strength of evidence (SOE). Prioritized outcomes included pain, overall function, and adverse events. We grouped studies that assessed tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) based on their THC to CBD ratio and categorized them as comparable THC to CBD ratio, high-THC to CBD ratio, and low-THC to CBD ratio. We also grouped studies by whether the product was a whole-plant product (cannabis), cannabinoids extracted or purified from a whole plant, or a synthetic product. We conducted meta-analyses using the profile likelihood random effects model and assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic chi square test and the I2 statistic. Magnitude of benefit was categorized as no effect or small, moderate, and large effects. Results. From 3,283 abstracts, 21 RCTs (N=1,905) and 8 observational studies (N=13,769) assessing different cannabinoids were included; none evaluated kratom. Studies were primarily short term, and 59 percent enrolled patients with neuropathic pain. Comparators were primarily placebo or usual care. The SOE was low unless otherwise noted. Compared with placebo, comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray was associated with a small benefit in change in pain severity (7 RCTs, N=632, 0 to10 scale, mean difference [MD] −0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.95 to −0.19, I2=39%; SOE: moderate) and overall function (6 RCTs, N=616, 0 to 10 scale, MD −0.42, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.16, I2=32%). There was no effect on study withdrawals due to adverse events. There was a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea (dizziness: 6 RCTs, N=866, 31.0% vs. 8.0%, relative risk [RR] 3.57, 95% CI 2.42 to 5.60, I2=0%; sedation: 6 RCTs, N=866, 8.0% vs. 1.2%, RR 5.04, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.89, I2=0%; and nausea: 6 RCTs, N=866, 13% vs. 7.5%, RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.77, I2=0%). Synthetic products with high-THC to CBD ratios were associated with a moderate improvement in pain severity, a moderate increase in sedation, and a large increase in nausea (pain: 6 RCTs, N=390, 0 to 10 scale, MD −1.15, 95% CI −1.99 to −0.54, I2=48%; sedation: 3 RCTs, N=335, 19% vs. 10%, RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.63, I2=28%; nausea: 2 RCTs, N=302, 12.3% vs. 6.1%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.77 to 5.39; I²=0%). We also found moderate SOE for a large increased risk of dizziness (2 RCTs, 32% vs. 11%, RR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47 to 6.86, I2=40%). Extracted whole-plant products with high-THC to CBD ratios (oral) were associated with a large increased risk of study withdrawal due to adverse events (1 RCT, 13.9% vs. 5.7%, RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.54 to 6.33) and dizziness (1 RCT, 62.2% vs. 7.5%, RR 8.34, 95% CI 4.53 to 15.34); outcomes assessing benefit were not reported or insufficient. We observed a moderate improvement in pain severity when combining all studies of high-THC to CBD ratio (8 RCTs, N=684, MD −1.25, 95% CI −2.09 to −0.71, I2=58%; SOE: moderate). Evidence (including observational studies) on whole-plant cannabis, topical or oral CBD, low-THC to CBD, other cannabinoids, comparisons with active products or between cannabis-related products, and impact on use of opioids was insufficient to draw conclusions. Other important harms (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, and cognitive effects) were not reported. Conclusions. Low to moderate strength evidence suggests small to moderate improvements in pain (mostly neuropathic), and moderate to large increases in common adverse events (dizziness, sedation, nausea) with high- and comparable THC to CBD ratio extracted cannabinoids and synthetic products during short-term treatment (1 to 6 months); high-THC to CBD ratio products were also associated with increased risk of withdrawal due to adverse events. Evidence for whole-plant cannabis and other comparisons, outcomes, and plant-based compounds was unavailable or insufficient to draw conclusions. Small sample sizes, lack of evidence for moderate and long-term use and other key outcomes, such as other adverse events and impact on use of opioids during treatment, indicate that more research is needed.