Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "24.29 theatre studies: other"

BackgroundThe experience of art offers an emerging field in healthcare staff development, much of which is appropriate to the practice of palliative care. The workings of aesthetic learning interventions such as interactive theatre in relation to palliative and end of-life care staff development programmes are widely uncharted.AimTo investigate the use of aesthetic learning interventions used in palliative and end-of-life care staff development programmes.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPublished literature from 1997 to 2015, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, key journals and citation tracking.ResultsThe review included 138 studies containing 60 types of art. Studies explored palliative care scenarios from a safe distance. Learning from art as experience involved the amalgamation of action, emotion and meaning. Art forms were used to transport healthcare professionals into an aesthetic learning experience that could be reflected in the lived experience of healthcare practice. The proposed learning included the development of practical and technical skills; empathy and compassion; awareness of self; awareness of others and the wider narrative of illness; and personal development.ConclusionAesthetic learning interventions might be helpful in the delivery of palliative care staff development programmes by offering another dimension to the learning experience. As researchers continue to find solutions to understanding the efficacy of such interventions, we argue that evaluating the contextual factors, including the interplay between the experience of the programme and its impact on the healthcare professional, will help identify how the programmes work and thus how they can contribute to improvements in palliative care.References. 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During the course of the 21th century, there appeared trends and schools that characterised European theatrical practice as a whole, and yet the functioning of the academic discipline would traverse different paths in small-language cultures, especially those that fell under Soviet power, than the rest of the continent did. We associate the emergence of theatre studies as an academic discipline with the emerging concept of performativity, as seen in Erika Fischer-Lichte’s impactful paper. “However, the discovery of the performative dates back to the beginning of this century. It resulted, among other things, in the birth of a new academic discipline – theatre studies.” (Erika Fischer-Lichte, „From Text to Performance: The Rise of Theatre Studies as an Academic Discipline in Germany”, Theatre Research International 24, No. 2. [1999]: 168–178, 168.) From the vantage point of the hundred-year-long history of German theatre studies, this statement is undeniably inspiring, since on the one hand, it allows us to glimpse the shared characteristics of performance culture at the beginning of the century, from Craig through Appia to Stanislavski, and on the other, it lets us note that decades later, the language theory research beginning with Austen derives inspiration from a completely different experiential platform when it comes to the performative character of language (and not that of bodily processes.) However, in small-language cultures we perceive a different academic practice, therefore in this paper we follow the structure of scholarship born of the discovery, experience and naming of performativity, until the solidification of Sovietised academic practices in the 1960s.

As an extension of our studies on the antitumour properties of various hemocyanins, we sought to compare the antiproliferative effects of hemocyanins derived from two snail species: Helix lucorum (HlH) and Helix aspersa (HaH). This is the first report on the antitumour effects of HaH. We hypothesized that HaH has antitumour effects not only against bladder cancer, as previously shown with other hemocyanins, but also on other cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative properties of the mentioned hemocyanins were investigated in vitro on the following human cell lines: bladder cancer (CAL-29 and T-24), ovarian cancer (FraWü), acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1), prostate cancer (DU-145), glioma cancer (LN-18), and Burkitt’s lymphoma (Daudi). The properties of HaH were compared to those of HlH, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and two positive controls (doxorubicin and mitomycin C). An antiproliferative effect of the total molecule and one structural subunit of HaH, bc-HaH, against both bladder cancer cell lines, T-24 and CAL-29, was observed. The cytotoxic effect of HaH ranged between 15% and 60% among the other tested cell lines. The endotoxin contamination did not affect the efficacy of HaH. Therefore, HlH and HaH could be appropriate for more detailed investigations of their use as antitumour agents for the studied cancers.

The year 2022 marks the 100th anniversary of Juri Lotman’s birth. On this occasion, I propose to return to one of Lotman’s concepts, namely that of frame. The term was proposed in The structure of the artistic text (1970/1977), in the traditional understanding of a limit that separates a text produced in any kind of medium from extra-textual structures (other texts) or non-text (real-life contexts). This notion of frame comes close to its understanding in literary studies, as well as the theory and philosophy of art and should not be confused with a well-known concept of frame propagated in AI Studies (Minsky 1975; Petöfi 1976) and which refers to a global cognitive pattern of storing common-sense knowledge about particular concepts and situations in memory. Lotman returned to the discussion of the textual frame in Universe of the mind (1990), mainly in application to the fine arts. He also elaborated there a more inclusive concept of boundary (proposed in Lotman 1984/2005) as a demarcation of the semiosphere and of its internal subsystems, which necessitates constant translations between particular codes and languages. Lotman dubbed transgressions of textual borders transcoding, which in contemporary parlance is a clear manifestation of transmediality. Therefore, I propose to analyse the concept of frame in relation to Intermedial Studies (cf. Elleström, 2014). Such crossings of boundaries between different media/modes/modalities are simultaneously creative and potentially confusing, in that they display a semiotic collision of artistic codes and require a heightened processing effort on the part of the addressee. My vantage point is basically semiotic, with the focus of interest going less to verbal texts and more to the issues of frame in the visual arts. Semiotic considerations on the problem of boundaries are complemented with brief phenomenologically-oriented ponderings on aesthetic and cognitive import of framing devices (Crowther, 2009) that emphasize their antithetical function as: a) devices with their own artistic value, even complementing the text vs. b) “defences against the exterior” and hindrances to creative liberty. First, I turn to two areas of interest of Lotman himself: 1) the extension of artistic media in Baroque art and 2) collages, which I treat as transmediality through surface. Lotman perceived collages as a collision of the fictitious with the real, referring to their doubly figurative nature (metonymical and metaphorical). Next, I complement this discussion with examples taken from 20th-century painting and sculpture, e.g. Spatialism, Minimalism, and Hyperrealism. Of particular interest is the situation in which the frame becomes a text commenting on its content or plays a metatextual function. Another game worthy of attention is embedding of frames. The discussion closes with the case of transmedial effects between painting and theatre, illustrated by Polish painter and stage-director Tadeusz Kantor’s theatrical experiments in Cracovian Cricot 2 Theatre: a) Velázquez’s Infanta Margarita entering Kantor’s self-portraits and a photo-portrait frame in the performance Today is my birthday (1990); b) Kantor stepping out of the frame of his own self-portrait on the illusory boundary between real life, painting and theatre. The article posits to treat frame and multiple ways of transgressing it as an integrational phenomenon that opens a path for further interdisciplinary studies across the borders of artistic semiotics, Intermedial Studies, literary theorizing and the theory and philosophy of art.

The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the application of tax management at PT. XYZ as a shipping company and know the effectiveness of this strategy. The object of this research is Article 29 Income Tax which is the remainder of the Income Tax Payable in the tax year or in other words accrued income tax. Income Tax Article 29 occurs if the tax payable for a tax year is greater than the tax credit, then the tax deficit payable must be paid before the annual notification letter is submitted. The PPh credit includes PPh Articles 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 on the legal basis of Law no. 36 of 2008. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method, namely by collecting data through literature studies and interviews. Keywords: PPH 29; Shipping Company; Tax Planning Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai penerapan manajemen pajak pada PT. XYZ sebagai perusahaan pelayaran serta mengetahui keefektifan dari strategi tersebut. Objek penelitian ini adalah Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 29 yang merupakan sisa dari PPh Terutang dalam tahun pajak atau dengan kata lain pajak penghasilan yang masih harus dibayar. Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 29 terjadi jika pajak yang terutang untuk suatu tahun pajak lebih besar dari kredit pajak, maka defisit pajak yang terutang harus dilunasi sebelum surat pemberitahuan tahunan disampaikan. Kredit PPh meliputi PPh Pasal 21, 22, 23, 24 dan 25 dengan dasar hukum UU No. 36 Tahun 2008. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data melalui studi literatur dan wawancara. Kata kunci: PPH 29,; Perencanaan Pajak; Perusahaan Pelayaran

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare and evaluate any differences in clinical and radiological outcomes between three surgical techniques of cranio-cervical decompression (CCD) in adults with symptomatic Chiari malformation type I (CM1).DesignRetrospective review using the theatre management system (ORSOS) and records of the patients who underwent CCD for CM1 from January 2011 to January 2018.SubjectsPatients over 16 years of age who underwent CCD secondary to CM1 diagnosed by clinical and radiological criteria.MethodsPatients were divided in three cohorts according the operative technique used: an extradural osteo-ligamentous decompression (BD), BD plus dural opening either without duroplasty (DOWD) or with watertight augmentative duroplasty (DOPD). The primary clinical outcome was measured by utilizing the Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale (CCOS). Syrinx outcome was measured on post-op MRI. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 24 with α=0.05.ResultsFifty-two adults underwent fifty-three CCD: 7 BD, 29 DOWD, 17 DOPD. Median follow-up was 12 months (IQR 6–23). Patients who underwent BD or DOPD had a shorter median hospital stay (6 days) than DOWD (11 days). Median CCOS was lower following DOWD (13) compared to BD (14) and DOPD (15). Post-operative complications were higher in DOWD (51.7%) compared to DOPD (17.5%).ConclusionsBetter clinical outcomes, lower complication risk and shorter duration of hospital stay were associated with DOPD. Prospective randomized studies could confirm these findings.

PURPOSE: Previous literature on dancers and athletes has shown a large impact of eating disorders (EDs) on these individuals, but there is limited research on EDs affecting non-dance performing artists (i.e., musicians, actors, etc.). This systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate the literature on EDs in non-dance performing artists. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed on 24 databases, using search terms related to EDs and non-dance performing artists. All results from the databases were systematically screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: The initial search returned 86,383 total articles, which after screening and removal of duplicates and irrelevant papers yielded 129 results. After screening the 129 full-text results for eligibility, 10 studies met criteria for inclusion: 6 papers addressed EDs in musicians, and 4 papers addressed EDs in theatre performers. Most studies used questionnaires and body mass index (BMI) as diagnostic tools for EDs. Most were small-scale studies and participants were mostly students. Because of the studies’ heterogeneity and varying quality, the results obtained were often contradictory and questionable. CONCLUSIONS: Although there has been a lot of literature in dancers, we found relatively few studies associating EDs with other performing artists, and most were inconsistent in their information.

Multiple observational studies have demonstrated that psoriasis is associated with nephropathy; however, the renal involvement in psoriasis remains largely a matter of debate. The current study was designed to investigate if psoriatic patients are at increased risk of renal abnormalities, in absence of any other comorbidities. Forty patients (11 women, 29 men, mean age 44.9 ± 15.45 years) with moderate to severe chronic plaque type psoriasis who were not under systemic therapy and 40 age- and gender-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study. Patients and controls with history of diabetes, hypertension, and chronic renal disease were excluded. Urinalysis by dipstick and microscopic evaluation and 24 h proteinuria and albuminuria were measured in all patients and controls. Patients with psoriasis and controls were not significantly different with respect to the prevalence of abnormal urinalysis (7.5% versus 5%, P = 1.0), mean 24 h proteinuria (70.40 ± 24.38 mg/24 h versus 89.40 ± 26.78 mg/24 h, P = 0.30), and albuminuria (14.15 ± 8.12 mg/24 h versus 16.62 ± 8.21 mg/24 h, P = 0.18). The presence of abnormal urinalysis was not more common in patients with psoriasis than in controls. Our study demonstrated that psoriatic patients without any other comorbidities are not at increased risk of kidney disease.

This article raises the problem of the international activities of the Cadet Party from 1906 to 1917. During this period, the Cadets were at the head of the foreign policy activities of the State Duma from the first to the fourth convocations. Firstly, the reason is that the cadets had a developed network of personal and professional contacts with Western politicians and journalists; secondly, they formulated their own vision of foreign policy, and were also ideologically close to the political elite of England and France. The Cadet Party used its international authority in two directions: on the one hand, this increased the party’s authority within the Russian society; on the other hand, Russia was drawing closer to its allies in the Entente. In this rapprochement, it is not so much the geopolitical aspect that is important as the establishment of horizontal ties between the societies of these countries, which allows building long-term friendly relations. This was the main feature of the activities of the Cadets – they did not have government powers, their activities did not lead to the conclusion of agreements, but it influenced public opinion both in Russia and abroad.

Suicide is the leading cause of death among young men aged 15–29 in Greenland, but few epidemiological studies have described this problem. We aimed to summarise descriptive epidemiological studies of suicide in young men in Greenland compared with other demographic groups in Denmark and Greenland to inform future suicide prevention strategy. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase using an agreed search strategy to identify English-language papers describing suicide epidemiology in Greenlandic men aged 15–29. We followed PRISMA guidelines in screening and appraising eligible publications. Eight articles fulfilled inclusion criteria of 64 meeting search criteria. Findings covering 1970–2011 supported a dramatic rise in suicide rates in Greenlandic men aged 15–24 from 1976, who remained the highest-ranking demographic group over 1976–2011 compared with men and women of all age groups in Denmark and Greenland. Highest rates recorded were almost 600 per 100,000 per year in men aged approximately 20–23 over 1977–1986. No studies described suicide epidemiology after 2011, and no studies described risk factors for suicide in young men. Given the very high suicide rates recorded for young men over 1976–2011, such studies will be essential for informing the development and evaluation of appropriate preventive interventions.

We are three Germans named Lukas (24), Peter (29), and Andy (28). We live in the south of Germany and recently finished our bachelor’s degrees. Peter and Andy studied media and information, and Lukas studied engineering economics. Be japy e.V. was founded during our studies when we had to organize a project, so we thought about how to tell the people that it is so simple to help another person. We got to know each other through the study when Peter and Andy asked for someone who would like to participate at Be japy e.V. as a working member. Lukas thought this was a great idea and said yes....

Abstract The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 scheduled to the Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 (and some similar Conventions) makes much use of the term ‘inviolability’. The premises of the missions are ‘inviolable’ (Art. 22). The archives and documents of the mission, wherever they may be, are ‘inviolable’ (Art. 24). The official correspondence of the mission is ‘inviolable’ (Art. 27, paragraph 2). The person of the diplomat is ‘inviolable’ (Art. 29), the same applies to his private residence, his papers, his correspondence and, in principle, his property (Art. 30).

Now Ukraine is undergoing an existential test with the undeclared war unleashed by Russia. Every single day, in this war, Ukraine is suffering unprecedented human losses, large-scale financial and economic losses, and significant destruction of the industrial and infrastructure potential that was created over many years. Russia's full-scale armed aggression against Ukraine is not only an existential threat to the existence of Ukraine as an independent state, it is a real challenge to the world system of collective security, which generates global threats, primarily in the security and humanitarian fields. One of the most powerful manifestations of the mobilization of internal social resources of Ukrainian civil society is self-organizational processes aimed at solving the most difficult problems that have arisen as a result of the armed aggression and at the needs of post-war reconstruction. A striking manifestation of such self-organization was the 'outbreak' of volunteer activity of Ukrainians, which reveals the power of civil society as an actor of social transformations in Ukraine. Previous experience has shown that volunteering is a quick, flexible and effective internal mechanism of social self-organization of Ukrainian citizens, which mobilizes and directs resources to preserve the life and health of citizens, to solve problems of socio-economic, security etc in critica l situations. The volunteer movement in Ukraine has its own history of initiation and development, but in general it fits into the global context. The first outbreak of volunteer activity, which covered the whole country, took place at the end of 2013, and unfolded with particular force in 2014-2016 as a reaction to the armed conflict in Donbas. This is the first wave of the flash-like growth of the volunteer movement. After that, a certain lull lasted for several years, including in the manifestations of volunteer activity of citizens. At that time, the focus of volunteer aid was determined by the urgent need to save the lives of people in the occupied territories, to support the Ukrainian military (Defense Forces of Ukraine, volunteer battalions), and to help internally displaced persons from the zone of armed conflict. The mobilization of civil society resources in Ukraine was implemented through volunteering as a result of the impact of the external threat of loss of the territorial integrity of the Ukrainian state. Such a factor is not typical for the activation of the volunteer movement in other countries of the world. This is our Ukrainian specificity. Starting from February 24, 2022, the full-scale invasion caused the second wave of the 'outbreak' of the volunteer movement in Ukraine, which unfolded instantly, en masse, with new strength and power. The experience of public self-organization gained during 2014-2016 has become extremely useful. Actually, Ukraine faced the same challenges, but on an incomparably larger scale and severity and with a much greater destructive power of the enemy. Large-scale armed aggression has become a challenge not only for Ukraine, but also for the entire world community. In this context, an important aspect that requires the study of the volunteer movement in Ukraine is the emergence and development of new forms of interaction and communication of its participants, based on the use of the capabilities of modern information, communication and network technologies. Researching these issues, finding ways to further develop and involve volunteering resources (using modern technological base) is an important task for scientists, practitioners, politicians, representatives of the volunteer movement and state authorities. In the strategic dimension, we are talking about unlocking the internal reserves of Ukrainian society through volunteering under conditions of limited resources and armed aggression, considering the needs of further post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. The second wave of activation of volunteerism, associated with the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, again brought the study of this phenomenon into focus, given the scale and real role played by volunteerism in resisting armed aggression and overcoming its consequences. Thus, the opinions and moods of Ukrainians, their volunteering and charitable involvement, social well-being under conditions of war are systematically measured by the sociological group 'Rating' [1]. Specialists of the National Institute of Strategic Studies are investigating the economic principles of promoting community cohesion in the conditions of martial law [2]. The Ukrainian scientific community, together with representatives of state authorities, actively conducts expert discussions on the development of the Strategy for the post-war recovery of Ukraine [3]. The research problem lies in the need to form a holistic vision of key development trends, the role and significance of Ukrainian volunteering as a powerful internal resource of civil society – an active subject that resists armed Russian aggression and overcomes its devastating consequences. The basis for the formation of a holistic vision of promising areas for the development of volunteering in Ukraine is a comparison of two waves of the 'outbreak' of volunteering (active phases: 2014-2016 and starting from 2022). The purpose of the study is to identify the key trends in the development of Ukrainian volunteering and the most significant factors influencing it, in particular, the impact of digitalization, network and digital technologies on volunteering in Ukraine.

Objective: To trace the clinical and epidemiological profile of pregnant and postpartum women admitted to the COVID-19 intensive care unit in a highly complex maternity hospital in the city of Teresina-PI. Methods: This is a quantitative, descriptive, retrospective chart review study carried out in a maternity hospital located in the city of Teresina-PI. The medical records of pregnant women with a clinical or serological diagnosis of COVID-19 were included. Records with a lot of incomplete data (more than 20), patients without a diagnosis of COVID-19 and whose symptoms appeared after childbirth were excluded. Results: The total sample of this study consisted of 43 medical records of patients who met the established criteria, the majority being women aged between 18 and 30 years (60.4%; N=26), weighing more than 65 kg (60.4%; N=26), multigravida (55.8%; N=24), who had prenatal consultations (88.3%; N=38) and had at least one complication during pregnancy (67.4%; N=29). The most frequently reported clinical manifestations were dyspnea (95.3%; N=42) and cough (81.3%; N=35). In addition, the survey revealed a high rate of premature birth (80%; N=20) and caesarean section (100%; N=25). 69.7% (N=30) of the sample required ventilatory support. Further studies are needed to understand the true profile of this population and the other consequences that the disease has for pregnant women.

Abstract Head injuries account for half of all trauma deaths and for more cases of permanent disability than any other type of trauma (Kraus, 1993). Head injury statistics vary markedly depending upon how the head injury is defined and whether the data come from hospitals, medical examiners’ reports, or police reports; data on admissions for head injury are not collected uniformly in the United States. Many hospitalized patients who have other severe injuries in addition to their head injury do not have the diagnosis of head injury recorded in the hospital record, so those injuries are lost from the database (Moss and Wade, 1996). In a series of 49,143 patients from 95 trauma centers, the overall mortality of patients with head injury was 18.2%, three times higher than in patients with no head injury (Gennarelli et al., 1989). U.S. mortality data from 1979 to 1986 recorded 315,328 deaths associated with head injury, representing 2% of all deaths, 26% of injury deaths, and an annual death rate of 16.9 per 100,000 residents (Sosin et al., 1989). The head injury death rate varies among different population settings up to a high of about 32 per 100,000 residents, and urban populations have the higher rates. The most common causes of these head injuries are traffic accidents (~50%), gunshot wounds (20%–40%), falls (10%), and assaults (5%–10%). Head injury is a major cause of mortality and morbidity at all ages. The death rate for head injury in children is about 10 per 100,000, five times the mortality rate for leukemia, the next leading cause of death (Kraus et al., 1986). The annual head injury rate for children in San Diego was found to be 185 per 100,000. The most common causes of childhood head injury were falls (35%), recreational activities (29%), and traffic accidents (24%). The mechanism of children’s head injuries varies with the age of the child. In some series, falls account for as many as 75% of head injuries in those under the age of 3 years (Jamison and Kaye, 1974; Hanhn et al., 1988; Luerssen et al., 1988). Many studies find that children have a lower mortality rate and better outcome than adults after severe head injury, although this trend does not hold for the very young child who sustains abusive head injury (Berger et al., 1985; Alberico et al., 1987).

INTRODUCTION Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) carries significant morbidity and mortality risk. Care of DR-TB in pregnancy is even more challenging. A recent meta-analysis examining the impact of DR-TB on pregnancy outcomes found a higher than expected rate of maternal death, pregnancy loss, and a significant prevalence of low-birthweight infants. Anti-tubercular drugs such as bedaquiline and clofazimine have long half-lives and the impact of in-utero exposure is largely unknown. There is little information to help women, their family members, and clinicians make informed decisions about DR-TB treatment during pregnancy. METHODS Data on pregnancy outcomes were systematically collected as part of a pharmacovigilance programme supporting a clinical trial (TB-PRACTECAL; N=552) and a prospective cohort (endTB; N=2,906). We present the birth outcomes as reported to investigators by participants. ETHICS The endTB and TB-PRACTECAL studies were both approved by the local ethics committees in all recruiting countries and by the MSF Ethics Review Board. endTB was approved by the Partners Healthcare Human Research Committee, Boston, USA, and TB-PRACTECAL was approved by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee, UK. RESULTS Between 01 April 2015 and 31 December 2021, 58 pregnancies in 53 women were notified from 10 different countries, predominantly Uzbekistan (14), Kazakhstan (13) and Pakistan (9). In 13 cases, pregnancy occurred after completion of tuberculosis treatment. Patients became pregnant a median of 260.5 (range, 0-727) days from treatment start; five women were 5-32 weeks pregnant at treatment start. There were no maternal deaths. 17.0% (9/53) of mothers changed or interrupted treatment during pregnancy. Treatment outcome was successful in 97.3% (36/37) of others in endTB and 100% (7/7) of mothers who completed follow-up in TB-PRACTECAL. Pregnancy outcome was known in 52 cases: 20 elective abortions, three miscarriages and 30 live births (one twin pregnancy). There were no stillbirths. Of the 30 live births, 29 occurred in mothers ever exposed to bedaquiline, 16 to clofazimine, 11 to a second-line injectable, 10 to pretomanid, and 7 to delamanid. Birth weight was known in 24/30 (80.0%) babies. Median weight was 3,015 (range, 1,270 to 4,200) grams. Two babies were born prematurely at 30 and 31 weeks. Low birthweight was reported in seven (29.2%; 7/24) babies. One low-birthweight baby died within four months of birth from complications unrelated to tuberculosis. One baby was treated for DR-TB. There were no reported birth malformations. CONCLUSION These results support evidence that effective DR-TB treatments may improve maternal outcomes and prevent perinatal transmission. How these perinatal outcomes compare to other cohorts not affected by TB in these settings or exposed to different TB treatments needs exploration. The factors contributing to low birthweight in babies born to mothers with DR-TB requires further research. A global registry is urgently needed to assist parents and clinicians with decision-making. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The endTB project was funded by UNITAID (Geneva, Switzerland). Provision of delamanid within the endTB project was partially funded through a donation from Otsuka Company (Kyoto, Japan).

The extract from the venom sac of Vespa orientalis (VSE) inactivates exogenous and endogenous thromboplastin (Joshua and Ishay, Toxicon, 13:11-20,1975). The prolongation of both prothrombin time (PT) and recalcification time suggests inactivation of other factors. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of VSE on clotting factors. A lyophilized VSE with protein concentration of 5 mg/ml was used. Studies were performed in vitro with human plasma and in vivo in cats. Routine methods were employed for the assay of PT, activated tissue thromboplastin (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), fibrinogen and factors V,VII,VIII,IX,X. Human plasma was incubated with various concentrations of VSE (0,1,5,10,50,100 μg/ml) for 60 min and for various incubation times (0,5,15,30,+ 60,90,120 min) with 50 μg/ml VSE (n=8). 1 μg/ml VSE prolonged PT from 13.5 to 16 sec (p<0.05) and APTT from 62 to 180 sec. PT was maximal (17.7 sec) with 10 μg/ml and APTT (442 sec) with 50 μg/ml VSE. Factors V,VII,X decreased gradually from 94-105% to 11%,11% and 29% with 100 μg/ml VSE and VIII and IX to 1% even with 1 μg/ml VSE. After 5 min with constant concentration of VSE (50 μg/ml) PT was 14.9 sec (normal 13 sec) and APTT 165 sec (normal 54 sec). Both were maximal (17.5 and 298 sec) after 60 min. Factors VII and X decreased to 13% and 32% and VIII and IX to >1% after 60 min of incubation. Injection of 5 mg/kg VSE to cats (n=6-8) resulted in prolongation of PT from 9.4 to 11.2 sec and of APTT from 19.5 to 63 sec after 5 min. Both were maximal after 90 min (12.3 and 127 sec). Factors V,VII and X decreased from 100% to 7.6%, 13% and 37% and VIII and IX to 1% after 10 min. In all experiments TT and plasma fibrinogen were not affected and FDP were normal. Heating of VSE for 5 min at 80°C abolished completely the anticoagulant activity but dialysis for 24 hr at 4°C had no effect on it. The activity was eluted on Sephadex-25 both in void and post void volumes. The results show that VSE has a potent anticoagulant activity against various factors. Factors VIII and IX are markedly decreased. The effect on V, VII and X is moderate. Plasma fibrinogen is not affected. The nature and clinical significance of the anticoagulant activity merit further investigation.

The aim was to assess the efficacy of remdesivir in people with acute covid-19 compared with placebo. Eligible studies were randomised trials evaluating the effect of remdesivir versus placebo. We conducted searches in COVID-19 L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence) platform, a system that performs regular searches in databases, trial registries, preprint servers and websites relevant to COVID-19. All the searches covered the period until 06/23/2023. No date or language restrictions were applied. Two reviewers independently evaluated potentially eligible studies according to predefined selection criteria, and extracted data on study characteristics, methods, outcomes, and risk of bias, using a predesigned, standardised form. We performed meta-analyses using random-effect models and assessed overall certainty in evidence using the GRADE approach. Results: our search strategy yielded 132 references. 10 randomized controlled trials reported in 15 references met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The relative risk of mortality was 0.92 (95% CI 0.83 - 1.01). This means remdesivir reduced the risk of mortality in 8%, compared with placebo. In the studies identified in this review 762 people not receiving remdesivir out of 5340 presented the outcome Mortality (143 per 1000) versus 734 out of 5477 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -12 per 1000 (from -24 to 1). In other words, -12 per 1000 (from -24 to 1) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -12 per 1000 (from -24 to 1), falls in the range of an effect of small magnitude. The relative risk of mechanical ventilation requirement was 0.71 (95% CI 0.41 - 1.24). This means placebo reduced the risk of mechanical ventilation requirement in 29%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 189 people not receiving placebo out of 989 presented the outcome Mechanical ventilation requirement (191 per 1000) versus 182 out of 1195 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -55 per 1000 (from -113 to 46). In other words, -55 per 1000 (from -113 to 46) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as very low. The estimated absolute effect, -55 per 1000 (from -113 to 46), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. The relative risk of serious adverse events was 0.74 (95% CI 0.57 - 0.95). This means reduced the risk of serious adverse events in 26%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 265 people not receiving out of 1238 presented the outcome Serious adverse events (214 per 1000) versus 256 out of 1401 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -56 per 1000 (from -91 to -10). In other words, -56 per 1000 (from -91 to -10) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as moderate. The estimated absolute effect, -56 per 1000 (from -91 to -10), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. Conclusions: Remdesivir may result in a slight reduction in Mortality. Remdesivir may reduce the Mechanical ventilation requirement but the evidence is very uncertain. Remdesivir probably results in a reduction in Serious adverse events.