Tesi sul tema "1865-1936"

Los cambios en la dieta occidental que se evidenciaron a partir del siglo XIX se han explicado a partir del modelo de transición nutricional. En líneas generales, el cambio en la alimentación de los europeos se materializó en una sustitución de las dietas basadas en el consumo de cereales por otras basadas en las legumbres, los tubérculos y los productos de origen animal como la carne, los huevos y la leche. Lejos de ser homogénea, la transición de una a otra dieta experimentó importantes diferencias a escala territorial. A nivel internacional el proceso se inició en los países del centro y el norte de Europa mientras que los países de la cuenca mediterránea se incorporaron más tarde. Dentro de los diferentes países, las áreas urbanas se adelantaron a las rurales en la introducción y asimilación de las nuevas pautas alimentarias. Sin embargo, en el caso español, y a diferencia de otros países de Europa central o del norte, la leche líquida y más concretamente la de vaca, no constituyó un alimento para la población española durante buena parte del siglo XIX y su presencia en la dieta sólo empezó a ser significativa hasta bien entrado el siglo XX. La hipótesis fundamental del trabajo es que al principio del período estudiado la demanda de leche era muy poco sensible a cambios en la renta (al contrario de productos como la carne y el pescado), debido a que la leche era poco valorada como alimento. La concepción social con respecto a la leche y sus propiedades alimenticias cambió en torno a 1900, empezándose a considerar por los distintos grupos de población como un alimento sano y completo. La tesis analiza las restricciones técnicas, ganaderas, ambientales y culturales a las que se enfrentó la difusión del consumo de leche en el contexto español. Con este fin, la investigación aborda las siguientes cuestiones: (1) analiza las aportaciones teóricas con respecto a la introducción de la leche líquida en la dieta occidental; (2) aporta nuevas evidencias cuantitativas sobre el consumo de leche en España y otros países europeos entre finales del siglo XIX y finales del XX; (3) explica la evolución cuantitativa del vacuno español, su distribución provincial y su capacidad de ofertar leche al mercado español en el contexto de un país sin una tradición lechera remarcable; (4) aporta una nueva interpretación de la evolución del ganado vacuno español a partir de la transformación cualitativa experimentada por una parte de este ganado con el fin de potenciar la producción lechera; (5) aporta nuevas estimaciones del consumo de leche a escala provincial realizadas a partir del estudio de las variedades de vacuno existentes en España; (6) contrasta los modelos de suministro de leche de Barcelona y Madrid con otras ciudades europeas, destacando las dificultades técnicas y ambientales que condicionaron el suministro de leche en las ciudades españolas; y (7) evalúa el impacto de los avances en medicina y nutrición en la promoción de la leche como alimento. En definitiva, el presente trabajo integra nuevas variables en el estudio de la transición alimentaria en nuestro país. He partido de la premisa que la transformación de la dieta es un fenómeno complejo en el que han intervenido, e intervienen, diferentes aspectos agrarios, sociales, económicos y técnicos. La difusión de la leche líquida en España muestra que la introducción de un alimento en la dieta depende de variables diversas, que no siempre se comportan del mismo modo en diferentes contextos y que algunas de ellas son ajenas a una interpretación estrictamente económica.
Changes in European diet which were evident from the nineteenth century have been explained with the nutrition transition model. Broadly, changes in European feeding were materialized in the substitution of diets based on cereal consumption by others based on legumes, tubers and products of animal origin such as meat, eggs and milk. Far from being homogeneous, the transition from one to another diet experienced significant differences between countries and regions. Internationally, the process began in the countries of Central and Northern Europe while Mediterranean countries joined later. Within the different countries, urban areas and rural areas were ahead in the introduction and assimilation of new food patterns. However, in the Spanish case, and unlike other Central and Northern European countries, fluid milk or, more specifically, cow’s milk, was not a food for the Spanish population during most of the nineteenth century and its presence in the diet only became significant well into the twentieth century. The fundamental hypothesis of this research is that at the beginning of the period the demand for milk was very insensitive to changes in income (as opposed to products such as meat and fish), because the milk was little valued as food. The social conception regarding milk and its nutritional properties changed around 1900, when it began to be considered by different groups of population as a whole and healthy food. The thesis analyzes technical, livestock, environmental and cultural constraints which the spread of milk consumption confronted in the Spanish context. For this purpose, the research deals with the following issues: (1) examines the theoretical contributions regarding the introduction of fluid milk in the Western diet; (2) provides new quantitative evidence on milk consumption in Spain and other European countries between 1850s and 2000; (3) explains the quantitative evolution of the Spanish cattle in each province and its ability to offer milk to the Spanish market in the context of a country without a remarkable dairy tradition; (4) provides a new interpretation of the evolution of Spanish cattle from the qualitative transformation experienced by some of these cattle to enhance milk production; (5) provides new estimates of milk consumption at the provincial level; (6) compares the milk supply models of Barcelona and Madrid with other European cities, highlighting the technical and environmental difficulties which affected the supply of milk in Spanish cities; and (7) evaluates the impact of advances in medicine and nutrition in the promotion of milk as food. In conclusion, this paper integrates new variables in the study of the nutrition transition in our country. I started from the premise that dietary transformation of a society cannot be explained only from a single variable. On the contrary, I considered that the transformation of the diet is a complex phenomenon in which participated, and still they do, different agricultural, social, economic and technical factors. The spread of fluid milk as food in Spain shows that the introduction of a food in the diet depends on several variables, which do not always behave in the same way in different contexts and that some of them are beyond a strictly economic interpretation.

Dans la symbolique de l'Inde, le mot "symbole" tel que nous l'avons distingué est "image". C'est l'image de l'Inde elle-même. Cette Inde est suggérée par l'objet immédiat et la description qu'en donne Kipling s'élargit jusqu'à devenir une "vision" puis un "symbole". L'Inde est le symbole du monde et de la vie et comme l'inde est intimement liée aux étapes et aux racines de la vie de Kipling, elle est non seulement un symbole extérieur mais c'est aussi un symbole intérieur car elle est liée à ce qu'il y a de plus intime dans la nature personnelle, la vie, les sentiments et les idées de l'homme Kipling. Nous avons utilisé la méthode psychologique associée à la méthode sociologique dans la première partie intitulée "l'Inde dans la vie de Kipling" la deuxième partie à été consacrée à Kipling et à la recherche de son identité, quête chargée de toute une portée symbolique héritée des réalités de l'occident autant que des songes de l'enfance. Enfin, notre troisième partie a été de recréer en recourant à toutes les formes possibles de l'analyse, plus qu'un paysage de l'Inde, un univers symbolique, ainsi l'Inde de Kipling a été décrite tour à tour comme symbole de paradis, de nostalgie ou d'enfer, symbole de l'empire britannique et du monde actif, symbole de la quête religieuse et enfin symbole du monde
In the symbolism of India, the word "symbol" is considered as meaning an "image". It is the "image" of India herself. Kipling's India is suggested by the immediate object and the description that he gives us grows into a "vision", then becomes a "symbol". India is the symbol of the world and of life. And, as India is intimately linked to the stages and roots of Kipling’s life, she is not only an external symbol, but also an inner one. India is linked to what is innermost in the personal nature of the man Kipling, his life, his sentiments and his ideas. To explain this, we have used the psychological method associated with the sociological one in the first part entitled "India in Kipling’s life", the second part is about Kipling’s search for identity, a quest for the other self with a whole symbolic value inherited of the realities of the west as well as of the dreams of childhood. Finally, in the third part we have described the landscape of India herself as a symbolic universe. Thus, Kipling’s India has been described as a symbol of paradise, of nostalgia, of hell, a symbol of the British Empire and the world of action, a symbol of the religious quest and lastly a symbol of the world

Este estudo objetiva analisar três forças motrizes que muito influenciaram a escritura de Monteiro Lobato: o conto, a tradução e a ideologia humanista. Conhecido por sua literatura infantil, pouco se estudou sobre sua obra adulta e menos ainda sobre sua profícua atividade tradutória. Como contista, Lobato pode ser dito – ao lado de Machado de Assis – um dos grandes incentivadores do conto, resgatando-o de sua posição marginal e elevando-o à categoria de gênero literário em uma época geralmente negligenciada pela crítica – sua produção anterior à Semana de Arte Moderna (1922) –, alcançando seu público através de estratégias de marketing inovadoras e, portanto, formando um novo público leitor brasileiro. Seus ideais nacionalistas e suas crenças ideológicas estão presentes em tudo o quanto escreveu, proporcionando ao leitor do século XXI um claro panorama de sua época. O humanismo é, se não a mais visível ideologia em sua obra, a que gerou maior conflito, sobretudo em contraste com sua formação cristã e seu refinado tom pessimista. Tendo traduzido mais de cem livros, Lobato contribuiu indiscutivelmente tanto para a circulação quanto para a edição de obras traduzidas – inglesas e norteamericanas em sua maioria –, enriquecendo, dessa forma, nosso polissistema literário e promovendo uma sensível mudança no status da tradução, marginal e secundária na época. Ele consciente e cuidadosamente escolhia o que traduzia com o intuito de alcançar um objetivo: dar ao público leitor brasileiro – especialmente ao infantil – literatura estrangeira de qualidade. Segundo ele, Kipling estava arrolado entre os “sumos” contistas, o que o levou a traduzir e publicar suas obras, experiência que resultou tanto na apropriação quanto na expropriação daqueles textos, o que pode ser facilmente verificado por qualquer leitor atento tanto da contística quanto do epistolário de Lobato, nas muitas estratégias por ele empregadas: empréstimos, invocações de personagens, reconstrução de histórias e imagens das narrativas de Kipling.

Voyageur durant toute sa vie, connaisseur de l’Inde, des États-Unis, de l’Afrique du Sud et du Sussex, défenseur de l’Empire britannique quand sa stabilité territoriale est menacée, Rudyard Kipling possède une expérience de l’espace mondial directe et physique qu’on retrouve problématisée sur les plans thématique, narratif et stylistique dans sa fiction. La notion de frontière produit à tous niveaux des relations de différentiation et d’opposition mais aussi de contact et d’échanges : le voyage se fait conquête, aventure ou vagabondage, le rapport à l’espace est politique ou poétique. L’espace impérial est nécessairement délimité et Kipling conçoit un Empire agent fédérateur d’une mosaïque de nations. Stylistiquement, la phrase de Kipling parvient de même à fédérer des langues et registres variés sans nuire à l’unité textuelle et la narration se fonde sur l’articulation entre les éléments individuels et l’ensemble. L’instance narrative crée des lignes de convergence qui relient entre eux les récits en créant des réseaux d’œuvre à œuvre, aboutissant à la construction partielle d’un monde cohérent et à une possibilité d’ouverture dans cet espace balisé. L’économie interne des œuvres les révèle en tant qu’objets composites et unifiés, faisant jouer poèmes et illustrations au sein de recueils de nouvelles, intrigue principale et micro récits dans les romans. Le texte est figuration à part entière lorsqu’il inclut une carte annotée et qu’il crée un espace typographique signifiant et moderne. Mettant en regard l’espace représentant et l’espace représenté, l’agencement du texte et celui du monde narratif qu’il peint, l’espace littéraire kiplingien fonctionne de façon dynamique
Rudyard Kipling was a traveller all his life and a champion of the British Empire at the time when its territorial stability was put at risk; he knew India, the U.S.A., South Africa and Sussex intimately. His direct and physical experience of the globe frames the thematic, narrative and stylistic characteristics of his novels and short story collections. Through the notion of borderline, relationships of differentiation, opposition, contact and exchange are built up thematically, in the narrative and in the style: the traveller is represented as a conqueror, an adventurer or a wanderer and global space is apprehended either politically or poetically. Imperial space is necessarily delineated and Kipling conceives of an Empire federating a mosaic of nations. Likewise, Kipling’s sentences stylistically patch up diverse languages, dialects and registers without endangering their textual unity and his narration hinges on the relation between separate elements and the whole text. The narrative authority creates converging lines between stories and networks appear between books, building up a coherent fictional world which suggests the possibility of an opening in this highly demarcated space. In their internal organisation, the books are at once composite and unified, the main narrative interacting with poems and illustrations in the short story collections and with micro narratives in the novels. Text becomes truly figurative in the annotated maps and when the typographical space is modern and significant. Kipling’s literary space dynamically confronts physical territories and a linguistic representative space, the textual organisation and the narrative world it depicts

Cette etude s'insere dans le cadre du debat postcolonial en s'engageant dans une lecture relationnelle de rudyard kipling et salman rushdie et en cherchant a decrire la negociation ideologique et poetique qui anime leurs versions respectives de la rencontre anglo-indienne a des moments clefs. Si la litterature postcoloniale est generalement consideree en termes de reecriture et de << contre-attaque >> par rapport au canon occidental, l'objectif de cette etude est de demontrer que dans le cas de rushdie, une telle structure oppositionnelle est problematique puisqu'elle dissimule aussi un vaste champ d'intersections imaginaires et que les frontieres entre discours colonial et postcolonial peuvent etre mouvantes. Afin de pouvoir examiner ces lieux d'ecriture, le premier chapitre de cette etudeest consacre aux formes utilisees pour transcrire l'inde ainsi qu'aux couleurs attribuees a l'espace narratif. Le deuxieme chapitre etudie la maniere dont l'ecriture s'elance dans le grand jeu de la traduction, de l'espionnage et du voyeurisme, a la recherche de modalites de connaissance de l'inde. Le troisieme chapitre est consacre a la representation de l'alterite indienne chez kipling et a la maniere dont la fiction de rushdie cherche a deconstruire les typologies kiplingienne selon une redistribution des roles. Toutefois, cette deconstruction trouve ses limites quand il s'agit de la representation de l'alterite feminine. Dans le dernier chapitre, les filiations et les structures d'appartenance qui emergent des configurations familiales chez les deux auteurs sont elargies a une consideration generale des affiliations de l'ecriture a ses contextes de reception.

These stories are representative of an idea that is repeatedly expressed both in the concrete details of Kipling's stories and in the way he uses language. It is possible to see that Kipling, the archetypical man of the empire, may not always have been the empire's man in his work; and causes for that may be found in the alluring, very non-English place he lived in for several years of his youth: India.

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The notions of federalism and self-management are used composing a analytic point of view on experimentation in the Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Spanish Civil War. The analytic experimentation Policy propose questions that provoke conversation today with Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault and Nietzsche Friedich, as well the presence of Federico García Lorca. It is dissolving the identity, philosophy and history, out of play of the identity. In Proudhon, the serial analitic unfolds in decentralized federalism articulated to mutualism, as sliding out of State, that not only dispenses with the formality intitucional, as well as state form as well as of thought. Thus, the interruption of the centrality and the hierarchy of State describes in the anarchism the affirmation of freedom practices and free lifestyle of the sovereign. The anarchism don t happens as the oppositions to the State, but as invention of exist-rience free absolute authority, projecting itself as a multiplicity of partnerships, in the coexistence of the differents in equality. In the Spanish Civil War, the invention of freedon practices settles in the nineteenth century as social revolution that subervert the politic and economic fields demarked on the struggles of workers
As noções de federalismo e autogestão são utilizadas compondo um ponto de vista analítico na experimentação em Pierre-Joseph Proudhon e na Guerra Civil Espanhola. A experimentação analítica propõe questões que provocam conversas na atualidade, com Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault e Friedich Nietzsche, assim como também a presença de Federico García Lorca. Trata-se de dissolver as identidades, na filosofia e na história, fora da interpretação teórica. Em Proudhon, a analítica serial desdobra-se no federalismo descentralizado articulado ao mutualismo, como deslizamento fora do Estado, que não só prescinde da formalidade institucional, como também da forma Estado do pensamento. Dessa maneira, a interrupção da centralidade e da hierarquia do Estado descreve no anarquismo a afirmação de práticas de liberdade como estilo de vida livre do soberano. O anarquismo, então, não acontece como oposição ao Estado, mas como invenção da existência livre do absoluto da autoridade, projetando-se como multiplicidade de associações, na coexistência dos diferentes na igualdade. Na Guerra Civil Espanhola, a invenção de práticas de liberdade instala-se no século XIX como revolução social que suberverte os campos político ou econômico demarcados nas lutas dos trabalhadores

La représentation de l'Orient dans le roman britannique moderne ne peut se limiter à l'exotisme et au pittoresque de sa couleur locale. Au-delà du mythe réducteur d'un Orient fabuleux de nombreux romans présentent une vision de l'Orient qui si elle a pu être influencée par l'orientalisme et le contexte idéologique impérialiste de l'époque, n'en offre pas moins la représentation d'une réalité: celle d'un retour au sacré, d'une part, pour des écrivains tels que Forster et Kipling qui se tournent vers l'hindouisme et le bouddhisme pour y puiser de nouveaux mythes; celle de l'imaginaire, d'autre part, lorsque les mythes associés à l'Orient dans les romans du corpus révèlent certains archétypes ancrés au plus profond de notre imaginaire. Le roman d'aventures devient ainsi celui de l'aventure de l'âme et le voyage mythologique l'expression métaphorique d'une quête existentielle menant le héros dans le monde clos de son refuge où il mêle de façon paradoxale repli sur soi et quête de transcendance. Lorsque le mythe paradisiaque se fait descente aux enfers, mythe et réalité de l'Orient s'inscrivent alors dans une représentation métaphysique plus vaste du monde
The way the east is represented in the modern British novel cannot be limited to an exotic or a picturesque description. Beyond the clichés and the limitations imposed by the myth of the fabulous east, most novels offer a vision which comes close to reality - although it may have been influenced by orientalism and the imperialistic context of the time: firstly when such as foster and Kipling turn to the sacred myths of Hindu and Buddhist civilizations and cultures; secondly when the myths that are usually associated with the east reveal various archetypes anchored in man's imagination. The adventure novel becomes the soty of an inner journey into the self. The mythological voyage is then the metaphorical representation of an existential quest undertaken by a hero looking for an eastern refuge where he hopes to forget the outside world and reach transcendence. When the myth of the Garden of Eden becomes a descent into hell, the myth and the reality of the east are ultimately part of a metaphysical representation of the world

Les nouvelles coloniales de Kipling et de Maugham mettent en scène, respectivement, la société anglo-indienne à l’époque du Raj et la vie dans les colonies anglaise et hollandaise des îles d’Asie du sud-est durant l’entredeux-guerres. Malgré ces spécificités contextuelles et l’écart temporel entre les époques auxquelles les deux auteurs écrivent leurs nouvelles, ces dernières sont invariablement traversées par le motif d’une colonisation pensée comme crise. Or le genre de la nouvelle porte formellement l’idée de crise. En utilisant le rapprochement opéré par les études postcoloniales entre modernité et colonisation comme paradigme de lecture, cette thèse montre comment la nouvelle peut opérer une prise spécifique sur ce rapport et se révéler lieu de trouble. Dans le cadre de cette réflexion sur la propension de ce genre à déstabiliser la modernité politico-philosophique et les idéologies qu’elle charrie – la promotion de la raison, du savoir, du progrès – il apparaît que les nouvelles de Kipling et de Maugham opèrent selon des modalités différentes. Celles de Kipling interrogent poétiquement le politique et la modernité tels qu’ils apparaissent dans leur spécificité coloniale par le biais d’une écriture qui opère depuis les marges, ce par un double décalage par rapport au roman domestique. Le fait même de prendre pour objet la société coloniale, elle-même située sur les marges de la société métropolitaine anglaise, s’inscrit en effet dans une écriture du décentrement. Les nouvelles de Maugham s’énoncent elles aussi depuis certainesmarges mais s’inscrivent davantage dans un constat général du déclin de la civilisation européenne durant l’entre-deux-guerres et dans une réflexion sur la situation de l’écrivain face à divers centres, sources d’autorité et de savoir. Le trouble que produit la nouvelle est donc certes lié au statut de « voix solitaire » de cette dernière mais surtout à sa position de marginalité
Kipling’s and Maugham’s short stories respectively stage Anglo-Indian society during the Raj and English and Dutch colonial societies in interwar South-East Asia. In spite of contextual differences and the two specific moments when the authors wrote their short stories, the latter invariably deal with a problematic colonisation seen as a crisis while the genre of the short story formally conveys the notion of crisis. By using the relation between modernity and colonisation as it was conceptualised by the Postcolonial studies as a paradigm, this dissertation shows how short stories can operate a specific take on this relation and be considered as a site of disturbance. In this reflection on the propensity of short stories to destabilise political and philosophical modernity and the various ideologies it is associated with – such as the promotion of reason, of knowledge, of progress – Kipling’s and Maugham’s colonial short fictions seem to operate in different ways. Kipling’s short stories poetically question the “political” and modernity as they appear in the colonial paradigm through awriting that operates from a marginal position moving away from the domestic novel. By focusing on colonial society, itself being located on the margins of English metropolitan society, the writers’ works practise a decentering form of writing. Maugham’s short stories partake more of a general feeling about the decline of European civilisation in the interwar period but also reflect on the location of the writer who faces various centres which produce knowledge and cultural authority. The destabilising effect of the short story is certainly linked to its position as a “lonely voice” but above all to its marginal position

This thesis is a study of rebellious child protagonists in Victorian bildungsroman. It discusses five novels ??? Jane Eyre, The Mill on the Floss, What Maisie Knew, Vanity Fair and Kim ??? that feature ???radical child??? protagonists who use indirect methods of narrative control to resist conservative models of character development. It argues that these novels form a subset of subversive English bildungsromane, which threaten the genre???s traditionally liberal values. Theories of narrative desire, reader seduction and discursive manipulation are used to reveal how the radical child in the Victorian bildungsroman takes command of the reader???s sympathy and gains power over the realist text, despite its physical and social powerlessness. Especially important is the presence of a fantasy counterplot, which coexists with, and ultimately undermines, the bildungsroman???s realistic surface narrative of successful socialisation. The counterplot allows radical child protagonists to develop in a non-linear manner that contradicts bourgeois ideals of stable progress. Focusing instead on sites of rupture between the individual and society, subversive bildungsromane resist both the dialectical model of character, which aims to harmoniously unite the protagonist with the realist world, and the dialogic model of interaction, which requires the restriction of personal liberty for the common good. This rebellious child in the Victorian bildungsroman thus represents an assault on the genre???s democratic ideals. Rejecting compromise, the radical child replaces the bildungsroman???s central ethic of interpersonal responsibility with an individualistic ethic of domination. Indeed, the thesis argues that the appeal of such child protagonistslies in their rejection of the obligatory, but anticlimactic, exchange of freedom for security that underpins the realist bildungsroman???s social contract, a rejection attractive to the reader precisely because it is unrealisable in reality. Finally, the thesis compares this radical child with the Gothic monster. While the monster is punished for its subversion, the radical child???s counterplot enables it to enact most of its subversive desires unpunished. The conservative English bildungsroman thus becomes a more effective way of representing asocial energies than the more obviously radical Gothic genre, which openly displays its anti-democratic sentiments.

Portant sur six adaptations hollywoodiennes de récits de Rider Haggard, Kipling, Conrad et Greene, ce travail analyse la manière dont le cinéma américain retravaille divers aspects des supports littéraires à des fins esthétiques [attention aux détails exotiques, remaniements narratifs, jeu des acteurs, couleurs, décors] et idéologiques [réflexion sur l’impérialisme colonial]. En confrontant les films et les récits qui les précèdent, il s’agit d’examiner la manière dont le cinéma prend appui sur la littérature pour tisser un réseau où transparaît le regard que Hollywood porte sur la tentation impérialiste américaine
The study focuses on six adaptations of narratives by Rider Haggard, Kipling, Conrad and Greene. It addresses the way Hollywood worked over several aspects of the literary works for aesthetic [attention to exotic details, reshaping of narratives, acting, colours, setting] as well as ideological purposes [a reflection on colonial imperialism]. Comparing the films with their literary antecedents, the study analyses the manner cinema is backed by literature to weave a network of signs which reveal Hollywood’s approach to American imperialist temptation

Cette thèse est une contribution à l'histoire institutionnelle de l'Eglise orthodoxe russe de 1917 à 1931. Elle s'attache aux conséquences pour l'Église russe de la Révolution de 1917, de la chute de la monarchie et de l'arrivée au pouvoir des Bolcheviks. L'importance du Concile Local de 1917-1918, qui a rétabli les tonnes canoniques et administratives de l'Église russe, est mise en lumière : le système synodal gouverné par un ober-procureur fut aboli et le patriarche Tikhon fut élu. Le Concile Local de 1917-1918 et le Patriarche Tikhon réagirent aux changements politiques dans le pays, en particulier après la Révolution d'Octobre entraînant des persécutions contre l'Église, l'arrestation du Patriarche Tikhon, et affectant la politique de l'Église russe après 1923. L'émigration ecclésiale, partie de Crimée, dans un premier temps vers la Turquie, fut à la source de l'organisation des tonnes administratives de l'Église russe à l'étranger en Serbie, notamment à travers le Concile de toute l'émigration ecclésiale de 1921 à Karlovci. L'émigration ecclésiale dut définir ses relations avec le Patriarcat de Moscou. Les hiérarques à l'étranger ne pensèrent d'abord à aucune rupture avec Moscou, mais la situation changea après le décès du Patriarche Tikhon en 1925. C'était une période de division à l'intérieur de l'Église russe à l'étranger mais aussi un temps où les relations normales avec Moscou devinrent impossibles. Le "Locum Tenens". Le Métropolite Pierre, était arrêté par les Bolcheviks et le Métropolite Serge, son remplaçant, était contraint de faire des concessions considérables en faveur du pouvoir soviétique. L'exigence du Métropolite Serge au clergé russe à l'étranger de donner un engagement de loyauté envers le pouvoir soviétique et sa Déclaration de 1927 provoquèrent des réactions négatives à l'étranger. Le Synode des évêques à l'étranger, présidé par le Métropolite Antoine, rompit ses relations avec Moscou en 1927 et le clergé du Métropolite Euloge intégra le Patriarcat de Constantinople en 1931. Les conséquences furent douloureuses pour 1e Patriarcat de Moscou car cette institution perdit toutes ses paroisses principales en Europe Occidentale
This thesis is a contribution to the institutional history of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1917 to 1931. It emphasizes how the Russian Church was affected by the Revolution of 1917, the fall of monarchy, and the rise to power of the Bolsheviks. The importance of the 1917-1918 Local Council, which has restored the canonical and administrative forms of the Russian Church, is underlined: the synodal system governed by an ober-prokuror was abolished and Patriarch Tikhon was elected. The 1917-1918 Local Council and Patriarch Tikhon reacted to political changes in the country, particularly after the October Revolution, causing persecutions against the Church, the arrest of Patriarch Tikhon, and affecting the policy of the Russian Church after 1923. The ecclesial emigration that had left Russia from Crimea, first to Turkey, instigated the organization of administrative forms of the Russian Church Abroad in Serbia, through the 1921 Council of ail ecclesial emigration in Karlovci. The ecclesial emigration had to define its relationships with the Moscow Patriarchate, The hierarchs abroad did not consider any break with Moscow at first, but the situation changed after the death of Patriarch Tikhon in 1925. It was a time of division within the Russian Church Abroad but also a time when normal relations with Moscow became impossible. The Locum Tenens, Metropolitan Peter, had been arrested by the Bolsheviks and Metropolitan Sergius, who replaced him, was forced to make significant concessions to the Soviet power. Metropolitan Sergius's demand to the Russian clergy abroad to give a commitment of loyalty to the Soviet regime in 1927 and its Declaration in 1927 provoked negative reactions abroad. The Synod of Bishops Abroad chaired by Metropolitan Anthony broke with Moscow in 1927, and the clergy of Metropolitan Eulogius joined the Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1931. The consequences were painful for the Moscow Patriarchate since this institution has lost all major parishes in Western Europe

碩士
華梵大學
東方人文思想研究所
105
ABSTRACT Topic of this study is “A Study of Norlha Hotogtu (1865-1936) and His Lineage” and this study focuses on Norlha Hotogtu(1865-1936), the pioneer in transmitting the Tibetan Vajrayana to Han Chinese in recent 100 years during the period of late Qing Dynasty to early Republic China and explores the following development and effect of the lineage. This study investigates the three stages of dharma missionary in the life of Norlha Hotogtu: the first stage is study of Buddha dharma, the second stage is strict practice and the third stage is dharma missionary in Han region. From perspective of Complete integration of Sutton and Tantric Buddhism, it clarifies opinion of Norlha Hotogtu on Buddhism. Finally, this study traces the development and impact in the contemporary of his breaking through the tradition of Tibetan Vajrayana to hand down his lineage to Han people. Contribution of this study is to clarify conclusive perspectives of Norlha Hotogtu on Buddhism: regarding the generating of Bodhicitta as foundation, Ch'an as essence, vajrayana as function, dharmakaya land as refuge, and integrating the Lotus Sutra as one. In addition, after the trend of practicing Tibetan Vajrayana inspired by Norlha Hotogtu in contemporary Buddhist circle, this study notices the reflection on localization. Keywords: Norlha Hotogtu, transmitting the Tibetan Vajrayana to Han Chinese, Complete integration of Sutton and Tantric Buddhism, Bodhi heart, One mind three views.

吳文堅.
"2006年9月"
論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006.
參考文獻(leaves 154-173).
"2006 nian 9 yue"
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Wu Wenjian.
Lun wen (Zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006.
Can kao wen xian (leaves 154-173).
Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.8
Chapter (1) --- 硏究緣起 --- p.8
Chapter (2) --- 課題意義與基本視角 --- p.14
Chapter (3) --- 前人硏究回顧 --- p.16
Chapter 第二章 --- 軍與匪：名詞定義與分析槪念 --- p.23
Chapter (1) --- 軍閥的定義 --- p.23
Chapter (2) --- 北洋軍閥的辨識 --- p.29
Chapter (3) --- 土匪的定義 --- p.34
Chapter 第三章 --- 「四省剿匪計劃」的背景與目的 --- p.39
Chapter (1) --- 丁巳復辟與北洋集團的整合 --- p.39
Chapter (2) --- 定武軍之亂的槪況 --- p.41
Chapter (3) --- 定武軍之亂與「四省剿匪計劃」的關係 --- p.49
Chapter (4) --- 段祺瑞的「四省剿匪計劃」與武力統一策略 --- p.54
Chapter (5) --- 小結 --- p.62
Chapter 第四章 --- 「四省剿匪計劃」的初步成效 --- p.63
Chapter (1) --- 張敬堯任四省剿匪督辦的由來 --- p.63
Chapter (2) --- 四省督軍排拒剿匪督辦的原因 --- p.65
Chapter (3) --- 四省兵匪現象的蔓延 --- p.72
Chapter (4) --- 「四省剿匪計劃」的功能 --- p.79
Chapter (5) --- 「四省剿匪計劃」的初步成效 --- p.81
Chapter (6) --- 小結 --- p.101
Chapter 第五章 --- 「四省剿匪計劃」的執行與後遺症 --- p.103
Chapter (1) --- 剿匪督辦的爭奪戰 --- p.104
Chapter (2) --- 「土匪護法軍」的形成 --- p.117
Chapter (3) --- 「土匪護法軍」的騷亂槪況 --- p.124
Chapter (4) --- 「四省剿匪計劃」與「土匪護法軍」的消滅 --- p.132
Chapter (5) --- 兵匪循環：「毛思忠模式」 --- p.138
Chapter (6) --- 小結 --- p.145
Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.147
參考書目 --- p.154

博士
國立臺灣大學
歷史學研究所
106
This research aims at study the children of Presbyterian in Taiwan from 1865 to 1936. By using the church newspaper and Elder John Lai’s Archives to explore the generation, evolution, practice, and the influence of the ideology of “Beneficial to Children” in Presbyterian . The children in this dissertation have a boarder sense of meanings, it can be referred to their age, adolescents, children from the extended family members, or childhood. Under the view of “Beneficial to Children”, both Presbyterian management and Presbyterian are responsible for parenting children beneficially, including the education in the church and their family upbringing at home. This research focus on the development and the shaping of the children under these two scenarios. The first part is an outline on the education of children, including elementary school and Sunday school which supported by Presbyterian Church. The second part focus on the roles of parents and how they raised their children under this context.

In my dissertation I adopt an interdisciplinary approach to explore a crucial moment in the intellectual history of Ecuador and Brazil and the way in which late 19th and early 20th century writers articulate a representational discourse that reveals the contradictions of liberalism and modernity. I argue that after entering the modern world-system, Ecuador and Brazil undergo a comparable modernization process, which entails the emergence of the cities of Guayaquil and Rio de Janeiro as new centers of political and economic power. The study of the coincidences and discrepancies between the two national processes sheds light on antagonistic cultural systems coexisting within the realms of the new metropolis. My dissertation consists of an introduction and five chapters. In the introduction, I present the theoretical framework and explain the key concepts that are common currency in contemporary attempts to articulate cultural analysis with its social and historical reality. Chapters 1 and 2 look at the origins of Ecuadorian and Brazilian identities in the works of writers José de Alencar and Juan León Mera. I intend to trace budding national identities in each of their essays about language, race, and politics, as well as in their foundational fictions, Iracema: Lenda do Ceará (1865) and Cumandá: un drama entre salvajes (1879). Chapters 3 and 4 problematize the ways in which the novels O cortiço (1890), by Brazilian Aluízo Azevedo, and A la costa (1905), by Ecuadorian Luis A. Martínez, are linked to the intricate local debates about slavery, internal migration, and the participation of both national economies in the modern world system. I contend that the narratives of Azevedo and Martínez become “hinge-novels” for glimpsing the “national” within the “liminal,” even though they fail to foresee the disencounters between the dominant and the subaltern classes. In Chapter 5, I explore the locus of enunciation from which Ecuadorian Jorge Icaza attempts to represent marginal social groups. I argue that Icaza’s Huasipungo (1934) reveals the ineffectiveness of the liberal project and helps establish the agency of marginalized groups in the Andean hacienda. The incorporation of these marginal discourses into his narratives constitutes the first endeavor to provide subaltern groups with a voice.
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