Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "1640-1692"

It has now become orthodoxy for historians to write about political texts as being part of discourses or languages. This approach has much merit. At the very least, the work of Quentin Skinner, J. G. A. Pocock and John Dunn has encouraged historians to use a broader range of sources, and to ground their analysis of political thought in a firm historical context. Beyond this, discourse analysis offers a means of establishing a causal relationship between political thought and political action. To echo Richard Ashcraft’s definition, political theory is not merely a product of its social context. It supplies the criteria according to which the actions appropriate for changing that context are rendered intelligible. For Skinner and Pocock, the governing paradigms of political discourses, as much as concrete institutions and social structures, have an influence on political actions. However, this approach also has some limitations. Even after the “linguistic turn,” the history of political thought is still predominantly concerned with the accurate recovery of the meaning of texts, not with the reception or dissemination of ideas. To realize the full impact of political texts, we need to uncover not only the author’s intentions in writing, but also the ways in which these works were read and used by their audience.

Abstract This paper draws on primary Oyirod and Mongol sources concerning the rise of the seventeenth-century Jöüngars. It relies on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Mongolian historical texts to identify the 1638 creation of an Oyirod Jöüngar [Left Wing] and Baroun Gar [Right Wing]. This origin of the Jöüngars differs substantially from historical accounts that project existence of a Jöüngar to an earlier time. From Sarayin Gerel [Moon Light] and other sources we learn that the creation of the Jöüngar Khanate was sudden and even unlikely after the division of Baatar Khong Tayiji’s people among his sons. The Jöüngars were so weakened by this division that the Dalai Lama gave the title of Chechen Khaan to the Khoshoud Ochirtu Tayiji in 1666. The Yeke Caaji [Great Code] describes Oyirod political organisation in 1640. Sarayin Gerel also provides details of the reign of Galdan Boshugtu from 1672 until 1692.

The dramatic increase in criminality in sixteenth-century England was behind the emergence of a new type of literary work known as “rogue literature,” which dealt with the life and activities of beggars and lawbreakers. These rogues’ language, cant, became a major concern for many authors, who attached glossaries to their works for the benefit of those who were not familiar with it, marking the beginning of canting lexicography. It is within this framework that Thomas Shadwell (1640–1692) wrote his famous The Squire of Alsatia (1688), which is the focus of this study. This paper explores the use of cant language in this celebrated play from a linguistic and lexicographic point of view, arguing that its profuse employment of canting terminology, much of which is first documented in the play, made a significant contribution to studies in canting lexicography and proved its reliability as a historical portrait of seventeenth-century English cant.

Abstract Nutrient pollution pertains to elevated nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium concentrations within aquatic systems. Nutrient pollution is the process by which excessive nutrients, primarily Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK), are supplied to bodies of water and can act as fertiliser, causing excessive algal growth. This phenomenon is also known as eutrophication. Excessive nutrient levels can cause more severe issues, such as low dissolved oxygen levels in the water. The main objective of this study has been to evaluate the soil and plant nutrient content in the residential area of the Parit Rasipan drainage system. NPK levels were determined by collecting soil and plant samples at four specified sampling points within the study area, both during wet and dry days, using the APHA 4500 NORG-B and US EPA 6010B (ICP OES) methods. In addition to that, the pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and temperature were recorded in situ. Water samples were also collected and analysed for specific parameters, including Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Potassium (K). The analysis used a HACH DR6000 Spectrophotometer and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The study findings indicate that the soil concentrations of TN (1660–2250 mg/kg), TP (100–360 mg/kg), and K (1020–1692 mg/kg) fall within the range of low to very high classifications. In the meantime, it is noteworthy that the concentrations of TN (4780–7870 mg/kg), TP (821–1640 mg/kg), and K (702–9160 mg/kg) in plants have been categorised as ranging from moderate to very high. In the context of water quality monitoring, the collected data indicates that the pH levels range from 3.16 to 3.22, the dissolved oxygen levels range from 0.95 to 0.98 mg/L, and the temperature ranges from 29.30°C to 26.34°C, observed during both wet and dry weather conditions. In summary, based on the analysis of the findings, it can be determined that the Parit Rasipan drainage system demonstrates a significant concentration of NPK elements under both wet and dry weather conditions, primarily due to residential activities occurring within the area.

Libertines Real and Fictional in Rochester, Shadwell, Wycherley, and Boswell examines the Restoration and eighteenth-century libertine figure as it appears in John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester's Satyr against Mankind, "The Maim'd Debauchee," and "Upon His Drinking a Bowl," Thomas Shadwell's The Libertine, William Wycherley's The Country Wife, and James Boswell's London Journal, 1762-1763. I argue that the limitations and self-contradictions of standard definitions of libertinism and the ways in which libertine protagonists and libertinism in general function as critiques of libertinism. Moreover, libertine protagonists and poetic personae reinterpret libertinism to accommodate their personal agendas and in doing so, satirize the idea of libertinism itself and identify the problematization of "libertinism" as a category of gender and social identity. That is, these libertines misinterpret-often deliberately-Hobbes to justify their opposition and refusal to obey social institutions-e.g., eventually marrying and engaging in a monogamous relationship with one's wife-as well as their endorsement of obedience to nature or sense, which can include embracing a libertine lifestyle in which one engages in sexual encounters with multiple partners, refuses marriage, and questions the existence of God or at least distrusts any sort of organized religion. Since any attempts to define the word "libertinism"-or at least any attempts to provide a standard definition of the word-are tenuous at best, it is equally tenuous to suggest that any libertines conform to conventional or standard libertinism. In fact, the literary and "real life" libertines in this study not only fail to conform to such definitions of libertinism, but also reinterpret libertinism. While all these libertines do possess similar characteristics-namely affluence, insatiable sexual appetites, and a rebellion against institutional authorities (the Church, reason, government, family, and marriage)-they often misinterpret libertinism, reason, and Hobbesian philosophy. Furthermore, they all choose different, unique ways to oppose patriarchal, social authorities. These aberrant ways of rebelling against social institutions and their redefinitions of libertinism, I argue, make them self-satirists and self-conscious critics of libertinism as a concept.