Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Γ-MnO2"

In this study, a series of zeolite-X-supported different crystal phases of MnO2 (α-MnO2, β-MnO2, γ-MnO2, and σ-MnO2) catalysts were prepared via a solid-state diffusion method and high-heat treatment method to explore their low-temperature NH3-SCR performance. All of the catalysts featured typical octahedral zeolite X structures and manganese dioxides species of various crystal types dispersed across the support surface. Throughout the entire temperature range of the reaction, γ-MnO2/X catalyst had the highest NO conversion. Additionally, β-MnO2/X, γ-MnO2/X, and σ-MnO2/X catalysts had nearly 100% of N2 selectivity, whereas the α-MnO2/X catalyst had the lowest N2 selectivity (about 90%) below 125 °C. Moreover, the γ-MnO2/X catalyst demonstrated superior acidity capacity and reduction ability compared with the other three catalysts. All the catalysts contained the essential intermediates NH2NO and NH4NO3 species, which are essential to the SCR reaction. More acid sites and nitrate species existed on the γ-MnO2/X catalyst than on the other catalysts, thereby boosting the SCR reaction.

Controlling the cation to anion (Mn2+/MnO4−) molar ratios of the precursors was used to obtain a highly performance capacitive properties of nanostructural MnO2 hybridized carbon-based materials on nickel foam (NF) through successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction technology. SEM, XRD, BET, and XPS analyses are utilized to investigate the influence of cation/anion molar ratios of precursors on the as-obtained MnO2 electrode materials. At a lower molar ratio of cation/anion of 1, the prepared manganese oxide deposited on the NF with obvious δ-MnO2 phase. The average pore size distribution of BET analysis of the as-obtained δ-MnO2 is about 4.6 nm, the specific surface area is 155.7 m2 g−1, exhibiting a mesoporous structure. However, when the molar ratio of cation/anion is higher than 5, the deposited film produced by the reaction exhibits a γ-MnO2 crystal phase. The capacitance of δ-MnO2/NF electrode is 280 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in a 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte solution. In addition, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) mixed with multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was added to synthesize γ-MnO2/rGO-MWCNT/NF electrode, which has a high capacitance of 377.4 F g−1 under the charge/discharge current density at 1 A g−1.

The Ni-based reticular MnOx catalytic materials with high porosity and high specific area were prepared by the electrodeposition method. XRD and SEM were employed to characterize the phase structure and morphology of the MnOx films before and after heat treatment. The phase structure has changed from irregular amorphous structure to compacting crystal structure on the effect of heat treatment. The results show that the phase in the film is γ-MnO2 after aging. The electrodeposition mechanism of MnO2 has also been studied in this paper. MnO2 was deposited by the hydrolysis reaction of Mn2+ in electrolyte and the disproportionation reaction of unstable Mn3+ ions. A large number of hydrogen was released during the whole deposition process.

Nanomaterials are materials with a size of ≤100 nm and are important for technology in today’s digital era. MnO2 is one of the most studied metal oxides nowadays because of its abundance, low toxicity, and environmentally friendly. This material can be synthesized via redox reactions. The reagents commonly used in this reaction are typically toxic and environmentally unfriendly, such as H2SO4, HCl and HNO3. Therefore, through this research, the synthesis of MnO2 was carried out using an aqueous extract of star apple leaves. Because the aqueous extract of star apple leaves is known to contain secondary metabolites which have -OH, -C=O, and -C-N groups. These groups act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of MnO2 NPs. In addition, this study investigated the effect of the various synthesis methods on the formation of MnO2 NPs. Based on the results of LC-MS characterization, the aqueous extract of star apple leaves contains myricetin. Myricetin has -C=O and -OH groups which are reactive to MnO4- ions in aqueous solution, so that MnO4- is reduced to MnO4. This fact is supported by the results of the P-XRD characterization, which proves the presence of R-MnO2 and γ- MnO2 were obtained.

Electrochemical ammonia synthesis, which is an alternative approach to the Haber–Bosch process, has attracted the attention of researchers because of its advantages including mild working conditions, environmental protection, and simple process. However, the biggest problem in this field is the lack of high-performance catalysts. Here, we report high-efficiency electroreduction of N2 to NH3 on γ-MnO2-supported Pd nanoparticles (Pd/γ-MnO2) under ambient conditions, which exhibits excellent catalytic activity with an NH3 yield rate of 19.72 μg·mg−1Pd h−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 8.4% at −0.05 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization shows that Pd nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed on the γ-MnO2. Pd/γ-MnO2 outperforms other catalysts including Pd/C and γ-MnO2 because of its synergistic catalytic effect between Pd and Mn.

MnO2 is presently under massive review for its capacitance properties. MnO2 recrystallizes into several crystallographic structures such as α, β, γ, δ, and λ structure. These structures vary in the way MnO6 octahedra are connected, they possess tunnels or interlayers with gaps of different magnitudes. However, upon lithium intercalation in β-MnO2, LiMnO2 suffers from capacity loss due to undesirable structural phase transformation into spinel like LixMn2O4. One of the major demands is to modify and strengthen the structural stability of MnO2 to prevent phase transformation during lithium intercalation and rapid capacity fading during cycling. DMol3 is a density functional theory-based program used to calculate the lattice parameter of ferromagnetic MnO2. After successfully parameterized MnO2, the lattice parameters were compared with the results from experiments. Density functional tight-binding (DFTB) was employed to investigate the electronic properties of MnO2 such as density of states (DOS) and band structures. The DOS was calculated to check the conductivity of MnO2. The electronic band structures calculated indicate the absence of a gap at the Fermi level, thus MnO2 is metallic. These findings are important in preserving the crystal structure of LiMnO2 and the maintenance of capacity during cycling.

This study investigates the catalytic oxidation of acetone by different crystal phases of MnO2 prepared via different methods. Compared with β-MnO2 and γ-MnO2, α-MnO2 exhibited superior catalytic activity. Moreover, as replacements for traditional hydrothermal methods and air calcination, the use of microwave hydrothermal methods and N2 calcination significantly enhanced the catalytic performance of the MnO2 catalyst. The optimal catalyst, MnO2-WN (α-MnO2 synthesized via microwave hydrothermal method and N2 calcination), converted 100% of 100 ppm acetone below 150 °C, with the CO2 yields reaching 100%. Further, the stability of the catalyst and its potential for other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were also determined. The experimental data demonstrated that its outstanding activity primarily stemmed from the improved preparation method, enhancing the specific surface area of the catalyst, optimizing the pore structure, improving the redox performance, and generating more acidic sites and active oxygen species, thereby creating a synergistic effect. Finally, the reaction pathway of acetone oxidation on the catalyst surface has been explored. This work provides a new perspective for developing economically efficient MnOx catalysts for removing VOCs.

Published papers highlight the roles of the catalysts in plasma catalysis systems, and it is essential to provide deep insight into the mechanism of the reaction. In this work, a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor packed with γ-MnO2 and CeO2 with similar nanorod morphologies and particle sizes was used for methanol oxidation at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The experimental results showed that both γ-MnO2 and CeO2 exhibited good performance in methanol conversion (up to 100%), but the CO2 selectivity of CeO2 (up to 59.3%) was much higher than that of γ-MnO2 (up to 28.6%). Catalyst characterization results indicated that CeO2 contained more surface-active oxygen species, adsorbed more methanol and utilized more plasma-induced active species than γ-MnO2. In addition, in situ Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were applied with a novel in situ cell to reveal the major factors affecting the catalytic performance in methanol oxidation. More reactive oxygen species (O22−, O2−) from ozone decomposition were produced on CeO2 compared with γ-MnO2, and less of the intermediate product formate accumulated on the CeO2. The combined results showed that CeO2 was a more effective catalyst than γ-MnO2 for methanol oxidation in the plasma catalysis system.

Methylene blue (MB) is a cationic dyestuff, which is particularly resistant to biodegradation. The molecular sieved γ-MnO2 was used as an adsorbent/oxidant to remove the MB at room temperature and in visible light. The removal efficiency was mainly evaluated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV–Vis spectrometer (UV–Vis), total organic carbon (TOC). The results revealed that the mechanisms of MB removal by γ-MnO2 are significantly influenced by the pH. In acidic conditions, hypsochromic effects (i.e. blue shifts of UV–Vis spectra) resulting from N-demethylation of the dimethylamino group in MB may occur concomitantly with oxidative degradation by γ-MnO2. However, the TOC in solution after γ-MnO2 treatment in acidic conditions did not show a dramatic decrease. At near neutral pH conditions, there was almost no UV–Vis absorption for the MB solution, however, only 50% TOC removal was observed. It indicated that MB was not only adsorbed onto γ-MnO2 but also partially oxidatively degraded to other organic compounds which were colourless for UV–Vis.

A layer of Manganese dioxides (γ-MnO2) was absorbed upon carbon nanotubes (CNTs) surface by using a chemical deposit process. The morphologies of the MnO2/CNTs composite were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energydispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser Raman spectroscopy (RS). It is found that absorbed layer belongs to the γ-MnO2 nanoparticles in size about 10 nm, and coated homogeneously around the CNTs. It is expected that this MnO2/CNTs composite will be widely applied to make supercapacitors.

Ce travail a pour but le conditionnement des huiles tritiées et s’inscrit dans la problématique des déchets nucléaires sans filière de gestion. La stratégie consiste à directement conditionner des huiles minérales modèles dans des matrices alcali-activés (MAA), également fonctionnalisées avec un piégeur à hydrogène/tritium γ-MnO2/Ag2O. Géopolymères (GEO) et laitiers de hauts fourneaux (LHF) sont considérés comme MAA. En présence de tensioactifs, l’huile est émulsionnée avec succès (gouttelettes fines et homogènes) dans les deux types de MAA. Deux modes d’actions des tensioactifs sont observés agissant par: 1) réduction de la tension interfaciale ou 2) promotion d’interactions huile-particules. Le mécanisme 1 doit être favorisé si l’ouvrabilité des coulis est requise alors que le mécanisme 2 doit être ciblé afin de permettre un meilleur confinement de l’huile grâce aux interactions huile-particules. Après durcissement, des composites MAA-Huile sont obtenus. Il n’y a pas d’influence de l’huile et des tensioactifs sur la prise et le développement des propriétés mécaniques des MAA. Les principaux produits de réaction (C-A-S-H pour LHF et N-A-S-H pour GEO) ne sont pas impactés. Néanmoins, l’addition de tensioactifs entraîne une porosité plus importante à cause de la stabilisation de bulles d’air. Les composites MAA-Huile contenant 20%vol. d’huile ont tous des résistances en compression supérieures à 20 MPa, ce qui est plus que les 8 MPa requis par l’ANDRA. Globalement, en accord avec les observations aux états frais et durci, les GEO possèdent de meilleures performances pour l’immobilisation d’huile que les LHF. L’efficacité du piégeur γ-MnO2/Ag2O a été caractérisée dans les MAA par production d’hydrogène in-situ par irradiations gamma et corrosion du magnésium. Les deux types d’expérience s’accordent sur la meilleure performance de piégeage dans le GEO que dans le LHF. Cela s’explique par la présence d’espèces soufrés réductrices dans le LHF qui réagissent avec les oxydants constituant le piégeur. Finalement, des mesures de mouillabilité ont démontré que les huiles industrielles ont une excellente affinité pour le GEO, démontrant qu’une exposition longue durée à de l’infiltration d’eau ne délogera pas l’huile des composites MAA-Huile. Dans le contexte du traitement des déchets nucléaires, les GEO fonctionnalisés avec un piégeur γ-MnO2/Ag2O semblent être une option intéressante pour le stockage des huiles tritiées. Néanmoins, des études complémentaires doivent être menées au sujet du confinement de l’HTO, ce qui pourrait faire renaitre l’intérêt d’utiliser le LHF
This work deals with the conditioning of tritiated industrial oils in the context of nuclear wastes that are still deprived of an appropriate treatment solution. The strategy consists in directly conditioning model mineral oils in alkali-activated materials (AAM), additionally functionalized with a γ-MnO2/Ag2O hydrogen/tritium getter. Geopolymer (GEO) and alkali-activated blast furnace slag (AABFS) are considered as AAM. In the presence of surfactants, the oil was successfully emulsified (small and homogeneous droplets) in both types of AAM. Two surfactant mechanisms are distinguished acting by: 1) decreasing the interfacial tension or 2) promoting oil-particles interactions. Mechanism 1 should be favored if workability of fresh mixtures is required, while mechanism 2 should be targeted to provide a better confinement of oil owing to strong oil-particles interactions. After curing, AAM-OIL composites are obtained. There is no influence of the oil and surfactants on the setting time and strength development of AAM. The main reaction products (C-A-S-H in AABFS and N-A-S-H in GEO) are not impacted. However, the addition of surfactants leads to increased porosity of AAM due to air bubbles stabilization. AAM-OIL composites immobilizing 20%vol. of oil all have compressive strengths higher than 20 MPa, which is a more than the 8 MPa required from ANDRA. Overall, according to both fresh and hardened states observations, GEO exhibit higher performances for the immobilization of oil than AABFS. The efficiency of the γ-MnO2/Ag2O getter was assessed in AAM via in-situ hydrogen production by gamma irradiations or magnesium corrosion. Both types of experiments agree to the higher performances of the getter in GEO than in AABFS. This is explained by reducing sulfur species present in AABFS, which react with the oxidizing getter components. Finally, wetting measurements demonstrated that industrial oils have an excellent affinity for GEO, testifying that long-term water seepage is not likely to dislodge them from GEO-OIL composites. In the context of nuclear waste management, GEO functionalized with γ-MnO2/Ag2O getter appears as a promising option for disposal of tritiated oils. However, additional investigations of HTO confinement need to be performed that could renew the interest of using AABFS

In China, the textile industry is important for the economy. However, the industry contributes to emissions of organic material and other pollutants. This affects the environment and the quality of life for people and animals. All over the world, water scarcity is becoming an increasing problem, which is why the UN has water purification as one of the goals for sustainable development. To achieve these goals and the regulations in countries, wastewater is purified in water treatment plants before it is discharged. One of the methods that can be used to purify water is catalytic ozonation, an oxidation process in which ozone is used as an oxidant to break down organic material. Catalysts, usually metal oxides, are used to increase the selectivity and the reaction rate. However, this is a relatively unexplored area in water purification and several details within the process are unknown, such as optimal conditions for various catalysts and the exact reaction mechanism. In this work, catalytic ozonation treatment with the metal oxide MnOx-CeOx/γ-Al2O3 has been investigated. Firstly, a literature study was carried out to find earlier research in the field. Then experiments were conducted, varying four different factors and the impact these factors had on the catalytic ozonation was analyzed. The factors examined were contact time, ozone dosage, gas flow and amount of catalyst. All factors had three different levels. COD and UV254 were analyzed to find the conditions that gave the highest reduction of organic matter. The highest reduction of COD was 67 % which gave a COD concentration of 23 mg/L and UV254 90 %. Since the regulations on COD emissions in China are 30 mg/L, the catalytic ozonation gave a satisfying result. The result showed that the highest yield was achieved at the highest level for contact time (40 min), ozone dosage (0.3 mg/L) and amount of catalyst (100 % filled reactor), but the second highest for the gas flow (0.3 L/min). However, the contact time was calculated to be the only significant factor for reducing COD in water. The other factors did not have a significant effect on the reduction of COD or UV254. Furthermore, the conditions that were calculated to give the greatest reduction were used to analyse the reduction of impurities in the wastewater with three dimensional fluorescence. Three dimensional fluorescence showed that the wastewater contained organic compounds, mainly aromatic proteins, soluble microbial by-products and humic acids. All of these compounds were reduced during the catalytic ozonation with MnOx-CeOx/ γ-Al2O3. The residual amount of ozone was analyzed in effluent gas flow was measured with different incoming gas flows. The residual ozone after the ozone treatment was approximately 45 % of the ingoing gas flow.
I Kina är textilindustrin viktig för ekonomin. Dock bidrar industrin till utsläpp av organiskt material och andra föroreningar. Detta påverkar miljön och livskvalitén för människor och djur. Världen över börjar vattenbrist bli ett allt större problem, varför FN har med vattenrening som ett av målen för hållbar utveckling. För att nå dessa mål och de regleringar som gäller renas avloppsvatten i vattenreningsanläggningar innan det släpps ut. En av de metoder som kan användas för att rena vattnet är katalytisk ozonbehandling, vilket är en oxidationsprocess där ozon används som oxidationsmedel för att bryta ned organiskt material. För att öka selektiviteten och reaktionshastigheten används katalysatorer, vanligen metalloxider. Detta är dock ett relativt outforskat område inom vattenrening och flera detaljer inom processen är okända, såsom optimala betingelser och reaktionsmekanismen. I detta arbete har därför katalytisk ozonbehandling med metalloxiden MnOx-CeOx/ γ-Al2O3 undersökts. Först utfördes en litteraturstudie för att ta fram tidigare forskning inom området. Därefter utfördes experiment där fyra olika faktorers påverkan på den katalytiska ozonbehandlingen analyserades. De faktorer som undersöktes var uppehållstid, ozondosering, gasflöde och mängd katalysator. Samtliga faktorer hade tre olika nivåer. De faktorer som analyserades var COD och UV254 för att hitta de förhållanden som gav högst reduktion av organiskt material. Den högsta reduktionen av COD var 67 %, vilket gav en COD-koncentration på 23 mg/L och UV254 reducerades upp till 90 %. Eftersom gränsen på COD-utsläpp i Kina är 30 mg / L gav den katalytiska ozonbehandlingen ett tillfredsställande resultat. Det nivåer som gav bäst utbyte var de högsta för uppehållstiden (40 min), ozondoseringen (0.3 mg/L) och mängden katalysator (100 % fylld reaktor), men den näst högsta för gasflödet (0.3 L/min). Den enda faktorn som hade en signifikant påverkan på reduktionen av organiskt material var dock uppehållstiden. Övriga faktorer hade ingen signifikant påverkan på varken reduktionen av COD eller UV254. Vidare användes ändå de nivåer som beräknats ge störst reduktion av organiskt material för att analysera reduktionen av föroreningar i avloppsvattnet med tredimensionell fluorescens. Avloppsvattnet innehåller organiskt material som aromatiska proteiner, lösliga mikrobiella biprodukter och humussyror och dessa föroreningar reducerades vid katalytiska ozonbehandlingen med MnOx-CeOx/ γ-Al2O3. Dessutom analyserades resterande mängd ozon i utgående gasflöde vid olika storlek på ingående gasflöde. Resterande mängd ozon efter ozonbehandlingen var ungefär 45 % av ingående mängd.