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1
Ilić, Saša. « Socialist Banking : The Continuous Evolution of the Banking Sector in Yugoslavia (1944/45–1991/92) ». Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, Volume 70, Issue 1 (30 mars 2022) : 33–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_22102a.
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The article explores the influence of the ideological and political frameworks and changes in the physiognomy of social, economic and internal political relations, as well as the foreign policy orientation, on the structure of the banking sector in socialist Yugoslavia, The attempt is to determine the appearance and the important features of the banking sector, the sequence of reforms that marked this field of economic life in the second half of the 20th century, as well as the effectiveness of the observed changes. The overview is provided of the characteristics of the different phases that the Yugoslav banking system, starting with the development of the socialist banking system, planned organization and rigid centralization, through various phases of decentralization, central plan weakening and introduction of market elements, to the shaping (and reshaping) of the self-management banking system and its repercussions on the country’s economic unity.
2
Cvijanović, Drago, Tamara Gajic et Aleksandra Vujko. « The Competitiveness of Serbian Tourism in the Region During the Transition Period ». International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 6, no 4 (octobre 2017) : 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2017100102.
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The recent inadequate development of tourism in Serbia was conditioned by the poor economic and political situation that affected the state of the nineties of the 20th century. The authors of the paper pointed to the current situation of the separation of tourism in Serbia and the factors that imply its competitive position among the countries of the region. Each of these states was part of the former Yugoslavia together with Serbia, and in that period shared the same destiny of tourism development. The authors used the available statistical documentation and conducted a desk research to point out the existing estimates of the factors of concreteness that would enable tourism with an adequate strategic policy of product development and placement to reach a higher ranking on the regional and world market.
3
Kovacevic, Maja. « International problems and the research on process of the European integration from the establishment of the communities to the single European act ». Medjunarodni problemi 70, no 2 (2018) : 147–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1802147k.
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Based on research topics that have been discussed in the context related to the European integration in the journal International Problems in the period 1949-1990, the aim of this paper is to consider the extent to which the Yugoslav science of international relations followed this process. The main thesis is that domestic science has studied all relevant aspects of the integration process and has kept up with the times and the key theoretical frameworks. After World War II, the focus was on the economic and political situation of the Western European countries, their interests, as well as the security context in which were launched the first integration initiatives: the German issue, the Marshall Plan, the Cold war and bipolar world, the process of decolonisation, the failure of the European Defense Community and the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and EURATOM. At the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, great attention was devoted to the study of regional integration in general and its models, as well as the expected effects. Along with the slowdown in the European integration process in the late 60s and throughout the 70s, the attention of researchers gradually shifted to individual policies and initiatives of the European Economic Community: the Common Agricultural Policy, development of regional policy, association agreements, the Mediterranean policy, initiatives in the field of monetary integration. The 80s of the last century were dominated by themes that marked this decade in the process of European integration: factors for change in the European Economic Community, the initiatives for reform of the Treaty, the Mediterranean enlargement, the Single European Act, the program for completing the internal market, changes in the social policy of the Community and measures to promote technological development and strategy for the industry. Along with it, the focus was on the relationship between the United States and the Western European countries, East-West relations and relations of Yugoslavia with the Community.
4
Muskaj, Blerina. « NATO in Balkans and Crisis on BiH ». European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no 2 (15 octobre 2019) : 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/601nsi25e.
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The Balkan crisis is the result of a series of conflicts in various areas of political, economic and social life in the former Yugoslavia. Relations between the former republics show the complex character of European security. Without a sustainable development of the whole region, it is impossible to guarantee security throughout the European continent. Europe was shaken by the bloody events that marked the break-up of Yugoslavia. No one could have imagined that such violent military clashes could take place in a European country, 50 years after the end of World War II, and that hundreds of thousands of people would seek refuge throughout Europe. It was clear from the beginning of the crisis in Yugoslavia that the war would continue for many years and if the international community did not intervene the result would be many casualties. The United Nations, the European Union and the OSCE tried to prevent military conflicts between the nations of the former Yugoslavia, but they failed. National elites pursued a policy aimed at creating nation-states and had outside support from influential forces. To achieve this goal they were willing to pay any price. The collapse of the former Yugoslavia, in fact, meant the end of the process that had defined the development of Western Europe since the beginning of the 20th century, in the time between the two world wars. It was the beginning of nation-states. The Balkans had lagged behind in its transformation for many reasons and unlike Western and Central Europe, the Balkan states found themselves in a different wave of historical development, accompanied by conflict and chaos. The collapse of socialism had an impact on this situation, causing new economic and political conflicts. From this point of view, all the efforts of the European and international communities, aimed at controlling the situation after the break-up of Yugoslavia, had no chance of success.
5
Katkov, Aleksei D. « The History of American Foreign Policy Thought : Debates about the US Sovereignty in the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries ». History 19, no 1 (2020) : 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-1-43-59.
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In the 1990s the end of the Cold War and the US’s efforts to build a “new world order” actualized in scientific discourse the problem of understanding the principle of state sovereignty. Moreover, due to the WTO accession, the discussion among United States’ scholars intensified about the preservation of sovereignty of their own state. As a result, both the US authorities and most experts advocate the inviolability of the sovereignty of their country, noting, however, that it might be temporarily limited by different international obligations, first of all by economic agreements, but this does not affect it radically and the possibility of withdrawing from various kinds of contracts remains. At the same time, the last superpower’s foreign policy actions at the end of the 20th century (interference in the internal affairs of Grenada, Nicaragua, Panama, Haiti, Yugoslavia, etc.) clearly illustrate the disregard for the sovereignty of other states. In an attempt to explain this policy, they argued that sovereignty, while remaining a significant principle in general, can be lost, which opens up the legitimate path to the internationalization of a conflict. All in all, despite the fact that such an understanding of sovereignty as a conditional principle, is not new in itself, the United States took some steps to extend this understanding to the whole world, granting itself the right to single-handedly determine cases where and why sovereign rights are lost.
6
Oliver, Michael J., et Hugh Pemberton. « Learning and Change in 20th-Century British Economic Policy ». Governance 17, no 3 (juillet 2004) : 415–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0952-1895.2004.00252.x.
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7
Azizbek Guzalovich, Kholliev. « The “Mongolian question” to Russian foreign policy ». International Journal on Integrated Education 2, no 6 (10 décembre 2019) : 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.202.
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The article analyzes the "Mongolian issue", which is one of the main directions of Russian foreign policy of the early 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the international situation in the Far East region, the collision of imperialist forces, and the economic benefits through diplomatic efforts will be considered.
8
Blagojević, Veljko, et Dejan Petrović. « Military cliques in the Serbian strategic culture of the 20th century ». Vojno delo 73, no 3 (2021) : 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2103088b.
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Throughout the entire 20th century, the Serbian strategic culture was "torn" by various discontinuities, from the state system, through foreign policy and ideological, to strategic and doctrinal orientation, and it can be said that discontinuity is almost its only constant. Nevertheless, the existence of military cliques can be considered to be one of the constants of the Serbian strategic culture. They followed the Serbian Army and influenced the political life of the Kingdom of Serbia. The dynastic coup of May 1903 can be taken as an example of their actions. After that, younger conspirators established the so-called Black Hand, whose leader was Colonel Apis, who was shot after the Thessaloniki process in 1917. The interwar period was marked by the action of the so-called White Hand, under the leadership of General Petar Živković, which was active until the assassination of King Alexander Karađorđević in Marseilles in 1934. The Second Yugoslavia even had a formalized "military clique" represented in the League of Communists, which was an integral part of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia at federal level, together with the republican leagues. Thus, the influence of the party on the military organization was secured, and the influence of the army in the society was also "secured" by its representation in the party forum at federal level. Consequently, the Serbian political elite welcomed the dissolution of the SFRY with perhaps the only constant in its strategic culture, and that is the reliance on the military in resolving political crises, which can be vividly presented by the statement of Slobodan Milosević: "We do not know how to work, but we know how to fight".
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Mau, V. « Modernization under Conditions of Political Stability (Reforms of the Second Half of XIX Century : Logic and Stages of Complex Modernization) ». Voprosy Ekonomiki, no 9 (20 septembre 2009) : 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-9-32-50.
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The paper discusses economic and political modernization under Alexander II and Alexander III. Special attention is paid to economic modernization under conservative political regime as well as to the influence of the 19th century economic policy and economic debates on the industrialization policy in the 20th century.
10
Šimunić, Nikola, et Ivan Brlić. « Senjsko parobrodarstvo i socioekonomske prilike na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće ». Geoadria 19, no 1 (23 juin 2014) : 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.40.
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The authors of the paper examine the historical and geographical aspects of the emergence, development and decline of Senj’s steam-shipping as the crucial element of the overall social and economic progress of Senj at the turn of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, owing to the special city autonomy and the modern road connections, the Port of Senj was one of the most important maritime trading centres of the Croatian Littoral and the entire Adriatic in general, and its residents were important participants in social, economic and political turmoil of that time. Steam-shipping development has surely provided the residents of Senj a good market position in the times of demanding economic circumstances. The work also analyses important causes of weakening of Senj's economy, which during the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia isolated the city from the dominant maritime and economic processes, thus heavily influencing the city's socioeconomic situation.
11
Šimunić, Nikola, et Ivan Brlić. « Senjsko parobrodarstvo i socioekonomske prilike na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće ». Geoadria 19, no 1 (20 avril 2014) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.41.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The authors of the paper examine the historical and geographical aspects of the emergence, development and decline of Senj’s steam-shipping as the crucial element of the overall social and economic progress of Senj at the turn of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, owing to the special city autonomy and the modern road connections, the Port of Senj was one of the most important maritime trading centres of the Croatian Littoral and the entire Adriatic in general, and its residents were important participants in social, economic and political turmoil of that time. Steam-shipping development has surely provided the residents of Senj a good market position in the times of demanding economic circumstances. The work also analyses important causes of weakening of Senj's economy, which during the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia isolated the city from the dominant maritime and economic processes, thus heavily influencing the city's socioeconomic situation.
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Antić, Dejan, et Ivan Becić. « Craft bank of Niš ». Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 51, no 4 (2021) : 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp2104255a.
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At the end of the 19th and the begining of the 20th century, a large number of local money companies were founded in the Kingdom of Serbia. During the Annexation Crisis the number of banks was additionally increased, but at the very end of 1911, the Craft bank of Niš was established. This was not the happiest period for the constitution of this institution, from 1912. Serbia entered a period of works, which lasted until the end of 1918. After the war ended, there was a change in business conditions, and soon after, the Craft Bank of Niš gave up the trade in goods and shortly after it became commited to give short-term loans of exchange to the discount. Taking into account that the business conditions in the first post-war decade were very favorable for the functioning of cash reserves, the craftmen's bank of the city of Niš successfully paid dividends to its shareholders. The economic crisis, which began in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1931, had a negative impact of the normal operation of banks, so that many of them went bankrupt or ceased to operate in non-banking spirit, tryng to protect farmers. The Craft Bank of the city of Niš belongs to a minority of financial institutions that successfully overcame the crisis and continued to operate at the end of the 4th decade of the 20th century. However, the outbreak of the Second World War on the territory of Yugoslavia, interrupted the work of this institution, the Craft Bank of Niš was not allowed to operate in the socialist Yugoslavia, and thus it was liquidated.
13
Radivojevic, Biljana, et Vukica Veljanovic-Moraca. « Importance of bio-medical and socio-economic factors for increase of life expectancy ». Stanovnistvo 42, no 1-4 (2004) : 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0404093r.
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This paper analyzes the connection between life expectancy according to sex and numerous factors on which its level depends on. Statistical analysis understood application of correlation and regression analysis for determining the connection strength of life expectancy and researched factors separately and then all factors together, as well as separately groups of health-medical and socio-economic factors. The analysis was carried out for a group of developed countries, medium developed, mixed group and Yugoslavia (now SCG) on available data for the second half of the 20th century. Analysis results for Yugoslavia showed that the greatest influence on life expectancy of all factors together were setting aside funds for social security (p<0.05). If only health-medical factors are observed, then child mortality up to 5 years and tumor mortality are in question. With women, the greatest influence is with child mortality up to five years old among all factors (<p0.05), or only among health-medical, but in that case it is far less than with men. In developed countries, the strongest connection with life expectancy were the number of sick-beds with men (p<0.05), and with women the parameter of potentially lost years due to tumor (p<0.01). In medium developed countries the most influence on women's life expectancy was maternal mortality (p=0.014), and with men no researched factor was statistically significant. In the mixed sample, the strongest connection with men was with gross national income per capita (p<0.01), and with women with child mortality up to five years old (p=0.017). Therefore on the basis of the determined statistical importance of certain factors analysis showed that the influence of socio-economic factors on life expectancy was very strong in present conditions of mortality, not only in positive, but in negative direction as well, and that their influence in that second half of the 20th century was greater than the influence of health-medical factors. Also, it seems that the males are more sensitive to these factors than women.
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Dju, Orlindo, Johnatan Da Costa Santos, Darinka Brosovich Flores et Jorge Marko Calderon Verduga. « African direction in the foreign policy of Brazil ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no 11-1 (1 novembre 2020) : 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi06.
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The article considers political, economic, social and cultural aspects of Brazilian-African cooperation at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. At the present stage, after two decades of active development, Brazilian policy towards Africa has been losing momentum. Nowadays the cooperation between Brazil and African countries requires developing a new strategy.
15
Ribić, Vladimir. « Constitutional changes and state unity in the rhetoric ». Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 4, no 1 (18 juin 2009) : 185–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v4i1.10.
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We call "Anti-bureaucratic revolution" the clash within the Socialist Committee of Serbia, which took place in the period between 1987.and 1989, with the broadest political mobilization of citizens, and the result of which was constitutional reformation of Serbia. During the ‘80s of the 20th century, the Serbian Communist leadership had, more or less explicitly, disputed (questioned) the legal-political and economic order in Serbia and Yugoslavia, which was established by the 1974. Constitution. When it came to executing (carrying out) the constitutional changes and establishing the state unity, Slobodan Milošević and Ivan Stambolić had based their rhetoric on similar, and often the same attitudes and arguments.
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Mau, V. « Russia’s Social and Economic Policy in 2014 : Finding New Frontiers ». Voprosy Ekonomiki, no 2 (20 février 2015) : 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-2-5-31.
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The paper deals with the roots and features of current Russian economic problems as a combination of structural and institutional crises, cyclical and external shocks. Mobilization and liberalization are discussed as two key economic policy alternatives. The analysis includes historical retrospection which provides some important lessons from economic development in the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the desirable policy to stimulate economic growth.
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Wardley-Kershaw, Julia, et Klaus R. Schenk-Hoppé. « Economic Growth in the UK : Growth’s Battle with Crisis ». Histories 2, no 4 (24 septembre 2022) : 374–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories2040028.
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In this second paper in a series of four, we examine how the era of sustained economic growth also gave rise to recurring economic crises. Assessing the economic turbulence of the late 19th century and the early 20th century, and three prominent crises of the 20th and early 21st centuries: the period following the Second World War, the 1980–1981 Recession and the 2008 Financial Crisis, we survey how the economy and policy have reacted historically to shocks to growth, how crises have restructured industry and work, altering productivity and impacting future growth potential, and how the long-run growth trend persists despite periods of decline or stagnation.
18
rahman, sayed. « Economic Dimension of China’s Foreign Policy towards Pakistan : Late 20th- Early 21st Century ». PAKISTAN LANGUAGES AND HUMANITIES REVIEW 4, no II (31 décembre 2020) : 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2020(4-ii)2.2.
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rahman, sayed. « Economic Dimension of China’s Foreign Policy towards Pakistan : Late 20th- Early 21st Century ». PAKISTAN LANGUAGES AND HUMANITIES REVIEW 4, no II (31 décembre 2020) : 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2020(4-ii)2.2.
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Rahman, Md Sayedur, et Shakila Tul-Kubra. « Economic dimension of India’s foreign policy towards Russia : Late 20th- early 21st century ». Contemporary Research : An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 4, no 1 (8 novembre 2020) : 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v4i1.32757.
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In the international framework India is finding a larger position for itself. This hope is focused on the belief that India is a prosperous democracy with substantial human and material resources; it is an increasingly strong economic power; it has a proven record as a responsible and law-abiding regime, and as a member of the non-aligned party it has consistently shared the interests of the developing nations. Indian foreign policy makers argue that India wants to re-invent itself at this point of 'take-off' as a great force. India needs new alliance for the proposed new position, including the dominant superpower, the United States of America (US). The US has said it would turn India into a great force. This essay attempts to examine the old pattern of relations with Russia that India had enjoyed. There's an Indo-US triangular alliance taking its place. How is this current type of strategic partnership distinct from that of the Indo Soviet/ Russian alliance? However, both countries' natural desire to strive towards multi polarity in world politics has helped restore the relationship, particularly over the past decade. Remarkably, ties with the US no longer stand in the way of stronger relations between India and Russia. The turbulent security climate marked by what is frequently assumed to be the state-sponsored insurgency invulnerable Asian areas, the war in Afghanistan, and the political turmoil in both Afghanistan and Central Asian countries has paved the way for a strategic alliance between India and Russia.
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Kaplan, Robert B. « Language Policy and Planning : Fundamental Issues ». Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (mars 1994) : 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002786.
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For much of the 20th century, language policy and planning has been essentially overlooked except as an academic enterprise, being of serious interest largely only to a small coterie of specialists scattered thinly around the world. Still, at present, only a handful of universities in the world offers anything more than a random course in language policy/planning or simply subsumes the entire field in a couple of lectures in the introductory course in sociolinguistics. In the last decade of the 20th century, real-world events have thrust language policy and planning into prominence. The collapse of the former Soviet Union and the powerful resurgence of language loyalties in various Eastern European polities, the rapid economic unification of a multilingual Europe, changing global patterns of immigration, and global economic difficulties have coalesced to create new linguistic conditions and focus attention on long existing linguistic inequities. These conditions have brought into serious question the western notion of an idealized identity between nation and national language. This volume of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics has attempted to draw together various emerging perspectives on language policy and planning and to examine emerging circumstances in a selected set of illustrative areas:
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Konoreva, Irina A., et Igor N. Selivanov. « History of Relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union in Documents from Serbian and Russian Archives ». Herald of an archivist, no 2 (2018) : 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-2-630-639.
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The review characterizes two collections of archival documents published in Belgrade and Moscow. They contain materials on the history of Yugoslavo-Soviet relations in 1964-1980s from the Archive of Yugoslavia and the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History. The reviewed collections continue the series of publications of the Archive of Yugoslavia (‘Documents on Yugoslavia Foreign Policy’) and of the International Fund ‘Democracy’ (‘Russia: The 20th century’). The collections contain over 100 documents, most of which are published for the first time. They address problems of international relations and domestic policy of the two countries. These problems were discussed by the leaders of Yugoslavia and the USSR at their one-on-one meetings. These discussions allow to trace the process of establishment of mutually beneficial relations. There are materials on general problems of international relations, as well as regional issues: estimation of the role of the USA in the international affaires; impact of the Non-Aligned Movement; European problems; political situation in the Near, Middle, and Far East, and in the Southeast Asia; etc. The chronological framework include events of the Second Indo-Chinese War. The 2-volume collection includes I. B. Tito’s and L. I. Brezhnev’s assessments of the operations in Vietnam and their characterization of the American policy in the region. Its name index and glossary of abbreviations simplify working with documents. The materials of these collections may be of interest to professional historians, Master Program students specializing in history and international relations, who may use them as an educational resource, and post-graduate students researching issues of World and East-European history.
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Stolbov, Vyacheslav. « Models of Russia's Macroeconomic Policy at the Turn of the 21st Century ». Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 13, no 1-2 (14 octobre 2010) : 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0032-5.
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At present the modelling of macroeconomic processes appears to hold theoretical as well as applied interest. Hence, in the present article this method is used with regard to the Russian economy, presenting its actual economic practice in the last decade of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century. The author describes three macroeconomic models, taking into consideration the fact that the country is being profoundly influenced by the global financial crisis. The discussed models are: transition economy model, economic growth model and crisis-management model.
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Lymar, Marharyta. « Transformations of the US European Policy in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century ». American History & ; Politics Scientific edition, no 8 (2019) : 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.08.01.
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The article deals with the European aspects of the US foreign policy in the 2nd half of the 20th century. It also includes studies of the transatlantic relations of the described period and the exploration of an American influence on European integration processes. It is determined that the United States has demonstrated itself as a partner of the Western governments in the post-war reconstruction and further creation of an area of US security and prosperity. At the same time, it is noted that the American presidents have differently shaped their administrations’ policies towards Europe. The greatest supporter of the European integration processes was President Eisenhower. Among other things, the US President believed that Europe would become a key ally of the United States, thus, he considered the union of Sweden, Greece, Spain and Yugoslavia as a solid foundation for building a “United States of Europe”. After Eisenhower administration, European affairs, to a lesser extent, were taken up by such Presidents as Johnson, Carter, Reagan and Clinton. Showing no personal interest, Kennedy, Nixon and Bush-Sr. were forced to support the transatlantic dialogue, understanding the inevitability of European integration and the need for the United States to cooperate with the new consolidated actor. The United States aimed to strengthen its position in the European space, moving to that purpose by using NATO mechanisms and applying the policies of American protectionism against the communist threat. The main competitor of the United States for strengthening national positions in Europe was France led by General de Gaulle, who believed that the affairs of Europe should be resolved by European governments without the American intervention. However, NATO continued to serve as a springboard for the U.S. involvement in European affairs. At the end of the 20th century, through the close links between the EU and NATO, the USA received new allies from Central and Eastern European countries. It is concluded that after the end of World War II, Europe needed an assistance that the United States willingly provided in exchange for the ability to participate in European issues, solving and partly controlling the integration processes. The study found that, despite the varying degree of the American interest in transatlantic affairs, Europe has consistently been remaining a zone of national interest for the United States.
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Atkinson-Grosjean, Janet, Dawn House et Donald Fischer. « Canadian Science Policy and the Public Research Organisations in the 20th Century ». Science & ; Technology Studies 14, no 1 (1 janvier 2001) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55138.
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Across OECD nations, public/private partnerships have recently become popular mechanisms in advancing science and technology policies. But Canada has a long tradition of such partnerships. The federal government was involved in the promotion of relations between public research organisations (PROs) and the private sector as early as the start of the twentieth century. In this paper, we trace the evolution of policies promoting the economic utility of public science in Canada. We then present the National Research Council’s Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRCIRAP) and Industry Canada’s Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) program as contrasting cases of federal steering. By developing an understanding of these flagship instruments, we seek insight into the wider implications of state intervention in relations between PROs and Canadian industry.
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Kujawa, Karol. « Polityka historyczna Partii Akcji Demokratycznej w Bośni i Hercegowinie na przełomie XX i XXI wieku – zarys problemu ». Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 18, no 2 (décembre 2020) : 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2020.2.4.
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The aim of this paper is to make an overarching evaluation by looking at historical policy of the Party of Democratic Action (Stranka demokratske akcije, SDA) in Bosnia and Herzegowina at the turn of the 20th and 21st century and trying to (analytically) examine the main directions of this policy. Therefore paper will try to focus on the major historical figures and trying to analytically to indicate the reasons of the revival the Ottoman traditions in the public life of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Considering this issue I wonder what events and historical figures were promoted and which were censored by Bosnian politicians. What role in Bosnian historical politics was played by Srebrenica and the leader of Bosnian Muslims, Alija Izetbegović. The results of these studies indicate that it was primarily the conflict in Yugoslavia that contributed to the revival of Ottoman traditions among Bosnian Muslims. Only after the war did the historical policy gain institutional support and help the ruling party mobilize the electorate. Since then, the pillar of historical policy has become the martyrdom of the nation, the Ottoman past as well as the cult of the leader of Bosnian Muslims, Alija Izetbegović. Also, the authorities aimed to convince the inhabitants of Bosnia that in their lives the period of communist Yugoslavia brought many negative consequences. This pejorative image was supported in the mass media and education.
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Loginova, Nina N., Milan M. Radovanović, Anatoliy A. Yamashkin, Goran Vasin, Marko D. Petrović et Dunja Demirović Bajrami. « Analysis of the population dynamics in the “Slavic World” with a special focus on Russia ». Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no 3 (31 décembre 2020) : 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.51202.
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Population changes of the Russians and other Slavs are an important original indicator of demographic, economic, political, and cultural analysis of over 300 million Slavic inhabitants in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. The indicators are conditioned by the large number of people executed in World War I and World War II, significant economic migrations, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. Utilizing data from official reports, the authors proceed to analyze the demographic tendencies in order to find out the relationship between modern demographic trends and political and economic events over the past years. The results showed that economic and demographic stagnation, which favor religious and national (ethnic) ambivalence, influence the strengthening of groups ethnically isolated or religiously differentiated in the observed macroregions of Eurasia. The contemporary challenges of modern society in terms of global politics (e.g. terrorism and migrations) will be more pronounced and turbulent in these areas. For these reasons, the original data represent an important segment of the study of Slavic history, demography, and politics throughout the turbulent 20th century and the beginning of the new millennium.
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Padayachee, Vishnu. « The 20th-century South African economy through a development lens ». Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 35, no 2 (1 octobre 2020) : 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569119x15765873896736.
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Based on Bill Freund’s latest book, this review essay critically reviews the author’s discussion of: the institutional and network fibres underlying the mid-20th-century South African developmental model; how and why it developed; how and why it transformed through the course of that century; and how it was dismantled by the end of that century. The essay also tries to assess the significance of that model for South African development in the post-1994 democratic era, as well as the economic and public policy choices exercised by the African National Congress (ANC)-led government under conditions of fiscal constraint.
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Omercic, Jasmin. « Waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 20th and 21st Century ». ICR Journal 8, no 3 (15 juillet 2017) : 342–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v8i3.179.
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This paper investigates the socio-economic role of waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 20th century to date. Bosnia and Herzegovina waqf endured through various political fortunes and improved the social and economic circumstances of Muslims. A contemporary challenge is to reconstruct this waqf. A new development is the emergence of Islamic Economics. Since 1995, the Waqf Directorate of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina (WD-ICBIH), the main authority over waqf, initiated reforms to revive the socio-economic role of waqf and integrate it into Bosnia and Herzegovina development. The study identifies the challenges facing the Waqf Directorate and the development of Islamic Economics in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The emergence of Islamic Economics and Islamic Banking and Finance, in cooperation with the Bosnia Bank International, presents opportunities to the Waqf Directorate to achieve its vision and mission. Some avenues for waqf integration into Bosnia and Herzegovina development qualify as commendable efforts of reform, indicate a feasible future for the Waqf Directorate, and gradually address various challenges. The paper concludes with actionable policy recommendations.
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Hemphill, Thomas A. « From Industrial Policy to National Industrial Strategy : An Emerging Global Phenomenon ». Bulletin of Science, Technology & ; Society 38, no 3-4 (octobre 2018) : 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467620925710.
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In February 2019, the German federal government announced its new “National Industry Strategy 2030.” Many economies—including the United Kingdom (2017), European Union (2017), and Saudi Arabia (2018)—have announced national industrial strategies addressing the competitive threat of the People’s Republic of China’s 2015 “Made in China 2025” 5-year economic plan to become a global leader in 10 advanced technology manufacturing sectors. The use of the 20th-century term “industrial policy” heralds back to public policy antecedents of what is now evolving globally in the 21st century as national “industrial strategy,” a concept explored in this article. Unlike traditional 20th-century efforts at industrial policy (which focused on public policy efforts to maintain domestic primacy of declining, older industries), national industrial strategy recognizes (and generally accepts) the international global economy as a foundation of competition. Most importantly, national industrial strategy focuses on technologically emerging industries as well as the national government working collaborative in a partnership with these emerging industries to meet future growth challenges and opportunities.
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Kuznetsov, S. I., et N. N. Puzynya. « “ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY” AS A PHENOMENON OF JAPAN’S FOREIGN POLICY (50–60S OF THE 20TH CENTURY) ». Bulletin of the Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no 1 (2020) : 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/2222-9175-2020-37-60-67.
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VIANA, ALEXANDRE GUEDES, et PATRÍCIA HELENA F. CUNHA. « The Swedish model : an alternative to macroeconomic policy ». Revista de Economia Política 36, no 2 (juin 2016) : 266–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572016v36n02a02.
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ABSTRACT This paper describes the main details of the Swedish economic model, which began to be structured on the 1930s and achieved its consolidation on the 1950s. The Swedish model is characterized by a macroeconomic policy which provides price stability, fiscal results for selective industrial policies and social active policies, the latter being recognized as a wide universal welfare state. This combination, which contradicts the traditional economic prescriptions, has been successful given the country was agrarian and underdeveloped until the beginni.ng of 20th century and achieved a high social-economic development level on the 1970s. Afterwards, we present the Swedish experiment as an alternative to macroeconomic management, especially due to its uniqueness.
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Sintserov, L. M. « Geography of World Economic Relations at the Turn of the 20th Century ». Geography and Natural Resources 40, no 2 (avril 2019) : 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s187537281902001x.
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Kadochnikov, D. « International Coordination of Financial and Economic Policy : Gustav Cassels Theoretical Contribution ». Voprosy Ekonomiki, no 1 (20 janvier 2012) : 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-1-51-64.
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Gustav Cassel (1866-1945) developed a number of original ideas in the field of international finance, which may prove to be relevant today. These ideas, however, were largely forgotten or remained unnoticed in the second half of the 20th century. To a large extent this is due to the fact that Cassels theoretical framework was fragmented, while one of the key elements of his argumentation - the purchasing power parity concept - was taken out of the context and misinterpreted. The papers aim is to restore and demonstrate Cassels vision of the goals and significance of the international coordination of financial and economic policy as an inherently normative perspective.
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Artamonova, L. N. « POST-KEYNESIANISM : EVOLUTION OF KEYNESIAN MACROECONOMICS IN THE 20TH CENTURY ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, no 6(51) (28 décembre 2016) : 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-6-51-106-114.
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The article analyzes the development of J.M. Keynes's theory in the second half of the twentieth century due to the works within the new direction of economical science - Post-Keynesianism. It is shown that in free-market economy Keynesian school based of the original Keynesian methodology requires additional studies of state regulation principles and take into account the qualitative changes in the market mechanisms. It is shown that post-Keynesianism has had a significant impact on the subject of research and has taken into account the principles of free enterprise, market pricing, level of price dynamics. All this principles allow realizing the principle of self-regulation of the market mechanism. New approaches to the post-Keynesians role of the state and state regulation combined with the freedom of entrepreneurship are analyzed. Taking into account real changes and economic crises it is necessary to analyze the main directions of development of the Keynesian model of economic regulation with a view to their effective use in shaping economic policy. There are considered the basic directions of development of post-Keynesianism such as Neo-Ricardian theory of value and prices of goods based on direct costs of production in the framework of macroeconomic model by P. Sraffa, information theory of "fundamental" uncertainty of the future by R. Klauder and the theory of financial instability hypothesis by H. Minsky. Their differences within the framework of post-Keynesianism under the subject specialization are considered. It is noted that the development of PostKeynesianism allows to present the latest research in modern Keynesian school within an interdisciplinary approach to economical problems.
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Zhitko, Anatolij. « Discriminative Economic Policy of the Russian Government Towards the Catholic Nobility of Belarus (Second Half of the 19th Century – the Beginning of the 20th Century) ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 4 (août 2021) : 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.8.
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Introduction. The upper class of Belarus within the Russian Empire attracted the attention of researchers. However, the restrictive economic policy of the Russian government towards the nobility of the Roman Catholic faith has not been the subject of special study. The aim of the article is to identify the main aspects of the discriminative policy of the autocracy against the Catholic nobility of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Methodology. The study is based on the fundamental principles of historical knowledge – historicism, objectivity, value-based approach, and traditional general scientific and concrete historical methods were used to implement the research tasks. Results. In 1858 in the Belarusian provinces the hereditary nobility made up one third of the upper class of the European part of Russia. The implementation of the “parsing the shliahta” policy led to a sharp reduction in the Catholic nobility by 1865. The government sought to economically undermine the economic activities of the Catholic nobility and equalize Russian and Catholic land ownership in the Belarusian region. This was reflected in the preferential sale of sequestered and confiscated estates, the prohibition of land purchases by Catholics, all kinds of fines and especially through contribution fee and a tax to support the Orthodox clergy. Conclusion. The government’s discriminative policy towards Catholic nobility was aimed at curbing the economic activity of “the Poles” in Belarus. The main elements of its implementation were the sequestration and confiscation of the estates of Catholics who directly or indirectly participated in the uprising of 1863–1864, various fines, the prohibition of the purchase of land holdings, contribution fee, taxes on maintaining the Orthodox Church, etc. At the same time, this policy did not lead to the expected results. At the beginning of the 20th century the Catholic nobility outnumbered the Russian nobility in land ownership.
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Diakov, Nikolai. « Islam in the Colonial Policy of France : from the Origins to the Fifth Republic ». ISTORIYA 12, no 5 (103) (2021) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015901-0.
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History of relations between France and the Islamic world goes back to the first centuries of Hijra, when the Franks first faced the Caliphate and its troops in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean. On the eve of the New times Paris had already developed its numerous contacts with Turkey, Iran and the Arab West — the Maghreb area. The conquest of Algeria (from 1830) formed a basis of the French colonial empire in Africa and Asia with the growing role of Islam in political activities and ambitions of Paris. Millions of Muslims in French colonies contributed to growth of political and economic progress of their metropoly with its pretensions to become a great Muslim power. Meanwhile, thousands of them lost their lives during two great world wars of the 20th century. Waves of immigration gave birth to an impressive Islamic community (‘umma), in France, reaching about a million of residents by the middle of the 20th century. With the growth of Muslim immigration from Africa and the Middle East a number of Muslims among the natives of France also augmented. By the end of the last century the Muslims formed as much as about 10 % of the whole population of France. The “French Islam” born at the dawn of the 20th century. after a century of its evolution became an important civilizational reality of Europe, at times more attractive for the local youth than traditional Christian values, or the new ideals, brought with the winds of globalism, multiculturalism and a “non-stop consumerism”.
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Entina, E. G. « EEC and Yugoslav cooperation in the frames of modern international relations in Europe ». MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no 1 (3 mars 2020) : 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-1-70-39-55.
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Traditionally the phenomenon of the European integration towards South East Europe is regarded starting from the XXI century. The explanation for such a periodization are resolution of the open conflicts on the territory of the former Yugoslavia and implementation of the complex EU strategy for the region. Starting point of the majority of researches is the year of 2003 when the EU Agenda for the Western Balkans was started in Thessaloniki. The topic of EEC-Yugoslavia relations, SFRY having been first socialist country to institutionalize its trade and economic relations with Brussels, are unfairly ignored in domestic and foreign scientific literature. It is regarded solely as a chronological period of trade agreements. Nevertheless, this issue is of fundamental importance for understanding the current neighborhood of the European Union. The main thesis the author proves is that in the 1960s and 1980s as it is the case nowadays, the main imperative of Brussels' policy towards the Balkans was to prevent Moscow from increasing its influence. This led to the formation of a very specific format of relations with Belgrade and was one of the reasons why the economic crisis in Yugoslavia became extreme and its economy irreformable. In addition, at a later and structurally much more complicated stage of relations between the countries of the former Yugoslavia and the European Union the specificity and main components of relations of the Cold War period did not fundamentally change. As for the policy of so-called containment of the external actors one could see that besides Moscow, we can speak about similar attitude of the EU towards China. It makes it possible to consider the EU policy towards the countries of the former Yugoslavia in the paradigm of neoclassical realism, rather than in the paradigm of traditional liberal European integration approaches which allows us to unite neorealists elements with the specifics of internal processes, including the modernization of institutes, relations between society and state, types of political leadership.
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Köpeczi-Bócz, Tamás, et Mónika Lőrincz. « The characteristics of the resource needs of innovative businesses ». Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no 69 (23 mars 2016) : 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1800.
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Every university was funded in different historical periods with particular feature, particular political system, particular proprietory structure and particular economic background, which characterised the particular era. The historical antecedents considerably influenced the situation and role of the institutions as well as the course of their development. Although they had common features but their spatial projections are very dissimilar. In the 19th and 20th century Hungarian history – in the periods of economic integration with the modification of political system and transformation of the social background – the economic and social functions of tertiary education underwent considerable changes, which started to accomplish by the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century. To moderate regional disparities, European and Hungarian regional development policy considers particular importance to the economic structure of the regions and their potential to be reformed, which is one of the corner stones of compatibility. Considering the more and more diversifying functions of universities, the question is, which factor is more significant; tertiary education or the relation between the sectors of national economy. The possible correlations we presented through the economic structure and the transformation of tertiary education functions of the integration periods.
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Navas-Carrillo, Daniel, Javier Ostos-Prieto et Juan-Andrés Rodríguez-Lora. « Housing policy in Spain between 1939 and 1976 ». HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades 18, no 2 (3 mars 2023) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v18.4869.
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The research focuses on the study of public housing built in response to the urgent housing needs in Europe throughout the 20th century. These developments share many of the characteristics of their European counterparts. The Spanish case presents certain peculiarities in its development. The research aims to analyse the context -social, economic and political- that conditioned the massive construction of housing in Spain between 1939 and 1976. An analysis is made of the approved urban planning legislation, housing regulation and the identification of the responsible bodies.
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Deryugina, I. V. « THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH–20TH CENTURIES ». Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no 1 (11) (2020) : 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-240-254.
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The paper explores the evolution of agriculture in Kazakhstan during its accession to the Russian Empire. At this time, two independent sectors were established in the uniform agricultural mechanism of Kazakhstan: The arable farming, which developed due to the colonization policy of the Russian government, and the livestock sector, based on the traditional cattle breeding, originating in Kazakh steppe. The focus of the research is specifically determined by the fact that the agrarian reforms in Kazakhstan in the 21st century are based on the coexistence of these two independent sectors in agriculture. The article thus looks at three main issues. Firstly, according to the sources of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, the migration policy of the Russian government, initiating a vast territorial expansion of the Russian speaking population, and economic transformations in agriculture on Kazakhstan territory. Secondly, the transformation of the livestock sector in Kazakhstan is analyzed in historical retrospect. The author argues that the classic type of nomadic cattle breeding began to change from the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, but the most noticeable changes in the composition of the herd and the type of nomadism were observed from the beginning of the 20th century. Thirdly, the formation of the arable farming, the impetus for the development of which was given by Russian colonization, is studied. The beginning of arable farming among nomads in the Kazakh steppe dates to the beginning of the 19th century, but it was fully developed at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries due to the allotment of lands to peasants from Central Russia. Arable farming is most widespread in Akmola, Turgay, Semirechensk and Syr Darya regions. Thus, the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, considered in the paper, proved to be the beginning of the Kazakhstan agricultural split into two independent sectors: Arable farming and livestock farming. Simultaneously the ethnic factor came to the fore, manifested in the division of the spheres of activity, where autochthon population was engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, and Russian immigrants were mostly engaged in seminatural agriculture.
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Lazear, Edward P. « Gary Becker's Impact on Economics and Policy ». American Economic Review 105, no 5 (1 mai 2015) : 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151107.
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Gary Becker was one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th century. He advanced social science by introducing economic thinking into areas that were thought to be off limits. Because his theory was motivated by his desire to explain the world, his analyses were highly policy relevant. His work on discrimination, deterrence of crime, fertility, human capital, and the family all produced implications that were testable and verified by his and others' empirical research. Equally important, each research area provided policy guidance and many of his ideas have been implemented by government and non-government organizations.
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Kovnir, V. N., et O. D. Kuznetsova. « New Economic Policy – Practical Experience of Creating a New Socio-Economic Model ». Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no 4 (21 juillet 2021) : 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2021-4-14-25.
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The article describes the stages and main activities carried out in the framework of the new economic policy (19211927) are considered. The place and role of NEP in the economic history of Russia, despite the past 100 years, are still following discussion issues. In particular, the question of the impact of a new economic policy on the formation of a mixed economy in developed capitalist countries in the second half of the 20th century was relevant. In the 1920s, an economic system was built in Russia in Russia, which can be developed as a mixed economy, which has proven its flexibility and effectiveness in solving the most complicated economic tasks. The article analyzes the experience of NEP based on the use of the methodology of institutional theory. The activities of the authorities during this period were aimed at the adaptation of old institutes, skills, mentality of the population in the conditions of a tight deficit of all resources to new requirements, primarily in the economy. The importance of the tasks facing the tasks and the limited time released by history to their decision determined the choice of a rigid totalitarian style of economic management and society, which did not allow to reveal the potential capabilities of the ECAP economic mechanism.
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Shmelev, Dmitry. « Muslim Immigration to France in the 20th Century : Causes, Cycles, Problems ». ISTORIYA 12, no 5 (103) (2021) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015636-8.
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The article devoted to the problem of Muslim immigration in France in the 20th century. The focus is on the causes of Muslim immigration, its cycles, specificity and consequences for modern French society. Based on a comparison of various statistical data, it stated that Muslim immigration is an integral part of three large waves of immigration flows that took place from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries. The article notes the correlation of the number of Muslim immigrants in France with the global numbers of immigrant arrivals to the country. However, if in the first two waves their number depended on the economic needs of the French economy (Muslims came to earn money), then during the third wave other factors came into play — the creation of stable communities, family reunification, going on stage second and third generations of immigrants, social problems of their arrangement and adaptation to French legal norms and customs. The article notes the specificity of the geographical concentration of the Muslim population, which takes place either near large industrial centers and cities (which makes it easier to find work and social protection), or in places of proximity to their native countries (southern France). Special attention paid to the problem of the evolution of state policy in the admission and integration of immigrants, when various methods tired from assimilation, the adoption of quotas to the policy of flexible regulation of immigration and expulsion of illegal immigrants from the country. The article analyzes the position of the Muslim community in France, the role of Muslim associations in its life, the impact on the socio-cultural life of the French. It can stated that Islam has become the second religion in France, which determines its position — a stable presence in socio-economic life (employment, the spread of the social protection system to immigrants), political (the right to vote, the possibility of creating associations, manifestations), religious (the possibility of worship), cultural (the formation of a specific immigrant subculture).
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Il`inykh, Vladimir, et Sergey Sharapov. « The New Economic Policy : Dimensions of the Study ». Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 22, no 4 (22 novembre 2021) : 720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2021.22(4).720-730.
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In September 2021 Novosibirsk hosted The All-Russian Scientific Conference «Russian Economic Reforms in Regional Terms», which was organized with financial support from the fund «Istoria Otechestva» («History of Motherland»). The conference resulted in setting the objective to study the stages of economic reforms, which took place in the territory of Russia and its regions in the late 19th and early 20th century. Another task of the conference was to observe the general and specific influence of spatial factor on the intensions, implementations and results of the reforms. Researchers from different Russian cities presented their findings on agrarian colonization and development of the regions, economic policy and reforming strategies, as well as on changes in the economic governance systems. Since the conference was dedicated to the 100-th anniversary of the NEP, it paid special attention to scientific understanding of general patterns and specific features of the NEP implementation. The review provides information on the main reports and papers, related to the NEP topic. It also presented a summary of the debates, which took place at the round table «The NEP: Results and Research Perspectives».
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Dimitrijevic, Dusko. « The relations of Serbia and the People’s Republic of China at the beginning of the 21st century ». Medjunarodni problemi 70, no 1 (2018) : 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1801049d.
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The current relations of the Republic of Serbia with the People?s Republic of China (hereinafter: Serbia and China) are conditioned by many political, economic, legal and social factors. The mentioned factors point to the existence of asymmetry in many aspects which, however, is not an issue that implies that the two parties can not develop good and friendly relations. In the historical and international legal sense, the relations of the two countries are characterized by the continuity of diplomatic relations established on January 2, 1955, between the then Federal People's Republic Yugoslavia and the People's Republic of China. Serbia as the successor state of SFR Yugoslavia continues to treat China as one of its most important partners in international relations, which is manifested through the foreign policy course, according to which China is one of the main ?pillars? of Serbia's foreign policy alongside the European Union, Russia and the United States. The mere reference to the main ?pillars? in Serbia's foreign policy orientation indicates that China is a key player in world politics and a great power with which Serbia needs to build relations of a ?comprehensive strategic partnership?. It is not surprising, therefore, that the deepening of the Serbian-Chinese relations on a bilateral and multilateral level (especially within the UN, regional international organizations and political forums such as the 16 + 1 mechanism between China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe) contributed to better strategic positioning of Serbia in modern international relations.
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Dudás, Előd. « Bosanski jezik i bosnistika u Mađarskoj ». Književni jezik, no 33 (2022) : 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33669/kj2022-33-02.
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The article presents the presence of the Bosnian language and Bosnian studies in Hungary. It discusses in detail the meaning, history and beginnings of the ethnonym Bosnian, which dates back to the 19th century. After the fall of the AustroHungarian Monarchy, the first independent South Slavic state was established, which brought not only political and economic changes, but also language and language policy changes. Post-World War II Yugoslavia was characterized by linguistic unification, which took place in the Serbo-Croatian language. The Hungarian scientific and non-scientific public faithfully followed the Yugoslav terminology, so there was no mention of the Bosnian language at all. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a new language situation arose, which was interpreted by István Nyomárkay for the Hungarian academic public. However, information about the Bosnian language in Hungarian sources is still almost unavailable, from which it follows that there are no Bosnian studies in Hungary.
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Roy, Kaushik. « Focusing on India’s Look East Policy : India–China relationship from 1947 to 2020 ». International Area Studies Review 24, no 2 (30 mai 2021) : 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22338659211018324.
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Before the onset of the industrial revolution, China and India were the two biggest powers in Eurasia. Their total population comprised almost half of the world’s population. And the GNP of premodern China was half of the combined GNP of the world. Before circa 1600 CE, most of the textiles and iron in the world were manufactured in these two countries. China and India suffered a temporary eclipse during the age of colonialism. However, with the rise of the economic and military power of China and India from the late 20th century, it seems that these two countries are bound to reclaim their traditional positions as big powers in the international system. However, there is a caveat. In the premodern era, the Himalayas prevented any intimate contact between the ‘dragon’ and the ‘elephant’. But, from the mid-20th century, advances in technology, economic competition and the annexation of Tibet by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) among other factors resulted in China and India coming into direct contact with each other. The result has been cooperation–competition–conflict. And this has had consequences not only for these two countries but for the whole world. The present article attempts to trace the troubled trajectory of India’s China policy from the late 1940s (when these two countries became independent) up to the present day.
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Mercader-Moyano, Pilar, et Antonio Serrano-Jiménez. « Special Issue “Urban and Buildings Regeneration Strategy to Climatic Change Mitigation, Energy, and Social Poverty after a World Health and Economic Global Crisis” ». Sustainability 13, no 21 (27 octobre 2021) : 11850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111850.
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Throughout the 21st century, urban reports demand solutions to the obsolescence and aging process suffered by the existing buildings, due to the growth and expansion of cities that took place in the second half of the 20th century [...]
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Solov’ev, Kirill A. « OLD AXIOMS AND NEW THEOREMS OF RUSSIAN HISTORY. ON THE NEW BOOK BY M.A. DAVYDOV “TEOREMA STOLYPINA” (SPB. : ALETEIYA, 2022. 838 P.) ». RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no 2 (2022) : 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2022-2-134-141.
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The article deals with the issues that were posed in the latest monograph by M.A. Davydov “Teorema Stolypina”. The book offers a very special, innovative view of the socio-economic processes in Russia in the 19th century. Usually, the authors focus on political, social, financial institutions, government policy and global conjuncture. M.A. Davydov has a very special research “optics”. He analyzes the modernization processes in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries in the context of social thought of that time, the categorical apparatus of Russian intellectuals. It allows the author to imagine an invisible passageway of possibilities in which the government operated until the First Russian Revolution. The traditionalist style of thinking, shared by supporters of various views, was the most important obstacle to dynamic economic development. That circumstance emphasizes the importance of Stolypin’s reforms, which were not a continuation of the previous course, but a direct break with it. The concept presented by the author finally makes it possible to tie together the intellectual, political, and economic processes in Russia on the eve of the great upheavals of the early 20th century