Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Yousafzai, malala , 1997- »

Important as religion is to behave socially, its complex nature has remained the staple concern of literary narratives. The enigma of religion is particularly evident in the life narratives of Malala Yousafzai (I Am Malala, 2013) and Ziauddin Yousafzai (Let Her Fly 2018). The selected texts have been studied using the Theory of Representation (1997) to investigate there presentation of Islam by applying the legitimation strategies proposed by Theo Van Leeuwen in his book Discourse and Practice (2008). Islam and its practices have been exploited by detailing specific practices related to Muslim women with lesser consideration of Islamic injunctions that benefits its adherents. This study concludes that in there presentation of religion, the selected authors have misrepresented the ideologies, belief systems, and values of Islam by reinforcing negative stereotypes of Muslim women as subject to religious practices that use the body as a site of patriarchal domination and religious constraints.

Malala Yousafzai (1997-) became an international icon after Pakistan-based Tehrik-i-Taliban militants attacked her on her way to school on October 9, 2012. In the following days, the global media gave extensive coverage to the attack from multiple narrative positions. This article argues that the traveling of Yousafzai as an image of a Muslim girl's right to education was instru-mentalized in the context of Kerala, South India, to deny Muslims the right to political agency. By analyzing the traveling of Islamophobia in the Global South, this article shows how the gender-based stereotypes of Islamic political subjectivity were reproduced through the figure of Yousafzai. By looking into the particularities within the Global South, this article argues that Islamo-phobia as a discourse is now part of a global economy within which the threat of Muslim subjectivity is applied in unique ways.

ABSTRACT The iconic image of Rosie the Riveter played an important role in American patriotic ideological processes during World War II. Aimed at the recruitment of women for wartime work, particularly in factories and traditionally masculine occupations, this representation of a woman in overalls and head scarf, with sleeves rolled up, showing her bicep and balled fist, declaring 'We can do it', has been a contentious point of discussion for its significance in feminist agendas since its first appearance. While building on, and playing to, the suffrage agendas of first wave feminism, the popular image of Rosie was transcended by second wave concerns about depictions of women in the workplace, such as those in films like Norma Rae (Ritt 1979), Silkwood (Nichols 1983), North Country (Caro 2005) and Made in Dagenheim (Cole 2010). But Rosie is making a comeback. The image has recently been appropriated in various ways and for various purposes - naively, ironically, satirically, as bricolage, pastiche and in sexualised portrayals - to represent contemporary women's issues and concerns, as well as arguably forming part of a backlash culture against feminism. Contemporary depictions have, for example, ranged from Hilary Clinton, Sarah Palin, Michelle Obama, Malala Yousafzai and Beyoncé. This paper considers the development and transformation of the image of Rosie the Riveter and its contradictory (re)-appropriations in various contemporary popular cultural discourses. Keywords: feminist expression, Michel Foucault, gender roles, popular culture, Rosie the Riveter.

Este estudo consiste em uma análise dos ativismos atuais em associação com o conceito de mito e retórica. Ao enquadrar-se nos Direitos Humanos, a pesquisa teve como objetos de estudo: Malala Yousafzai e Ahed Tamimi. Através de um mapeamento transversal de assuntos, cenários, identidades e agentes de influência, percebeu-se como estas diversas formas de representações podem chegar a construir um mito. A análise contou metodologicamente com a prática textual mediante uma abordagem semiótica, narrativa e desconstrutiva. Questionou-se a respeito da manutenção da hegemonia destas figuras mediante o movimento de ressignificação discursivo influenciado pelos avanços tecnológicos. Os resultados indicaram o diálogo e o relacionamento interpessoal como processos fundamentais para a difusão e o real engajamento da sociedade em um movimento social. No entanto, devido ao caráter global e digital da realidade atual, a multiplicidade de formatos, veículos de informação, públicos e áreas do conhecimento, se mostraram como características essenciais desta difusão. Por fim, associou-se estas ativistas a perfis inovadores segundo os estudos de difusão de inovação e tendências, indicando a curiosidade e o comportamento cosmopolita como aspectos recorrentes. No entanto, notou-se também que a efetiva influência destes perfis pode depender de uma identificação com os mesmos por parte de potências ocidentais, envolvendo questões de linguagem, aparência, interesses econômicos e até a dimensão psicológica – como o imaginário coletivo e os arquétipos. Sugere-se como aplicação futura a interpretação de possíveis movimentos híbridos, sendo estes concebidos por figuras centralizadores e sustentados por uma massa plural que consegue, ainda assim, garantir a representatividade individual ou de grupos menores.
This study consists of an analysis of contemporary activisms in association with the concept of the myth and rhetoric. Being situated in the field of human rights, this research has as its objects of study Malala Yousafzai and Ahed Tamimi. Through a transversal mapping of topics, scenarios, identities and agents of influence, the ways in which these different forms of representation can construe a myth are discovered. The analysis involves a methodology of textual practice through a semiotic, narrational and deconstructive approach. The maintenance of these figures’ hegemony through the movement of discursive resignification influenced by technological progress is questioned. The results indicate dialogue and the interpersonal relationship as fundamental processes for the diffusion and the engagement of society with a social movement. However, given the global and digital character of the current reality, the multiplicity of formats, information vehicles, audiences and knowledge areas reveal themselves to be the essential characteristics of this diffusion. Finally, these activists are associated with innovative profiles according to studies about the diffusion of innovation and trends, indicating the curiosity and the cosmopolitan behavior as recurring aspects. However, it is also noted that the effective influence of these profiles can depend on western powers’ identification with these profiles, involving matters of language, appearance, economic interests and even the psychological dimension—such as the collective imagination and archetypes. As a possible future development of research in this area, the interpretation of possible hybrid movements is suggested, these movements being founded by centralizing figures and sustained by a plural mass that, nevertheless, manages to guarantee the representativity of individuals or small groups.