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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Xu Kun »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 9 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Xu Kun"

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Teng, Kun-Xu, Li-Ya Niu, Yan-Fei Kang et Qing-Zheng Yang. « Correction : Rational design of a “dual lock-and-key” supramolecular photosensitizer based on aromatic nucleophilic substitution for specific and enhanced photodynamic therapy ». Chemical Science 12, no 1 (2021) : 488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc90269a.

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Correction for ‘Rational design of a “dual lock-and-key” supramolecular photosensitizer based on aromatic nucleophilic substitution for specific and enhanced photodynamic therapy’ by Kun-Xu Teng et al., Chem. Sci., 2020, 11, 9703–9711, DOI: 10.1039/D0SC01122C.
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Goyal, Sujata. « A Generalization of a fixed point theorem of HONG-KUN XU ». International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology 38, no 1 (25 octobre 2016) : 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315373/ijmtt-v38p505.

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Chen, Rudong, et Zhichuan Zhu. « Strong convergence of approximation fixed points for nonexpansive nonself-mapping ». International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2006 (2006) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijmms/2006/16470.

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LetCbe a closed convex subset of a uniformly smooth Banach spaceE, andT:C→Ea nonexpansive nonself-mapping satisfying the weakly inwardness condition such thatF(T)≠∅, andf:C→Ca fixed contractive mapping. Fort∈(0,1), the implicit iterative sequence{xt}is defined byxt=P(tf(xt)+(1−t)Txt), the explicit iterative sequence{xn}is given byxn+1=P(αnf(xn)+(1−αn)Txn), whereαn∈(0,1)andPis a sunny nonexpansive retraction ofEontoC. We prove that{xt}strongly converges to a fixed point ofTast→0, and{xn}strongly converges to a fixed point ofTasαnsatisfying appropriate conditions. The results presented extend and improve the corresponding results of Hong-Kun Xu (2004) and Yisheng Song and Rudong Chen (2006).
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Spring, Madeline K. « South of the Clouds : Tales of Yunnan. Edited by Lucien Miller. Translated by Guo Xu, Lucien Miller, and Xu Kun. Seattle and London : University of Washington Press, 1994. v, 328 pp. $40.00 (cloth) ; $19.95 (paper). » Journal of Asian Studies 56, no 3 (août 1997) : 773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2659626.

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DO, TRUONG VAN, et XIN-FEN GAO. « Aristolochia longeracemosa, a new synonym of A. chlamydophylla (Aristolochiaceae) ». Phytotaxa 317, no 1 (11 août 2017) : 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.317.1.8.

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Aristolochia Linnaeus (1753: 960) (Aristolochiaceae) comprises about 500 species. The genus has worldwide distribution (Wanke et al. 2006). Recent findings of Aristolochia (Phuphathanaphong 2006, Xu et al. 2011, Huong et al. 2014, Do et al. 2015, Wu et al. 2015), together with the previous treatments for the Flora of Thailand (Phuphathanaphong 1987), the Flora of Vietnam (Pham 2000) and the Flora of China (Huang et al. 2003) confirmed the Thai & Indo-Chinese floristic region as a center of diversity for Aristolochia, with currently about 90 species. A high degree of endemism is found for specific countries (Huang et al. 2003, Phuphathanaphong 2006). However, the delimitation and taxonomic status of some species are still unclear due to limited access to specimen databases, especially for the type specimens in those countries. Notably, recent studies have significantly revised the taxonomic status of several previously described Aristolochia species when herbarium materials from multiple countries in the region were consulted (Do et al. 2014, Do 2016, Zu et al. 2016). On the basis of the examination of the protologue, the type specimens, and recent collections from the herbaria BKF, C, GXMI, HITBC, IBSC, KUN, PE and PEM, we conclude that Aristolochia longeracemosa B. Hansen & Leena Phuphathanaphong (1999: 557), described from collections made in northern Thailand, is conspecific with A. chlamydophylla C.Y. Wu ex S. M. Hwang (1981: 223) from southern China. Hence, we here propose the former as a new synonym of the latter. A detailed comparison of the morphological characters and habitat of these two species is provided.
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Du, Kun, Rong-yi Ding, Zhi-hao Wang, Zhi-gang Song, Bing-feng Xu, Ming Zhou, Yun Bai et Jin Zhang. « Erratum for “Direct Inversion Algorithm for Pipe Resistance Coefficient Calibration of Water Distribution Systems” by Kun Du, Rong-yi Ding, Zhi-hao Wang, Zhi-gang Song, Bing-feng Xu, Ming Zhou, Yun Bai, and Jin Zhang ». Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 144, no 10 (octobre 2018) : 08218001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000989.

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Zhu, Xizhou, Alfredo Perales-Puchalt, Krzysztof Wojtak, Ziyang Xu, Kun Yun, Pratik S. Bhojnagarwala, Devivasha Bordoloi et al. « Abstract 3573 : DNA immunotherapy targeting BARF1 demonstrates therapeutic impact in novel murine carcinoma models expressing EBV latent antigens ». Cancer Research 82, no 12_Supplement (15 juin 2022) : 3573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3573.

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Abstract Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) latent infection is associated with multiple types of cancer. Several clinical studies have targeted EBV antigens as immune therapeutic targets with limited efficacy of EBV+ malignancies, suggesting additional targets might be important. BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) is an EBV antigen that is highly expressed in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and EBV+ nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and has not been evaluated as an antigen in the context of therapeutic immunization. Here, we developed a synthetic DNA-based expression cassette as immunotherapy targeting BARF1 (pBARF1). Immunization with pBARF1 induced potent antigen-specific humoral and polyfunctional effector T cell responses in vivo. We observed significant antigen-specific increases of IFN-γ+, IFN-γ+ TNF-α+, and IFN-γ+ TNF-α+ IL-2+ populations in CD8+ T cells from the pBARF1 immunized animals in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Novel BARF1 expressing carcinoma lines that grow in immune-competent animals were developed as surrogates for human EBV+ tumors. We confirmed that BARF1 expression in these new cancer cell lines, MC38-BARF1 and CT26-BARF1, was within the range of human EBV+ cancer cell lines, SNU719 and C666-1. Immunization with pBARF1 plasmid demonstrated impact of tumor progression through induction of CD8+ T cell in these BARF1+ carcinoma models. We also observed long-term antitumor immunity, at least up to 446 days, against BARF1 in a CT26-BARF1 rechallenge study. Using IVIS in vivo imaging, we observed that pBARF1 immunized animals rapidly controlled and cleared cancer cells. These studies demonstrate the potential for pBARF1 immunity to induce antigen-specific immune responses impacting tumor progression. Further study of this immune target and these EBV+ tumor models is likely important as part of therapeutic approaches for EBV+ malignancies. Citation Format: Xizhou Zhu, Alfredo Perales-Puchalt, Krzysztof Wojtak, Ziyang Xu, Kun Yun, Pratik S. Bhojnagarwala, Devivasha Bordoloi, Daniel H. Park, Kevin Liaw, Mamadou A. Bah, Paul M. Lieberman, Ebony N. Gary, Ami Patel, David B. Weiner. DNA immunotherapy targeting BARF1 demonstrates therapeutic impact in novel murine carcinoma models expressing EBV latent antigens [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3573.
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Siu Kan Law, Dawn Ching Tung AU, Albert Wing Nang Leung et Chuan Shan Xu. « “Qigong” Mind-Body Exercise for Elderly Care ». International Healthcare Research Journal 5, no 12 (26 mars 2022) : LE1—LE2. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/0512.12520.

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Vivanco-Mackie, H. W., R. Díaz, M. D. Ponce-Salazar, E. Alayo, G. Bustamante et I. Mesía. « 50 Sex ratio at birth in dairy cattle is affected by the invitro embryo production process ». Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no 2 (2021) : 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab50.

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Data from a herd of 3,000 high-producing milking dairy cows under an intensive feeding system was analysed. The IVF laboratory at the farm uses a co-culture system (Vivanco-Mackie; page 30-48 in Proc. 2000 Australian Embryo Transfer Society) and transfers ∼1000 embryos per year. The semen used for IVF and for inseminations (AI) in the herd was female-sexed (F-sexed) and non-sexed (conventional). During the 4 years of evaluation (2016–2019) 1123 calves were born to AI with F-sexed semen and 6,456 to AI with conventional semen; the proportion of males born to AI with F-sexed semen was 9% (91% females), which was not different (P>0.05) from the expected ratio of 10% males and 90% females. The proportion of male calves born to AI with conventional semen was 53.2% (46.8% females), which agrees with the expected ratios for the population. During the same period of evaluation, 805 calves were born to IVF embryos transferred; 240 calves were born from embryos produced using F-sexed semen, of which 29.6% were males and 70.4% females, which was different (P<0.05) from the expected ratio of 10% males and 90% females. The proportion of male calves born from embryo transfer of IVF embryos produced with conventional semen was 82.7%, higher (P<0.05) than the expected 53.2% of males for the population; the proportion of females was 17.3%, significantly lower (P<0.05) than the expected 46.8% females for the population. For IVF, the proportion of males was significantly higher (P<0.05) than expected in all cases; for AI, there was no difference (P>0.05) between the observed sex proportion and the expected values. We conclude that the invitro embryo production process affects the sex ratio at birth in this population, and some factor in the IVF process is affecting the survival to calving of female embryos and consequently increasing the proportion of male calves born from invitro-produced embryos. Gutierrez et al. (2001 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 13, 361–365) found a similar effect in dairy cattle and linked it to glucose imbalance in the media. Larson et al. (2001 PNAS 98, 9677-9682) found that female cattle embryos had a lower ability to progress in development in glucose-rich media, but the mechanism is not yet fully understood. Xu et al. (1992Mol. Reprod. Dev. 31, 249-252) and others indicate that invitro-produced male bovine embryos predominate among blastocysts, expanded and hatched stages. Meanwhile, embryos lagging in development are predominantly female. Kun Tan et al. (2016 Reproduction 151, 443-543) found that IVF in mice favours the birth of males because of dysregulated expression of representative dimorphic genes. Further studies in cattle are necessary to determine the cause of the increased proportion of males born from invitro embryos and to find ways to control it.
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Vivanco-Mackie, H. W., R. Díaz, M. D. Ponce-Salazar, E. Alayo, G. Bustamante et I. Mesía. « 50 Sex ratio at birth in dairy cattle is affected by the invitro embryo production process ». Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no 2 (2021) : 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab50.

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Data from a herd of 3,000 high-producing milking dairy cows under an intensive feeding system was analysed. The IVF laboratory at the farm uses a co-culture system (Vivanco-Mackie; page 30-48 in Proc. 2000 Australian Embryo Transfer Society) and transfers ∼1000 embryos per year. The semen used for IVF and for inseminations (AI) in the herd was female-sexed (F-sexed) and non-sexed (conventional). During the 4 years of evaluation (2016–2019) 1123 calves were born to AI with F-sexed semen and 6,456 to AI with conventional semen; the proportion of males born to AI with F-sexed semen was 9% (91% females), which was not different (P>0.05) from the expected ratio of 10% males and 90% females. The proportion of male calves born to AI with conventional semen was 53.2% (46.8% females), which agrees with the expected ratios for the population. During the same period of evaluation, 805 calves were born to IVF embryos transferred; 240 calves were born from embryos produced using F-sexed semen, of which 29.6% were males and 70.4% females, which was different (P<0.05) from the expected ratio of 10% males and 90% females. The proportion of male calves born from embryo transfer of IVF embryos produced with conventional semen was 82.7%, higher (P<0.05) than the expected 53.2% of males for the population; the proportion of females was 17.3%, significantly lower (P<0.05) than the expected 46.8% females for the population. For IVF, the proportion of males was significantly higher (P<0.05) than expected in all cases; for AI, there was no difference (P>0.05) between the observed sex proportion and the expected values. We conclude that the invitro embryo production process affects the sex ratio at birth in this population, and some factor in the IVF process is affecting the survival to calving of female embryos and consequently increasing the proportion of male calves born from invitro-produced embryos. Gutierrez et al. (2001 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 13, 361–365) found a similar effect in dairy cattle and linked it to glucose imbalance in the media. Larson et al. (2001 PNAS 98, 9677-9682) found that female cattle embryos had a lower ability to progress in development in glucose-rich media, but the mechanism is not yet fully understood. Xu et al. (1992Mol. Reprod. Dev. 31, 249-252) and others indicate that invitro-produced male bovine embryos predominate among blastocysts, expanded and hatched stages. Meanwhile, embryos lagging in development are predominantly female. Kun Tan et al. (2016 Reproduction 151, 443-543) found that IVF in mice favours the birth of males because of dysregulated expression of representative dimorphic genes. Further studies in cattle are necessary to determine the cause of the increased proportion of males born from invitro embryos and to find ways to control it.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Xu Kun"

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Cheng, Lian. « The image of Chinese intellectuals in Wang Shuo's and Xu Kun's fiction / ». View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?HUMA%202002%20CHENG.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-77). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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POZZI, SILVIA. « Gerenhua xiezuo : una scrittura individualistica ? Chen Ran, Hai Nan, Hong Ying, Lin Bai, Xu Kun e Xu Xiaobin e la letteratura femminile cinese degli anni ’90 ». Doctoral thesis, Ca' Foscari, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/28811.

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A in-depth analysis of the literary production by a group of female authors labelled by Chinese literary critics as "Individualized Writers", all born in the 60s of the last century and displaying some common features both in contents and style
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POZZI, SILVIA. « Gerenhua xiezuo : una scrittura individualistica ? Chen Ran, Hai Nan, Hong Ying, Lin Bai, Xu Kun e Xu Xiaobin e la letteratura femminile cinese degli anni ’90 ». Doctoral thesis, Ca' Foscari, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/62391.

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A survey of the stylistic characteristics and thematic contents of the works of a groups of women writers often labelled by Chinese critics as "Private writing"'s authors. Main topics: lesbianism, self-representation, autobiographism, representation of family bounds etc.
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Fortunato, Serena <1991&gt. « "Uno straniero in Cina". Proposta di traduzione, analisi e commento alla traduzione del racconto di Xu Kun ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8093.

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L'intento di questo elaborato è di proporre al lettore una versione italiana di “Uno straniero in Cina” e analizzare il contesto storico-culturale dal quale il racconto nasce. Figura rappresentativa della generazione del post-Rivoluzione Culturale, la scrittrice e critica letteraria Xu Kun ha attirato grandi attenzioni fin dalla sua prima comparsa sulla scena letteraria cinese degli anni Novanta. Tutte le sue storie incarnano l'animo e i cambiamenti avvenuti nella Repubblica Popolare Cinese in quel periodo, che vede l'ascesa della cultura di massa, la crescita del consumismo e l'urbanizzazione da un lato e il declino dell'elitarismo dall'altro. È un'acuta osservatrice della realtà che la circonda e della contemporaneità, profondamente coinvolta nei fenomeni della globalizzazione e della modernizzazione. Attraverso la sua scrittura caratterizzata da un umorismo pungente, cinismo e parodie, Xu Kun delinea la sua idea di missione della figura dell'intellettuale in questo nuovo e sconosciuto ambiente culturale, carico di energia e di desideri materialistici, un mondo confusionario che provoca irrequietezza. Il racconto "Uno straniero in Cina" è toccante, ricco di tensione. Nils, il protagonista di nazionalità canadese e docente di inglese in una università cinese, rappresenta molto bene le vicissitudini dell'epoca, i cambiamenti del concetto di "valori" nella società cinese emergente, ormai strettamente legati agli interessi commerciali e gli effetti di queste trasformazioni sull'esistenza delle persone, i loro affetti e le relazioni interpersonali. È un intellettuale dall'animo tormentato, che non riesce a trovare il proprio posto nella società ed è costretto a cambiare per ritrovare la propria identità.
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Ma, Fengzhi. « Zhongguo cheng shi xia gang shi ye pin kun fu nü qiu zhu he shou zhu jing yan de xu shu fen xi ». online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3241049.

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Lee, Kuei-lan, et 李貴蘭. « Research on HUI-YUAN’s Method of XU HUA-YEN JING LUE SHU KAN DING JI ». Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70543780689170052141.

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碩士
法鼓佛教學院
佛教學系
99
The 80-Chapters Buddhāvatajsaka-mahāvaipulya-sūtra or Hua-yen Sutra was translated in the year 699 during the Tang Dynasty. Before Fa-zang was able to complete the annotation, he passed away. His eldest disciple, Hui-yuan took over his unfinished task of checking the 60-Chapters and 80-Chapters of the Hua-yen Sutra, against the Sanskrit versions, paying particular attention to the aspects of 宗lineage and 教teachings, and eventually completed documenting his works《續華嚴經略疏刊定記》. Subsequently, due to the following reasons: Hui-yuan re-composed the lineage as: 杜順 (Du-shun), 智儼(Zhi-yan) ,法藏 (Fa-zang), 慧苑 (Hui-yuan), 法詵(Fa-shen), 澄觀Cheng-guan, 宗密Zong-mi, and because of this, was thus expelled. In the history of Chinese documentations, such incidents are rarely written. Hui-yuan was of the opinion that Fa-zang’s five division of Buddhism (as mentioned above) was ranked higher than the teachings of 天台 (Tian-tai)’s 藏Hinayana, 通Interrelated, 別Differentiated ,圓Perfect, mainly due to the 頓教: Immediate and Intuitive Teachings. He was questioning the principle behind the theory of Immediacy or intuitive direct teachings: since the intuitive teaching does not clearly reveal reasons of Buddhist teaching how can it be established as being able to clearly explain? If this is a teaching, what is it trying to explain ? If a teaching is void of speech/language and be termed頓Immediate and Intuitive, then, is it not true that終 final stage of Mahayana, and 圓Perfect teachings are also free from speech or language; are they not immediate teachings too? Being such how could there be five divisions of teachings? The gradual transformation of the ideas from Hua-yen sutra [that all sentient beings have the nature of the Tathāgata] and Ratnagotra-vibhāgo Mahāyānottaratantra-śāstra《寶性論》(Bao Xing Lun)’s stand [on whether consciousness is of the nature of the Tathāgata] was able to effectively classify the entire holy teachings of the Buddha into four divisions: mainly 迷真異執, 真一分半, 真一分滿, 真具分滿教. 太虛大師 (Venerable Master Tai-xu) did agree to Hui-yuan’s four-division’s all embracing teachings as it has its appropriate points. Following this, those teachings that Hui-yuan’s disagreed to such as 頓教Immediate and Intuitive Teachings’s concept of “no speech cuts off worries”, 澄觀Cheng-guan’s 即順禪宗 (accordance to Ch’an Sect), 宗密 Zong-mi’s 北宗禪雖漸調伏 (The Northern School of Ch’an belongs to the gradual adjustment), all of which do not involve speech or language, but all are within the teachings of Immediate and Intuitive頓教, were classified as 順禪宗 (in accordance to the Ch’an School) of Teachings. After the Tang Era, the 賢首Xian-shou School in comparison to the頓教Immediate and Intuitive Teachings, each had their own varied explanations.
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Makeham, John T. « An annotated translation of Zhong lun [Chung lun] or Discourse on the mean by Xu Gan [Kan Hsü] (170-217 A.D.) ». Phd thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/10344.

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With the establishment of the five Confucian classics as the orthodox state teachings in the reign of Emperor Wu (r.l4l-87 B.C.) of Han ) (206 B.C.-220 A.D.), classical studies became the major focus of Han scholarship until the end of the dynasty. As a result of the establishment of Han classical studies, two schools of scholarship - the New Text School and the Old Text School - came into being and influenced the specific directions intellectual activity was to take in this period. The New Text School ,as exemplified by the work of Dong Zhongshu (c.l79-c.l04 B.C.), became increasingly typified by its use of calendrical calculations, numerological correlations and ideas associated with yin-yang interpretations. In conjunction with these developments, individual schools under particular masters devoted to the study of a specific classical text were established, and more often than not, their legacy was a proliferation of ungainly 'chapter-and-verse' commentaries. By the time of Wang Mang (r.9-23 A.D.) and Guangwu (r.25-57 A.D.), the growth of this commentary tradition gave rise to apocryphal and prognostic texts which housed a huge corpus of omenistic lore and yin-yang theories. The beginning of the Ancient •Text Schooi can 'be traced to K1 ung An-kuo, a descendent of Confucius, in the time of the realm of Emperor Ching. This school was much more scholastic, humanistic and critical in outlook, and its exponents scorned the needlessly long-winded and pedantic 'chapter-and-verse' commentaries, 2 as well as the superstitious aspects of the New Text School's numerology, yin-yang associations and…
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Livres sur le sujet "Xu Kun"

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Xu Kun xiao shuo xuan ji. Taibei Shi : Taiwan shang wu yin shu guan, 2008.

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Kun ju zhe zi xi xu kao. Hefei : Huang Shan shu she, 2011.

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Ru he bang zhu qing xu kun rao de hai zi. Taibei Shi : Yuan liu chu ban shi ye gong si, 1991.

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Nong min gong sheng huo zhi xu yu shi min hua kun jing. Chengdu : Xi nan shi fan da xue chu ban she, 2019.

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Zou chu pin kun xun huan : Zhongguo pin kun shan qu ke chi xu fa zhan li lun yu dui ce. Beijing : Zhongguo jing ji chu ban she, 2006.

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Nie, Xiuli. Pin kun di qu he zuo yi liao de chi xu xing fa zhan. Guiyang Shi : Guizhou ren min chu ban she, 2001.

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Fei, Wen, dir. Wo suo zhi dao de "Bei yang san xiong" : Xu Shichang, Cao Kun, Sun Chuanfang. Beijing : Zhongguo wen shi chu ban she, 2004.

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Dao de kun jing yu chao yue : Jing shen, zhi xu ji si yu = Daodekunjingyuchaoyue. Nanchang Shi : Jiangxi ren min chu ban she, 2011.

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Ren kou ke chi xu fa zhan yu nong cun fan pin kun yan jiu. Changsha Shi : Hunan ren min chu ban she, 2004.

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1937-, Bai Xianyong, et Xu Peihong, dir. Chun se ru xu : Qing chun ban kun qu "Mu dan ting" ren wu fang tan lu. Xinjiapo : Ba fang wen hua chuang zuo shi, 2007.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Xu Kun"

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Taber, Douglass F. « C–C Bond Construction : The Zhu Synthesis of Goniomitine ». Dans Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0023.

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Non-enolizable β-keto esters such as 3 are fragile and difficult to prepare. Karl J. Hale of Queen’s University Belfast devised (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 370) soft enolization con­ditions for methoxycarbonylation of 1 with 2. Zheng Huang of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry coupled (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1144) 4 with 5 under Ir catalysis to make 6. Tomoya Miura and Masahiro Murakami of Kyoto University combined (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 3883) the diazo precursor 8 with the allylic alco­hol 7 to give 9, the product of Claisen rearrangement. Tsuyoshi Satoh of the Tokyo University of Science showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 2533) that the combina­tion of the carbenoid 10 with a ketone enolate 11 led to the cyclopropanol (not illus­trated). Jin Kun Cha of Wayne State University found (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1780) that such cyclopropanols coupled with an acid chloride 12 under Pd catalysis to give the diketone 13. Christopher J. O’Brien of Dublin City University established (Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 5854) conditions for the catalytic Wittig reaction of 14 with 15 to give 16, with in situ reduction of the phosphine oxide. Amir H. Hoveyda of Boston College showed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1414) that the allene of 17 underwent selective borylation, lead­ing after coupling with 18 to the triene 19. Damian W. Young of the Broad Institute demonstrated (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1218) that ring-closing metathesis gave the alkenyl silane 20 with high geometric control. Halogenation to give 21 could then proceed with either retention or inversion of alkene geometry. Jianwei Sun of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Zigang Li of the Shenzen Graduate School of Peking University condensed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 4680) the alkyne 22 with 23 to give the trisubstituted alkene 24 with high geometric control. The condensation worked equally well with medium and large ring ethers. Hua-Jian Xu of the Hefei University of Technology combined (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1472) the bromo alkyne 25 with the carboxylate 26 to give the nitrile 27.
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Taber, Douglass F. « Organocatalytic C–C Ring Construction : Prostaglandin F2α (Aggarwal) ». Dans Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0072.

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Marco Lombardo of the Università degli Studi di Bologna devised (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2012, 354, 3428) a silyl-bridged hydroxyproline catalyst that mediated the enantioselective addition of 2 to cinnamaldehyde 1 to give 3. Yoann Coquerel and Jean Rodriguez of Aix Marseille Université showed (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2012, 354, 3523) that a hybrid epi-cinchonine catalyst directed the enantioselective and diastereoselective addition of the amide 4 to the nitro alkene 5 to give 6. Magnus Rueping of RWTH Aachen observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 12864) that a chiral Brønsted acid mediated the diastereoselective and enantioselective formation of 9 by the addition of 8 to cyclopentadiene 7. Marco Bandini, also of the University of Bologna, combined (Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 2859) organocatalysis with gold catalysis to effect the cyclization of 10 to 11. Min Shi of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry prepared (Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 2764) the quaternary cyclic amino acid derivative 14 by adding 13 to the acceptor 12. Makoto Tokunaga of Kyushu University prepared (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 6178) the ketone 17 by the hydrolytic enantioselective protonation of the enol ester 15. Hiyoshizo Kotsuki of Kochi University developed (Synlett 2012, 23, 2554) a dual catalyst combination that effectively mediated the enantioselective addition of malonate even to the congested acceptor 18. Yoshitaka Hamashima and Toshiyuki Kan of the University of Shizuoka established (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 6016) a protocol for the enantioselective brominative cyclization of 21, readily available by the reductive alkylation of benzoic acid. Polycarbocyclic ring systems can also be prepared by organocatalysis. Ying-Chun Chen of Sichuan University tuned (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 19942) cinchona-derived catalysts to selectively convert 23 into either exo (illustrated) or endo 25. Peng-Fei Xu of Lanzhou University developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 12339) a supramolecular iminium catalyst for the intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 26. In a spectacular illustration of the power of organocatalysis, Varinder K. Aggarwal of the University of Bristol dimerized (Nature 2012, 489, 278) succinaldehyde from the hydrolysis of commercial 28 directly to the unsaturated aldehyde 29. Diastereoselective conjugate addition led to prostaglandin F2α 30.
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