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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « X-Vectors »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 25 janvier 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "X-Vectors"

Hanani, Abualsoud, et Rabee Naser. « Spoken Arabic dialect recognition using X-vectors ». Natural Language Engineering 26, n^o 6 (4 mai 2020) : 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324920000091.

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AbstractThis paper describes our automatic dialect identification system for recognizing four major Arabic dialects, as well as Modern Standard Arabic. We adapted the X-vector framework, which was originally developed for speaker recognition, to the task of Arabic dialect identification (ADI). The training and development ADI VarDial 2018 and VarDial 2017 were used to train and test all of our ADI systems. In addition to the introduced X-vectors, other systems use the traditional i-vectors, bottleneck features, phonetic features, words transcriptions, and GMM-tokens. X-vectors achieved good performance (0.687) on the ADI 2018 Discriminating between Similar Languages shared task testing dataset, outperforming other systems. The performance of the X-vector system is slightly improved (0.697) when fused with i-vectors, bottleneck features, and word uni-gram features.

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Márquez, Almudena P., Francisco Javier García-Pacheco, Míriam Mengibar-Rodríguez et Alberto Sánchez-Alzola. « Supporting vectors vs. principal components ». AIMS Mathematics 8, n^o 1 (2023) : 1937–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2023100.

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<abstract><p>Let $ T:X\to Y $ be a bounded linear operator between Banach spaces $ X, Y $. A vector $ x_0\in {\mathsf{S}}_X $ in the unit sphere $ {\mathsf{S}}_X $ of $ X $ is called a supporting vector of $ T $ provided that $ \|T(x_0)\| = \sup\{\|T(x)\|:\|x\| = 1\} = \|T\| $. Since matrices induce linear operators between finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, we can consider their supporting vectors. In this manuscript, we unveil the relationship between the principal components of a matrix and its supporting vectors. Applications of our results to real-life problems are provided.</p></abstract>

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Mamyrbaev, O. Zh, A. S. Kydyrbekova, B. Zh Zhumazhanov et D. O. Oralbekova. « VOICE RECOGNITION USING X-VECTORS ». Вестник Алматинского университета энергетики и связи, n^o 1 (2021) : 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51775/1999-9801_2021_52_1_69.

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Marucci, Rosangela Cristina, Teresinha Augusta Giustolin, Marcelo Pedreira de Miranda, Helen Miquelote, Rodrigo Piacentini Paes de Almeida et João Roberto Spotti Lopes. « Identification of a non-host plant of Xylella fastidiosa to rear healthy sharpshooter vectors ». Scientia Agricola 60, n^o 4 (décembre 2003) : 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000400010.

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Rearing leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) vectors free of Xylella fastidiosa is a requirement for studies of various aspects of vector-pathogen interactions. The selection of a plant that allows vector development but not bacterial multiplication is desirable to produce healthy vectors. In this study, two leafhopper hosts, Vernonia condensata ('boldo') and Aloysia virgata ('lixeira') were needle inoculated with citrus and coffee strains of X. fastidiosa to evaluate if these plants support pathogen colonization. The inoculated plants did not present symptoms and the pathogen was not detected by culture and PCR tests, neither soon after inoculation (7-14 days) nor later, at 1, 4, 6 and 12 months after inoculation. To obtain healthy adults of the leafhopper vectors Acrogonia citrina, Bucephalogonia xanthophis, Dilobopterus costalimai, Homalodisca ignorata and Oncometopia facialis, early-instar nymphs were reared on V. condensata. X. fastidiosa was not detected in any of 175 adults obtained. V. condensata and A. virgata are nonpropagative hosts of X. fastidiosa and enable the production of healthy leafhoppers for vector studies.

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Alharbi, Wedad, Daniel Freeman, Dorsa Ghoreishi, Claire Lois et Shanea Sebastian. « Stable phase retrieval and perturbations of frames ». Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Series B 10, n^o 31 (29 septembre 2023) : 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/bproc/185.

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A frame ( x j ) j ∈ J (x_j)_{j\in J} for a Hilbert space H H is said to do phase retrieval if for all distinct vectors x , y ∈ H x,y\in H the magnitudes of the frame coefficients ( | ⟨ x , x j ⟩ | ) j ∈ J (|\langle x, x_j\rangle |)_{j\in J} and ( | ⟨ y , x j ⟩ | ) j ∈ J (|\langle y, x_j\rangle |)_{j\in J} distinguish x x from y y (up to a unimodular scalar). A frame which does phase retrieval is said to do C C -stable phase retrieval if the recovery of any vector x ∈ H x\in H from the magnitude of the frame coefficients is C C -Lipschitz. It is known that if a frame does stable phase retrieval then any sufficiently small perturbation of the frame vectors will do stable phase retrieval, though with a slightly worse stability constant. We provide new quantitative bounds on how the stability constant for phase retrieval is affected by a small perturbation of the frame vectors. These bounds are significant in that they are independent of the dimension of the Hilbert space and the number of vectors in the frame.

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Pap, G., et Péter Major. « LIMIT THEOREMS ON THE DIRECT PRODUCT OF A NON-COMPACT LIE GROUP AND A COMPACT GROUP ». Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica 38, n^o 1-4 (1 mai 2001) : 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/sscmath.38.2001.1-4.21.

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Let us consider a triangular array of random vectors (X (n) j; Y (n) j), n = 1;2;: : :, 1 5 j 5 kn, such that the first coordinates X (n) j take their values in a non-compact Lie group and the second coordinates Y (n) j in a compact group. Let the random vectors (X (n) j; Y (n) j) be independent for fixed n, but we do not assume any (independence type) condition about the relation between the components of these vectors. We show under fairly general conditions that if both random products Sn = kn Q j=1 X (n) j and Tn = kn Q j=1 Y (n) j have a limit distribution, then also the random vectors (Sn; Tn) converge in distribution as n !1 . Moreover, the non-compact and compact coordinates of a random vector with this limit distribution are independent.

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Bossi Esteves, Mariana, Julia Lopes Nalin, Karla Kudlawiec, Raquel Caserta Salviatto, Tiago de Melo Sales, Anne Sicard, Rodrigo Piacentini Paes de Almeida, Alessandra Alves de Souza et João Roberto Spotti Lopes. « XadA2 Adhesin Decreases Biofilm Formation and Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ». Insects 11, n^o 8 (26 juillet 2020) : 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080473.

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Xylella fastidiosa is a vector-borne bacterium that causes diseases in many plants of economic interest. The bacterium–vector initial interactions involve bacterial membrane-bound adhesins that mediate cell attachment to the foregut of insect vectors. We investigated the role of the afimbrial adhesin XadA2 in the binding and biofilm formation of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca to vector surfaces in vitro, as well as its potential to disrupt pathogen transmission. We showed that XadA2 has binding affinity for polysaccharides on sharpshooter hindwings, used as a proxy for the interactions between X. fastidiosa and vectors. When in a medium without carbon sources, the bacterium used wing components, likely chitin, as a source of nutrients and formed a biofilm on the wing surface. There was a significant reduction in X. fastidiosa biofilm formation and cell aggregation on vector wings in competition assays with XadA2 or its specific antibody (anti-XadA2). Finally, pathogen acquisition and transmission to plant were significantly reduced when the vectors acquired X. fastidiosa from an artificial diet supplemented with anti-XadA2. These results show that XadA2 is important in mediating bacterial colonization in the insect and that it could be used as a target for blocking X. fastidiosa transmission.

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Stanke, Mario. « Sequential selection of random vectors under a sum constraint ». Journal of Applied Probability 41, n^o 01 (mars 2004) : 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200014091.

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We observe a sequence X 1, X 2,…, X n of independent and identically distributed coordinatewise nonnegative d-dimensional random vectors. When a vector is observed it can either be selected or rejected but once made this decision is final. In each coordinate the sum of the selected vectors must not exceed a given constant. The problem is to find a selection policy that maximizes the expected number of selected vectors. For a general absolutely continuous distribution of the X i we determine the maximal expected number of selected vectors asymptotically and give a selection policy which asymptotically achieves optimality. This problem raises a question closely related to the following problem. Given an absolutely continuous measure μ on Q = [0,1] d and a τ ∈ Q, find a set A of maximal measure μ(A) among all A ⊂ Q whose center of gravity lies below τ in all coordinates. We will show that a simplicial section { x ∈ Q | 〈 x , θ 〉 ≤ 1}, where θ ∈ ℝ d , θ ≥ 0, satisfies a certain additional property, is a solution to this problem.

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Thies, Thorsten, et Frank Weber. « Optimal Reduced-Set Vectors for Support Vector Machines with a Quadratic Kernel ». Neural Computation 16, n^o 9 (1 septembre 2004) : 1769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0899766041336459.

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To reduce computational cost, the discriminant function of a support vector machine (SVM) should be represented using as few vectors as possible. This problem has been tackled in different ways. In this article, we develop an explicit solution in the case of a general quadratic kernel k(x, x′) = (C + Dx⊺x′)2. For a given number of vectors, this solution provides the best possible approximation and can even recover the discriminant function if the number of used vectors is large enough. The key idea is to express the inhomogeneous kernel as a homogeneous kernel on a space having one dimension more than the original one and to follow the approach of Burges (1996).

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Killiny, Nabil, et Rodrigo P. P. Almeida. « Xylella fastidiosa Afimbrial Adhesins Mediate Cell Transmission to Plants by Leafhopper Vectors ». Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, n^o 2 (14 novembre 2008) : 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01921-08.

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ABSTRACT The interactions between the economically important plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa and its leafhopper vectors are poorly characterized. We used different approaches to determine how X. fastidiosa cells interact with the cuticular surface of the foreguts of vectors. We demonstrate that X. fastidiosa binds to different polysaccharides with various affinities and that these interactions are mediated by cell surface carbohydrate-binding proteins. In addition, competition assays showed that N-acetylglucosamine inhibits bacterial adhesion to vector foregut extracts and intact wings, demonstrating that attachment to leafhopper surfaces is affected in the presence of specific polysaccharides. In vitro experiments with several X. fastidiosa knockout mutants indicated that hemagglutinin-like proteins are associated with cell adhesion to polysaccharides. These results were confirmed with biological experiments in which hemagglutinin-like protein mutants were transmitted to plants by vectors at lower rates than that of the wild type. Furthermore, although these mutants were defective in adhesion to the cuticle of vectors, their growth rate once attached to leafhoppers was similar to that of the wild type, suggesting that these proteins are important for initial adhesion of X. fastidiosa to leafhoppers. We propose that X. fastidiosa colonization of leafhopper vectors is a complex, stepwise process similar to the formation of biofilms on surfaces.

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Thèses sur le sujet "X-Vectors"

Bailey, Susannah Ines. « Self-inactivating retroviral vectors for gene therapy of X-Linked severe combined immunodeficiency ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444526/.

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X-Linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the common cytokine receptor gamma chain, yc, resulting in profound defects in both cellular and humoral immunity. Although allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has proved highly successful, HLA-mismatched procedures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This disease is therefore a good candidate for gene therapy and sustained correction of 19 SCID-X1 patients have been reported in two clinical trials. However, the occurrence of severe adverse advents in one trial has highlighted the potential side-effects of retroviral gene transfer and reinforced the need to develop safer gene therapy vectors. A series of self-inactivating (SIN) gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors for the treatment of SCID-X1 have consequently been developed. To reduce the potential for insertional mutagenesis mediated by the duplicated viral LTR sequences, alternative internal regulatory elements have been incorporated into the vector backbone. These include both endogenous (human elongation factor la - EFS) and viral (spleen focus forming virus - SFFV) promoters. In vitro, the SIN retroviral vectors were able to regulate yc expression on the cell surface of SCID-X1 cell lines and restore the lymphoid differentiation potential of Il2rg" haematopoietic progenitor cells. Functional correction of the immunological defect in the SCID-X1 mouse model was also achieved at similar levels for the both the SIN retroviral vectors and the LTR-regulated clinical vector. To further improve upon safety, lentiviral vectors were developed incorporating the endogenous human IL2RG promoter to regulate physiological expression of yc. In vitro and in vivo analysis of the promoter indicated a degree of haematopoietic tissue specificity and restoration of functional yc-receptor complexes was achieved following transduction of a SCID-X1 T cell line with a lentiviral vector incorporating this promoter however phenotypic correction of the yc-deficient mouse was unsuccessful. These results demonstrate that SIN retroviral vectors for SCID-X1 are effective in restoration of the immune defect in the yc-deficient murine model. The SIN design together with an endogenous (EFS) promoter might provide a potentially less mutagenic but equally effective vector for gene therapy of SCID-X1.

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CAPO, VALENTINA. « Development of regulated lentiviral vectors for gene therapy of x-linked chronic granulomatous disease ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/209901.

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Introduction. Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is caused by defects of the NADPH oxidase complex, responsible for the production of the oxidative burst in phagocytes. Patients present increased susceptibility to life-threatening fungal and bacterial infections and are treated with a lifelong prophylaxis. Currently, the only curative option is bone marrow transplantation. Gene therapy with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) may represent a valid alternative to conventional transplant. Clinical trials for X-CGD employing gp91phox-expressing gammaretroviral vectors have been limited by insertional oncogenesis and lack of persistent engraftment. Methods. We developed a novel strategy based on regulated, self-inactivating lentiviral vectors (LVs) that target gp91phox expression to the differentiated myeloid cells while sparing HSC, to reduce the risk of genotoxicity and perturbation of reactive oxygen species levels. Targeting was obtained by a myeloid-specific promoter (MSP) and a posttranscriptional, microRNA mediated regulation. We designed different therapeutic gp91phox-expressing LVs for CGD gene therapy: 1) PGK.gp91, in which gp91phox is driven by an ubiquitous cellular promoter; 2) MSP.gp91, to control the transgene expression at transcriptional level using a myeloid specific promoter; 3) PGK.gp91_126T(2), in which we exploited the miRNA system, incorporating miR-126 target sequences, to prevent the transgene off-target expression in HSC; 4) MSP.gp91_126T(2), combining the posttranscriptional de-targeting with the MSP. Vectors were tested in human cell line, human bone marrow HSC, their progeny differentiated in vitro and in the mouse model of X-CGD. Results. All vectors restored gp91phox expression and NADPH oxidase function in human X-CGD PLB-985 cell line and in myeloid cell lines and in macrophages from peripheral blood monocytes of 3 X-CGD patients (22-48%). While unregulated LVs ectopically expressed gp91phox in CD34+ cells, both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated LVs substantially reduced this off-target expression. By combining transcriptional and posttranscriptional targeting in the dual regulated vector, we achieved high levels of myeloid-specific transgene expression, entirely sparing the most primitive CD34+CD38-CD90+ HSC compartment (5-fold reduction). XCGD mice transplanted with all vectors engrafted and restored gp91phox expression, with 20-70% of granulocytes and monocytes expressing human gp91phox. MSP-driven vectors were superior in maintaining regulation during BM development as well as in peripheral blood B and T cells. Oxidase activity in corrected granulocytes was superior using MSP-driven vectors (38-59% of WT NADPH oxidase activity) as compared to PGK (17-23%). The MSP transcriptional control combined to miR-126 detargeting represent a promising approach for further clinical development of gp91phox therapeutic vectors.

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Hughes, Robert James. « Magneto-oscillatory exchange coupling in magnetic multilayers with Crâ†1â†-â†xVâ†x and Crâ†1â†-â†xMoâ†x spacers : the correlation of extremal fermi surface vectors with oscillation periods ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326267.

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Carty, Nikisha Christine. « Recombinant AAV Gene Therapy and Delivery ». Scholar Commons, 2009. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1890.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD), first characterized in the early 20th century, is a common form of dementia which can occur as a result of genetic mutations in the genes encoding presenilin 1, presenilin 2, or amyloid precursor protein (APP). These genetic alterations can accelerate the pathological characteristics of AD, including the formation of extracellular neuritic plaques composed of amyloid beta peptides and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Ultimately, AD results in gross neuron loss in the brain which is evidenced clinically as a progressive decline in mental capacity. A strong body of scientific evidence has previously demonstrated that the driving factor in the pathogenesis of AD is potentially the accumulation of Aß peptides in the brain. Thus, reduction of Aß deposition is a major therapeutic strategy in the treatment of AD. Recently it has been suggested that Aß accumulation in the brain is modulated, not only by Aß production, but also by its degradation. Several important studies have demonstrated that Aß degradation is modulated by several endogenous zinc metalloproteases shown to have amyloid degrading capabilities. These endogenous proteases include neprilysin (NEP), endothelin converting enzyme (ECE), insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) and matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9). In this investigation we study the effects of upregulating expression of several of these proteases through administration of recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) containing both endogenous and synthetic genes for ECE and NEP on amyloid deposition in amyloid precursor protein (APP) plus presenilin-1 (PS1) transgenic mice. rAAV administration directly into the brain resulted in increased expression of ECE and NEP and a substantial decrease in amyloid pathology. We were able to significantly increase the area of viral distribution by using novel delivery methods resulting in increased gene expression and distribution. These data support great potential of gene therapy as a method of treatment for neurological diseases. Optimization of gene transfer methods aimed at a particular cell type and brain region in the CNS can be accomplished using AAV serotype specificity and novel delivery techniques leading to successful gene transduction thus providing a promising therapeutic avenue through which to treat AD.

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Moufidi, Abderrazzaq. « Machine Learning-Based Multimodal integration for Short Utterance-Based Biometrics Identification and Engagement Detection ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ANGE0026.

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Le progrès rapide et la démocratisation de la technologie ont conduit à l’abondance des capteurs. Par conséquent, l’intégration de ces diverses modalités pourrait présenter un avantage considérable pour de nombreuses applications dans la vie réelle, telles que la reconnaissance biométrique ou la détection d’engagement des élèves. Dans le domaine de la multimodalité, les chercheurs ont établi des architectures variées de fusion, allant des approches de fusion précoce, hybride et tardive. Cependant, ces architectures peuvent avoir des limites en ce qui concerne des signaux temporels d’une durée courte, ce qui nécessite un changement de paradigme vers le développement de techniques d’apprentissage automatique multimodales qui promettent une précision et une efficacité pour l’analyse de ces données courtes. Dans cette thèse, nous nous appuyons sur l’intégration de la multimodalité pour relever les défis précédents, allant de l’identification biométrique supervisée à la détection non supervisée de l’engagement des étudiants. La première contribution de ce doctorat porte sur l’intégration de la Wavelet Scattering Transform à plusieurs couches avec une architecture profonde appelée x-vectors, grâce à laquelle nous avons amélioré la performance de l’identification du locuteur dans des scénarios impliquant des énoncés courts tout en réduisant le nombre de paramètres nécessaires à l’entraînement. En s’appuyant sur les avantages de la multimodalité, on a proposé une architecture de fusion tardive combinant des vidéos de la profondeur des lèvres et des signaux audios a permis d’améliorer la précision de l’identification dans le cas d’énoncés courts, en utilisant des méthodes efficaces et moins coûteuses pour extraire des caractéristiques spatio-temporelles. Dans le domaine des défis biométriques, il y a la menace de l’émergence des "deepfakes". Ainsi, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l’élaboration d’une méthode de détection des "deepfakes" basée sur des méthodes mathématiques compréhensibles et sur une version finement ajustée de notre précédente fusion tardive appliquée aux vidéos RVB des lèvres et aux audios. En utilisant des méthodes de détection d’anomalies conçues spécifiquement pour les modalités audio et visuelles, l’étude a démontré des capacités de détection robustes dans divers ensembles de données et conditions, soulignant l’importance des approches multimodales pour contrer l’évolution des techniques de deepfake. S’étendant aux contextes éducatifs, la thèse explore la détection multimodale de l’engagement des étudiants dans une classe. En utilisant des capteurs abordables pour acquérir les signaux du rythme cardiaque et les expressions faciales, l’étude a développé un ensemble de données reproductibles et un plan pour identifier des moments significatifs, tout en tenant compte des nuances culturelles. L’analyse des expressions faciales à l’aide de Vision Transformer (ViT) fusionnée avec le traitement des signaux de fréquence cardiaque, validée par des observations d’experts, a mis en évidence le potentiel du suivi des élèves afin d’améliorer la qualité d’enseignement
The rapid advancement and democratization of technology have led to an abundance of sensors. Consequently, the integration of these diverse modalities presents an advantage for numerous real-life applications, such as biometrics recognition and engage ment detection. In the field of multimodality, researchers have developed various fusion ar chitectures, ranging from early, hybrid, to late fusion approaches. However, these architec tures may have limitations involving short utterances and brief video segments, necessi tating a paradigm shift towards the development of multimodal machine learning techniques that promise precision and efficiency for short-duration data analysis. In this thesis, we lean on integration of multimodality to tackle these previous challenges ranging from supervised biometrics identification to unsupervised student engagement detection. This PhD began with the first contribution on the integration of multiscale Wavelet Scattering Transform with x-vectors architecture, through which we enhanced the accuracy of speaker identification in scenarios involving short utterances. Going through multimodality benefits, a late fusion architecture combining lips depth videos and audio signals further improved identification accuracy under short utterances, utilizing an effective and less computational methods to extract spatiotemporal features. In the realm of biometrics challenges, there is the threat emergence of deepfakes. There-fore, we focalized on elaborating a deepfake detection methods based on, shallow learning and a fine-tuned architecture of our previous late fusion architecture applied on RGB lips videos and audios. By employing hand-crafted anomaly detection methods for both audio and visual modalities, the study demonstrated robust detection capabilities across various datasets and conditions, emphasizing the importance of multimodal approaches in countering evolving deepfake techniques. Expanding to educational contexts, the dissertation explores multimodal student engagement detection in classrooms. Using low-cost sensors to capture Heart Rate signals and facial expressions, the study developed a reproducible dataset and pipeline for identifying significant moments, accounting for cultural nuances. The analysis of facial expressions using Vision Transformer (ViT) fused with heart rate signal processing, validated through expert observations, showcased the potential for real-time monitoring to enhance educational outcomes through timely interventions

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Booth, C. A. « Lentiviral vector mediated gene therapy for X-linked lymphoproliferative disease ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1356299/.

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X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterised by severe immune dysregulation and is caused by mutations in the SH2D1A gene. Clinical manifestations vary and include haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), lymphoma and dysgammaglobulinaemia, often triggered by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. SLAM-associated protein (SAP) is a key regulator of immune function in T, NK, and NKT cells and defects in this protein lead to the cellular and humoral immune defects described in patients. Treatment options for XLP are limited and currently haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the only curative option. Results are variable and dependent on a good donor match and absence of active infection at transplant. Somatic gene therapy is now successfully used to correct certain severe immunodeficiencies and offers a potential cure in XLP. The use of self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors with transgene expression driven by non-viral promoters has improved the biosafety profile of haematopoietic stem cell gene therapy procedures. In this study we have successfully corrected both cellular and humoral defects in a SAP deficient murine model using a SIN lentiviral vector with a codon optimised SAP transgene under the transcriptional control of the elongation factor 1α short form (EFS) promoter. Initial attempts with a non-codon optimised version of SAP led to insufficient protein expression levels to restore immune function. We also assessed the CD2 locus control region (LCR) to evaluate any lymphoid specificity to permit more regulated SAP expression but were unable to demonstrate any benefit with this regulatory element. The results presented here provide proof of concept for the development of gene therapy for XLP and further work is warranted to improve the efficiency of gene transfer, secure engraftment of long term repopulating haematopoietic stem cell progenitors and additional characterisation of immune reconstitution after gene therapy.

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Özgür, Günes Yasemin. « Preclinical gene therapy using recombinant AAV vectors in mouse models of two human diseases ». Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASL092.

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Nous avons obtenu une preuve de concept pour la thérapie génique de 2 maladies génétiques perte-de-fonction.L'acrodysostose est une maladie osseuse et rénale causée par des mutations de la sous-unité régulatrice de la protéine kinase A (PRKAR1A). Nous avons testé les effets d'un rAAV9-CAG-humanPRKR1A dans un modèle murin KI. hPRKAR1A a été exprimée dans les chondrocytes de la plaque de croissance et les cellules tubulaires rénales. L'architecture des chondrocytes et la longueur du squelette ont été améliorées.L'AMN est une axonopathie tardive de la moelle épinière causée par des mutations du gène ABCD1.Nous avons construit et développé un vecteur, rAAV9- MAG-humanABCD1-HA (hABCD1), et testé ses effets dans un modèle murin KO de la maladie.L'expression de hABCD1-HA a été observée dans les oligodendrocytes (OL) et les astrocytes (A). Nous avons développé un vecteur ciblant les oligodendrocytes (OL), rAAV9-MAG-humanABCD1-HA. Les déficits neurologiques ont été prévenus avec un suivi de 2 ans.C26:0-lysoPC (VLCFA) était diminué dans la moelle épinière des souris traitées.Chez le primate, l'injection intrathécale du vecteur rAAV9-MAG a induit un niveau élevé d'expression de hABCD1-HA dans les OL et les A de la moelle épinière et du cervelet. Le ciblage OL n'avait pas été obtenu auparavant chez les primates avec d'autres vecteurs ou promoteurs, ce qui ouvre la porte à l'application humaine de notre vecteur dans diverses maladies du système nerveux central (SNC)
We have obtained proof-of concept for the gene therapy of two diseases.Acrodysostosis is a bone and kidney disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PRKAR1A). We tested the effects of a rAAV9-CAG-humanPRKR1A in a knock-in mouse model. hPRKAR1A expression was found in growth plate chondrocytes, and kidney tubular cells. Chondrocyte architecture and skeleton length were improved.X-ALD AMN is a late-onset axonopathy of spinal cord caused by ABCD1 mutations. We made an original rAAV9-MAG-humanABCD1-HA (hABCD1) vector and tested its effects in a KO mouse model.hABCD1-HA expression was observed in numerous OL and astrocytes. Neurological deficits were prevented 24 months after injection. C26:0-lysoPC (VLCFA), was lower in spinal cord.In non-human primate, intrathecal injection of the rAAV9-MAG vector induced high hABCD1-HA expression in OL and astrocytes of spinal cord and cerebellum. OL targeting has not been obtained before in primates with other vectors or promoters. This opens the door to the human application of OL targeting in a number of CNS diseases

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Walpole, Victoria. « Vector correlations in the inelastic scattering of NO(X) with atoms and diatoms ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5352bebb-4210-4e64-89bf-b8bf44caca92.

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This thesis presents a joint experimental and theoretical study of the state-to-state resolved rotationally inelastic scattering of NO(X) with atoms and homonuclear diatoms. Emphasis is placed on measuring the correlations between the vectors which describe the system: k and k' the initial and final relative velocities, respectively, r the initial NO bond axis orientation, and j' the final rotational angular momentum of NO. Experimentally, the initial f Δ-doublet state of NO(X) is selected using a Hexapole state selector, and the scattered NO detected using (1+1') REMPI. In the first part of this thesis the k-k' correlation in the scattering of NO(X) with O2(X) is presented. A modified onion peeling algorithm is used to extracted the (partially) pair correlated angular distributions from the experimental ion images, as well as the relative populations of O₂ rotational states populated during scattering. Strong similarities are observed between the scattering of NO with Ar and O₂. The second part of this thesis focuses on steric effects (the r - k - k' correlation); the initial orientation of the NO bond axis is controlled using a static electric field, such that the collision partner approaches either the 'ends' or the 'sides' of the NO molecule. A new quantum mechanical theory is presented to describe the scattering of a symmetric top molecule in the presence of an arbitrarily directed electric field. The scattering of NO(X) with Ar at a collision energy of E_coll = 651cm^-1 is presented for 'end-on' and 'side-on' scattering on the spin-orbit changing and conserving manifolds, respectively. In both cases good agreement with full quantum mechanical calculations is observed. Scattering resulting in only weak deflection is shown to be very sensitive to the orientation of the NO bond axis prior to collision, and is maximised for collisions at the 'side' of the molecule. The integral steric asymmetry for scattering of NO with N₂(X) and O₂(X) is also presented, and information about the potential energy surfaces for such interactions inferred.

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Chen, Carl Gang 1972. « Microcomb fabrication for high accuracy foil x-ray telescope assembly and vector Gaussian beam modeling ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81532.

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Gordon, Sean Dennis Steven. « Two and three vector correlations in the rotationally inelastic scattering of state-selected NO(X) ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ec0f133b-b2ef-482c-b90c-59fc313c8baa.

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In this thesis, an experimental and theoretical study of two and three vector correlations in the inelastic scattering of NO(X) with various rare gas atoms is presented. Vector correlations for a selection of rare gas systems were determined experimentally, and the observations were interpreted using a variety of classical and quantum mechanical models. The experiment is able to provide state-to-state resolution of the dynamics by means of an electrostatic hexapole and 1+1' resonantly enhanced multi-photon ionisation (REMPI). The simplest vector correlation of interest is the differential cross section (DCS), given by the k-k' correlation. The DCSs were determined experimentally for the NO(X)--Kr and NO(X)--Xe collision systems, both characterised by the relatively deep (≈140cm^-1) attractive well and large extent of the attractive potential. The agreement between the experimental angular distributions and quantum mechanical DCS is very good for both systems. Classical calculations fail to correctly reproduce the form and magnitude of the DCS for either system, reflecting the inherently quantum mechanical nature of the collision. The classical calculations do however provide mechanistic insight into regions where the attractive part of the potential plays an important role in determining the dynamics. In order to investigate narrow angular features in the forward scattered direction, several experimental improvements to molecular beams and the detection ion-optic stack were made. Investigation into these structures revealed a strong contribution from molecular diffraction into the classical shadow of the NO(X), and the simple Fraunhofer model revealed a preference for scattering from an individual m→m' sub-state. Such measurements are in a region of the DCS where scattering is forbidden classically, and reveal the purely quantum nature of the collision interaction in the forward scattered direction. The low order k-k' correlation was then extended by using linearly or circularly polarised laser excitation. The interaction of the light with the molecular dipole allows the measurement of the k-k'-j' correlation. When linearly polarised light was used for the excitation laser, two of the rank two p^{2}_q(θ) renormalised polarisation dependent differential cross sections (PDDCSs), which describe rotational alignment, were obtained. With circularly polarised light, the rank one p^{1}_1-(θ) renormalised PDDCSs describing rotational orientation were determined. The collision induced alignment in NO(X)--Xe scattering was found to be well reproduced by classical and impulsive theories, highlighting the fact that the alignment is dominated by the propensity for the projection of j onto the kinematic apse to be conserved. The attractive part of the potential does augment the alignment renormalised PDDCSs, and this is most evident in states with strong features of the attractive part of the potential such as ℓ-type rainbows. The orientation is more strongly influenced by the attractive part of the potential and is also influenced by parity. In addition to the parity effect, there exist two limiting classical mechanisms which govern the orientation, one caused by attraction and the other repulsion. Finally, the bond axis of the NO(X) can be oriented by means of hexapole state selection combined with adiabatic orientation using a set of guiding rods. The integral steric effect, an r-k correlation, was measured for the NO(X)--Kr and NO(X)--Ar spin-orbit changing systems. There are large oscillations in the sign of the steric asymmetry which occur for scattering with the various rare gases. There are also large differences between the rare gases as the potentials become more attractive, and more isotropic. The steric asymmetry is well reproduced by quantum mechanics, however, a classical mechanism becomes dominant at high Δj.

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Livres sur le sujet "X-Vectors"

International, Symposium on Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases (10th 2009 Velha Goa India). X International Symposium on Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases, 4-6 November, 2009, Goa, India : Abstracts. Goa : Goa University, 2009.

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Katrina, O'Brien, dir. The bedside book of algebra : From vectors to variables : the abc of x plus z. London : New Burlington Books, 2009.

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Robbins, Kay A. The Cray X-MP/Model 24 : A case study inpipelined architecture and vector processing. New York : Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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Robbins, Kay A. The Cray X-MP/Model 24 : A case study in pipelined architecture and vector processing. New York : Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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Erich, Espenschied, Klop Jeffrey et United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., dir. The control system for the X-33 linear aerospike engine. [Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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X International symposium on vectors and vector borne diseases, 4-6 November, 2009, Goa, India : Abstracts. Goa : Goa University, National Institute of Malaria Research, 2009.

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The bedside book of Algebra : From vectors to variables : the ABC of X plus Z. Quid Publishing, 2009.

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Wittman, David M. Spacetime Geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199658633.003.0011.

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This chapter shows that the counterintuitive aspects of special relativity are due to the geometry of spacetime. We begin by showing, in the familiar context of plane geometry, how a metric equation separates frame‐dependent quantities from invariant ones. The components of a displacement vector depend on the coordinate system you choose, but its magnitude (the distance between two points, which is more physically meaningful) is invariant. Similarly, space and time components of a spacetime displacement are frame‐dependent, but the magnitude (proper time) is invariant and more physically meaningful. In plane geometry displacements in both x and y contribute positively to the distance, but in spacetime geometry the spatial displacement contributes negatively to the proper time. This is the source of counterintuitive aspects of special relativity. We develop spacetime intuition by practicing with a graphic stretching‐triangle representation of spacetime displacement vectors.

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Creation, Excellent. Turn Your Ideas into Vectors : Artistic Sketch Book for Pencil and Charcoal, 8. 5 X 11 Inches, 100 Pages, Large Paper Size, Good Vibes. Independently Published, 2021.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "X-Vectors"

Zajíc, Zbyněk, Josef V. Psutka et Luděk Müller. « Diarization Based on Identification with X-Vectors ». Dans Speech and Computer, 667–78. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60276-5_64.

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Málek, Jiří, et Jindřich Žďánský. « Voice-Activity and Overlapped Speech Detection Using x-Vectors ». Dans Text, Speech, and Dialogue, 366–76. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58323-1_40.

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Sasvari, Z., et W. Wolf. « Characterizing the distributions of the random vectors X 1, X 2, X 3 by the distribution of the statistic (X 1–X 3, X 2–X 3) ». Dans Stability Problems for Stochastic Models, 172–77. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0072722.

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Furuya, Isamu, Hayato Kasahara, Akiko Inoue, Kazuhiko Minematsu et Tetsu Iwata. « PMAC$$r$$x : A Vector-Input MAC for High-Dimensional Vectors with BBB Security ». Dans Advances in Information and Computer Security, 77–97. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41326-1_5.

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Hom, Kyle L., Homayoon Beigi et Raimondo Betti. « Application of Speaker Recognition x-Vectors to Structural Health Monitoring ». Dans Model Validation and Uncertainty Quantification, Volume 3, 139–48. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77348-9_18.

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Egas-López, José Vicente, et Gábor Gosztolya. « Identification of Subjects Wearing a Surgical Mask from Their Speech by Means of X-vectors and Fisher Vectors ». Dans Modeling Decisions for Artificial Intelligence, 108–18. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13448-7_9.

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Cerva, Petr, Lukas Mateju, Frantisek Kynych, Jindrich Zdansky et Jan Nouza. « Identification of Scandinavian Languages from Speech Using Bottleneck Features and X-Vectors ». Dans Text, Speech, and Dialogue, 371–81. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83527-9_31.

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Zheng, Zhiyong. « Lattice-Based Cryptography ». Dans Financial Mathematics and Fintech, 253–351. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0920-7_7.

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AbstractLet $$\mathbb {R}^n$$ R n be an n-dimensional Euclidean space and $$x=(x_1, x_2, \ldots , x_n)\in \mathbb {R}^n$$ x = ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) ∈ R n be an n-dimensional vector, x can be a row vector or a column vector, depending on the situation. If $$x\in \mathbb {Z}^n$$ x ∈ Z n , then x is called a integral point. $$\mathbb {R}^{m\times n}$$ R m × n is all $$m\times n$$ m × n -dimensional matrices on $$\mathbb {R}$$ R . $$x=(x_1, x_2, \ldots , x_n)\in \mathbb {R}^n$$ x = ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) ∈ R n , $$y=(y_1, y_2, \ldots , y_n)\in \mathbb {R}^n$$ y = ( y 1 , y 2 , … , y n ) ∈ R n , define the inner product of x and y as.

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Deng, Xiujie. « SSMB Longitudinal Dynamics ». Dans Springer Theses, 7–49. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5800-9_2.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we study the single-particle longitudinal dynamics of SSMB. The motivation is to answer the question: how to realize the short bunch length and small longitudinal emittance in an electron storage ring, as required by SSMB? Note that the curvilinear (Frenet-Serret) coordinate system and the state vector $${\textbf {X}}=(x,x',y,'y',z,\delta )^{T}$$ X = ( x , x ′ , y , ′ y ′ , z , δ ) T , with $$^{T}$$ T representing the transpose, are used throughout this dissertation. For the longitudinal dynamics without coupling from the transverse dimension, what we can play are the momentum compaction and RF systems, for SSMB the laser modulators.

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Mathai, Arak M., Serge B. Provost et Hans J. Haubold. « The Multivariate Gaussian and Related Distributions ». Dans Multivariate Statistical Analysis in the Real and Complex Domains, 129–215. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95864-0_3.

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AbstractReal scalar mathematical as well as random variables will be denoted by lower-case letters such as x, y, z, and vector/matrix variables, whether mathematical or random, will be denoted by capital letters such as X, Y, Z, in the real case. Complex variables will be denoted with a tilde: $$\tilde {x},\tilde {y}, \tilde {X},\tilde {Y}, $$ x ~ , y ~ , X ~ , Y ~ , for instance. Constant matrices will be denoted by A, B, C, and so on. A tilde will be placed above constant matrices only if one wishes to stress the point that the matrix is in the complex domain. Equations will be numbered chapter and section-wise. Local numbering will be done subsection-wise. The determinant of a square matrix A will be denoted by |A| or det(A) and, in the complex case, the absolute value of the determinant of A will be denoted as |det(A)|. Observe that in the complex domain, det(A) = a + ib where a and b are real scalar quantities, and then, |det(A)|2 = a2 + b2.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "X-Vectors"

Binnie, Iona, Haocheng Fang, Benjamin Shearer, Chen-Ting Liao, Emma M. Cating-Subramanian, Sergio Montoya, Eric Fullerton et al. « 3D Soft X-ray Vector Ptychography of Topological Magnetic Skyrmions ». Dans Frontiers in Optics, JTu4A.26. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/fio.2024.jtu4a.26.

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Soft x-ray coherent diffractive imaging is used to probe the fundamental scales of topological magnetic textures. 3D vector ptycho-tomography enables high resolution 3D static imaging of nanoscale spin textures in dipole-stabilized skyrmions.

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Snyder, David, Daniel Garcia-Romero, Alan McCree, Gregory Sell, Daniel Povey et Sanjeev Khudanpur. « Spoken Language Recognition using X-vectors ». Dans Odyssey 2018 The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop. ISCA : ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/odyssey.2018-15.

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Mohammadamini, Mohammad, Driss Matrouf et Paul-Gauthier Noé. « Denoising x-vectors for Robust Speaker Recognition ». Dans Odyssey 2020 The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop. ISCA : ISCA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/odyssey.2020-11.

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Raj, Desh, David Snyder, Daniel Povey et Sanjeev Khudanpur. « Probing the Information Encoded in X-Vectors ». Dans 2019 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asru46091.2019.9003979.

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S, Sreelakshmi, Devika Jayaram, Varsha R. Ajith, Joel Jacob Mathew et Rajeev Rajan. « Speaker Diarization Using X-vectors-DNN Framework ». Dans 2023 IEEE 20th India Council International Conference (INDICON). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indicon59947.2023.10440830.

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Bamerni, Nareen. « Extended-Cyclic Operators ». Dans 3rd International Conference of Mathematics and its Applications. Salahaddin University-Erbil, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31972/ticma22.01.

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In this paper, we study new classes of operators on separable Banach spaces which are called extended-cyclic operators and extended-transitive operators. We study some properties of their vectors which are called extended-cyclic vectors. We show that if x is an extended-cyclic vector for T, then T^n x is also an extended-cyclic vector for T for all n∈N. Then, we show the extended-cyclicity is preserved under qsuasi-similarity. Moreover, we prove that an operator is extended-cyclic if and only if it is extended-transitive. As a consequence, the set of all extended-cyclic vectors is a dense and G_δ set. Finally, we find some spectral properties of these operators. Particularly, the point spectrum of the adjoint of an extended-cyclic operator has at most one element of modules greater than one. Moreover, if the spectrum of an operator has a connected component subset of B_0 (1), then T is not extended-cyclic.

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Snyder, David, Daniel Garcia-Romero, Gregory Sell, Daniel Povey et Sanjeev Khudanpur. « X-Vectors : Robust DNN Embeddings for Speaker Recognition ». Dans ICASSP 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8461375.

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Xu, Longting, Rohan Kumar Das, Emre Yilmaz, Jichen Yang et Haizhou Li. « Generative X-Vectors for Text-Independent Speaker Verification ». Dans 2018 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/slt.2018.8639510.

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Ma, Xinyue, Shanshan Zhang, Shen Huang, Ji Gao, Ying Hu et Liang He. « How to Boost Anti-Spoofing with X-Vectors ». Dans 2022 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/slt54892.2023.10022504.

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Silnova, Anna, Niko Brümmer, Daniel Garcia-Romero, David Snyder et Lukáš Burget. « Fast Variational Bayes for Heavy-tailed PLDA Applied to i-vectors and x-vectors ». Dans Interspeech 2018. ISCA : ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2018-2128.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "X-Vectors"

Adelberg, Jeff, Halina Skorupska, Bill Rhodes, Yigal Cohen et Rafael Perl-Treves. Interploid Hybridization of Cucumis melo and C. metuliferus. United States Department of Agriculture, décembre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7580673.bard.

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The long-term motivation for this research is to transfer useful traits from a broad based gene pool of wild species into the narrow base of a cultivated crop in Cucumis. Our primary focus was to use polyploid prior to fertilization as a tool to overcome fertility barriers in the cross between C. melo and C. metuliferus. In conducting this research, we explored all combinations of tetraploid and diploid parents, in reciprocal combinations. Pollinations were made in both the field and greenhouse, using emasculated flowers, moneocious females, and open pollination by insect vectors, with morphological selection criteria. After observations of thousands of ovaries, we still have no definitive proof that this hybridization yielded viable embryos. The most promising results came from using tetraploid C. metuliferus, as the maternal parent in the interspecific hybridization, that set fruit were seeds contained small embryos that did not germinate. To obtain fruit set, it was important to rear plants in a cooler sunny greenhouse, as would be found in late winter/early spring. A second interspecific hybrid between wild and cultivated Cucumis, C. hystrix x C. sativus, yielded fertile progeny for the first time, while concomitantly working toward our primary goal. Two distinct treatments were necessary; 1) special plant husbandry was necessary to have the wild species produce fruit in cultivation, and 2) embryo rescue followed by chromosome doubling in vitro was required for fertility restoration. Backcrosses to crop species and resistance to nematodes are compelling areas for further work.

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Sadot, Einat, Christopher Staiger et Zvi Kam Weizmann. functional genomic screen for new plant cytoskeletal proteins and the determination of their role in actin mediated functions and guard cells regulation. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7587725.bard.

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The original objectives of the approved proposal were: 1. To construct a YFP fused Arabidopsis cDNA library in a mammalian expression vector. 2. To infect the library into a host fibroblast cell line and to screen for new cytoskeletal associated proteins using an automated microscope. 3. Isolate the new genes. 4. Characterize their role in plants. The project was approved as a feasibility study to allow proof of concept that would entail building the YFP library and picking up a couple of positive clones using the fluorescent screen. We report here on the construction of the YFP library, the development of the automatic microscope, the establishment of the screen and the isolation of positive clones that are plant cDNAs encoding cytoskeleton associated proteins. The rational underling a screen of plant library in fibroblasts is based on the high conservation of the cytoskeleton building blocks, actin and tubulin, between the two kingdoms (80-90% homology at the level of amino acids sequence). In addition, several publications demonstrated the recognition of mammalian cytoskeleton by plant cytoskeletal binding proteins and vice versa. The major achievements described here are: 1. The development of an automated microscope equipped with fast laser auto-focusing for high magnification and a software controlling 6 dimensions; X, Y position, auto focus, time, color, and the distribution and density of the fields acquired. This system is essential for the high throughput screen. 2. The construction of an extremely competent YFP library efficiently cloned (tens of thousands of clones collected, no empty vectors detected) with all inserts oriented 5't03'. These parameters render it well representative of the whole transcriptome and efficient in "in-frame" fusion to YFP. 3. The strategy developed for the screen allowing the isolation of individual positive cDNA clones following three rounds of microscopic scans. The major conclusion accomplished from the work described here is that the concept of using mammalian host cells for fishing new plant cytoskeletal proteins is feasible and that screening system developed is complete for addressing one of the major bottlenecks of the plant cytoskeleton field: the need for high throughput identification of functionally active cytoskeletal proteins. The new identified plant cytoskeletal proteins isolated in the pilot screen and additional new proteins which will be isolated in a comprehensive screen will shed light on cytoskeletal mediated processes playing a major role in cellular activities such as cell division, morphogenesis, and functioning such as chloroplast positioning, pollen tube and root hair elongation and the movement of guard cells. Therefore, in the long run the screen described here has clear agricultural implications.

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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie et Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, août 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.

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Melo-Velandia, Luis Fernando, Hernán Rincón-Castro et Jorge Hernán Toro-Córdoba. Flujos brutos de capital de portafolio de no residentes y residentes y el rol de la política monetaria. Banco de la República Colombia, mars 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1224.

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El objetivo del estudio es evaluar los principales determinantes de los flujos brutos de entradas y salidas de capital de portafolio de Colombia de los inversionistas no residentes y residentes y, en particular, estudiar el rol de la tasa de interés de política monetaria interna. El marco conceptual es el modelo estándar de portafolio aumentado con variables que miden factores de expulsión y atracción y medidas de sorpresas macroeconómicas. El modelo de regresión es una vector autorregresivo con variables exógenas o VAR-X y la información es de frecuencia mensual del periodo 2011 a 2020. Los resultados principales indican que la tasa de interés de política no resulta ser un determinante estadísticamente significativo de los flujos de portafolio de los inversionistas no residentes ni de los residentes con las estadísticas y durante el periodo analizados. Adicionalmente, las estimaciones evidencian diferencias importantes en las respuestas de los inversionistas no residentes y residentes ante otras perturbaciones macroeconómicas internas y externas. Finalmente se comprueba que existe hasta cierto grado una sustitución entre las salidas de capital de portafolio de los no residentes y las entradas de capital de los residentes. Esto significa que los movimientos de unos amortiguan los efectos cambiarios, de balanza de pagos y, probablemente financieros y macroeconómicos de los otros.

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