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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « World War, 1939-1945 – Propaganda – Germany »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "World War, 1939-1945 – Propaganda – Germany"

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BRODIE, THOMAS. « Between ‘National Community’ and ‘Milieu’ : German Catholics at War, 1939–1945 ». Contemporary European History 26, no 3 (29 mai 2017) : 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777317000169.

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This article examines German Catholics’ sense of community and identity during the Second World War. It analyses how far they were able to reconcile their religious faith with support for Nazism and the German war effort and questions the extent to which Catholicism in the Rhineland and Westphalia represented either a sealed confessional subculture or a homogenising Nazified ‘national community’ (Volksgemeinschaft). The article argues that, in their pure forms, neither of these analytical paradigms accounts for the complexities of German Catholics’ attitudes during this period, which were far more contested and diverse than outlined by much existing historiography. Religious socialisation, Nazi propaganda and older nationalist traditions shaped Catholics’ mentalities during the Third Reich, creating a spectrum of opinion concerning the appropriate relationship between these influences and loyalties. At the level of lived experience, Catholics’ memberships of religious and national communities revealed themselves to be highly compatible, a tendency which in turn exerted a restraining influence on church–state conflict in wartime Germany.
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Robison, William B. « Lancastrians, Tudors, and World War II : British and German Historical Films as Propaganda, 1933–1945 ». Arts 9, no 3 (10 août 2020) : 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts9030088.

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In World War II the Allies and Axis deployed propaganda in myriad forms, among which cinema was especially important in arousing patriotism and boosting morale. Britain and Germany made propaganda films from Hitler’s rise to power in 1933 to the war’s end in 1945, most commonly documentaries, historical films, and after 1939, fictional films about the ongoing conflict. Curiously, the historical films included several about fifteenth and sixteenth century England. In The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933), director Alexander Korda—an admirer of Winston Churchill and opponent of appeasement—emphasizes the need for a strong navy to defend Tudor England against the ‘German’ Charles V. The same theme appears with Philip II of Spain as an analog for Hitler in Arthur B. Wood’s Drake of England (1935), William Howard’s Fire Over England (1937), parts of which reappear in the propaganda film The Lion Has Wings (1939), and the pro-British American film The Sea Hawk (1940). Meanwhile, two German films little known to present-day English language viewers turned the tables with English villains. In Gustav Ucicky’s Das Mädchen Johanna (Joan of Arc, 1935), Joan is the female embodiment of Hitler and wages heroic warfare against the English. In Carl Froelich’s Das Herz der Königin (The Heart of a Queen, 1940), Elizabeth I is an analog for an imperialistic Churchill and Mary, Queen of Scots an avatar of German virtues. Finally, to boost British morale on D-Day at Churchill’s behest, Laurence Olivier directed a masterly film version of William Shakespeare’s Henry V (1944), edited to emphasize the king’s virtues and courage, as in the St. Crispin’s Day speech with its “We few, we proud, we band of brothers”. This essay examines the aesthetic appeal, the historical accuracy, and the presentist propaganda in such films.
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Poprawa, Marcin. « Prasa konspiracyjna w służbie kontrpropagandy — funkcje, cele, zjawiska językowe na przykładzie gazet podziemnych 1939–1945 ». Oblicza Komunikacji 10 (15 novembre 2018) : 57–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.10.3.

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Underground press in the service of counterpropaganda — functions, goals, linguistic phenomena as seen in underground newspapers of 1939–1945In the article the author examines the most important strategies of the linguistic fight against the Nazi propaganda employed by the underground press published by political parties active in the Polish Underground State during the Second World War. A theoretical introduction contains an outline of the model of political communication under German occupation 1939–1945 as well as the most important functions of articles that could be placed between political propaganda and wartime propaganda.
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Heinrich, Anselm. « Theatre in Britain during the Second World War ». New Theatre Quarterly 26, no 1 (février 2010) : 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x10000060.

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In this article Anselm Heinrich argues for a renewed interest in and critical investigation of theatre in Britain during the Second World War, a period neglected by researchers despite the radical changes in the cultural landscape instigated during the war. Concentrating on CEMA (the Council for Encouragement of Music and the Arts) and the introduction of subsidies, the author discusses and evaluates the importance and effects of state intervention in the arts, with a particular focus on the demands put on theatre and its role in society in relation to propaganda, nation-building, and education. Anselm Heinrich is Lecturer in Theatre Studies at the University of Glasgow. He is the author of Entertainment, Education, Propaganda: Regional Theatres in Germany and Britain between 1918 and 1945 (2007), and with Kate Newey and Jeffrey Richards has co-edited a collection of essays on Ruskin, the Theatre, and Victorian Visual Culture (2009). Other research interests include émigrés from Nazi-occupied Europe, contemporary German theatre and drama, and national theatres.
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Partyko, Zinovij, et Maria Kravchuk. « PRESS OF ZHYTOMYR REGION DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR ». Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University : journalism 2, no 4 (2022) : 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sjs2022.02.006.

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38 newspaper editions of the Zhytomyr region during the Second World War (1939-1945) was selected as the object of the study. The subject of the study is the conditions of origin of newspapers, the peculiarities of their operation and time of publication, as well as the features of the materials of these publications. Research methods are traditional analysis (qualitative); historical method; logical method; synthesis; generalization. It is expedient to divide newspaper editions into legal editions of the Ukrainian independence movement; official German publications; underground Soviet publications; underground nationalist publications. After the occupation, the first newspapers began to appear in the Zhytomyr region in late summer and early autumn 1941, and the most were influenced by the independence movement. Immediately, the occupying German authorities, using censorship, launched a propaganda campaign about the benefits of the "new order". From the end of November 1941, the publications came under the control of the occupying German government and became its main information and propaganda body. One of the tools of alternative propaganda influence on the local population was the underground Soviet periodicals. For some time an underground nationalist publication was published in the region but had no significant impact on the population. Since 1944 (the time of the return of the Soviet army) all publications of the Ukrainian independence movement, the German official press and nationalist periodicals have ceased to be published. Only one of the underground pro-Soviet newspapers, which became official, continued to be published. Comparison of the number of publications on the territory of Zhytomyr region in the war, pre-war and post-war periods gives grounds to hypothesize that the possible dependence of the number of publications from the degree of freedom of the press. The study of foreign language periodicals, in particular in Polish, remains promising.
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Dudaiti, A. K. « Iran’s Foreign Policy in 1933-1939 : Problems of Diversifying Relations with Leading World Powers ». Nauchnyi dialog, no 12 (28 décembre 2021) : 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-12-309-326.

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The article is devoted to the problems of modernizing Iran’s foreign policy strategy on the eve of World War II, the implementation of a set of measures to diversify its relations with the leading world powers. The factors influencing the formation of the conflict relations of Iran with Great Britain and the USSR are revealed. The features of the nationalist policy of the Reza Shah regime, aimed at liberating the country from British control and weakening Soviet influence in the country, are traced. Particular attention is paid to the formation of a pro-German course in Iran’s foreign policy. The author emphasizes that the ideological factor (Nazi propaganda about the common Aryan origin of the Germans and Iranians) played an important role in the rapprochement of the Shah’s regime of Iran with the Nazi leadership of Germany. It is stated that the rapprochement of Iran with Germany contributed to the growth of tension in Europe, the intensification of the confrontation between the bloc of fascist states and the camp of anti-fascist forces. It is also noted that as a result of the Iranian-German rapprochement, Moscow’s relations with Tehran found themselves in a crisis situation: the strengthening of Nazi influence in Iran prompted the USSR leadership to take urgent measures to ensure reliable protection of the country’s southern borders against the threat of a German attack.
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Morley, Elaine. « Intercultural Experience, the Anglo-American Occupation and UNESCO in Germany 1945–1949 ». Comparative Critical Studies 13, no 2 (juin 2016) : 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2016.0199.

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Independent of each other, though contemporaneous, the Anglo-American occupiers of Germany and the newly founded United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization employed culture to foster greater intercultural and international understanding in 1945. Both enterprises separately saw culture as offering a means of securing the peace in the long term. This article compares the stated intentions and activities of the Anglo-American occupiers and UNESCO vis-à-vis transforming morals and public opinion in Germany for the better after World War II. It reconceptualizes the mobilization of culture to transform Germany through engaging theories of cultural diplomacy and propaganda. It argues that rather than merely engaging in propaganda in the negative sense, elements of these efforts can also be viewed as propaganda in the earlier, morally neutral sense of the term, despite the fact that clear geopolitical aims lay at the heart of the cultural activities of both the occupiers and UNESCO.
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Kotelenets, Elena A., et Maria Yu Lavrenteva. « The British Weekly : a case study of British propaganda to the Soviet Union during World War II ». RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, no 3 (15 décembre 2019) : 486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-3-486-498.

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The research investigates a publishing history of the Britansky Souyznik (British Ally) weekly (further - British Weekly) in Russian language, which was published in the Soviet Union by the UK Ministry of Information in the Second World War years and to 1950. This newspaper published reports from fronts where British troops fought against Nazi Germany and its allies, articles on British-Soviet military cooperation, materials about British science, industry, agriculture, and transport, reports on people’s life in the UK, historical background of British Commonwealth countries, cultural and literature reviews. British Weekly circulation in the USSR was 50,000 copies. The main method used for the research was the study of the newspaper’s materials, as well as the propaganda concepts of its editorial board and their influence on the audience. The researched materials are from archives of the Soviet Foreign Ministry as well as of the UK Ministry of Information and Political Warfare Executive (1940-1945), declassified by the British Government only in 2002, on the basis of which an independent analysis is conducted. The British Weekly played a bright role in the formation of techniques and methods of British foreign policy propaganda to Soviet public opinion in 1942-1945. Results of the research indicates that the British government launched foreign policy propaganda to the USSR immediately after breaking-out of World War II and used the experience of the British Weekly for psychological warfare in the Cold War years.
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Perin, Raffaella. « Heiliger Stuhl, Drittes Reich und Radio Vaticana ». Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 100, no 1 (25 novembre 2020) : 471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2020-0021.

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Abstract This article intends to show that the German language broadcasts of Vatican Radio influenced relations between the Holy See and the Third Reich in the period between the start of the station’s radio broadcasts and 1943. As emerges from the analysis of published and unpublished sources, Vatican Radio seems to have been used as a Catholic propaganda tool in Germany, but also as an instrument of diplomacy. Vatican radio continued to broadcast in German and to attract listeners even after Goebbels’ decree of 1 September 1939 forbidding people to listen to foreign radio stations. The Holy See, aware that its broadcasts were being monitored by the Sonderdienst Seehaus and of their importance not only for the population of Germany but also for its government, exploited them to spread specific ideas and messages depending on the circumstances and the progress of the war. The study of Vatican Radio thus represents a specific point of view from which to understand the Holy See’s attitude towards National Socialism and its actions during the Second World War.
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Salata, Oksana. « INFORMATION CONFRONTATION OF NAZI GERMANY AND THE USSR IN HISTORIOGRAPHY ». Kyiv Historical Studies, no 1 (2018) : 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.1.5262.

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The second world and its constituent German-Soviet wars became the key events of the 20th century. Currently, the study of domestic and foreign historiography in the context of the disclosure of the information policy of the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, the information confrontation of the Nazi and Soviet systems of information and psychological infl uence on the enemy population is relevant. Thanks to the work of domestic and foreign scholars, the attraction of new archival materials and documents, the world saw scientifi c works devoted to various aspects of the propaganda activities of Nazi Germany, including in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Among them are the works of Ukrainian historians: A. Podolsky, Y. Nikolaytsya, P. Rekotov, O. Lysenko, V. Shaikan, M. Mikhailyuk, V. Grinevich; Russian historians M. I. Semiaryagi, E. Makarevich, V. I. Tsymbal and G. F. Voronenkova. An analysis of scientifi c literature published in Germany, England and the United States showed that the eff ectiveness and negative eff ects of German information policy are revealed in the works of German historians and publicists O. Hadamovsky, N. Muller, P. Longerich, R. Coel, et al. Along with the works devoted to armed confrontation, one can single out a study in which the authors try to show the information technologies and methods of psychological action that were used by the governments of both countries to infl uence the consciousness and the moral and psychological state of their own population and the enemy’s population, on the results of the Second World War. Most active in the study of Nazi propaganda and information policy of the Third Reich, in general, were the German historians, in particular E. Hadamovskie , G. Fjorsterch and G. Schnitter, and others. The value of their work is to highlight the process of the creation in 1933–1945 of the National Socialist Party in Germany of an unprecedented system of mass manipulation in the world’s history, fully controlled by the Nazi leadership of the information space. Thus, an analysis of the works of domestic and foreign scholars shows that the information confrontation between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was extremely powerful, since both warring parties possessed the most up-to-date information and ideological weapon. Unfortunately, today there is no comprehensive study of this problem that could reveal all aspects of the information confrontation in the modern information world.
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Thèses sur le sujet "World War, 1939-1945 – Propaganda – Germany"

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Bennet, Victor Kenneth. « Public opinion and propaganda in national socialist Germany during the war against the Soviet Union / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10371.

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Welch, David. « The Third Reich politics and propaganda / ». London : Routledge, 2002. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10205184.

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Borys, Bill. « "Mitteilungen für die Truppe' : ideology in publication ». Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22565.

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A vast amount of literature has been published about Germany's campaign in Russia during the Second World War. New attention has been focused on the role played by indoctrination in the conduct of the ideological war.
This thesis examines the thematic content of the German Armed Forces circular Mitteilungen fur die Truppe for a period that coincides with the climactic confrontation on the Eastern Front. It illustrates the presence of a coherent propaganda policy designed to boost troop resilience.
The data have been derived from copies of the primary source, namely part of the captured German records microfilmed at Alexandria, Virginia. The evidence is augmented through other primary and secondary sources.
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Thériault, Mark J. « Art as propaganda in Vichy France, 1940-1944 ». Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112592.

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The French government under Philippe Petain, based at Vichy, simultaneously collaborated with the Germans and promoted French patriotism. French artists and designers produced an abundance of posters, paintings, sculptures and other objets d'art, examples of which are included here, to promote the values of the "new order." Although Christian symbols were common, fascist symbols among the mass-produced images support the idea that the Vichy regime was not merely authoritarian, but parafascist.
The fine arts were purged of "foreign" influences, yet the German Arno Breker was invited to exhibit his sculptures in Paris. In the spirit of national redressement, traditional French art was promoted; however, Modern art, which Hitler condemned as cultural Bolshevism, continued to be produced. With reference to the words of Petain, Hitler, French artists and art critics, and a variety of artworks, this thesis shows how art was used to propagate the ideology of the Vichy regime.
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Pfeifer, Justin Thomas. « The Soviet Union through German Eyes : Wehrmacht Identity, Nazi Propaganda, and the Eastern Front War, 1941-1945 ». University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1417426182.

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Ryan, Kathleen M. « "When flags flew high" : propaganda, memory, and oral history for World War II female veterans / ». Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8332.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 377-400). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
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Jang, Hoi Sik. « Japanese imperial ideology, shifting war aims and domestic propaganda during the Pacific War of 1941-1945 ». Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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Byers, Catherine P. « Reporting wartime Germany : perceptions of American journalists in Berlin, 1939-1941 ». Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/478643.

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"Reporting Wartime Germany" is a study of the memoirs, diaries, and other works of American journalists who were in Berlin during the early wartime years, 1939-1941. It analyzes their perceptions of the changes which occurred during that important period. Manipulation of politics and political power is discussed, along with growth of resistance to the regime, and the apparent inability of the regime to negotiate with foreigners in good faith. The role of newspapers, periodicals, radio and the motion picture industry as media of propaganda is studied; the system of education, control of religion, and attempts to regulate artistic endeavors are surveyed. Particular attention is paid to the use of literature and art as means of directing the minds of the Berliners. Various forms of culture, including opera and the theater, are analyzed in terms of their importance as a"-form of escape for the Berliners. Other types of entertainment, such as nightclubs, restaurants, and vaudeville, along with spectator sports, are also included. Analysis is offered concerning the immediate loss of such "luxuries" as adequate transportation, liquor, coffee and tea, and cigarettes, the shortage of housing and the rationing of such staples as food and clothing, and the impact these changes in lifestyle had on the Berliners. The gradual change in attitude perceived by the Americans, from acceptance of conditions to fear that the war might be lost, is described. Because of the need to verify the often highly subjective reports of the journalists, there are extensive notes which include references to accounts by others who were in Berlin, either contemporaneously or earlier or later than the first wartime years, and also to significant secondary works. Thus this study presents a broad overview of Berlin during the early wartime years, as seen by foreigners with many different perspectives. The similarities and differences in their perceptions are noted. The discrepancies are stressed, with verifying sources for different viewpoints included in the notes. The conclusion drawn is that the real changes perceived by the Americans occurred in 1933, when the Nazis came to power, and after the summer of 1941 following the beginning of the Russian campaign. More importantly, the study underlines the importance of using and carefully comparing multiple sources for any type of historical inquiry. The study underscores how well-meaning and supposedly objective observers of the same scene can often differ significantly in their perceptions, interpretation, and reporting of specificevents and major trends.
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Doubler, Michael D. « Closing with the enemy : American combined arms operations in the war against Germany, 1944-1945 / ». The Ohio State University, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26692664.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1991.
Advisor: Allan R. Millett, Dept. of History. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ludewig, George Frederick. « A childhood shaped by World War II ». Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company ; downloadable PDF file, 72 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885544251&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Livres sur le sujet "World War, 1939-1945 – Propaganda – Germany"

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Auckland, R. G. British 'black' propaganda to Germany, 1941-1945. 2e éd. [s.l.] : Psywar Society, 1989.

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Nazi propaganda and the Second World War. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

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Nazi propaganda for the Arab world. New Haven, Conn : Yale University Press, 2009.

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Wójcik, Władysława. Prasa gadzinowa Generalnego Gubernatorstwa, 1939-1945. Kraków : Wydawn. Nauk. Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej, 1988.

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Antisemitische Flugblätter aus Deutschland 1939-1945. 2e éd. Erlangen : Verlag D+C, 2009.

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Nazi rule and the Soviet offensive in Eastern Germany, 1944-1945 : The darkest hour. Brighton, [England] : Sussex Academic Press, 2008.

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Woźniakowski, Krzysztof. Polskojęzyczna prasa gadzinowa w tzw. Starej Rzeszy, 1939-1945. Kraków : Wydawn. Naukowe Akademii Pedagogicznej, 2001.

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Herf, Jeffrey. The Jewish enemy : Nazi propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust. Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006.

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The Third Reich : Politics and propaganda. London : Routledge, 1993.

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The Third Reich : Politics and propaganda. London : Routledge, 1993.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "World War, 1939-1945 – Propaganda – Germany"

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Kallis, Aristotle A. « Cinema and Totalitarian Propaganda : ‘Information’ and ‘Leisure’ in NS Germany, 1939–45 ». Dans Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War, 185–217. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230511101_9.

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Nikel, Joanna. « Berlin 1945. Obraz pokonanego miasta w świetle wspomnień i raportów aliantów ». Dans Oblicza Wojny. Tom 5. Miasto i wojna. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/8220-699-9.21.

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The aim of this article is to present an image of the fallen German capital, as seen through the eyes of Soviet and American political officers, responsible for rebuilding German life in the sectors of Berlin they occupied. The image of Berlin presented in this article is a picture of the city as seen primarily through the eyes of Soviet officers: Alexander Dymschitz, a literary scholar and cultural editorial staff member at the Tägliche Rundschau newspaper published by the Russians as early as 15 May, Sergei Tjulpanov – head of the Propaganda Board of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD), and Grigory Weiss, an officer in the Cultural Department of SMAD. The narrative is supplemented by testimonies of Western Allies – memoirs of General Frank L. Howley and reports of American political officers, a selection of which was presented in 1979 by historian Brewster S. Chamberlin. The aim of the narrative based on the above-mentioned sources will be to show Berlin through the eyes of the Allies, which will also serve as a pretext for asking the question about the so-called “Americanisation” and “Sovietisation” of German society immediately after the end of the Second World War.
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Potter, Simon J. « Propaganda and war, 1939–1945 ». Dans This is the BBC, 71–110. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898524.003.0004.

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During the Second World War, on the home front, the BBC became the crucial mechanism for keeping up morale and distributing official information and propaganda. Similarly, in its international work, the BBC cemented links with Britain’s allies, sought to encourage the US to enter the war against fascism, encouraged a spirit of resistance in occupied nations, and conducted increasingly aggressive psychological warfare against the enemy. This was when the BBC truly became a global broadcaster: its international work was, arguably, a higher priority than broadcasting for listeners in the UK. It forged particularly strong links with US broadcasters, strengthening the transatlantic flow of programmes and ideas. It also conducted propaganda targeting audiences across the British empire, and launched a massively expanded set of foreign-language services aimed at Europe. To maintain morale, and to keep listeners away from enemy stations, the BBC channelled resources into entertainment, especially in the new Forces Programme. It produced truly popular broadcasts: this had a lasting legacy in terms of its approach to making programmes. It also, hesitantly, began to enter the business of journalism, particularly by providing eyewitness accounts of D-Day and the liberation of Europe.
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« 18. Francoist Antisemitic Propaganda, 1939–1945 ». Dans Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust, 329–52. University of Toronto Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487532505-022.

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« 4. Mobilization and Propaganda Policies in Germany and the United States ». Dans Mobilizing Women for War : German and American Propaganda, 1939-1945, 74–114. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400870974-007.

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Polonsky, Antony. « War and Genocide 1939–1945 ». Dans Jews in Poland and Russia : A Short History, 308–79. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0010.

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This chapter explores how the outbreak of the Second World War initiated a new and tragic period in the history of the Jews of north-eastern Europe. The Polish defeat by Nazi Germany in the unequal campaign that began in September of 1939 led to a new partition of the country by Germany and the Soviet Union. Though Hitler had been relatively slow to put the more extreme aspects of Nazi antisemitism into practice, by the time the war broke out, the Nazi regime was set in its deep-seated hatred of the Jews. Following the brutal violence of Kristallnacht on November 9–10, 1938, when up to a hundred Jews were murdered in Germany and Austria and over 400 synagogues burnt down, Hitler, disconcerted by the domestic and foreign unease which this provoked, decided to entrust policy on the Jews to the ideologues of the SS. They were determined at this stage to enforce a ‘total separation’ between Jews and Germans, but wanted to do so in an ‘orderly and disciplined’ manner, perhaps by compelling most Jews to emigrate. The Nazis did not act immediately on the genocidal threat of ‘the annihilation of the Jews as a race in Europe’, but during the first months of the war, a dual process took place: the barbarization of Nazi policy generally and a hardening of policy towards Jews.
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Goldman, Jasper. « Warsaw : Reconstruction as Propaganda ». Dans The Resilient City. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195175844.003.0012.

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By any standards, the resilience displayed byWarsaw duringWorld War II and its aftermath was awesome. The city endured three waves of destruction: during the German invasion of 1939, the Jewish ghetto uprising of 1943, and theWarsaw uprising of 1944 and their aftermaths. After the last had been put down, Adolf Hitler ordered the city to be destroyed entirely, and particular care was taken by the Nazis to individually target monuments and buildings of any historic, cultural, or aesthetic significance. This was done with grim efficiency, and by the time the Soviet army occupied the city in January 1945, over 80 percent of the buildings in the city lay in ruins. Of the 780 buildings on the historic register, only 35 survived intact. One of those buildings that survived—the Lazienski Palace—still had bore holes ready for dynamite which German sappers had not had time to insert when the city was captured. On visiting Warsaw in 1945, General Dwight Eisenhower commented that he had never before witnessed destruction executed with such bestiality. There had been no military justification for the devastation. Yet almost from the moment the city was liberated, it began to recover. In the first two months after liberation, sappers and workers were able to remove 100,000 mines and unexploded shells from the ruins, and 1 million cubic meters of rubble were removed by the end of 1947. Despite a lack of electricity, water, transportation, and other basic infrastructure, the population doubled to 366,000 within four months. Reconstruction of key streets and repairable buildings began immediately, and new residential areas were planned and later constructed. Within just eleven years, the city would recover its prewar population and could be said to be a fully functional capital. But the jewel in the crown of the reconstruction was undoubtedly the rebuilding of the Old Town, the historic core of the city that symbolized 700 years of Warsaw’s history. Its completion—in 1961—above all suggested a rebirth of Poland’s cultural and historical identity. There has been a spectrum of resilience displayed by the city’s inhabitants.
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Potter, Simon J. « Wireless Nationalism, 1938–1939 ». Dans Wireless Internationalism and Distant Listening, 111–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800231.003.0005.

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During the late 1930s international broadcasting was mobilized as a weapon for deployment in the coming conflict, an essential tool of propaganda. In 1938 the BBC began broadcasting to the Middle East in Arabic and to Latin America in Spanish and Portuguese. In running the Arabic Service in particular, the BBC was obliged to accept the input of civil servants from the Foreign Office and other branches of the state, particularly when it came to the editing of news bulletins. Material was carefully included and omitted to further British foreign policy goals. BBC officers sought to build up an Arabic Service that would appeal to listeners across the Middle East but made limited headway due to a lack of resources and the scarcity of listener feedback. Similarly, there seemed little evidence to suggest that the BBC Latin American Service developed a significant audience. Attempts to strengthen links between British and American broadcasters meanwhile continued. Only vestiges of wireless internationalism remained: these were years of wireless nationalism, driven by the expansion of fascist broadcast propaganda. The September Crisis of 1938 prompted the inauguration of BBC broadcasts in German, Italian, and French. In all these activities the BBC adhered closely to official policies of appeasement, and accepted government directions to avoid broadcasts that would provoke Germany and Italy. The British government also covertly broadcast to Europe from commercial stations on the Continent, particularly Radio Luxembourg, with the involvement of the Secret Intelligence Service.
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Weinberg, Gerard L. « 2. World War II begins ». Dans World War II : A Very Short Introduction, 20–32. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688777.003.0003.

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The German attack on Poland began on September 1 1939, and triggered the declaration of war on Germany by Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa. Germany and the Soviet Union were agreed on a dual attack on Poland from the West and East, which left Poland unable to defend itself. An important aspect of the war between Germany and the Allies was the war of the oceans. The battles between warships, targets on merchant ships, and the use of submarines in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans continued from 1939 up until Germany's surrender in May 1945 and drew in many Baltic and Scandinavian countries.
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Monama, Fankie L. « ‘Die Propaganda Kolonel’ : Ernst Malherbe and the battle for morale of ordinary South African soldiers, 1939–1945 ». Dans Sights, Sounds, Memories : South African Soldier Experiences of the Second World War, 182–207. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928480914/06.

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