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1
Šorn, Mojca. « Spremembe v medčloveških odnosih v obdobju pomanjkanja in lakote (Ljubljana : 1914–1918) ». Studia Historica Slovenica 20 (2020), no 3 (20 décembre 2020) : 713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32874/shs.2020-20.
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The following contribution, which focuses on Ljubljana and its inhabitants during World War I, shows how everyday life was influenced by the military and political as well as economic and social aspects. It underlines the food shortage, which did not only result in an increased incidence of diseases and deaths but also adjusted nutrition as well as modified daily rhythms and mental and psychological processes. The present contribution, which focuses on the interpersonal relationship changes in the extraordinary wartime circumstances or during the period of shortage and hunger, reveals that the code of behaviour as well as the established societal and social norms of the pre-war period often became a thing of the past.
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Astashov, A. B. « MOBILIZATION AND SANITATION AT THE RUSSIAN ARMY HOME FRONT IN 1914–1918 : SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ». Вестник Пермского университета. История, no 2(53) (2021) : 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-27-37.
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Written on the basis of archival sources drawn for the first time, the article is devoted to the problem of changing the sanitary and ecological conditions of the theatre of military operations at the Russian front during the First World War. The aim of the article is to analyze the sanitary and hygienic state of the theatre of military operations on the western outskirts of Russia during the First World War and the factors of its deterioration; to evaluate the effectiveness of combating the negative aspects of the sanitary state of the front-line territory; to identify the actual environmental practices of the front-line territory and their interrelation with the social aspects of the struggle for the improvement of the territory in conditions of total war. The focus is on the pre-war sanitary situation in the western region of Russia, reflecting its cultural and socio-political peculiarities, its exacerbation during the war and mobilization, as well as sanitary and hygienic measures taken both in eliminating epidemics of contagious diseases and in "sanitating" the front-line territory. The issue is considered in the light of total war, which formed a unified, front and rear, landscape of sanitary hazards. Attention is paid to the activities of society, bureaucracy and military commanders, who generally succeeded in transforming the belligerent landscape and localizing the spread of disease. The technical activities of the engineering and sanitary services of the front and rear are described in detail. The author concludes that the Great War was an important impulse and frontier in solving the problem of improving the ecological condition of Russia's western outskirts. During the war, the belligerent landscape was transformed into an anthropogenic landscape, becoming the basis for the area's future infrastructure in terms of sanitation and hygiene
3
Reyent, O. « The World War First and its Consequences for Ukraine ». Problems of World History, no 1 (24 mars 2016) : 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-1-4.
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In the article, the World War First it examined from the perspective of a global cataclysm that essentially determined the further development of human civilization not only in the twentieth, but also in the early twenty-first century. It is indicated that the tragedy of war especially manifested in the total character, which it has acquired, and the rapid fall in the value of human life. In its universal scope and demographic losses, this war greatly surpassed everything that happened thereto during the largest international military conflicts in human history. The influence of the global confrontation 1914-1918 on the Ukrainian ethnic land is shown. Being divided between the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary they have been the object of geopolitical encroachments of the warring parties and for four years became the theater of fierce fighting, and their population found itself on opposite sides of the front line. Considerable attention is paid to elucidating the main «Ukrainian aspects» of the war in the political, ideological, military, economic and social planes. It is shown both negative and positive consequences of the World War First for the formation of modern nation and the establishment of statehood.
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Shikunova, Inna A., et Pavel P. Shcherbinin. « Nurseries as a special form of social care in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century ». Tambov University Review. Series : Humanities, no 184 (2020) : 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-184-136-145.
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We consider the formation and development features of the nurseries as a special social institution in the Tambov Governorate in the early of 20th century. The governorate and county levels of declared scientific problem consideration allows to conduct the successful reconstruction of the formation and activities of infant nurseries for foundlings, orphans in both urban and rural areas, which reflected the practice of social care and charity of “trouble children”. We reveal the implementation features of county initiatives for the social protection of foundlings and orphans, as well as the levels and forms of such support for such categories of Russian society by local authorities. We clarify the possibilities of organizing nurseries for foundlings at the governorate and county hospitals and maternity wards. We note the role of particular medical workers in the development of civic initiatives and public service in the rescue of foundlings. We identify the historiographic traditions of both domestic and foreign historians in the study of the orphans charity in the context of the social work organization and the social institutions development, including nurseries. Based on the analysis of a wide range of historical sources, it was possible to identify the most successful and effective practices of organizing nurseries both in the peaceful years and in the periods of Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and World War I 1914–1918, which allowed us to consider various little-studied aspects of the stated scientific problem. We reveal the regional features of the social protection system for orphans through the prism of nursery care. We clarify the position and role of the Orthodox Church on the organization of orphan charity in monasteries during the war years of 1914–1918. We reveal the main posing issues of the prospects for studying a wide range of problems in the history of orphanhood in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century. We pay attention to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical manifestations of social policy when conducting a study of charitable support and private public initiatives of the considered period.
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Shcherbinin, Pavel. « “Physically defective children” and their care in the first third of the 20th century : the regional aspect ». Tambov University Review. Series : Humanities, no 178 (2019) : 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-178-140-148.
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We systematically study the practice of social protection of children with hearing and vision disabilities, as well as other categories of “physically defective” children and adolescents in the Tambov Governorate in the first third of the 20th century. On the basis of a wide range of primary materials, first of all, periodicals, archival sources, memories, statistical data, various little-known aspects of the claimed scientific problem were studied. We summarize the domestic and foreign experience of studying the social security system of “special” children in provincial Russia. The variants of social care for children with disabilities, including in the context of charitable activities, have been clarified. The legal aspects of the regulation of physical and social defectiveness during the Soviet period are specially considered. The main stages of the charitable and public initiative to support children with disabilities are identified. Attention is drawn to the impact of the First World War of 1914–1918, revolutionary upheavals, Civil War, regional specificity and the specific historical manifestations of the care of these “special” children at the level of a particular region – Tambov Governorate. The influence of regional trends on education and training, as well as the subsequent socialization of children with hearing and vision disabilities is clarified. It is proved that the new economic policy has had a powerful negative impact on the entire system of social security of orphans, children’s homes, in fact eliminating all the positive developments and experience that has developed in the Tambov Governorate.
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Čížová, Júlia, et Roman Holec. « 1918 and the Habsburg Monarchy as Reflected in Slovak Historiography ». Historical Studies on Central Europe 1, no 2 (3 décembre 2021) : 206–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.08.
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With regard to the “long” nineteenth-century history of the Habsburg monarchy, the new generation of post-1989 historians have strengthened research into social history, the history of previously unstudied social classes, the church, nobility, bourgeoisie, and environmental history, as well as the politics of memory.The Czechoslovak centenary increased historians’ interest in the year 1918 and the constitutional changes in the Central European region. It involved the culmination of previous revisitations of the World War I years, which also benefited from gaining a 100-year perspective. The Habsburg monarchy, whose agony and downfall accompanied the entire period of war (1914–1918), was not left behind because the year 1918 marked a significant milestone in Slovak history. Exceptional media attention and the completion of numerous research projects have recently helped make the final years of the monarchy and the related topics essential ones.Remarkably, with regard to the demise of the monarchy, Slovak historiography has focused not on “great” and international history, but primarily on regional history and its elites; on the fates of “ordinary” people living on the periphery, on life stories, and socio-historical aspects. The recognition of regional events that occurred in the final months of the monarchy and the first months of the republic is the greatest contribution of recent historical research. Another contribution of the extensive research related to the year 1918 is a number of editions of sources compiled primarily from the resources of regional archives. The result of such partial approaches is the knowledge that the year 1918 did not represent the discontinuity that was formerly assumed. On the contrary, there is evidence of surprising continuity in the positions of professionals such as generals, officers, professors, judges, and even senior old regime officers within the new establishment. In recent years, Slovak historiography has also managed to produce several pieces of work concerned with historical memory in relation to the final years of the monarchy.
7
Górny, Maciej. « Niemcy w Warszawie po raz pierwszy. Nowsze opracowania na temat niemieckiej okupacji 1915–1918 ». Przegląd Humanistyczny 63, no 1 (464) (17 septembre 2019) : 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4981.
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The article describes the newer works devoted to the occupation of Polish lands, especially of Warsaw during World War I. Recently, this subject, so far neglected, has drown the attention of numerous scientists, both from Poland and from abroad. Their point of view is different not only from the older perspectives, but also from the perspectives of slightly newer works on the other occupied areas and emphasizing the connection between the experience of the Great War and genocide during World War II. In the most precious fragments, the new historiography gives a very wide image of social life, in which the proper place is taken by previously marginalised social groups. Differently from the older works, the policy of the occupants on the Polish lands is not treated only as a unilateral dictate, but rather as a dynamic process of negotiation, in which the strength and position of each of the (many) sides has been changed. And, this change is accompanied by the new arrangements concerning almost all aspects of the German policy and the conditions of living during World War I.
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KAMINSKA, Oksana. « PARTICIPATION OF SIDOR HOLUBOVYCH IN SOCIO-POLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE GALICIAN LANDS DURING THE WORLD WAR I ». Skhid, no 2(3) (27 décembre 2021) : 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2021.2(3).248231.
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The civic-political activity of Sydor Golubovych during the World War I was analyzed in the article based on the complex study of archive sources, periodicals and scientific literature. His role in the political organizations in Vienna during his emigration period in 1914-1915-s and after his return to L’viv in 1915-1918-s was determined. Namely, the prerequisites of reorganization of the Main Ukrainian Council into the Common Ukrainian Council, problem of political struggle among different party groups within the political circles in Galicia and Bukovina were highlighted. The main aspects of Golubovych’s activity in the Common Ukrainian Council (CUC) were revealed, within the council his main attention was drawn to the issues of the “Military bank” creation, issues related to the Ukrainian refugees, migrant workers, internees from Galicia and Bukovina, who according to the official data were 90 thou in different parts of Austria, Germany and Czech Republic. Moreover, it is mentioned that S. Golubovych was a participant of the political actions for autonomy of Ukrainian schooling, separate Ukrainian university opening in L’viv, transformation of the STC into the Ukrainian academy of science, etc. It was found that after his return to L’viv in August 1915, S. Golubovych as a member of the L’viv’s delegation of the CUC and member of the Regional Credit Union (RCU) was predominantly responsible for the problems of region’s restoration after the military actions. Simultaneously, the main attention was drawn to the busy social activity, namely he was included into the senior council at Stavropigijskyi institute – former Moscow-oriented institution transferred to the Ukrainians by the Austrian governor general Kollard, and was a founder and editor of the newspaper “Ukrayinsʹke slovo” that was the main media source in Galicia. Furthermore, during 1917-1918-s the politician frequently visited Ternopol’s region where he endeavored to keep close contacts with his electorate.A role of S. Golubovych was described before the November events of 1918, where he as a figure of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party (UNDP) and member of the Ukrainian Parliamentary Representation (UPR) participated in meetings and demonstrations’ organization devoted to the independence proclamation of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), peace treaty agreement in Brest-Lytovsk, was actively involved in implementation of so called “viche week” organized to support the autonomy demands of the Eastern Galicia as a separate Ukrainian territory within the Austrian monarchy, etc.
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Blinyaev, Semen N. « SOLDIERS’ UNREST DURING MOBILIZATION IN THE TERRITORY OF TATARSTAN DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (by the documents of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan) ». Historical Search 3, no 4 (25 décembre 2022) : 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-4-5-16.
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The purpose of the publication is to restore the event and the ethno-psychological aspects of mobilization of 1914 in Kazan province within the territories that are currently administratively make part of the Republic of Tatarstan. The novelty of the work consists in studying the issue of soldiers’ unrest and illegal actions of other social strata of Kazan governorate during soldiers’ conscription in July 1914. Unpublished archival sources of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan were the basis for studying the aspects of the issue of coordinating the actions of power and municipal state structures in the person of municipal government and local military leadership with various ethnic and social groups of the local population during conscription at the beginning of the First World War. The destructive component of soldiers’ unrest and riots is considered in the context of social conflict theory developed by the political analyst T. Skochpol and the concept of functional intra-ethnic conflict created by the cultural studies scholar, sociologist and ethnologist S.V. Lurie. The issues of the dynamics in the expression of deviant behavior of conscripted servicemen in Kazan, Laishevsky, Spassky and Chistopol uyezds of Kazan governorate are elucidated. Attention is paid to the social, ethnic, psychological and religious motives of the lower ranks’ riots in the region. Such an important aspect of the problem as the causes of unfavorable mobilization course within the borders of the governorate at the beginning of the war is studied. The article identifies and touches upon the issue of the main forms of social aggression in the soldier masses, the trigger of which was introduction of the “prohibition law”.
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Олександр Вікторович Мосієнко. « PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN AT THE SOUTH-WESTERN FRONT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR : ANALYSIS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY ». Intermarum history policy culture, no 5 (1 janvier 2018) : 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.11184.
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Modernity alongside with new technologies development, fundamental changes in the printing industry and informatization of society presented the mankind with such an invention as propaganda. It became an integral part of authoritarian and totalitarian political regimes of the XXth century. However, as a tool of consciousness manipulation, it was actively used by the empires during the "long" XIXth century. In the conditions of the First World War propaganda played a significant role in the mobilization processes and in the formation of the enemy's image. The article attempts to assess the effectiveness of the propaganda during the First World War. The article examines the researches that analyze the events of the war from the point of view of Soviet, modern Ukrainian and foreign historiography and contain descriptions of the propaganda campaign on the front line and in the rear. The state of modern historical research is highlighted and the prospects of further research are indicated. The study of the experience of the First World War and the information component of the fighting can be useful, given the fact that the Russian Federation today uses ideological stamps of that period.The analysis of existing studies on the issues of the First World War in general and its propaganda component in particular proves an increasing interest in the investigation of information warfare topic. Since 2014, the number of studies devoted to the First World War has increased in domestic and foreign research. The Ukrainian regions were a part of Austria-Hungary and Russia, so the usage of the Ukrainian national question in the propaganda of those states was significant. However, the issue of the propaganda war between the two empires is not covered comprehensively.The first study on this subject was of general practical character. The first foreign scholars who examined propaganda were mass communication specialists. For Soviet historical science, the priority task was to study the revolutionary events of 1917 and the period of the civil war. The events of 1914-1918 were interpreted only as an imperialist war, their study was conducted tendentiously. Modern historiography on the First World War reflects the main directions of the European historical school at the beginning of the XXIst century with a focus on social and socio-cultural history. Foreign historiography is represented by Russian, European and American authors. In their research considerable attention is paid to the topic of military psychology and cultural-anthropological aspects of war. The analysis of the extent of the given problem research in the studies of foreign historians suggests a sufficient level of its investigation. Modern historians pay much attention to the ideological aspect, the analysis of visual propaganda. The interest in considering the mechanisms for the formation of images of the enemy, its state and allies increased. A promising object of historical research is the study of the verbal and nonverbal aspects of the propaganda production of both empires.
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Cendrowicz, Dominika. « Zadania administracji publicznej z zakresu pomocy osobom bezdomnym w II Rzeczypospolitej ». Prawo 327 (11 juin 2019) : 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.327.4.
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Tasks of public administration in the field of providing help to homeless people in the Second Polish RepublicThe article describes the legal aspects of providing help to homeless people by public administration in the Second Polish Republic. Homelessness in the interwar period in Poland had taken on particularly worrying dimensions and was not only the result of war damages from the years 1914‒1918, but also of many social problems which had been accumulating throughout the whole interwar period. Despite all these difficulties, the Polish state made a great effort in order to establish the legal system of social assistance which focused on helping the homeless. However, the Social Assistance Act of August 16, 1923, differentiated homeless people into two categories. In the first category were homeless who deserved help from the state and its administration. In the second group were those named “beggars” and “vagrants” who, as it was thought, didn’t deserve help and in respect of whom repressive measures were taken. Despite many shortcomings of the social assistance system of that time, it was based on the principle of subsidiarity which is worth mentioning here. The basic subject obliged to provide help to the homeless in the Second Republic of Poland was a commune. It was also noticed then that poor housing conditions result in homelessness. The continuity of the system of social assistance from the interwar period was interrupted when World War II broke out. It was then thwarted in the People’s Republic of Poland which was a time when the problem of homeless was hidden and state administration was not concerned with it.
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Fair, John D. « Labour's Rise and the Liberal Demise : A Quantitative Perspective on the Great Debate, 1906–1918 ». Albion 34, no 1 (2002) : 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053441.
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It all started with George Dangerfield's classic description of the circumstances surrounding the demise of Liberal England prior to World War I. He summarily recognized “that the abandonment of respectable punctilios and worn conventions, which was such a feature of society after the war, had already begun before the war.” Though drawn largely within a social context, it was obvious that Dangerfield's portrayal, especially after the precipitate decline of the Liberal Party in the interwar period, was fraught with political implications. An incubation period of almost a generation followed, but by the early 1960s The Strange Death of Liberal England, by virtue of its brilliant style and sweeping interpretation, had gained international recognition and set the tone for historiography of the Edwardian era. In his 1985 assessment of Dangerfield's impact, Peter Stansky concludes that his “interpretation will not die; no matter how often it may be knocked on the head, it has shaped the way the period is viewed….There can be few works that are so vital after fifty years, as likely to survive for another fifty or as enjoyable to read.” At the outset of the new millennium, Strange Death has lost little of its incandescence.An important aspect of the book's magnetic appeal is the groundwork it provided for the great debate over the rise of the Labour Party and the decline of the Liberals. Did these phenomena occur suddenly as a result of the First World War or were they already well in place in the pre-war years, especially from 1910 to 1914? The foremost challenge to Dangerfield's thesis, thereby instigating the controversy, came from Trevor Wilson's 1966 study, The Downfall of the Liberal Party, 1914–1935, which ascribes Liberal misfortunes largely to a crisis of leadership during the war.
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Kirchner, Renato, et Luís Gabriel Provinciatto. « O sentido do fenômeno religioso. As contribuições da Carta aos romanos (do histórico e da facticidade) ». Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira 74, no 296 (18 octobre 2018) : 867–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29386/reb.v74i296.451.
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O presente artigo trabalha a questão do fenômeno religioso no início do século XX, mostrando sua realidade e apontando-lhe caminhos para os dias atuais. O século XX, logo em seu início, levantou questionamentos no campo antropológico devido a fatos, que, como o da Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918), modificaram a humanidade como um todo. O fenômeno religioso também sofreu questionamentos, pois, apesar de ser, naquele contexto, uma realidade essencialmente cristã, não conseguiu livrar o Continente europeu do caos. Karl Barth (1886-1968), teólogo alemão, foi um daqueles que ajudou a pensar a questão religiosa neste período histórico, possibilitando que uma de suas obras, a Carta aos romanos (1918), além de abordar aspectos culturais, políticos e sociais, centrasse sua atenção em aspectos religiosos. A manifestação religiosa do homem aparece mesmo como característica essencial, e, contando com a graça divina, o reestabelecimento da ordem e da ligação entre criatura e criador seria então novamente possível. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) também oferece contribuições para esta análise. Ele estrutura uma preleção – Introdução à fenomenologia da religião – em que lança mão do conceito de experiência fática da vida. Ora, tudo isso contribui para a autenticidade do fenômeno religioso e para justificar a existência humana, mesmo porque ele é parte integrante dela.Abstract: The present article deals with the issue of the religious phenomenon in the early twentieth century, showing its reality and pointing to the paths it should follow in the present day. From its early days, the twentieth century raised questions in the anthropological field because of facts, such as the First World War (1914-1918) that brought changes to the whole of humankind. It also questioned the religious phenomenon because, although it was, in that context, an essentially Christian reality, it had not been able to save the European continent from chaos. Karl Barth, (1886-1968), a German theologian, was one of those who helped to think out the religious issue in this historical period since, in one of his works, Letter to the Romans (1918) besides addressing cultural, political and social aspects, he also focused his attention on religious issues. He presents the human being’s religious manifestation as an essential trait, and with the help of the divine grace, the reestablishment of the order and of the connection between creature and Creator would be possible once more. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) also contributes towards this analysis. He structures a lecture – Introduction to the Phenomenology of Religion – in which he makes use of the concept of the factual experience of life. Now, all this contributes towards the authenticity of the religious phenomenon and to justify human existence, not least because that phenomenon is an integral part of this existence.Keywords: Religious phenomenon. Letter to the Romans. Factual experience. Karl Barth. Martin Heidegger.
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Sribnyak, Milana. « SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF UKRAINIAN POWS IN GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR ». Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (17 décembre 2020) : 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-61-66.
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The article analyses the peculiarities of social adaptation of Ukrainian prisoners of war in Germany, particularly its legal, political and social aspects. The problem of repatriation of POWs was discussed at the international conferences and was regulated by various armistices and treaties (the Armistice of Compiègne, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Treaty of Versailles). After German surrender in the war and the demise of its empire, POWs of all nationalities acquired the status of interned persons, which notably improved their condition. At the same time, former POWs faced difficult social and economic life conditions in Germany, particularly food shortages. Besides, late 1918 and early 1919 saw repatriation commissions of various states starting their activity in Germany. They included the Ukrainian repatriation commission, which helped return several tens of thousands of people to Ukraine. Therefore, within the dichotomy faced by Ukrainian soldiers in Germany (repatriation against a decision to stay in Germany as political emigrants with subsequent adaptation to life conditions in this country), most long-term captives decided to return. In the wake of dramatic geopolitical changes in Europe and the world, repatriation to the homeland was regarded by most as the best option. On the other hand, some Ukrainians decided to stay in Germany for a longer period. They became witnesses to considerable changes in German political, economic and civil life. The Germans were suspicious of former POWs staying in the country, regarding them as competitors on the job market and as “aliens” in general. However, despite all obstacles some “brave men” managed to successfully adapt in Germany and even create families, becoming a part of their new country’s society.
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Schaub, Christoph. « World Literature and Socialist Internationalism in the Weimar Republic : Five Theses ». New German Critique 48, no 1 (1 février 2021) : 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0094033x-8732187.
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Abstract Largely overlooked in the booming scholarship on world literature, literary globalization, and transnational modernism, a world literature of socialist internationalism was imagined, written, theorized, and practiced in the aftermath of World War I, representing the first attempt to actualize the idea of world literature under the auspices of a social and political mass movement. This article develops and illustrates five theses about this internationalist world literature. It thereby sketches aspects of the history of internationalist world literature in Germany between 1918 and 1933 and formulates historical, historiographical, poetological, and literary and cultural theoretical interventions into the field of world literature studies. In particular, the article develops the notions of the transnational literary counterpublic and of realist modernism while tracing ideas about transnational class literatures and nonnormative imaginaries of the proletariat.
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Domeier, Norman. « The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I ». Central European History 47, no 4 (décembre 2014) : 737–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938914001903.
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It may seem strange today to study aspects of the political sphere—from foreign policy to diplomacy and the military—in the context of sexuality. But the Belle Epoque (1871–1914) was an era of prestige politics, also with respect to the politics of sexuality. This article reveals how the Eulenburg Scandal of 1906 to 1909 used sexual morality as a way to explain and interpret the tensions that pervaded Germany's domestic affairs and international relations. The reliance on sexual mores as an explanation for large-scale political events was the result of an ever-intensifying chain of national and international complications—complications that later undermined Germany's sense of national honor. The Eulenburg Scandal is remembered today mainly as the first major homosexual scandal of the twentieth century, but contemporaries experienced it in a wider sense: it became Germany's counterpart to the Dreyfus Affair in France—two examples of political, social, and cultural conflict that threatened the foundations of their respective countries.
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Dufrat, Joanna. « W okresie powolnej modernizacji. Kobieta w II Rzeczypospolitej – próba bilansu ». Prace Historyczne 147, no 4 (2020) : 811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.20.045.12499.
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In the period of slow modernization: Women in the Second Republic of Poland – conclusions The First World War was an important factor in social modernization, bringing a new order of gender in public space. Among the most important changes in the situation of women in the post-war period, historians mention: obtaining full citizenship rights and broad access to education, increasing professional and educational aspirations, the evolution of intra-family relationships, increasing the proportion of active women, loosening of moral norms and a revolution in women’s fashion. Nevertheless, in the Second Republic, there was a visible widening of women’s life opportunities and increase of their independence in many areas of social life and in the public sphere. The granting of passive and active electoral law became the symbol of changes that took place in the social position of women after Poland regained its independence in November 1918. The aim of this article is to discuss the most important aspects of women’s participation in the political and social life of the Second Republic (1918–1939), as well as to follow social modernization processes in the context of women’s situation: labor market opportunities, educational aspirations, political activity, and changes in family and fashion. Another goal is the analysis of social structures that had the most powerful impact on women’s lives: tradition, economics, law.
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Lohvynenko, I. A., et Ye S. Lohvynenko. « Ukrainian-Russian Relationship in 1917-1918 : History Lessons ». Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 89, no 2 (26 juin 2020) : 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2020.2.02.
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The author has carried out a comparative analysis of Ukrainian-Russian relationship between the days of the Ukrainian Central Rada and the modern period. The character and ideological basis of stable tendencies in Russia’s policy towards Ukraine have been demonstrated. The similarity in the approaches of the Russian central government to the so-called “solution of the Ukrainian issue” has been determined; the essence of Russian chauvinism in understanding the right of nations to self-determination has been demonstrated. The causes and consequences of the war between Soviet Russia and the Ukrainian People’s Republic have been analyzed. The author has determined the main significant, fateful mistakes of the leaders of the Central Rada within relations with the People’s Commissar of Russia, which led to the loss of authority and support of the Ukrainian people for national power and, as a consequence, the collapse of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. The nature and essence of the ideology of the so-called “Russian world” have been revealed. It has been concluded that the history of Ukrainian statehood in 1917-1918 is instructive in many aspects, since it shows that one of the main reasons for the defeat of the Ukrainian Central Rada, which ultimately failed to defend the Ukrainian People’s Republic, was the lack of necessary consolidation of national political forces in solving urgent state affairs (creation and development of own army, timely solution of social, economic problems, efficiency of work of legislative and executive agencies, etc.). It has been noted that the challenges currently facing the Ukrainian state – Russia’s annexation of Crimea, the invasion of its troops in the East, the information war, the propaganda of the so-called “Russian world”, etc. – are not new. In many ways, they repeat what happened in 1917-1918. In particular, the proclamation of puppet pseudo-republics “DNR” and “LNR” in the East of Ukraine, through which Russian troops de facto launched the war against Ukraine. That is why modern Ukrainian politicians need to learn the lessons from the past. Nowadays, when Ukraine is defending its independence from Russia, Ukrainian statesmen and politicians must abandon their narrow party and self-interests and work together to protect national achievements from the encroachments of the “Russian world”, the most important of which is the state of Ukraine.
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Slepkova, N. V. « The Zoological Museum and Institute in Petrograd–Leningrad : from the First World War to the “Great Break” (1914–mid-1930s) ». Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 323, no 3 (1 octobre 2019) : 268–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2019.323.3.268.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper considers some aspects of the history of the Zoological Museum and the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which appeared on its base in 1931, during two decades following the outbreak of the First World War. It deals with the scientific, social and political consequences caused for the Zoological Museum by the First World War, two Revolutions of 1917 and subsequent Civil War. The paper describes establishment of the Museum’s Council, which ruled from 1917 to 1930, and an attempt to evacuate collections in 1917, as well as conditions under which the Museum zoologists had to work in the period of the wars and revolutions. The first years of the restoration of normal work of the Zoological Museum after the Civil War are considered, as well as the effects of the flood, which damaged the Ichthyological, Herpetological and Osteological departments of the Museum in 1924. The renaming of the Museum into the Institute during the reform of the Academy of Sciences in 1929–1934 is discussed as well as layoffs and repressions during this reform. The paper considers changes in the Exhibition Department, made on demand of the authorities. The information is given about the Faunistic Conference of 1932, which was hosted by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR under the slogan for “the Party’s” and “Bolshevik’s faunistic studies”.
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Polunov, Alexander Yu. « Uniate Issue in the Russian Government Police in Galicia in the Period of the First World War ». Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (1 août 2020) : 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-2-386-392.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article examines the aspects of the confessional policy in the territory of Galicia in the period of its occupation by the Russian army in the end of 1914 and the beginning of 1915. The author pays attention to the factors of confessional policy development related to the activities of the Russophile (“Moscow-phile”) party in Galicia and the initiatives of Russian social and church circles sympathizing with pro-Russian Galicians. The author believes that Galicia’s place in the public conscience was largely determined by the symbolic significance of that region, - the last part of the East-Slavic area that was not a part of Russia by the beginning of the 20th century. Relying on the attitude of the Galician “Russophiles”, the nationally-oriented Russian church and public circles counted on the quick spreading of the Orthodoxy and Russian culture in the annexed areas. Most of those expectations did not come true, both due to the terroristic campaign against “Russophiles” conducted by the Austrian administration just after the break o the war, and due to the interdepartmental contradictions complicated by the activity of the Russian authorities.
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KUCHER, Katharina, Pavel Petrovich SHCHERBININ et Yuliya Vyacheslavovna SHCHERBININA. « THE ORTHODOX CHURCH AND THE CARE OF ORPHANS IN THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE TAMBOV EPARCHY) ». Tambov University Review. Series : Humanities, no 176 (2018) : 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2018-23-176-154-164.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The practice of social protection of orphans in the Tambov Governorate of the 19th – early 20th century through the prism of Orthodox charity and monastic charity is studied comprehensively and systematically. On the basis of a wide range of primary materials, primarily periodicals, various little-known aspects of the claimed scientific problem were studied representatively. We summarize the domestic experience of studying the system of charitable initiatives of the Orthodox clergy in provincial Russia, which had significant differences from the realities of the capital. The peculiarity of the care organizations of orphans of the spiritual estate at the regional and district level, which allows to assess the realities of social protection in the Tambov Eparchy of the chronological period, is studied. The possibilities of monastic charity and its significance in the context of charitable activities are clarified. Special consideration is given to the rules of care for orphans in monasteries in the years of peace and during the Russian-Japanese War in 1904–1905 and the First World War in 1914–1918. The main motives and incentives for charitable activities of large regional monasteries were identified, which reflected the general trends in the development of provincial society in the Russian Empire of the examined period. Conclusions are drawn about the results and experience, traditions and features of the activities of parish caregivers to support orphans at the level of the province and county, which allowed to successfully reconstruct this part of the social protection system of pre-revolutionary Russia. Attention is drawn to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical manifestations of charitable support of the Orthodox clergy, as well as the assessment of socio-cultural and ethno-religious positions of the regional society. The influence of the practice of orphans care in the monastery shelters in the period of education and training, as well as subsequent socialization is clarified. It is proved that the Orthodox clergy very rarely showed their own initiative to care for orphans in the region, but the orders of the eparchial authorities determined the ideology and practice of provincial charity through the prism of spiritual bonds and values of mercy.
22
Karpo, Vasyl, et Nataliia Nechaieva-Yuriichuk. « Information Component of Disintegration Processes in Spain and Great Britain : the Comparative Aspects ». Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no 7 (23 décembre 2019) : 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2019.7.142-154.
Texte intégralRésumé :
From ancient times till nowadays information plays a key role in the political processes. The beginning of XXI century demonstrated the transformation of global security from military to information, social etc. aspects. The widening of pandemic demonstrated the weaknesses of contemporary authoritarian states and the power of human-oriented states. During the World War I the theoretical and practical interest toward political manipulation and political propaganda grew definitely. After 1918 the situation developed very fast and political propaganda became the part of political influence. XX century entered into the political history as the millennium of propaganda. The collapse of the USSR and socialist system brought power to new political actors. The global architecture of the world has changed. Former Soviet republic got independence and tried to separate from Russia. And Ukraine was between them. The Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine was the start point for a number of processes in world politics. But the most important was the fact that the role and the place of information as the challenge to world security was reevaluated. The further annexation of Crimea, the attempt to legitimize it by the comparing with the referendums in Scotland and Catalonia demonstrated the willingness of Russian Federation to keep its domination in the world. The main difference between the referendums in Scotland and in Catalonia was the way of Russian interference. In 2014 (Scotland) tried to delegitimised the results of Scottish referendum because they were unacceptable for it. But in 2017 we witness the huge interference of Russian powers in Spain internal affairs, first of all in spreading the independence moods in Catalonia. The main conclusion is that the world has to learn some lessons from Scottish and Catalonia cases and to be ready to new challenges in world politics in a format of information threats.
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MELIKH, Olena, Valerii NEMCHENKO et Andrii KHVOSTIKOV. « MODERN PARADIGM OF WORLD ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SUBSTANTIATION OF METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC ». Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, no 1 (24 février 2021) : 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-1-25.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methodology of research of international trade and economic relations on the basis of identification of tendencies of formation of a modern paradigm of development of world economy. The main trends in the formation and development of the modern paradigm of the world economy are considered, the implementation of which to the practical aspects of socio-economic processes has a significant impact on applied aspects of the interaction of national economies in trade and economic relations. There are among them: regionalization, deepening specialization between countries in the production of key products, growth of the services sector, strengthening the role of transnational corporations, increasing the importance of supranational regulatory institutions, increasing the impact of social and environmental determinants, exacer-bating social inequality, changing the structure of world leaders. The fundamental orientation of the process of international trade development and economic relations is revealed, which is manifested in the movement from economic contacts to interaction, and then to economic cooperation and international economic integration. The transition from the abstract to the concrete in the study of the formation of the modern configuration of trade and economic relations is carried out on the example of the European Union. The stages of development of trade and economic relations in Europe are distinguished: the stage of origin and development of large-scale foreign trade (first half of the XIII-XIX centuries); industrial revolution (second half of the XIX century - the beginning of the First World War 1914 p.); the period of world wars (1914–1945); modern stage (1950 - our time). It is proved that the development of trade and economic relations in the modern globalization space involves further convergence of market economy and regulatory influence by national and suprana-tional institutions, strengthening the competitive position of individual countries in the world market and further diversification of their development. The conclusion is made about the scope of the methodological content of the study of the trade and economic relations development, which includes their consideration through the prism of institutions, markets and direct interstate partnership. Keywords: research methodology, paradigm, world economy, international trade and economic relations, regionalization, regional economic associations.
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B, CHINTHU I. « Educational Progress in Travancore : Review on the Role of Travancore Royal Family in Higher Education ». GIS Business 14, no 3 (21 juin 2019) : 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i3.4668.
Texte intégralRésumé :
“Education is the basic tool for the development of consciousness and the reconstitution of society” -Mahatma Gandhi.
In Kerala formal and higher education started much earlier than rest of the Indian states. Educational initiatives made the state the most literate one and placed it as well ahead in gender and spatial equity. During the initial phase of educational expansion, education got its prominence for its intrinsic worthiness and played the role of enlightenment and empowerment. Kerala has occupied a prominent place on the educational map of the country from its ancient time. Though there is no clear picture of the educational system that prevailed in the early centuries of the Christian Era, the Tamil works of the Sangam age enable us to get interesting glimpses of the educational scene in Tamilakam including the present Kerala[i]. The standards of literacy and education seem to have been high. The universal education was the main feature of sangam period.
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Evolution and Growth of Cyber Crimes: An Analys on the Kerala Scenario
S S KARTHIK KUMAR
Crime is a common word that we always hereof in this era of globalization. Crimes refer to any violation of law or the commission of an act forbidden by law. Crime and criminality have been associated with man since time immemorial.
Cyber crime is a new type of crime that occurs in these years of Science and Technology. There are a lot of definitions for cyber crime. It is defined as crimes committed on the internet using the computer as either a tool or a targeted victim. In addition, cyber crime also includes traditional crimes that been conducted with the access of Internet. For example hate crimes, telemarketing Internet fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts. In simple word, cyber crime can be defined as any violence action that been conducted by using computer or other devices with the access of internet.
202-206
Myriad Aspects of Secular Thinking on Malayali Cuisine
SAJITHA M
Food is one of the main requirements of human being. It is flattering for the preservation of wellbeing and nourishment of the body. The food of a society exposes its custom, prosperity, status, habits as well as it help to develop a culture. Food is one of the most important social indicators of a society. History of food carries a dynamic character in the socio- economic, political, and cultural realm of a society. The food is one of the obligatory components in our daily life. It occupied an obvious atmosphere for the augmentation of healthy life and anticipation against the diseases. The food also shows a significant character in establishing cultural distinctiveness, and it reflects who we are. Food also reflected as the symbol of individuality, generosity, social status and religious believes etc in a civilized society. Food is not a discriminating aspect. It is the part of a culture, habits, addiction, and identity of a civilization.Food plays a symbolic role in the social activities the world over. It’s a universal sign of hospitality.[i]
207-212
Re-Appraising Taxation in Travancore and It's Caste Interference
REVATHY V S
Travancore , one of the Princely States in British India and later became the Model State in British India carried a significant role in history when analysing its system of taxation. Tax is one of the chief means for acquiring revenue and wealth. In the modern sense, tax means an amount of money imposed by a government on its citizens to run a state or government. But the system of taxation in the Native States of Travancore had an unequal character or discriminatory character and which was bound up with the caste system. In the case of Travancore and its society, the so called caste system brings artificial boundaries in the society.[i]
213-221
Second World War and Its Repercussions: Impetus on Poverty in Travancore
SAFEED R
In the first half of the twentieth century the world witnessed two deadliest wars and it directly or indirectly affected the countries all over the world. The First World War from 1914-1918 and the Second World War from 1939-1945 shooked the base of the socio-economic and political structure of the entire world. When compared to the Second World War, the First World War confined only within the boundaries of Europe and has a minimal effect on the other parts of the world. The Second World War was most destructive in nature and it changed the existing socio-economic and political setup of the world countries.
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Zakharov, Alexander, Elena Leontyeva et Alexander Leontyev. « Advertisements in Russian provincial press at the beginning of the First World War ». Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 12, no 1 (6 juin 2019) : 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-04-2018-0022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose This paper aims to examine some common and specific features of advertisements published in Tsaritsyn’s (present-day Volgograd) daily newspapers at the beginning of the First Word War. The town of Tsaritsyn was a local centre of the rapid economic growth that the Russian Empire experienced in the early 1910s; it can be considered a model of Russian provincial advertising behaviours and the consumer culture of the time. Design/methodology/approach The main methods used in this paper are the local history approach and discourse and socio-political, content and gender analysis, as well as compositional interpretation. These methods have made the reconstruction of a historical portrait of Tsaritsyn possible at the beginning of the First Word War through an analysis of advertisements published in its periodicals. The sources of this paper include selections from the newspaper Tsaritsynsky Vestnik from June 1914 to February 1915, the newspaper Volgo-Donskoy Krai from September 1911 to February 1915 and the calendar-handbook Ves Tsaritsyn of 1911. Findings Advertising is a highly adaptive phenomenon of socio-economic activity. However, it is both conservative in form and content. It is simultaneously constant and changing, and so it can reveal some transformations in the provincial town’s daily life. Research limitations/implications Local history methods, including the ideographic, are designed to better explore unique historical events. Research based on these methods becomes more valuable in larger quantity, allowing the implementation of nomothetic methods that elucidate historical regularities and general trends. Practical implications This paper’s findings can be used in further research on global and local aspects of marketing history and development of consumer society, as well as in university courses concerning the disciplines mentioned above. Originality/value This paper studies newspaper advertisements published at the beginning of the First Word War in a Russian provincial town. It reveals some transformations in their content and form which occurred after the outbreak of the war. While the subjects of the advertisements remained relatively unchanged, a number of promotions decreased, social and entertainments advertising became starker and more harshly patriotic and long-used promotional methods became sarcastic during time of war.
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Hendley, Matthew. « Anti-Alienism and the Primrose League : The Externalization of the Postwar Crisis in Great Britain 1918-32 ». Albion 33, no 02 (2001) : 243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000067120.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Anti-alienism has frequently been the dark underside of organized patriotic movements in twentieth-century Britain. Love of nation has all too frequently been accompanied by an abstract fear of foreigners or a concrete dislike of alien immigrants residing in Britain. Numerous patriotic leagues have used xenophobia and the supposed threat posed by aliens to define themselves and their Conservative creed. Aliens symbolized “the other,” which held values antithetical to members of the patriotic leagues. These currents have usually become even more pronounced in times of tension and crisis. From the end of the First World War through the 1920s, Britain suffered an enormous economic, social, and political crisis. British unemployment never fell below one million as traditional industries such as coal, iron and steel, shipbuilding, and textiles declined. Electoral reform in 1918 and 1928 quadrupled the size of the electorate, and the British party system fractured with the Liberals divided and Labour becoming the alternative party of government. Industrial unrest was rampant, culminating in the General Strike of 1926. The example of the Russian Revolution inspired many on the Left and appalled their opponents on the Right, while many British Conservatives felt that fundamental aspects of the existing system of capitalism and parliamentary democracy were under challenge.
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Cecchinato, Eva. « "Fascismo garibaldino" e garibaldinismo antifascista. La camicia rossa tra le due guerre di ». MEMORIA E RICERCA, no 32 (décembre 2009) : 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-032008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
- The essay analyzes the recoveries of the garibaldian tradition in the period among the two world wars. The levels are manifold: the political dimension and the generational aspects, the family genealogies of the garibaldinism and the imaginary genealogies, sometimes interwoven and contrasted. Particular attention has been therefore reserved to the pages of "Camicia rossa", in which take form the perspectives and the claims of the "garibaldian fascism", but some contrasts also manifest themselves among the public use of the history promoted by the regime and the position of Ezio Garibaldi. On the long period the antifascist declination of the garibaldian tradition has in the French context its ground of fundamental development. The diplomatic relationships between Italy and France constitute the background to the dynamics in which the refugees try to create or to preserve a social and political role. The political emigration doesn't give up at all valorizing the patrimony of the Risorgimento in antifascist key. In the environment and on the pages of "Giustizia e Libertŕ" the dispute on the Risorgimento is faced in more systematic way. The recoveries of the garibaldian tradition - fascists and antifascists - concern a fundamental historical knot: the inheritance of the Great War and the choice of the Italian volunteers of the 1914. Recovering a constitutive and native aspect of the camicia rossa, the stories of the garibaldinism in this phase have therefore an international dimension and they are subscribed in a triangular perimeter that has Italy, France and Spain as vertexes.
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Bosma, Ulbe, et Roger Knight. « Global Factory and Local Field : Convergence and Divergence in the International Cane-Sugar Industry, 1850–1940 ». International Review of Social History 49, no 1 (avril 2004) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859003001342.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Technological convergence in the international sugar economy began in the 1830s and was substantially complete by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. By the end of the nineteenth century, the industrialized sugar factory was a global phenomenon like the steamship and the railway engine (to which key aspects of its innards were closely related). We will argue that the single most important fact about nineteenth-century sugar industries was the degree of technological convergence that came to characterize their manufacturing sectors, regardless of the type of labour involved. A revisiting of the literature of the past twenty-five years, both in the New and Old Worlds, suggests that historians have yet fully to come to terms with the global character of this convergence and with the question of why convergence in the factory had no parallel in the field, where there continued to be a striking global divergence between the means and modes by which the industry was supplied with raw material. This problem in the recent historiography of the subject also highlights issues relating to the “proletarianization” of labour and the assumption that industrial capitalist modernity was inextricably associated with the development of “free labour”. More specifically, it draws attention to major flaws in the terms of reference of the now classic debate about the nexus between technological change and the predominant forms of labour in the Caribbean production area. In so doing, it underlines the need for a global rather than simply regional approach to the dynamics of change in the international sugar industry of the late colonial era. The latter part of our article outlines the broad historical parameters of this divergence in the sugar-cane field, and suggests the need for exploring the political economies surrounding the sugar producing areas and their mechanisms of ethnic segmentation of the labour force in particular.
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Karp, Sławomir. « Karp Familly from Rekijow in Samogitia in 20th century. A contribution to the history of Polish landowners in Lithuania ». Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 303, no 1 (15 mai 2019) : 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134970.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article concerns the fate of Felicjan Karp’s family, one of the richest landowners of Samogitia (Lithuania) in the first two decades of the 20th century. After his father, he inherited approximately 40,163 hectares. The history of this family perfectly illustrates the changes that this social class has undergone in the past century. The end of their existence was the end of the landowner’s existence. The twilight of the Samogitian Karps took place quite quickly, for only a quarter of a century from July 28, 1914, the date of the outbreak of World War I to the Soviet invasion of the Republic of Lithuania on June 15, 1940. Over the course of these years - on a large scale two-fold - military operations, changes in the political and economic system, including agricultural reform initiated in the reborn Lithuanian state in 1922 and deportations to Siberia in 1940 brutally closed the last stable chapter in the life of Rekijów’s owners, definitively exterminating them after more than 348 years from the land of their ancestors. Relations between the Karp family and the Rekijów estate should be dated at least from September 21, 1592. In addition to the description of the family, it is also necessary to emphasize their significant economic and political importance in the inhabited region. These last two aspects gained momentum especially from the first years of the 19th century and were reflected until 1922. At that time, representatives of the Karp family jointly owned approximately 70,050 ha and provided the country with two provincial marshals (Vilnius, Kaunas) and two county marshals (Upita, Ponevezys). The author also presents their fate during World War II in the Siberian Gulag, during the amnesty under the Sikorski–Majski Agreement of July 30, 1941, joining the formed Polish Army in the USSR (August 14, 1941), the soldier’s journey through Kermine in Uzbekistan, Krasnovodsk, Caspian Sea, Khanaqin in Iraq, Palestine to the military camp near Tel-Aviv and then Egypt and the entire Italian campaign, that is the battles of Monte Cassino, Loreto and Ancona. After the war, leaving Italy to England (1946), followed by a short stay in Argentina and finally settling in Perth, Australia.
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Piatnytskova, Iryna. « Memoirs of Vasyl Nahirnyi as a Historical Source ». Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series : History, no 41 (2022) : 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2022-41-114-120.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article aims to investigate the information capacity of Vasyl Nahirnyi's memoirs based on their comprehensive study, reproduction of the history of their formation, analysis of content and semantic connotations. The research methodology is determined by the specifics of working with ego documents and consists in the complex, complementary use of analytical-synthetic, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, biographical, chronological methods of scientific knowledge. When working on the problem, the principles of historicism, objectivity, and complexity were followed, making it possible to comprehensively consider the problem chosen for the study. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the integrated study of “From My Memoirs” by Vasyl Nahirnyi as a historical source. Its information potential is determined, which goes beyond the coverage of the biography and social activities of the author and has theoretical and practical significance for the study of the history of Ukraine in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Conclusions. Analysis of the source, based on the specified research tools, has allowed to form and substantiate a number of conceptual provisions related to the time of its creation, determined by the 1914–1919 period, to determine its information potential, which consists in reproducing the life path of Vasil Nahirnyi, his social and public initiatives, the activities of the Narodovtsi and the development of the Ukrainian national revival in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries on Western Ukrainian lands, the general socio-political situation in the region, permits us to reconstruct certain aspects of everyday life in Lviv during the First World War.
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Thorpe, Wayne. « The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918 ». Contemporary European History 10, no 1 (mars 2001) : 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301001011.
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This article argues that syndicalist trade union organizations, viewed internationally, were unique in First World War Europe in not supporting the war efforts or defensive efforts of their respective governments. The support for the war of the important French organisation has obscured the fact that the remaining five national syndicalist organisations – in belligerent Germany and Italy, and in neutral Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands – remained faithful to their professed workers' internationalism. The article argues that forces tending to integrate the labour movement in pre-1914 Europe had less effect on syndicalists than on other trade unions, and that syndicalist resistance to both integration and war in the non-Gallic countries was also influenced by their rivalry with social-democratic organisations.
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Daković, Nevena. « Belgrade between the Wars : Imperial Shadows on the Screen ». European Review 28, no 1 (6 novembre 2019) : 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798719000292.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this article is to analyse the TV series Black Sun/Shadows over the Balkans (Senke nad Balkanom, 2017, Dragan Bjelogrlić), understood as a reflection of the ways in which diverse imperial legacies, persisting differences and contrasting pasts shaped the (ambivalent) post-imperial traumatic history of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918. The burden of imperial legacy – mostly manifested in ethnic, political, cultural and economic tensions among diverse nations in the new multi-ethnic state – kept brewing under the surface and came to represent a constant threat of balkanization i.e. further fragmentation of the multicultural kingdom. In this article I claim that the same danger of balkanization – traced back to the years after the Great War – continued to haunt all successor states of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (and Yugoslavias ensuing from 1943 until 1992) eventually resulting in the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in 1992. The irreconcilable differences and competing ambitions of different national, social and geopolitical identities define the structure, characters and their relations in the TV narrative, and are also reflected in the cityscape of Belgrade – the capital of the Kingdom and paradigmatic Balkan metropolis – in the late 1920s. The series is read against the theories of Dominique Moisi’s Geopolitics of Emotions (2010) and La géopolitique des séries/Geopolitics of TV Series (2016), and his assertion that TV series have become crucial in understanding our world in its many aspects – from domestic politics to geopolitics. The story of Belgrade between the two World Wars reveals the traumatic imperial legacy as determining the emergence of a ‘culture of fear, hope and humiliation’, tensions of balkanization and search for identity in the city suspended between an Ottoman casaba and a European metropolis. On the other side – in terms of narrative, genre, and visual style – the series itself is seen as the acculturated version of both the novel Der nasse Fisch (Volker Kutscher, 2007) and the TV series Babylon Berlin (2017), illustrating the rise of cultural imperialism in post-imperial times.
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ERMACORA, MATTEO. « Assistance and Surveillance : War Refugees in Italy, 1914–1918 ». Contemporary European History 16, no 4 (novembre 2007) : 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307004110.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis article deals with the forms of assistance given to refugees in Italy during the First World War. The entire subject has been neglected because of the dominant myth of a victorious nation. The Italian situation was peculiar because of the high level of migration and the multi-ethnic origin of people in the border areas. By pinpointing the pattern of relocation in Italy during the war this article seeks to explain the policies pursued by the state and by aid agencies, the rationale behind that aid and the continuities and discontinuities in the assistance given to the refugees. Significant political, juridical and social issues evolved around the image of the refugee, including the protection that the state owed to its citizens.
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Lavrinivich, Dmitry S. « Project of Resolving the Belarusian Issue During World War I (1914–1918) : Regional Aspects ». Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (1 août 2020) : 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-2-248-256.
Texte intégralRésumé :
At the beginning of the World War I, the center of Belarusian national movement was located in Vilna, where the editors of «Nasha Niva» journal and the « Belarusian society» formed two main views on the national development of the Belarusian people in the 20th century. The first project assumed national autonomy within the Federal Russian Republic. The representatives of the latter advocated the cultural and economic development of the Belarusian people while maintaining close ties with Russia. After the occupation of Vilna by the German troops and the fall of the tsarist government in 1917 independent Belarusian organizations emerged in all provincial cities and towns. Belarusian organizations, with centers in Minsk, advocated the national-territorial autonomy of Belarus as part of democratic Russia, and then the idea of creating an independent state, the Belarusian People’s Republic, prevailed. Belarusian organizations of Mogilev province were influenced by the ideology of Westrusism, but gradually evolved to the left and became closer to the Belarusian Socialist Community (BSG). The most conservative organization, the Belarusian People’s Union, operated in Vitebsk province.
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Marimuthu, Jayakumary. « KESAN PERANG DUNIA PERTAMA (1914-1918) TERHADAP NEGERI-NEGERI MELAYU BERSEKUTU (NNMB) ». SEJARAH 30, no 1 (28 juin 2021) : 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol30no1.4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 appears to have been dragged Malaya,particularly Federated Malays States (FMS) into the mire of the war itself. Various implications have emerged out of it and hence, influenced the development of the political, economic and social sectors of FMS. Therefore, this paper will be analyzing the changes that took place in FMS from 1914 to 1918. In addition, this paper also will be looking on how the British dealt with the issues and problems occurred during the World War I in FMS within the time frame. Based on historical theme, this research depends on qualitative method. This research uses materials and resources obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia, National Library of Malaysia, Main Library of University of Malaya (MU), Tun Sri Lanang Library of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Sultan Abdul Samad Library of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and Hamzah Sendut Library of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The study revealed and found that indeed the First World War had a negative impact on the political, economic and social sectors in FMS duringthis war. In fact, it also showed that the British managed to address the issues and problems that occurred through the cooperation of all parties in the FMS.
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Muzychko, O. Е. « «NON-PROFESSORAL CORPORATION» : NON-ACADEMIC EMPLOYEES OF THE ODESA BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOCIETY (TO THE 110TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FIRST ASSOCIATION OF BIBLIOLOGISTS IN UKRAINE) ». Library Mercury, no 2(26) (24 décembre 2021) : 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2707-3335.2021.2(26).245117.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this article is to study how individuals who did not work in universities or academies, were teachers of secondary educational institutions, officials, and public figures took part in the activities of the Odesa Bibliographic Society. In the history of OBS, we can distinguish the following stages: 1) 1911–1914 – the stage of stability, prosperity; 2) 1914–1917 – the stage in the conditions of the first World War, which had a significant impact on the subject, personnel, etc.; 3) 1917–1919 – the period of crisis in the conditions of revolutionary events, when OBS increasingly operated not because of, but in spite of circumstances; 4) 1920–1923 – the period of adaptation to new conditions communist reality, where OBS acted as a bearer of previous traditions. In the end, this was led to the liquidation of the society in its original form, but, at the same time, in fact, the transformation into a Ukrainian bibliographic society, which largely continued the traditions of the “old”. During all these stages, non-academic individuals played an important role in the development of OBS. They participated in all aspects of the OBS’s activities, in particular, replenishing the society’s library, reading reports, and so on. Among them, a large and active group consisted of women, which was a unique phenomenon for the culture of Odessa. They were high school teachers, representatives of the city’s elite. A fairly active role in the life of society, in addition to Odesa members, was played by those who were outside of Odessa. Most often, such persons did not take an active part in societies. But MBT managed to break this trend, as evidenced by the examples of Londoner V. S. Isakovich, Petersburgers O. S. Partsevsky, O. Z. Popelnitsky, M. G. Martynov, a citizen of Riga V. E. Cheshikhin. For the trends of the beginning twentieth century, it is significant that exactly the involvement of non-academic members led to the transformation of OBS into one of the most prominent centers of popularization of Ukrainian culture in Odessa, that was most clearly reflected in the reports of L. O. Chizhikov, S. P. Shelukhin, N. M. Lazurskaya, O. O. Smirnitsky, A. P. Milskaya and others. Thus, we have an example of successful activity of a scientific society, primarily due to the expansion of its social base and the involvement of the public. Popularization of science, blurring the line between “heavy” science for science and public science is quite modern, relevant trend that has both pros and cons. Historical experience should contribute to the development of the most successful approaches.
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Branach-Kallas, Anna. « Traumatic Re-enactments : Portraits of Veterans in Contemporary British and Canadian First World War Fiction ». Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no 31 (15 décembre 2018) : 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2018.31.09.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper focuses on the portrait of the First World War veterans in selected British and Canadian novels published at the turn of the twenty-first century. The authors use various means to depict the phenomenon of trauma: from flashbacks disrupting the present, through survivor guilt, nightmares and suicide, to aporia and the collapse of representation. The comparative approach used in the article highlights national differences, yet also shows that the discourse of futility and trauma provides a trasnational framework to convey the suffering of the First World War. As a result, although resulting in social castration and disempowerment, trauma serves here as a vehicle for a critique of the disastrous aftermath of the 1914-1918 conflict and the erasures of collective memory. Re-enacting traumatic plots, the British and Canadian novels under consideration explore little known facets of the 1914-1918 conflict, while simultaneously addressing some of our most pressing anxieties about the present, such as social marginalization, otherness, and lonely death.
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Tishkina, K. A. « Activities of Tomsk Mining Circle in Siberia during First World War (1914—1918) ». Nauchnyi dialog 11, no 9 (2 décembre 2022) : 472–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-9-472-488.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article deals with the activities of the Tomsk Mining Circle during the First World War (1914—1918). The main attention is paid to the process of formation of the organization, activities to provide assistance to the front, Russian prisoners of war, as well as to promote the work of the Fourth Siberian Tomsk Medical and Nutritional Detachment. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest in the topic of charity during the First World War. A detailed examination of the functioning of a particular social organization of a social orientation allows us to identify common and special features inherent in this phenomenon in this period. Thanks to the involvement of a wide range of sources, it was possible to establish a chronological sequence in the actions of the Tomsk Mining Circle in collecting and sending goods with things and products to the front; identify the military formations that were assisted; find out with which public organizations, mining and industrial enterprises the circle communicated, etc. It is concluded that the Tomsk Mining Circle, as an example of an institution formed on a professional basis, occupied one of the prominent places in the system of charitable organizations in Siberia.
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Osman, Mugtaba, et Andrew C. Parnell. « Effect of the First World War on suicide rates in Ireland : an investigation of the 1864–1921 suicide trends ». BJPsych Open 1, no 2 (octobre 2015) : 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000539.
Texte intégralRésumé :
SummarySince the proposition of the social integration theory by émile Durkheim, macro-sociological changes have been speculated to affect suicide rates. This study investigates the effect of the First World War on Irish suicide rates. We applied an interrupted time series design of 1864–1921 annual Irish suicide rates. The 1864–1913 suicide rates exhibited a slow-rising trend with a sharp decline from the year 1914 onwards. The odds for death by suicide for males during the 1914–1918 period was 0.811 (95% CI 0.768–0.963). Irish rates of suicide were significantly reduced during the First World War, most notably for males.
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Chubarov, Aleksei I., et Pavel P. Shcherbinin. « Social charity of children during the First World War ». Tambov University Review. Series : Humanities, no 188 (2020) : 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-188-195-202.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We examine the activities of state, public and charitable organizations aimed at providing assistance to children of lower ranks, called for mobilization and underage refugees. We conduct a brief analysis of the evolution of assistance to children in the Russian Empire from the moment of the adoption of the Charter on Universal Military Service in 1874 to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, during which, along with institutions that had established themselves earlier, organizations that owe their the appearance of military events began to provide assistance to children. The main directions of assistance to minors during the studied period are considered: the issuance of permanent benefits and lump sum payments, the creation of permanent shelters and seasonal nurseries, the organization of primary and labor education. We provide data on social support for orphans during the First World War of 1914–1918 both at the all-Russian and at the governorate level, which makes it possible to assess the options and possibilities of rendering as-sistance to such troubled children. The results of the study of the stated scientific problem made it possible to identify and evaluate not only the possibilities of a welfare state in the Russian Empire of early 20th century, but also bright pages of zemstvo support, charitable initiatives of provincial patrons, social service of various representatives of urban and rural societies. Military everyday life, like a litmus test, outlined the most typical manifestations of social support for orphans in im-perial Russia of early 20th century, as well as elements of civil initiative and social self-organization of various representatives of the country’s population. The ethno-confessional possi-bilities of social support for soldiers’ children are clarified, as well as the organization of the work of agricultural shelters, nurseries and other social organizations and structures.
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Janev, Vladimir. « The residence of the foreign medical experts in Macedonia during the World War I (1914-1918) ». Scientific knowledge - autonomy, dependence, resistance 29, no 2 (30 mai 2020) : 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i2.5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
During the World War I, several different armies were waging war at the territory of Macedonia. Throughout their stay, besides the conduct of military operations, they also had a military medical services as a part of their armies. It is interesting to note that professional military notes were written by military doctors, which were published in their countries after the World War I. Among the foreign medical experts was Isabel Galloway Emslie Hutton. She was a Scottish medical doctor who specialized in mental health and social work.
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Rácz, Attila. « The effects of World War I on marriages between 1914 and 1918 in Hungary ». Belvedere Meridionale 32, no 3 (2020) : 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.3.9.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The 20th century has entered the history of Europe as a constant era of wars, crises and dictatorships. This century also marked a series of trials for Hungary. The imprint and long-term effects of the historical events of the period can be well traced with the help of statistical data, therefore the aim of our study is to show how serious and difficult to remedy social, economic and demographic problems can be when people attack people, either with weapons or by another method. In the present study, we analyze the effects of World War I on marriages between 1914 and 1918.
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PURSEIGLE, PIERRE. « ‘A Wave on to Our Shores’ : The Exile and Resettlement of Refugees from the Western Front, 1914–1918 ». Contemporary European History 16, no 4 (novembre 2007) : 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307004109.
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AbstractIn the wake of the German invasion of Belgium and France in August 1914, four million persons went into exile. While such a displacement of population testified to a dramatic change in the character of war in western Europe, historiography and collective memory alike have so far concurred in marginalising the experience of refugees during the First World War. This article examines their unprecedented encounter with host communities in France and Great Britain. It demonstrates that the refugees' plight reveals the strengths as well as the tensions inherent in the process of social mobilisation that was inseparable from the First World War.
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Kasprzycki, Remigiusz. « Pacyfizm i antymilitaryzm w Europie Zachodniej w latach 1918–1939 ». Prace Historyczne 148, no 3 (2021) : 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.036.14012.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Pacifism and anti-militarism in Western Europe, 1918–1939 As the consequence of the events of 1914–1918, the pacifism was on the rise in Western Europe. Societies of England, France and Germany as well as other Western European countries, set themselves the goal of preventing another war from breaking out. International congresses and conventions were organized. They were attended by peace advocates representing various social and political views, which made cooperation difficult. These meetings did not prevent the Spanish Civil War, the aggression against Abyssinia and the outbreak of World War II. In addition to moderate pacifists, Western Europe was also home to radical anti-militarists who believed that way to the world peace led through the abolition of military service. The pacifists in Britain and France were satisfied with their politicians’ submissiveness and indecision toward Hitler during the 1930s. Pacifism and radical anti-militarism also fitted perfectly into the plans of the Comintern. With its help, the USSR weakened the military potential of Western Europe.
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Evans, Raymond. « The lowest common denominator : loyalism and school children in war-torn Australia 1914 – 1918 ». Queensland Review 3, no 2 (juillet 1996) : 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600006474.
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It is the march of the troops through the children's playground which makes the recruits of ten years afterwards.R.E.N.Twopeny (1883)I made up my mind I was going to the war … I had no idea whatever what war implied, but I did know what it was to march to military music …– ex-AIF member (World War I)Most Australian school children, whether public or private, primary or secondary, had been finely tuned for warfare long before the Great War of 1914–18 had actually begun. School papers and reading books, history, geography and civics lessons, the personal persuasiveness of teachers trained to accept unequivocally “the power for good in teaching patriotism” to captive and captivated young audiences, the “rhythmic harmony” of loyalist singing, marching and versifying, the Imperial pageantry of Empire Day and the militaristic inculcations of highly disciplinary cadet training schemes all combined, in the closed educational environment of the schools, to produce young Australians well primed for unquestioning obedience to the State and martial sacrifice to the Empire. Children at a Sydney primary school were ordered to chant, in 1907, “I give my mind to my country to think for it; I give my heart because I love it; I give my hands to my country to work for it”; — “[and] to fight for it”, all the boy pupils were then expected to intone. Such orchestrated love of country was subordinated, in tum, to love of Britain's Empire — “our peace-bearing, peerless, guardian Empire” as one educator described it - which was presented as not only the largest but the worthiest empire in world history. The “cement of Empire”, it was said, contained such essential ingredients as social conformity, duty and sacrifice, which non-Catholic private schools and state schools applied with a heavily-laden trowel to impressionable young minds both preceding and during World War One.
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STRACHAN, HEW. « THE FIRST WORLD WAR ». Historical Journal 43, no 3 (septembre 2000) : 889–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99001399.
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The arming of Europe and the making of the First World War. By David G. Herrmann. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Pp. xiii+307. ISBN 0-691-03374-9. £29.50.Armaments and the coming of war: Europe 1904–1914. By David Stevenson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. xi+463. ISBN 0-19-820208-3. £48.00.Authority, identity and the social history of the Great War. Edited by Frans Coetzee and Marilyn Shevin-Coetzee. Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995. Pp. xxii+362. ISBN 1-57181-017-X. £40.Dismembering the male: men's bodies, Britain and the Great War. By Joanna Bourke. London: Reaktion Books, 1996. Pp. 336. ISBN 0-948462825. £19.95.Passchendaele: the untold story. By Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996. Pp. xv+237. ISBN 0-300-066292-9. £19.95.Battle tactics of the western front: the British army's art of attack, 1916–1918. By Paddy Griffith. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996 (paperback edition). Pp. xvi+286. ISBN 0-300-06663-5. No price given.Government and the armed forces in Britain, 1856–1990. Edited by Paul Smith. London, Hambledon Press, 1996. Pp. xviii+324. ISBN 1-85285-144-9. £35.Whether or not arms races cause wars was a historiographical preoccupation of the Cold War era. The issue was then of more than academic concern. Those opposed to the proliferation of nuclear weapons saw previous arms races as having destabilized the international system at best and as having led ineluctably to war at worst. Their critics countered that arms races possessed the capacity to increase terror and so promote more effective deterrence.
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ROY, KAUSHIK. « Race and Recruitment in the Indian Army : 1880–1918 ». Modern Asian Studies 47, no 4 (8 février 2013) : 1310–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000431.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIn 1914, the Indian Army was deployed against the enemies of the British Empire. This paper analyses the administrative mechanism as well as the imperial assumptions and attitudes which shaped the recruitment policy of the Indian Army during the First World War. From the late nineteenth century, the Martial Race theory (a bundle of contradictory ideas) shaped the recruitment policy. With certain modifications, this theory remained operational to the first decade of the twentieth century. The construction of the ‘martial races’ enabled the British to play-off different communities against each other to prevent the emergence of a unified anti-British sentiment among the colonized. During the Great War, faced with the rising demands of manpower, the army was forced to modify the Martial Race theory. However, a conscript army did not emerge in British-India. This was due to imperial policies, the inherent social divisions of Indian society, and because the demands for military manpower remained relatively low in comparison to India's demographic resources. Due to innovations in the theory and praxis of recruitment, the volume of recruitment showed a linear increase from 1914 to 1918, with maximum intensification of recruitment occurring during 1917 and 1918. But as the war ended in November 1918, despite the entry of several new communities, the bulk of the Indian Army still came from the traditional martial races.
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Brandão, Miguel Castro. « A crise do abastecimento português (1914-1918) — os impactos sociais e económicos da guerra submarina alemã ». CEM, no 13 (2021) : 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/2182-1097/13v2.
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According to our calculations, more than two hundred ships were sunk by German submarines off the Portuguese coast during the First World War. In the last few years, historiography has produced several pages about the operability of German submarine warfare, although we still do not know its social and economic impacts. Taking into account the latest scientific advances, we propose new problematics around this subject by correlating new data, in order to ascertain the direct and indirect impacts of German submarine warfare on Portuguese society and economy during the Great War.
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Chapman, Jane, et Ross Wilson. « Illustrating war-time : Cartoons and the British and Dominion soldier experience during the Great War, 1914–1918 ». War in History 26, no 3 (12 février 2018) : 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344517711206.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article assesses how time was depicted within illustrated narratives published in trench newspapers and regimental journals by British and Dominion soldiers as a means of adapting to and enduring the experience of the First World War. Through an extensive archival study of these sources, soldiers’ ‘comic strips’ have been used to demonstrate that time is illustrated as a personal and social experience that enables individuals to comprehend their role within the army. Previous assessments of the experience of time on the battlefields have been dominated by the perception that mechanized warfare induced a fractured and disorientating sense of time. This has traditionally been heralded by scholars as indicating the arrival of a new ‘modern era’. However, research findings demonstrate the way in which soldiers illustrated time, the passing of time, the use of order, experience and progress are evident. Far from reflecting the alienating effect of modern warfare, soldiers illustrate ‘war-time’ as a means by which they inculcate themselves into a military culture and continue their role in the war.
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WATSON, ALEXANDER. « Managing an ‘Army of Peoples’ : Identity, Command and Performance in the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1914–1918 ». Contemporary European History 25, no 2 (12 avril 2016) : 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000059.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis article examines the officers who led the Habsburg Army during the First World War. It highlights the complexity of their identities, demonstrating that this went well beyond the a-national – nationalist dichotomy in much historiography. It also argues that these officers' identities had a profound impact on how their army functioned in the field. The article first studies the senior command in 1914–16, showing how its wartime learning processes were shaped by transnational attitudes. These officers had belonged in peace to an international military professional network. When disaster befell their army at the outset of the First World War, it was natural for them to seek lessons from foreign armies, at first from their major enemies, the Russians, and later their German allies. The second half of the article explores the changing loyalties of the reserve officers tasked with frontline command in the later war years. It contends that the officer corps' focus on maintaining social and educational standards resulted in an influx of middle-class junior leaders whose conditional commitment to the Empire and limited language skills greatly influenced the Habsburg Army's record of longevity but mediocre combat performance.