Articles de revues : « Working poor – united states »

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Egan, Jack, David Griffith et Ed Kissam. « Working Poor, Farmworkers in the United States. » International Migration Review 30, n^o 4 (1996) : 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547618.

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Flora, Cornelia Butler, David Griffith, Ed Kissam, Jeronimo Camposeco, Anna Garcia, Max Pfeffer, David Runsten et Manual Valdes Pizzini. « Working Poor : Farmworkers in the United States. » Contemporary Sociology 25, n^o 3 (mai 1996) : 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2077491.

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McDonald, James H. « Working Poor : Farmworkers in the United States:Working Poor : Farmworkers in the United States. » Culture Agriculture 18, n^o 2 (juin 1996) : 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.1996.18.2.83.

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Egan, Jack. « Book Review : Working Poor, Farmworkers in the United States ». International Migration Review 30, n^o 4 (décembre 1996) : 1105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000423.

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Ross, Joseph S., Susannah M. Bernheim, Elizabeth H. Bradley, Hsun-Mei Teng et William T. Gallo. « Use of preventive care by the working poor in the United States ». Preventive Medicine 44, n^o 3 (mars 2007) : 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.11.006.

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STULL, DONALD D. « Working Poor : Farmworkers in the United States . DAVID GRIFFITH and ED KISSAM ». American Ethnologist 23, n^o 1 (février 1996) : 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1996.23.1.02a00550.

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Jung, Moon-Kie. « No Whites, No Asians : Race, Marxism, and Hawai‘i’s Preemergent Working Class ». Social Science History 23, n^o 3 (1999) : 357–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200018125.

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By the close of the nineteenth century, Hawai‘i had become a newly annexed territory of the United States and was tightly controlled by a cohesive oligarchy ofhaolesugar capitalists. The “enormous concentration of wealth and power” held by the Big Five sugar factors of Honolulu up until statehood was unparalleled elsewhere in the United States (Cooper and Daws 1985: 3–4). In contrast, native Hawai‘ians and immigrants recruited from China, Portugal, Japan, and the Philippines—in successive and overlapping waves—endured the low wages and poor working and living conditions characteristic of other agricultural export regions.

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Ponthieux, Sophie, et Pierre Concialdi. « Low pay and poor workers : a comparative study of France and the United States ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 6, n^o 4 (novembre 2000) : 650–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600408.

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In the USA the share of low-wage earners in the labour force is twice as high as in France, although it has remained relatively constant on the other side of the Atlantic in recent years, whereas it has risen in France. The characteristics of the workers affected in the two countries are comparable: women, young people and the low-skilled are more than proportionately affected, groups that are also more frequently encountered in part-time jobs. Low-wage earners have a higher risk of living in a low-income household than the average for wage and salary earners. In the USA poor people of working age are more likely to be employed than is the case in France. In both countries there is clearly a link between the poverty risk and the annual number of hours worked. However, in France the working poor are more likely to be confronted with the problem of inadequate weekly working hours, whereas the same phenomenon in the USA is clearly due to the low level of minimum wages.

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Smeeding, Timothy. « Poor People in Rich Nations : The United States in Comparative Perspective ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, n^o 1 (1 février 2006) : 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526094.

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Cross-national comparisons can teach lessons about antipoverty policy. While all nations value low poverty, high levels of economic self-reliance and equality of opportunity for younger persons, they differ dramatically in the extent to which they reach these goals. Nations also exhibit differences in the extent to which working age adults mix economic self-reliance (earned incomes), family support and government support to avoid poverty. We begin by reviewing international concepts and measures of poverty. The Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database contains the information needed to construct comparable poverty measures for more than 30 nations. It allows comparisons of the level and trend of poverty and inequality across several nations, along with considerable detail on the sources of market incomes and public policies that shape these outcomes. We will highlight the different relationships between antipoverty policy and outcomes among several countries, and consider the implications of our analysis for research and for antipoverty policy in the United States. In doing so, we will draw on a growing body of evidence that evaluates antipoverty programs in a cross-national context.

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Willson, Andrea E., et Dan Zuberi. « Differences That Matter : Social Policy and the Working Poor in the United States and Canada ». Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 32, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2007) : 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20460675.

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Angel, Ronald J. « Differences That Matter : Social Policy and the Working Poor in the United States and Canada ». Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 32, n^o 6 (13 novembre 2007) : 1043–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-2007-041.

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Iceland, John. « Differences That Matter : Social Policy and the Working Poor in the United States and Canada ». Contemporary Sociology : A Journal of Reviews 36, n^o 1 (janvier 2007) : 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610703600111.

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Aronowitz, Stanley. « Between Nationality and Class ». Harvard Educational Review 67, n^o 2 (1 juillet 1997) : 188–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.67.2.741nl2555v5x7713.

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In this article, Stanley Aronowitz argues that "American" ideology contains two elements. First, the United States is believed to confer equality of opportunity on each citizen. Second, unlike other advanced industrial nations, the United States is considered an "open society" that allows and promotes social mobility. In this paradigm, racial minorities and women have the same chances to escape the ranks of the working poor as White men. Aronowitz uses a class-based analysis nested within ethnicity to expose the fallacy of this ideology. Since higher education is most often pointed to as a source of social mobility, Aronowitz focuses his argument on the meritocratic norms that are replacing democratic norms within higher education, and on the devolution of educational opportunity for the poor, working class, and racial minorities.

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Holding, Nicole. « Prenatal Care in the Rural United States, 1912–1929 ». Bulletin of the History of Medicine 97, n^o 2 (juin 2023) : 294–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a905732.

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summary: In 1920, maternal mortality rates in the United States exceeded those of other industrialized nations. To redress this statistic, the federal Children's Bureau set its sights on improving access to prenatal care at a time when 80 percent of American women received none. In 1921, following lobbying by urban, middle-class progressive women working at or in support of the Bureau, the government legislated for prenatal care programs through the Sheppard-Towner Act. To date, historians have focused on how successfully women implemented the act's provisions, paying less attention to whether support for rural mothers reduced maternal mortality rates. Using Children's Bureau pamphlets, documents pertaining to the Sheppard-Towner Act, and letters written to the Bureau from poor, rural women, this article brings government workers, medical professionals, and the women they served into dialogue to analyze the first push to establish prenatal care for underserved American women and the obstacles that stood in the way.

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Brucker, Debra L., Sophie Mitra, Navena Chaitoo et Joseph Mauro. « More Likely to Be Poor Whatever the Measure : Working-Age Persons with Disabilities in the United States* ». Social Science Quarterly 96, n^o 1 (11 juin 2014) : 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12098.

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Nolan, HR, et B. Christie. « Access through Altruism : A Community-based Free Outpatient Surgery Program for the Working Poor in the United States ». Journal of Perioperative Practice 27, n^o 6 (juin 2017) : 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175045891702700605.

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Despite healthcare reform, a large population in the United States is without healthcare coverage. The Surgery for People in Need (SPIN) program offers free outpatient surgical procedures to working, uninsured adults. Taking nearly one year to construct, the program has been operational for three years and has performed 22 procedures. Free surgery programs can improve healthcare access by providing interventions to patients who otherwise have no outlet for surgical care.

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Matthew, Olayemi O., Paul F. Monaghan et John S. Luque. « The Novel Coronavirus and Undocumented Farmworkers in the United States ». NEW SOLUTIONS : A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 31, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2021) : 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291121989000.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has greatly impacted frontline workers’ health in 2020. The objective of this commentary is to evaluate some of the challenges faced by undocumented farmworkers in the context of the current global pandemic and possible risk mitigation strategies. Undocumented farmworkers make considerable contributions to the U.S. economy and food production, but they are at an elevated risk for contracting Covid-19. Their risk is compounded by their employment and legal status, as well as their poor working and living conditions which makes it difficult for them to observe Covid-19 precautionary measures. U.S. immigration policy disincentivizes undocumented farmworkers from seeking healthcare services. Contact tracing challenges could be overcome by gaining trust with subsequent increased testing and care. Extending eligibility of safety net programs for undocumented farmworkers will help to ease the burden of Covid-19, thereby improving their overall health and productivity.

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Ginsburg, Robert. « Differences that Matter : Social Policy and the Working Poor in the United States and Canada ? By Dan Dan Zuberi ». WorkingUSA 10, n^o 2 (juin 2007) : 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-4580.2007.00158.x.

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King, Desmond. « Sectionalism and Policy Formation in the United States : President Carter's Welfare Initiatives ». British Journal of Political Science 26, n^o 3 (juillet 1996) : 337–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400007493.

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President Jimmy Carter twice attempted to enact major reforms of the US welfare system. Using archival material from the Carter Presidential Library, this article argues that one major reason for the failure of both initiatives was the persistence of regional divisions between representatives from the north and south in the Congress. This factor is as germane to the welfare failure as poor presidential-congressional relations and changes to the committee seniority system in the Congress. American welfare programmes were institutionalized in such a way that, from the 1930s, building a coalition across sectional interests (as represented by members of the Congress) was nearly impossible: gains to one region constituted losses to the other. The consequence of the way Carter pursued and failed to achieve welfare reform was to enhance the priorities, particularly ‘working for welfare’, exploited by Reagan in the final year of his administration when the Family Support Act was enacted.

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Mitchell, Natasha A., et Julia A. Bryan. « School-Family-Community Partnerships : Strategies for School Counselors Working with Caribbean Immigrant Families ». Professional School Counseling 10, n^o 4 (avril 2007) : 2156759X0701000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x0701000413.

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Caribbean immigrant students, who represent one of the largest subgroups in the Black population in the United States, are experiencing negative educational outcomes that are related to poor academic achievement and high dropout rates. These academic problems have been partially connected to the negative experiences Caribbean students and their families have within schools, particularly poor interactions with school personnel (Albertini, 2004; Fine et al., 2004). This article discusses the cultural values, historical experiences, and socio-political issues of Caribbean immigrants as a foundation for understanding appropriate school counseling interventions in working with this population. Specifically, the use of school-family-community partnerships to encourage positive interactions among Caribbean students, their families, and school personnel is discussed as a means to promote high academic achievement for Caribbean immigrant students. Specific strategies for counselors working with Caribbean immigrants within the context of such partnerships are provided.

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Burnett-Harry, Samantha. « A Mixed-Method Study on the Factors Associated with Emigration of Nurses and its Impact on Nursing Profession and Health Sectors- A Preliminary Study ». Texila International Journal of Nursing 10, n^o 1 (31 mai 2024) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijnr.2015.10.01.art001.

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Over the past decade, the increase in migration of Registered Nurses has been on the rise worldwide. There are numerous pull and push factors that force nurses to migrate. This study sought to assess the factors that contribute to the increased migration of Registered Nurses at the Milton Cato Memorial Hospital. A mixed method, cross sectional research design was adopted. 10 Registered Nurses were selected by purposive sampling technique and responded to the questionnaire on migration, followed by interviews. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of respondent 90% were females, 80% of respondent stated that outward migration has increased, 56% respondent stated that England was the main destination, 31% British Virgin Islands and 13% United States of America. 24% percent of respondents attributed this to poor working environment; 24% respondent indicated that wages were the main reasons for nurse’s migration. The results of this study prompted a recommendation that the Government need to implement better wages, working environment, better patient to staff ratio, more opportunities for upward mobility, specialization, and flexible working hours.

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Collins, Julia. « An Evaluation and Analysis of Issues Confronting Homeless LGBT Youth from the Perspective of Social Service Agency Providers ». Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & ; Community-Based Research 4 (22 novembre 2015) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56421/ujslcbr.v4i0.211.

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Homelessness is an acute condition of poverty that has been a continuous concern in the United States. While single adult men account for the majority of the homeless population, the number of children, youths, single mothers, and poor or working poor experiencing homelessness in the United States is steadily increasing, making it an even larger social problem for the future of this country (Hernandez Jozefowicz-Simbeni and Israel 2006, 37). In the midst of the recession following the financial turmoil in 2008, poverty and unemployment increased more tremendously for young adults ages 18 to 24 than for other adult age groups in the United States (Toolis and Hammack 2015, 50). Likewise, unaccompanied youth are a continuously growing portion of the vulnerable homeless population. By definition, unaccompanied homeless youth are younger than the age of 22, live without any variation of parental guidance on a daily basis, and lack a fixed and regular shelter complete with care and supervision (Massachusetts Appleseed Center for Law and Justice 2012, 2). Records from 2008 indicate that over 1.6 million United States youth under the age of 18 experienced some form of homelessness annually, while the number of young people in general experiencing an episode of homelessness in a year is estimated at 750,000 to 2 million (Massachusetts Appleseed Center for Law and Justice 2012, 2; Toolis and Hammack 2015, 50). In addition to this, a study from the National Health Care for the Homeless Council found that young adults also, on average, have less income, fewer benefits, less saved money, less support socially, and little to no knowledge about housing benefits and resources in comparison to older adults (Toolis and Hammock 2015, 50).

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Whitley, Elizabeth M., Nicole C. Jarrett, April M. W. Young, Sherry A. Adeyemi et Leda M. Perez. « Building Effective Programs to Improve Men's Health ». American Journal of Men's Health 1, n^o 4 (26 novembre 2007) : 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988307306956.

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Historically, the health care needs of poor men and men of color have been neglected in the United States, resulting in significant disparities in health and health outcomes. Dedicated resources to address the particular needs of men are necessary to eliminate the health disparities that afflict underserved men. The following article compiles and shares some of the lessons learned as experienced by three Community Voices sites that have been active in men's health. Community Voices Miami's Overtown Men's Health Study, Denver Health Men's Health Initiative, and Baltimore Men's Health Center are working to address the health needs of men in some of the most vulnerable communities in the United States. Examples of community-specific assessment of men's needs, community engagement, service delivery, service to special populations, marketing, addressing sustainability, and advances in public policy to improve men's health are presented.

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Garza–Rodríguez, Jorge. « The determinants of poverty in the Mexican states of the US–Mexico border ». Estudios Fronterizos 17, n^o 33 (18 décembre 2015) : 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21670/ref.2016.33.a06.

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This study examines the determinants or correlates of poverty in the Mexican states bordering with the United States. The data used in the paper come from the 2008 National Survey of Income and Expenditures of Households. A logistic regression model was estimated to determine which variables might be important in explaining poverty in this region. It was found that the variables which are positively correlated with the probability of being poor are: living in Coahuila, Tamaulipas or Chihuahua, size of the household, being an ambulatory worker or working in an agricultural occupation, and being a manufacturing, transportation, sales, domestic service or support worker. Variables that are negatively correlated with the probability of being poor are living in Baja California, the education level of the household head and his/her age. Gender of the household head and household location were not statistically significant in the logistic regression analysis.

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Orts, Eric W. « A Reflexive Model of Environmental Regulation ». Business Ethics Quarterly 5, n^o 4 (octobre 1995) : 779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857414.

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Although contemporary methods of environmental regulation have registered some significant accomplishments, the current system of environmental law is not working well enough. First the good news: Since the first Earth Day in 1970, smog has decreased in the United States by thirty percent. The number of lakes and rivers safe for fishing and swimming has increased by one-third. Recycling has begun to reduce levels of municipal waste. Ocean dumping has been curtailed. Forests have begun to expand. One success story is the virtual elimination of airborne lead in the United States. Another is the rapid phase-out of ozone-layer depleting chemicals worldwide. Nevertheless, prominent commentators of diverse political persuasions agree in an assessment that conventional models of environmental law have “failed.” Many environmental problems remain unsolved: species extinction, global desertification and deforestation, possible global climate change, and continuing severe air and water pollution in urban areas and poor countries. What is more, successful environmental protection has come only at enormous economic cost. By the year 2000, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the United States will spend approximately two percent of its gross national product on environmental pollution control. Academic economists have pointed out the nonsensical inefficiency of many environmental regulations, but usually to no avail.

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Clayton, Megan L., Katherine C. Smith, Keshia M. Pollack, Roni A. Neff et Lainie Rutkow. « U.S. Food System Working Conditions as an Issue of Food Safety ». NEW SOLUTIONS : A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 26, n^o 4 (19 août 2016) : 599–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291116661845.

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Food workers’ health and hygiene are common pathways to foodborne disease outbreaks. Improving food system jobs is important to food safety because working conditions impact workers’ health, hygiene, and safe food handling. Stakeholders from key industries have advanced working conditions as an issue of public safety in the United States. Yet, for the food industry, stakeholder engagement with this topic is seemingly limited. To understand this lack of action, we interviewed key informants from organizations recognized for their agenda-setting role on food-worker issues. Findings suggest that participants recognize the work standards/food safety connection, yet perceived barriers limit adoption of a food safety frame, including more pressing priorities (e.g., occupational safety); poor fit with organizational strategies and mission; and questionable utility, including potential negative consequences. Using these findings, we consider how public health advocates may connect food working conditions to food and public safety and elevate it to the public policy agenda.

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Chipalo, Edson. « Predictors of Chronic Debilitating Conditions Among Refugees Resettled in the United States ». Texila International Journal of Public Health 11, n^o 4 (29 décembre 2023) : 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.11.04.art026.

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Refugees who have resettled in the United States encounter numerous challenges, including poor health conditions. However, knowledge of risk factors contributing to chronic debilitating conditions among refugees is scarce. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence and potential factors associated with chronic debilitating conditions within the U.S. refugee population. This study utilized secondary data from the 2019 Annual Survey of Refugees (ASR) involving 1007 refugees aged 16 years or older resettled in the U.S. between 2014 and 2018. The prevalence estimates were obtained using chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regression was used to determine the significant association between predictor variables and chronic debilitating conditions for refugees in the United States. About 25.5% of the refugees reported having chronic debilitating conditions. Regression results showed that being an older refugee and having adjusted immigration status to become a permanent resident was associated with higher odds of reporting chronic debilitating conditions. However, refugees who were currently working, married, and with good English language proficiency were associated with a lower likelihood of reporting chronic debilitating conditions. Gender and education levels of refugees were not significantly associated with chronic debilitating conditions after covariates adjustments. Interventions should focus on increasing access to education, employment opportunities to enhance health literacy, and financial resources to access healthcare crucial for mitigating chronic debilitating conditions. In addition, addressing the language barriers through language and interpretation services in clinical settings can also improve healthcare access, thus reducing the risk of chronic debilitating conditions among refugees resettled in the United States. Keywords: Chronic debilitating conditions, English proficiency, Immigration, Refugees, United States.

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Lightfoot, Kent G. « Regional Surveys in the Eastern United States : The Strengths and Weaknesses of Implementing Subsurface Testing Programs ». American Antiquity 51, n^o 3 (juillet 1986) : 484–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281748.

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The probability of detecting sites using subsurface testing programs is a serious concern for archaeologists working in the eastern United States. Some have suggested that current test-probe programs provide a poor method for estimating the frequency and distribution of sites. In this article I examine the usefulness of subsurface testing programs by comparing the results of an Eastern subsurface survey with a pedestrian surface survey conducted in the Southwest. The subsurface survey at Shelter Island, New York, was designed so that probability limits could be calculated for detecting sites of varying sizes. These probabilities were then employed to estimate the number and kinds of sites contained in sample units. When these results were compared with those from a pedestrian surface survey in northeastern Arizona, the results suggested that carefully designed subsurface surveys, although extremely labor-intensive, can provide settlement-pattern information as detailed as that collected in surface surveys.

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Bletzer, Keith V. « : Working Poor : Farmworkers in the United States . David Griffith, Ed Kissam, Jeronimo Campseco, Anna Garcia, Max Pfeffer, David Runsten, Manuel Valdes Pizzini. » American Anthropologist 98, n^o 4 (décembre 1996) : 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1996.98.4.02a00530.

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Murià, Magalí, et Sergio Chávez. « Shopping and Working in the Borderlands : Enforcement, Surveillance and Marketing in Tijuana, Mexico ». Surveillance & ; Society 8, n^o 3 (9 septembre 2010) : 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v8i3.4169.

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This article examines how border enforcement at the U.S.-Mexico border affects the border crossing and consumption practices of Tijuana residents. Drawing on three years of combined ethnographic research, we focus on the experiences of Tijuana residents who cross the international border with legal documents to work and consume in the United States. We argue that the tech-nologies of surveillance and deterrence that regulate cross-border transit also reshape the geographical and social landscape of Tijuana. We explain how identities and patterns of difference among border residents are reconstructed by a legal taxonomy that identifies and classifies crossers according to categories of legality. We find that these categories are locally framed and translated into a binary distinction between consumers and workers that reflect a growing gap between the rich and poor in the city. Finally, we conclude that this distinction ignores the transnational character of the city, and in particular, that consumers and workers are not mutually exclusive categories at the borderlands.

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Brazas, Irish D. « Migration of Special Education Teachers : A Phenomenological Study ». Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies 39, n^o 4 (20 février 2023) : 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2023/v39i4861.

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The trend of special education in the Philippines is the migration of special education (SpEd) teachers to find better living in the United States. Currently, there is a shortage of special education teachers in the U.S. Personnel shortages are the result of recruitment and retention challenges which includes poor working conditions (excessive paperwork, unmanageable caseloads, inadequate support, professional isolation) leading to professional leaving special education, insufficient funding, fewer qualified faculty and increasing education costs, and limited supply of qualified personnel. The increasing number of Filipino special education teacher is startling. Using qualitative phenomenological approach, the researcher extracted the lived experiences of SpEd teachers to explore their migration narratives.

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White, Mercedia Stevenson, Candace Burns et Helen Acree Conlon. « The Impact of an Aging Population in the Workplace ». Workplace Health & ; Safety 66, n^o 10 (5 mars 2018) : 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079917752191.

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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of people 65 years of age or older living in the United States is projected to double by 2030 to 72 million adults, representing 20% of the total U.S. population. Evidence suggests that older Americans are working longer and spending more time on the job than their peers did in previous years. The increased number of older adults working longer is observed not only in the Unites States but also worldwide. There are numerous ramifications associated with the changing demographics and the expanding prevalence of an aging population in the workforce. Dynamics that arise include stereotyping and discrimination, longevity and on-site expert knowledge, variances in workplace behavior, a multigenerational employee pool, chronic disease management, occupational safety, and the application of adaptive strategies to reduce injury occurrences. Occupational health nurses play a pivotal role in implementing best practices for an aging-friendly workplace.

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Shattuck, Nita, et Panagiotis Matsangas. « 0213 Sleep and well-being of culinary specialists on United States Navy ships ». SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (1 mai 2023) : A94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0213.

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Abstract Introduction In the US Navy, “galley workers” are those sailors involved in cooking and preparing meals and maintaining the overall cleanliness and hygiene of the galley spaces and messdecks. These sailors begin their workday in the ship’s kitchen in the early morning, working until late in the evening, typically sleeping at night. The purpose of the current study was to assess the fatigue levels, work/rest patterns, health-related behaviors, and well-being of galley workers on US Navy ships while underway. Methods In this longitudinal field assessment, 80 fit-for-duty US Navy galley workers performed their normal duties on 11 surface ships. Participants wore actigraphs, and completed activity logs and questionnaires to include four standardized tools (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index – PSQI; Epworth Sleepiness Scale – ESS; Insomnia Severity Index – ISI; Profile of Mood States – POMS). Results Galley workers had a median age of 25 (IQR=11.8) years and most of them were male (68, 85.0%). Most galley workers reported drinking caffeinated beverages (60, 80.0%), with nicotine or tobacco products used by 22 (29.3%) participants. In terms of working out, 46 (61.3%) reported having an exercise routine. The typical schedule of the galley workers included sleeping at night with work hours extending from around 6:00 AM till 8:00 PM. Specifically, they slept on average 6.57±0.85 hours/day (~29% slept < 6 hours/day) and worked 12.8±2.43 hours/day (25% worked >14.5 hours/day). Approximately 84% were classified as poor sleepers, ~57% had excessive daytime sleepiness, and ~38% had elevated insomnia symptoms. Compared to adult norms for the POMS total and subscales scores, the mood of galley workers was worse in terms of total mood disturbance (84.1%), tension-anxiety (71.4%), anger-hostility (79.4%), vigor-activity (77.8%), fatigue (68.3%), and confusion-bewilderment (73.0%). Conclusion Galley workers on USN ships are chronically sleep-deprived and work long hours. To ameliorate the detrimental effects of these issues on sailor well-being, leaders should consider adopting strategies to improve sailor well-being. For example, appropriately timed short naps during the day, use of caffeine, and exposure to bright light may be viable methods to incorporate into the daily schedule of galley workers to alleviate the effects of their arduous work schedules. Support (if any)

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Quinn, E. « "Big Men" Stumbling : Dilemmas of Ethno-Accountability in Anthropology ». Practicing Anthropology 29, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2007) : 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.29.3.tw6h267v7l650022.

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Accountability is defined as the quality or state of being accountable, or the obligation or willingness to accept responsibility. However, as anyone who has worked in development or ever made a poor assumption regarding cultural similarity knows, modes of accountability vary from culture to culture. One of the key dilemmas of working with "natives" of any stripe is confronting the workings of cross-cultural understanding in terms of what behaviors and actions need to be justified. By whom should such reckoning take place, and why, how, when, and where? Although all of these questions loom large when one considers the implications of going to the field, the subject of ethno-accountability has been under-explored in both the theoretical and methodological literature. I introduce the question in this issue with ethnographic examples from Barbados, Montserrat, Ireland, the Philippines and the United States in the hope that many of the dilemmas of development, especially those that relate to tourism, might be mitigated or at least better understood.

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Jaynes, Gerald D. « MIGRATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ». Du Bois Review : Social Science Research on Race 4, n^o 1 (2007) : 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070026.

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AbstractThe dawn of the twenty-first century confronts Western democracies with a racialized class problem. The globalization of capitalism—mass geographic movement of peoples, capital, and markets on scales unprecedented since the Atlantic slave trade—has brought poor migrants into affluent nations. Migrants' descendants are replicating conditions associated with poor Blacks. Affluent Western democracies are hurtling toward biplural stratification defined by a multiracial underclass. Racialized class stratification stems from economic policies. Capitalist democracies' edifice of social policies—sanctioning expectations of rising prosperity, welfare “safety nets” for minimal consumption, low-wage migration policies—erroneously assumed that jobs and wages would continuously grow to absorb expanding populations. Overuse of low-wage migration policies commodified work relations in low-skilled jobs. Acculturated to demand affluent living standards and egalitarian human relations, educationally deprived descendants of migrants find commodified work regimens repellent. Despite large populations of jobless natives, some maintain that affluent democracies need more migrants to do the jobs that natives won't do. But jobless youth are alienated and prone to agency, as riots in England, the United States, and, more recently, France and other areas of Europe suggest. To avert the solidification of biplural societies, social policy must slow rates of migration from low living-standard economies, expand minimum wages and income transfers to working-citizen households, and provide documented immigrants clear avenues to citizenship. This agenda is more likely to succeed in the United States, where minority voting strength is gathering considerable momentum.

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Ipinnimo T. M., Ajidahun E. O. et Adedipe A. O. « Medical Brain Drain in Nigeria : A Health System Leadership Crisis ». Ibom Medical Journal 16, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2023) : 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.61386/imj.v16i1.300.

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The problem of shortage of healthcare professionals in sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria which has about 25% of the global disease burden but less than 2% of the healthcare workforce has been further compounded by the medical brain drain. The medical brain drain in Nigeria could be attributed to the failure of health system leadership in the country that stems from poor insight and neglect of the problem. Nigeria’s healthcare professionals have been migrating in drones to the United Kingdoms, United States, Canada, Australia and other developed nations. To stem this tide, there is a need for the government at all levels to prioritize this menace on the political agenda and work in conjunction with healthcare institutions administrators, other leaders and stakeholders within the health sector to promote and improve welfare, working conditions, job security and satisfaction among healthcare workers as no other category of workers are so essential to the well-being of the people.

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Pinheiro, Romulo Ayres Dias, Matheus Tosi Teixeira, Rildo Miranda Leão, Giovanna Silva Ramos, Gustavo Pires de Castro, Lucas Cardeal Simão Ribeiro, Marcelo Gomes Melo Filho, Iuri Vieira Aguiar, Stálin Santos Damasceno et Nanielle Silva Barbosa. « Sleep quality and mental health of health workers in the COVID-19 pandemic ». International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, n^o 11 (2022) : 055–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.911.8.

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The intense working hours of the teams on the front line of COVID-19 resulted in negative results in the quality of sleep and in the mental health of professionals. This integrative review aims to identify evidence about the sleep quality of health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with mental health. Data collection took place on the VHL and PUBMED portals, in October 2022. Thirteen articles were included, published between 2020 and 2022, all in English. As for the country in which the study was carried out, the following stand out: China (23%), United States of America (23%), Turkey (23%), Saudi Arabia (15.4%), Lebanon (7.7%) and Iran (7.7%). Poor sleep quality was evidenced, as well as impacts and correlation with mental suffering. It is understood that the measures that go in the direction of improving the working conditions of health professionals, provided a better quality of sleep and associated problems.

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Buszkiewicz, James H., Heather D. Hill et Jennifer J. Otten. « Association of State Minimum Wage Rates and Health in Working-Age Adults Using the National Health Interview Survey ». American Journal of Epidemiology 190, n^o 1 (10 février 2020) : 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa018.

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Abstract States adopt minimum wages to improve workers’ economic circumstances and well-being. Many studies, but not all, find evidence of health benefits from higher minimum wages. This study used a rigorous “triple difference” strategy to identify the associations between state minimum wages and adult obesity, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), hypertension, diabetes, fair or poor health, and serious psychological distress. National Health Interview Survey data (United States, 2008–2015) on adults aged 25–64 years (n = 131,430) were linked to state policies to estimate the prevalence odds ratio or mean difference in these outcomes associated with a $1 increase in current and 2-year lagged minimum wage among less-educated adults overall and by sex, race/ethnicity, and age. In contrast to prior studies, there was no association between current minimum wage and health; however, 2-year lagged minimum wage was positively associated with the likelihood of obesity (prevalence odds ratio = 1.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.16) and with elevated body mass index (mean difference = 0.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.49). In subgroup models, current and 2-year lagged minimum wage were associated with a higher likelihood of obesity among male and non-White or Hispanic adults. The associations with hypertension also varied by sex and the timing of the exposure.

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Roehrkasse, Alexander F. « Race, Poverty, and U.S. Children’s Exposure to Neighborhood Incarceration ». Socius : Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (janvier 2021) : 237802312110678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211067871.

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Recent research has documented negative associations between children’s welfare and mobility and their exposure to neighborhood incarceration. But inequality in such exposure among children in the United States is poorly understood. This study links tract-level census data to administrative data on prison admissions to measure 37.8 million children’s exposure to neighborhood incarceration in 2008, by race/ethnicity and poverty status. The average poor Black or African American child lived in a neighborhood where 1 in 174 working-age adults was admitted to prison annually, more than twice the rate of neighborhood prison admission experienced by the average U.S. child. Residential segregation and the spatial concentration of incarceration combine to create significant ethnoracial and economic inequality in the neighborhood experiences of U.S. children.

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Bennett, Simon A. « Lock and Load ? Explaining Different Policies for Delivering Safety and Security in the Air ». International Journal of Mass Emergencies & ; Disasters 20, n^o 2 (août 2002) : 141–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072700202000206.

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The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon generated significant social, economic, and political perturbations. The airline industry has been affected directly, with passenger numbers down and some airlines such as Midway in the United States and Sabena in Europe ceasing to exist. In an effort to restore confidence, the airlines, regulatory agencies, and governments on both sides of the Atlantic introduced “emergency” measures to increase public confidence in security. While cockpit incursion poses a risk to air safety (although it is not a novel phenomenon) other factors may also compromise safety (such as crew fatigue, flawed design, careless maintenance, and poor intra-crew communication and coordination [Bennett 2001a]). Both the United States (U.S.) and the United Kingdom (U.K.) have done much work on improving this latter safety-related aspect of commercial air operations. Out of this work has emerged the discipline of cockpit or crew resource management (CRM). (Different nomenclatures may be used.) One of the preconditions for effective CRM is ease of access between the flight deck and cabin. In the U.K., the British Air Line Pilots ‘Association (BALPA) has voiced concern over the impact that locked and barred cockpit doors and new communication protocols will have on CRM. This has not been a major public concern of America's Air Line Pilots ‘Association (ALPA). This paper uses Kasperson's theory of risk amplification and Sprent's observations on risk attenuation to understand(a) how two organizations working in the same industry and representing the same grade of worker could generate different risk perceptions and (b) how the major pilots’ union of the country that did much of the early work on CRM (the United States) could de-emphasize it in post-September 11 debates on crew and passenger safety.

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Patel, Priya, et Laura Lyons. « Examining the Knowledge, Awareness, and Perceptions of Palliative Care in the General Public Over Time : A Scoping Literature Review ». American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 37, n^o 6 (5 novembre 2019) : 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909119885899.

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Background: The field of palliative care (PC) is growing as the world population ages and burden of chronic diseases increases. Thus, it is important that the general public is knowledgeable about PC and the benefits PC provides. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the public’s knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of PC and determine whether these have changed over time. Methods: A scoping literature review was conducted from 1968 to May 2019 using PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases. Results: Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria that originated from the United States, Canada, Scotland, Italy, New Zealand, Ireland, United Kingdom, Korea, and Sweden between years 2003 and 2019. Participants were adults and mostly younger than 64 years, women, and Caucasian. The majority of studies reported the public having poor knowledge (7/9 articles) and awareness (4/6 articles) of PC over the past 16 years. Top characteristics associated with increased levels of knowledge and/or awareness of PC included women (6/8 articles), age 40+ (6/8 articles), experience with a close friend and/or relative requiring PC (4/8 articles), and working in health-care and/or PC (4/8 articles). The most common perceptions of PC were associated with patients who have terminal illnesses and end-of-life care. Participants commonly received information about PC from the media, having a close friend or relative requiring PC, and working in a health-care setting. Conclusions: The public has poor knowledge and awareness about PC and several misperceptions exist. These findings have remained constant over time despite growth in the field of PC, which highlights the strong need for focused educational interventions.

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Kim-Godwin, Yeoun Soo, Meen Hye Lee, Jeongok G. Logan et Xiaoyue Liu. « Factors Influencing Sleep Quality among Female Staff Nurses during the Early COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 9 (30 avril 2021) : 4827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094827.

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This study aimed to assess the overall level of sleep quality among female staff nurses in the United States during the early COVID-19 pandemic. It also aimed to examine factors associated with sleep quality and its seven subcomponents: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleeping medications, and daytime dysfunction. A descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study design was used. We performed descriptive, and regression analyses with a sample of 215 female staff nurses enrolled in post-licensure online nursing programs at a southeastern state university. Data collection was conducted using an online survey from April to May 2020. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Nurses working part time (p = 0.02), with lower perceived physical health (p = 0.01), a lower self-care self-regulation score (p < 0.001), and higher work stress (p < 0.05) showed poorer sleep quality. Factors associated with subcomponents of sleep quality varied. Poor sleep quality among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic was reported. Various factors, including work environmental factors were associated with the sleep quality in this sample. Hospital administrators should consider developing intervention programs for improving the work environment, which would impact sleep quality, health status, and job performance.

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Marquardt, Matthew, et Sheila Pontis. « 0678 Consequences of following the herd : Perceptions drive a vicious cycle of poor student sleep habits at an elite university ». SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (1 mai 2023) : A298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0678.

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Abstract Introduction Poor sleep health is widespread among undergraduate university students. This study sought to understand the contributors to poor sleep quality at an elite undergraduate university in the United States. In particular, we were interested in uncovering the social influences on sleep regularity, which is increasingly regarded as a critical determinant of overall sleep quality. Methods An exploratory, mixed-methods study was designed combining a week-long diary study (n=5) and in-depth contextual interviews (n=5) to better understand undergraduate students’ college experience and sleep behaviors, followed by a student survey (n=181) to uncover primary macro trends and factors related to those sleep behaviors. Results A significant irregular sleep schedule emerged as highly common among students. Sleep irregularity was strongly influenced by students’ perceptions about their peers’ sleep and working habits. These perceptions combined with a personal desire to keep pace with their peers and the prioritization of academic work implicitly stated by the university culture influenced when and how students went about their lives, even if those behaviors meant acting against their knowledge and judgment. The convergence of perceptions and behaviors generates a vicious cycle of sleep deprivation and low productivity. The cycle stems from students’ desire to match their peers, which leads to late nights and sleep deprivation. The resulting impaired executive functioning contributes to subsequent inefficient scheduling and lack of concentration. As concentration drops, students multi-tasked more often and incomplete tasks piled up, necessitating further sleep deprivation to get it all done. Conclusion Poor sleep regularity in college is influenced by a set of interconnected factors derived at both the level of the individual student and at the student-body level. Interventions should consider a dual approach to break the vicious cycle, targeting the harmful beliefs among students about the sleep and working habits of their peers, and the prioritization of academic work. Support (if any)

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Bellow, Edgar, Lotfi Hamzi et Huai Yuan Han. « Sustainability and Multinational Enterprises : The Need for Diffuse Power ». Journal of Business and Economics 9, n^o 8 (20 août 2018) : 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/08.09.2018/005.

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This is a time of global economic and environmental transition, and the balance of power between MNEs and developing communities has yet to be determined. MNEs can take a role in moving the conversation forward, but the issue and disenchantment with the status quo and the polarization between rich and poor needs to be addressed. This is especially true in the United States where shifts in power on a global basis, and the movement of power from the hegemon towards developing nations, are seen to be threats to the established culture of dominance and way of life. With decreases in availability of natural resources such as water and oil, MNEs need to take a leadership role in decreasing hegemonic power structures and working towards diffuse power relationships with labor organizations, resource industry innovators, and developing nation leaders.

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Birnbaum, H., R. Ben-Hamadi, D. Kelley, M. Hsieh, B. Seal, P. Cremieux et P. Greenberg. « Assessing the Relationship Between Compliance with Antidepressant Therapy and Costs Among Employees in the United States ». European Psychiatry 24, S1 (janvier 2009) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70731-x.

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Objective:Assess effects of antidepressant compliance on healthcare and workplace costs.Methods:Using workplace survey data for 2 large employers’ healthcare claims (2004-2006), patient selection criteria considered depression diagnosis and antidepressant claims history. Employed respondents working in the past month were categorized by Medication Possession Ratio into compliance groups by quartiles; bottom/top quartiles were defined as compliant/non-compliant. Direct (medical/drug) costs were measured as insurer payments to providers; indirect (absenteeism/presenteeism) costs were based on one-month recall of workplace performance (hours worked/missed, self-rated performance), estimated as (hours missed x self-reported hourly income). Annualized, inflation-adjusted (2006) costs were compared between compliant/non-compliant groups using multivariate models controlling for baseline characteristics. Analyses were conducted for all patients and a subsample of diagnosed depression patients.Results:Among all patients (n=1,224), medical costs were numerically lower for compliant vs. non-compliant patients ($4,857 vs. $5,926, p=0.221); drug costs were significantly higher for compliant patients ($2,329 vs. $1,570, p=0.001). Indirect costs were not statistically different between compliant/non-compliant patients ($22,278 vs. $20,714, p=0.237). Among the depression subgroup (N=488), medical costs were numerically lower for compliant vs. non-compliant patients ($5,005 vs. $7,630, p=0.152) while drug costs were numerically higher for compliant patients ($2,550 vs. $1,829, p=0.153). Absenteeism costs were 30% lower for compliant patients ($7,725 vs. $11,040, p=0.038); presenteeism costs were not significantly different ($19,079 vs. $17,457, p=0.441).Conclusions:Absenteeism costs decrease significantly with compliance among depressed patients as do medical costs (not significantly). Further research is warranted regarding reason for poor antidepressant compliance and influence of compliance on costs.

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Mu, Christina, et Soomi Lee. « INDIVIDUAL AND JOINT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SLEEP AND PAIN ON MENTAL HEALTH : DIFFERENCES BY WORK STATUS AND OCCUPATION ». Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2023) : 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1284.

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Abstract Researchers have posited that healthcare workers (HCWs) are at greater risk of sleep and pain concerns due to their demanding work schedules and stressful workplace environment. Currently, more research is needed to understand the joint associations between sleep and pain and differences by work status and occupation type. This study examined the individual and joint associations between sleep and pain on mental health symptoms by workers (vs. non-workers) and HCWs (vs. non-HCWs). Data came from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study (Time 1: 2004-2005; Time 2: 2013-2019). At baseline, 2,894 participants were working (2,640 were not working; n=294 HCWs). Sleep quality, sleep duration, number of pain locations, and pain interference were assessed. Over time, as sleep quality worsened, sleep duration shortened, and the number and interference of pain increased, then depressive and anxiety symptoms increased across all groups. The individual associations of poor sleep or more pain with depressive and anxiety symptoms were stronger among non-workers compared to workers. The relationships between poor sleep or more pain with depressive symptoms was stronger among HCWs compared to non-HCWs, but weaker or not statistically significant when anxiety symptoms was the outcome. There was evidence that the combination of poor sleep characteristics and greater pain exacerbated anxiety symptoms among all groups. Findings show differences in mental health as functions of sleep and pain by work status and HCW status. Evidence of the joint associations of sleep and pain support the interrelated nature of sleep and pain.

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Maleh, Ass Lec Khaled Razak. « The impact of the progressive movement on the domestic politics of US President Theodore Roosevelt (1901 - 1908) ». Thi Qar Arts Journal 2, n^o 38 (29 juin 2022) : 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v2i38.326.

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The progressive movement appeared in the United States of America in the nineties of the nineteenth century and extended to the twenties of the twentieth century, and it represented a reform revolution on the economic and social conditions that prevailed in American society at the time, which resulted in class inequality through which a class of the wealthy and domineering over the working class and the poor emerged, The methods of expression and activities pursued by the supporters of the progressive movement since its inception varied, including writing books and writing articles that focused on the bad economic and social conditions, as well as the emergence of investigative journalism that worked to expose scandals and violations against the poor and workers in cities and large factories, in addition to That is why some have formed unions and clubs that support the rights of workers, women, children, the middle class and the poor alike. When Theodore Roosevelt came to power in 1901, the progressives felt that they could implement their own reform policies due to the harmony and compatibility between him and their orientations. That president is the way for the progressive movement to establish its presence and achieve some of its aspirations.

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Bao, Chenye, et Nelson Cowan. « Generalization of Skill for a Working Memory Recognition Procedure in Children : The Benefit of Starting with Easy Materials ». Journal of Intelligence 11, n^o 3 (17 mars 2023) : 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030056.

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When children practice a new task, they need to learn both the task procedure and the materials tested. It is often unclear if improvements with practice reflect learning of the task procedure or familiarity with the materials. We sought to examine learning of the task procedure by switching from one set of materials to another in a working memory recognition task. We recruited 70 children (34 female, M = 11.27 years, SD = 0.62, ranging from 10.08 to 12.39) in the United States who were to remember sequences of orientations and of shapes for recognition immediately following the list. Half of the children began with orientation, an easier task, and the other half began with difficult-to-name shapes, a harder task. When children began with the easier task, the acquisition of the recognition task skill in the easy condition transferred to the more difficult task, optimizing the mean performance across tasks. Transfer was less potent when children began with the more difficult task. The results showed that sufficient practice is crucial to avoid poor initial performance, which might be important for the student’s rate of progress and task engagement.

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Higgins, Doloris N., Jeanette Tierney, Meredith Lins et Lawrence Hanrahan. « School Nurses : A Resource for Young Worker Safety ». Journal of School Nursing 20, n^o 6 (décembre 2004) : 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405040200060501.

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On average, 67 youths under age 18 die at work in the United States each year, and many more suffer work-related injuries. In 1998, an estimated 77,000 young workers suffered work injuries that required treatment in hospital emergency rooms. It is estimated that only one third of work-related injuries are seen in emergency departments; therefore, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that nearly 230,000 youths suffer work-related injuries each year. Through NIOSH’s Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) program, NIOSH investigators identified poor knowledge of child labor laws, lack of safety training and supervision, inappropriate job assignment, and lack of employer compliance with labor laws as factors contributing to young worker deaths. School nurses serve as a resource to other professionals, parents, employers, and students and can help foster safer working conditions for youth by providing these groups with young worker safety information.

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Wright, Kenicia. « An Application of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy, Gender Concordance, and Symbolic Representation in the Health Care Context ». American Review of Public Administration 52, n^o 2 (16 novembre 2021) : 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02750740211049343.

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Although the United States spends more on health care than comparable nations, many Americans suffer from poor health. Many factors are emphasized as being important for improved health outcomes, including social and economic indicators, living and working conditions, and individual-level behavior. However, I argue the overwhelming attention to male health outcomes—compared to female health outcomes—and focus on factors that are “traditionally understood” as important in shaping health are two limitations of existing health-related research. I adopt an innovative approach that combines the theory of representative bureaucracy, gender concordance, and symbolic representation to argue that increase in female physicians contribute to improved female health outcomes. Using an originally collected dataset that contains information on female physicians, health outcomes, and state and individual-level factors, I study how female physicians influence the health outcomes of non-Hispanic White women, non-Hispanic Black women, and Latinas in the United States from 2000 to 2012. The findings suggest female physicians contribute to improved health outcomes for non-Hispanic White women and non-Hispanic Black women, but not Latinas. Supplemental Analysis bolsters confidence that the findings are not the result of increased access to health care professionals. This study highlights the importance of applying the theory of representative bureaucracy and symbolic representation to health care, the promise of greater female representation in health, and the insight gleaned from incorporating intersectionality in public administration research.

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