Articles de revues : « Women – Spain – Social conditions »

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González-Juárez, Liliana, Ana Lucía Noreña-Peña et Luis Cibanal-Juan. « Immigration experience of Latin American working women in Alicante, Spain : an ethnographic study ». Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 22, n^o 5 (octobre 2014) : 857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.3559.2490.

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OBJECTIVE: to describe the experience of Latin American working women regarding immigration, taking into account the expectations and conditions in which this process takes place.METHOD: ethnographic qualitative study. Data collection was performed by means of semi-structured interviews with 24 Latin American immigrant women in Spain. The information collected was triangulated through two focal groups.RESULTS: the expectations of migrant women focus on improving family living conditions. Social support is essential for their settling and to perform daily life activities. They declare they have adapted to the settlement country, although they live with stress. They perceive they have greater sexual freedom and power with their partners but keep greater responsibility in childcare, combining that with the role of working woman.CONCLUSIONS: migrant women play a key role in the survival of households, they build and create new meanings about being a woman, their understanding of life, their social and couple relationships. Such importance is shaped by their expectations and the conditions in which the migration process takes place, as well as their work integration.

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Oso, Laura. « Transnational Social Mobility Strategies and Quality of Work among Latin-American Women Sex Workers in Spain ». Sociological Research Online 21, n^o 4 (novembre 2016) : 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.4129.

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The aim of this article is to analyse the quality of work of two of the main types of female sex work in Spain (clubs and in-call flats). In order to do so I will focus on the following working dimensions: wages, power relations, skills, alienation, health, violence, work life and stigma. Firstly, the article seeks to highlight the structural factors that condition the quality of work of Latin American female sex workers in Spain. These factors are closely connected to policies regarding migration and sex work, which foment irregular work arrangements (undocumented migrants and informal workers). Secondly, I analyse entry formats (indebted or autonomous migration) and how they impact on working conditions. Thirdly, the article considers the migrant women's work choices and the resulting living and working conditions they may encounter. I intend to show that Latin American women sex workers in Spain might opt for a certain type of work within the context of strategic decisions, as linked to their migratory and social mobility projects. These decisions have a family and a transnational scope (country of origin, country of destination). The analysis presented is based on qualitative fieldwork (semi-structured interviews) carried out in Galicia (north-west Spain).

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Briones-Vozmediano, Erica, Natalia Rivas-Quarneti, Montserrat Gea-Sánchez, Andreu Bover-Bover, Maria Antonia Carbonero et Denise Gastaldo. « The Health Consequences of Neocolonialism for Latin American Immigrant Women Working as Caregivers in Spain : A Multisite Qualitative Analysis ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 21 (9 novembre 2020) : 8278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218278.

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In Spain, most jobs available for Latin American immigrant women are in intimate labour (caregiving and domestic work). This work is usually performed under informal employment conditions. The objective of this study was to explain how the colonial logic mediates the experiences of Latin American women working in intimate labour in Spain, and the effects of such occupation on their health and wellbeing, using a decolonial theoretical framework. A multi-site secondary data analysis of qualitative data from four previous studies was performed utilizing 101 interviews with Latin American immigrant women working as caregivers in Spain. Three interwoven categories show how the dominant colonial logic in Spain creates low social status and precarious jobs, and naturalizes intimate labour as their métier while producing detrimental physical and psychosocial health consequences for these immigrant caregivers. The caregivers displayed several strategies to resist and navigate intimate labour and manage its negative impact on health. Respect and integration into the family for whom they work had a buffering effect, mediating the effects of working conditions on health and wellbeing. Based on our analysis, we suggest that employment, social, and health protection laws and strategies are needed to promote a positive working environment, and to reduce the impact of caregiving work for Latin American caregivers.

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Solanas, Judith, Ingrid Hinojosa-Alcalde, Anna Vilanova et Susanna Soler. « Is Sport Coaching a Social Sustainable Profession for Women ? Analysing the Experiences of Women Coaches in Spain ». Sustainability 14, n^o 13 (27 juin 2022) : 7846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137846.

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While there are several studies showing the importance of social sustainability in different settings (e.g., Democracy and Governance: the Role of Sport Governing Bodies, urban planning, architecture) there is a lack of studies investigating social sustainability in the sports coaching profession, and even less research has specifically addressed women coaches. Using Barron and Gauntlett’s model of social sustainability (2002), the purpose of this study was to analyze the women coaches’ experiences of their profession and the extent to which it is a sustainable livelihood for women coaches. Semi-structured interviews with 20 women coaches were conducted from a variety of sports and performance levels. From a social sustainability perspective, the women coaches’ experiences were analyzed using Barron and Gauntlett’s principles of equity, diversity, interconnectedness, and democracy and governance to ascertain their quality of life. Our findings reveal that women coaches face multiple barriers and difficult working conditions in their profession, yet they continue to be committed to coaching largely because of the strong positive interpersonal relationships and social interactions they have with their sporting community. This study shines a light on the extent to which coaching is a livable and sustainable profession for women coaches today and highlights the importance of considering social sustainability principles to improve the experiences of women in the sports coaching profession.

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Borderías, Cristina. « Conflict over Women’s Working Times on the Eve of Industrialisation : Spanish Social Reformers’ Surveys at the End of the Nineteenth Century ». Historical Review/La Revue Historique 15, n^o 1 (20 mai 2019) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.20443.

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During the last two decades of the nineteenth century, Spain experienced growing social instability. The worsening working conditions stimulated social conflict and the rise of the labour movement. In this context, the first voices in favour of state intervention in conflicts between capital and labour arose among the reformist intellectual elite. One of the first social policy measures undertaken by the state was the creation, in 1883, of the Comisión de Reformas Sociales (Commission for Social Reforms, CRS) as a consultative and advisory institution of the government on social issues. Under the influence of positivist methods of empirical sociology, the commission’s first initiative was to conduct a survey with the objective of undertaking a detailed diagnosis of the living conditions of the working population. Changing gender relations in the family and labour market, especially the conflicts over the use of women’s time, was one of the central questions in this survey. Thus, its results allow us to analyse both the discourses – by social reformers and other social groups – and the social practices of women at work in different sectors and in different parts of Spain.

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Jacques-Aviñó, Constanza, Tomàs López-Jiménez, Laura Medina-Perucha, Jeroen de Bont, Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves, Talita Duarte-Salles et Anna Berenguera. « Gender-based approach on the social impact and mental health in Spain during COVID-19 lockdown : a cross-sectional study ». BMJ Open 10, n^o 11 (novembre 2020) : e044617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044617.

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ObjectiveLockdown has impacts on people’s living conditions and mental health. The study aims to assess the relations between social impact and mental health among adults living in Spain during COVID-19 lockdown measures, taking a gender-based approach into account.Design, setting and participantsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among adults living in Spain during the lockdown of COVID-19 with an online survey from 8 April to 28 May 2020. The main variable was mental health measured by Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale for anxiety and the Patient Health Questionnaire for depression. Sex-stratified multivariate ordinal logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between social impact variables, anxiety and depression.ResultsA total of 7053 people completed this survey. A total of 31.2% of women and 17.7% of men reported anxiety. Depression levels were reported in 28.5% of women and 16.7% of men. A higher proportion of anxiety and depression levels was found in the younger population (18–35 years), especially in women. Poorer mental health was mainly related to fear of COVID-19 infection, with higher anxiety levels especially in women (adjusted ordinal OR (aOR): 4.23, 95% CI 3.68 to 4.87) and worsened economy with higher levels of depression in women (aOR: 1.51, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.84), and perceived inadequate housing to cope with lockdown was especially associated with anxiety in men (aOR: 2.53, 95% CI 1.93 to 3.44).ConclusionThe social impact of the lockdown is related to gender, age and socioeconomic conditions. Women and young people had worse mental health outcomes during lockdown. It is urgent to establish strategies for public health emergencies that include mental health and its determinants, taking a gender-based approach into account, in order to reduce health inequities.

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Cabasés, M. Àngels, et Miquel Úbeda. « Young Women, Employment and Precarity : The Face of Two Periods of Crisis in Spain (2008–2021) ». Social Sciences 11, n^o 6 (17 juin 2022) : 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060264.

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Youth employment in Spain is characterised by temporary contracts, part-time jobs, and low wages, a long-standing situation that has been further accentuated since the 2008 crisis, placing young people, especially women, in a position of vulnerability at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through different data, this article argues that young women’s working conditions have deteriorated in comparison to those of previous generations and young men, in a period in which there have been two crises that have affected youth employment. Linking the results with the main youth employment policies allows us to observe why the precarisation of Spanish youth has not been stopped.

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Suárez-Ortega, Magdalena. « Across gender. Work situations of Rural Women in the South of Spain ». Qualitative Research in Education 5, n^o 1 (28 février 2016) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/qre.2015.1814.

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Even though undeniable social changes such as gender discrimination have occurred, the forms of access to public education and employment, as well as the conditions under which these jobs are carried out, are often loaded with sexist biases.Using the biographical-narrative method and a combination of techniques and strategies for gathering and analysing information, the current paper presents an empirical longitudinal study examining the labour situation of rural women who participate in different employment -professional and guidance- training activities. The women´s perceptions and interpretations of their training and professional situations wereanalysed, as well as their opportunities related to finding a job when they completed their education. Additionally, this study examined the extent to which the public services for employment training were adequate andfunctionalfor women regarding whether these services achieved their anticipated aims.We concluded gender inequalities on the employment situation of women, and the importance of implementing urgent measures to fight against the employment crisis from an equality way.

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Suárez-Ortega, Magdalena. « Across gender. Work situations of Rural Women in the South of Spain ». Qualitative Research in Education 5, n^o 1 (28 février 2016) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/qre.2016.1814.

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Even though undeniable social changes such as gender discrimination have occurred, the forms of access to public education and employment, as well as the conditions under which these jobs are carried out, are often loaded with sexist biases.Using the biographical-narrative method and a combination of techniques and strategies for gathering and analysing information, the current paper presents an empirical longitudinal study examining the labour situation of rural women who participate in different employment -professional and guidance- training activities. The women´s perceptions and interpretations of their training and professional situations wereanalysed, as well as their opportunities related to finding a job when they completed their education. Additionally, this study examined the extent to which the public services for employment training were adequate andfunctionalfor women regarding whether these services achieved their anticipated aims.We concluded gender inequalities on the employment situation of women, and the importance of implementing urgent measures to fight against the employment crisis from an equality way.

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Addabbo, Tindara, Rosa María García-Fernández, Carmen María Llorca-Rodríguez et Anna Maccagnan. « Labor force heterogeneity and wage polarization : Italy and Spain ». Journal of Economic Studies 45, n^o 5 (8 octobre 2018) : 979–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2017-0071.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the change in the Italian and Spanish wage polarization degree in a time of economic crisis, taking into account the factors affecting labor force heterogeneity. Gender differences in the evolution of social fractures are considered by carrying out the analysis separately for males and females. Design/methodology/approach The approach by Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández (2012) on polarization is applied to the microdata provided by the EU Living Conditions Surveys (2007, 2010 and 2012). According to Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández’s approach, polarization is generated by two tendencies that contribute to the generation of social tension: the homogeneity or cohesion within group and the heterogeneity between groups. The following labor force characteristics are considered: gender, level of education, type of contract, occupational status and job status. Findings The results for Italy reveal a higher increase of polarization for women than for men from the perspective of the type of contract. In Spain, the wage polarization of women also increases more intensively compared to men from the perspectives of level of education, job status and occupational status, while in Italy the reduction of the wage polarization index by level of education can be related, above all, to an increase in overqualification of women. Originality/value While the empirical literature on polarization has made considerable investigation into employment and job polarization, this paper explores the rather less explored matter of wage polarization. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to the impact on polarization of the Great Recession.

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Narciso, Laia. « “Race”, Belonging and Emancipation : Trajectories and Views of the Daughters of Western Africa in Spain ». Social Sciences 10, n^o 4 (16 avril 2021) : 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040143.

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Young Spanish Black people born to migrant parents continue to be either invisible or problematized in public discourses, which project a monocultural and phenotypically homogeneous Europe. Research in countries with a long immigration history has shown that in the process of othering minorities, gender ideologies emerge as ethnic boundaries and feed the paternalistic treatment of women while accusing their families and communities of harming them through atavistic traditions. However, little research has focused on girls’ and young women from West African immigration and Muslim tradition in Spain, a country where they represent the first “second generation”. In order to gain a deeper insight into their processes and views, this paper describes and analyses the educational trajectories and transitions to adult life of a group of young women with these backgrounds who participated in a multilevel and narrative ethnography developed in the framework of a longitudinal and comparative project on the risk of Early Leaving of Education and Training in Europe (ELET). In the light of the conceptual contributions of the politics of belonging and intersectionality, the responsibilities regarding the conditions for gaining independence are relocated while assessing the role of the school in the processes of social mobility and the development of egalitarian aspirations in the labor market and in the family environment. The findings show how the limits encountered by these young women in their trajectories to an independent adult life are mainly produced by processes of racialization conditioned by class and gender, ironically in key spaces of social inclusion such as schools and the labor market rather than, or mainly by, an ethnic community that subjugates them.

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Yagüe-Perales, Rosa, Pau Pérez-Ledo et Isidre March-Chordà. « Analysing the Impact of the Glass Ceiling in a Managerial Career : The Case of Spain ». Sustainability 13, n^o 12 (9 juin 2021) : 6579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126579.

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The need to break down the barriers facing women in the labour market arouses great interest for reasons of social and sustainability justice. This study breaks new ground on the topic of the “glass ceiling” by assessing the evolution of gender inequality in the proportion of individuals reaching high managerial positions. The application of the csQCA method to a survey of two cohorts of Spanish graduates in management sharing the same starting conditions reveals two factors: job variety and additional education, as conditions that are usually present in a successful managerial career. Our findings confirm the prevalence of the gender gap with little progress in recent years. Women find it more difficult to promote to high managerial positions whereas being a man turns out to almost be a guarantee for eluding low managerial positions. In the context of Spain, and for sure in most other countries, the few women attaining high managerial positions still need to make a greater effort in their professional career than their male counterparts.

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Jacques-Aviñó, Constanza, Tomàs López-Jiménez, Laura Medina-Perucha, Jeroen de Bont et Anna Berenguera. « Social conditions and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown among people who do not identify with the man/woman binomial in Spain ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 8 (20 août 2021) : e0256261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256261.

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Evidence suggests that non-binary people have poorer mental and physical health outcomes, compared with people who identify within the gender binomial (man/woman). Research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health has been conducted worldwide in the last few months. It has however overlooked gender diversity. The aim of our study was to explore social and health-related factors associated with mental health (anxiety and depression) among people who do not identify with the man/woman binomial during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. A cross-sectional study with online survey, aimed at the population residing in Spain during lockdown, was conducted. Data were collected between the 8th of April until the 28th of May 2020, the time period when lockdown was implemented in Spain. Mental health was measured using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale for anxiety, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression. The survey included the question: Which sex do you identify with? The options “Man”, “Woman”, “Non-binary” and “I do not identify” were given. People who answered one of the last two options were selected for this study. Multivariate regression logistic models were constructed to evaluate the associations between sociodemographic, social and health-related factors, anxiety and depression. Out of the 7125 people who participated in the survey, 72 (1%) identified as non-binary or to not identify with another category. People who do not identify with the man/woman binomial (non-binary/I do not identify) presented high proportions of anxiety (41.7%) and depression (30.6%). Poorer mental health was associated with social-employment variables (e.g., not working before the pandemic) and health-related variables (e.g., poor or regular self-rated health). These findings suggest that social inequities, already experienced by non-binary communities before the pandemic, may deepen due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Vives-Cases, Carmen, Daniel La Parra-Casado, Erica Briones-Vozmediano, Sebastià March, Ana María García-Navas, José Miguel Carrasco, Laura Otero-García et Belén Sanz-Barbero. « Coping with intimate partner violence and the COVID-19 lockdown : The perspectives of service professionals in Spain ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 10 (21 octobre 2021) : e0258865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258865.

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Socioeconomic crisis and humanitarian disasters can cause increased stress for women who experience inter-partner violence (IPV). This study analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on this important issue, their related health and social services and working conditions from the perspectives of professionals in different sectors. Forty-three semi-structured interviews were carried out with 47 professionals (44 women and 3 men) from 40 different entities (September 2020—April 2021). This content analysis suggests that the pandemic and its associated prevention measures have had a negative impact on women exposed to IPV and their children, which affected their social wellbeing. Professionals described burnout, difficult and slow administrative processes, and problems with coordination and access to information. These negative impacts were mitigated, in part, by the work of professionals, but this suggests that a series of key strategies are needed to improve the response capacity of the service sector to IPV in situations of crisis. These improvements are related to the availability of human and material resources; an efficient coordination network between the professionals from different sectors; existence of informal support networks in the community; protocols/procedures and prior training for better implementation; and greater flexibility and accessibility of basic services that benefit women who experience IPV.

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de Diego-Cordero, Rocío, Manuel Romero-Saldaña, Ana Jigato-Calero, Bárbara Badanta, Giancarlo Lucchetti et Juan Vega-Escaño. « “Looking for Better (Job) Opportunities” : A Qualitative Analysis of the Occupational Health of Immigrants in Southern Spain ». Workplace Health & ; Safety 69, n^o 5 (29 janvier 2021) : 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920988005.

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Background: Spain hosts the fourth largest number of immigrants in Europe, resulting in a large proportion of migrant workers. To date, few studies have examined the working conditions of immigrants in Southern Spain who are known to be at risk for adverse working conditions. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of work and working conditions of immigrants living in southern Spain and to understand how these factors may affect their health. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted throughout 2019 and included 93 immigrants. Transcription, literal reading, and theoretical categorization were performed and a narrative content analysis was carried out. Results: Three themes emerged on working conditions of this study population, including social and labor-related characteristics, working conditions, and occupational health issues. Four employment sectors were most commonly occupied by these immigrants, including caregiving and food service for women and agriculture and construction for men. Most immigrants were from Latin America, unemployed or working part-time jobs, and not hired under an employment contract. Most worked in low-qualified jobs, and were exposed to occupational hazards such as falls from heights, manual handling of materials, and psychological strain. The lack of training on occupational risk prevention and labor rights was related to a low identification of work situations having a negative impact on the health of immigrants. Conclusions/Application to Practice: These findings should be taken into account by the government and public health managers to provide better assistance to immigrant workers in Europe.

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de Diego-Cordero, Rocío, Juan Vega-Escaño, Lorena Tarriño-Concejero et María Ángeles García-Carpintero-Muñoz. « The Occupational Health of Female Immigrant Caregivers : A Qualitative Approach ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 21 (25 octobre 2020) : 7807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217807.

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In general, immigrants suffer poor working conditions. This is particularly true in the case of women, who constitute 48% of international migrants, and these poor conditions are closely linked to the sectors they mainly occupy, such as domestic and care-giving services. The aim of the present study was to investigate the working conditions of the female immigrant population living in southern Spain and how these conditions may affect their health. A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and discussion groups was conducted over one year in 2019, with 61 immigrant women recruited. The sectors occupied by immigrant women were caregiving for dependent people and domestic services. Most of the female immigrants interviewed were working (63.94%), although the majority were employed in an irregular situation, with a very long working day. Among the main risks identified were biological risks, physical attacks, falls, wounds and musculoskeletal complaints related to handling patients and carrying out household chores. Most of them had not taken an occupational health test and did not report accidents occurring in the workplace for fear of losing their jobs. The main health problems were related to physical and mental health (such as musculoskeletal diseases and stress). These findings highlight the importance of making a major change in our perspective regarding the social value of including immigrant women in the labour market and the different aspects related to their health.

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Esteban-Gonzalo, Sara, Petula Sik Ying Ho, Marta Evelia Aparicio-García et Laura Esteban-Gonzalo. « Understanding the Meaning of Conformity to Feminine Norms in Lifestyle Habits and Health : A Cluster Analysis ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 4 (20 février 2020) : 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041370.

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Background: Gender roles impact different spheres of life and lead women to behavioral patterns and lifestyle habits associated with femininity, generating important differences between men and women in health. The present study analyzed relationships between conformity to the feminine norms and different lifestyle indicators: Educational level, marital status, alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption, sleeping hours, social support, and physical activity. Additionally, cluster analysis was developed in order to identify different patterns of gender role conformity. Methods: The sample was made up of 347 women age 18–70 from Spain. Data collection was conducted during 2014. Results: Multiple logistic regression analyses produced odds ratios showing that women with lower feminine role conformity were more likely to use tobacco and alcohol, but less likely to share their lives with someone. Cluster analysis found four different profiles of gender role conformity related to different patterns of alcohol consumption and marital status. Conclusions: Conformity to feminine norms was associated with basic affective conditions such as sharing life with others and with alcohol and tobacco consumption, but not with physical activity, social support, and sleep duration. Whereas tobacco and alcohol use have important health implications, public health systems should pay attention to gender-related variables in order to design and implement specific prevention programs.

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Gil-Lafuente, Anna María, Agustín Torres-Martinez, Luis Amiguet-Molina et Sefa Boria-Reverter. « GENDER EQUALITY INDEX OF THE AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES OF SPAIN : A MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS ». Technological and Economic Development of Economy 25, n^o 5 (3 juin 2019) : 915–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.10288.

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The main aim of this document is to establish a diagnosis of inequality between men and women in the autonomous communities of Spain. This study proposes a multidimensional methodology composed of 25 variables and classifies them in four dimensions: education, labor market, social conditions, and empowerment, using the subjective preference model to determine the weight of each variable. Then the four dimensions are added with equal weight to obtain a general indicator for each of the autonomous communities. Therefore, this study presents an adequate diagnosis that allows comparing the gender gap for each of the autonomous communities in any of the different issues raised: both in every dimension and at a general level. The final goal is to establish a methodological reference framework to estimate how gender equality benefits the regional economy. This estimation will be done in our next research.

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Ubalde-Lopez, Monica, Julio C. Hernando-Rodriguez, Fernando G. Benavides et Laura Serra. « Trajectories of sickness absence among salaried workers : evidence from the WORKss cohort in Catalonia (Spain), 2012-2014 ». BMJ Open 9, n^o 7 (juillet 2019) : e029092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029092.

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ObjectivesSickness absence (SA) is a widely studied integrated measure of health status. To better understand how SA behaves over time (SA trajectory) a longitudinal and individual-centred approach will allow identifying groups of individuals who share common characteristics. The aim of this study was to identify and describe SA trajectories and to assess employment conditions and diagnosis groups as determinants.SettingWorking-life and sickness absence administrative records from a representative sample of affiliated with the Spanish Social Security system.Participants38 420 workers affiliated with the Spanish Social Security system, born 1949 to 1969 or 1970 to 1990, resident in Catalonia who had SA between 2012 and 2014 (75 212 episodes).ResultsWe identified three different SA trajectories in both birth cohorts for men and women: low-stable (86.2% to 90.8% of individuals), decreasing (4.4% to 5.9% of individuals) and increasing (4.1% to 8.7% of individuals) accumulated days of SA. The main characteristic of SA trajectories was the medical diagnosis group. The increasing SA trajectory had a higher proportion of workers with SA due to mental disorders compared with the other trajectories. The association analysis showed diagnosis group strongly related with all SA trajectories, particularly SA due to mental disorders showed the strongest association with the increasing trajectory among young men (adjusted OR (aOR): 42.40, 95% CI 17.03 to 105.57). Low salary levels exhibited a strong relationship with decreased accumulation of SA days over time for old women (aOR: 2.08, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.18) and men (aOR: 2.75, 95% CI 1.77 to 4.27). Unskilled manual occupations were associated with increasing trajectories among young women (aOR: 1.36, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.84). No significant differences were observed for other employment conditions across trajectories.ConclusionsWorkers with mental disorders are more likely to have increased days of SA, whereas low salary levels at later ages are related to a decrease in SA days over time. Special attention to preventing the course of mental disorders at young and middle age is warranted.

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Fernández-Ballesteros, Rocío, et Macarena Sánchez-Izquierdo. « Health, Psycho-Social Factors, and Ageism in Older Adults in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic ». Healthcare 9, n^o 3 (1 mars 2021) : 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030256.

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Older adults are a population at risk for COVID-19. This study has two independent objectives: (1) to report the impact of COVID-19, as well as psycho-social responses during lockdown, in a sample of older adults in Spain, and (2) to explore through the review of published surveys what extent ageism has increased at the population level. The first objective was to search through an online questionnaire collecting information about self-reported health, lifestyles, psycho-social conditions, and a diversity of concerns. This questionnaire was administered to a volunteer sample of 315 older Spanish men and women (301 COVID-19-free and 14 diagnosed with COVID-19). All individuals reported that they had information about the COVID-19 pandemic. Their self-perception of health was also quite good, most maintaining healthy lifestyles and few reporting unhealthy behaviors. They reported few changes in family and interpersonal relations during lockdown. Those diagnosed with COVID-19 reported higher levels of anxiety, irritation, and fear, in comparison with the COVID-19-free group. Interestingly, instead of being concerned about health, the greatest concern in both groups (COVID-free and those diagnosed with COVID) were politics and the future. Our second objective, to explore ageism during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, was examined across various surveys conducted in several populations by several authors. Results showed an increase in ageism in Spain. Although some new information about health perception, psychosocial responses, and concerns during this unknown stressful situation was obtained, much more research with representative samples is required in order to arrive at more accurate conclusions.

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López-López, Daniel, Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, Patricia Palomo-López, David Rodríguez-Sanz, Juan Manuel Brandariz-Pereira et César Calvo-Lobo. « Evaluation of foot health related quality of life in individuals with foot problems by gender : a cross-sectional comparative analysis study ». BMJ Open 8, n^o 10 (octobre 2018) : e023980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023980.

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ObjectiveFoot problems (FP) may be considered to be a prevalent conditions in people but there is limited evidence of their effect on the quality of life (QoL) related to foot health in men and women. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of FPs on both overall foot health and QoL, stratified by gender.DesignA cross sectional study.SettingClinic of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery at University of A Coruña in the city of Ferrol (Spain).SubjectsThe sample consisted of 1647 participants with FP; the total population of the sample had a mean age of 43.24±19.89 years, with mean ages 44.09±21.36 years and 42.94±19.34 years for men and women, respectively.MethodsMeasurement of sociodemographic characteristics include age, sex and body mass index. The Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) was used to evaluate the general health and foot health. Differences between groups were evaluated by means of a t-test for independent samples.ResultsWomen with FP showed significantly lower scores in the domains of Foot Pain, Foot Function, Footwear, General Foot Health, Physical Activity and Vigour, and there was no difference compared with men in the domains of Overall Health and Social Capacity.ConclusionsWomen with FP present a negative impact on QoL related to foot health as compared with men except in the domains of Overall Health and Social Capacity, which appears to be associated with the presence of foot conditions.

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Ruiz de Viñaspre-Hernández, Regina, Iván Santolalla-Arnedo, Rosana Garrido-Santamaría, Michał Czapla, Clara Isabel Tejada-Garrido, Juan Luis Sánchez-González, Esther Sapiña-Beltrán et al. « Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Women’s Satisfaction with Their Sexual Life and Its Relationship with the Use of Psychotropic Drugs : A Cross-Sectional Study ». Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, n^o 9 (21 avril 2022) : 2320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092320.

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Sexual satisfaction (SS) is defined as an affective response arising from one’s subjective evaluation of the positive and negative dimensions associated with one’s sexual relationship. It is an important indicator of health. In women, SS has an important personal component consisting of the physical experiences of pleasure and the positive feelings and emotions that they experience in their affective-sexual relationships. The socioeconomic position is determined by income, educational level, and work, and it conditions women’s sexual health. We aimed to assess whether social determinants of health (income, education, work, and gender) are associated with women’s sexual satisfaction and to identify whether the impact of social determinants on sexual satisfaction differs with psychotropic consumption. We conducted a cross-sectional study designed to assess the association between variables related to the social determinants of health (work, education, income, and gender) and sexual satisfaction in women of reproductive age in La Rioja (Spain). The women in this study ranged in age from 17 to 52 years, with a mean age of 33.4 (Standar Deviation 8.6). Most were Spanish (82.9%), had undertaken non-compulsory specialized education (84%), and worked (72.7%). Regarding their relationships, 87% maintained monogamous relationships, 84.5% had stable relationships, and 65.7% lived with their partners. In total, 12.3% of the women were taking psychotropic drugs prescribed for the treatment of anxiety and/or depression. We observed that SS is significantly lower among women who have only undertaken compulsory education (Student-t = −4.745; p < 0.01), in those who have unstable affective-sexual relationships (Student-t = −2.553; p < 0.01), and in those who take psychotropic drugs (Student-t = −4.180, p < 0.01). We conclude that the social determinants of health such as education, not continuing to study beyond compulsory education, gender, and taking psychoactive drugs have a significant impact on women’s degree of satisfaction with their sexual life.

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Gas Barrachina, Silvia. « Revisión de la figura femenina en la España Moderna a través de su representación en la pintura = Review of the female figure in Modern Spain through her representation in painting ». FEMERIS : Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género 3, n^o 1 (5 février 2018) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2018.4073.

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Resumen. El arte, en este caso la pintura, constituye una fuente histórica que permite el estudio de la situación de las mujeres en determinados contextos históricos. Ninguna obra es creada de forma inocente, sino que está condicionada por la mirada de la persona que la produce. La pintura, en su dimensión vitalista, comprende una respuesta estética a una realidad en la que infieren de forma consciente o inconsciente la identidad del artista, así como el espacio político, social y económico en el que se desarrolla. De la misma forma ocurre con la repetición de temáticas y modelos de representación, no aluden a simples modas, ya que se generan en una sociedad determinada. Por tanto, a través del análisis de obras protagonizadas por mujeres se pretende mostrar los modelos femeninos que prevalecen en España en la década de 1920, época significativa respecto a la cuestión femenina. Así como la importancia de la mirada de el/la artista a la hora de representar figuras femeninas. Mientras que los artistas varones siguen situando a las mujeres como objetos de representación, las mujeres usan el arte como medio reivindicativo, situándose como sujetos creadores.Palabras clave: arte, mujeres, iconografía, España, años veinte.Abstract. Art, in this case paint, is a historical source that allows the study of the situation of women in certain historical contexts. No piece of art is created innocently; moreover, the perspective of the person who creates it conditions it. Painting, in its vitality dimension, comprises an aesthetic response to a reality in which consciously or unconsciously the identity of the artist, political, social and economic space infer. Something similar happens with the repetition of topics and models of representation, which do not refer to mere fashions, mostly because they are generated in a given society. Therefore, through the analysis of works that feature women, the objective is to show female models prevailing in Spain in the 1920s, as well as the importance of the perspective of the artist, both male and female, when representing female figures. While male artists continue using women as objects of representation, women use art as a means of protest, portraying themselves as creative subjects.Keywords: art, women, iconography, Spain, 1920s.

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Marí-Dell’Olmo, Marc, Ana M. Novoa, Lluís Camprubí, Andrés Peralta, Hugo Vásquez-Vera, Jordi Bosch, Jordi Amat et al. « Housing Policies and Health Inequalities ». International Journal of Health Services 47, n^o 2 (28 décembre 2016) : 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731416684292.

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A large body of literature shows the link between inadequate housing conditions and poor physical and mental health. The aim of this paper is to summarize the research on the impact of local housing policies on health inequalities, focusing on the issues of access to housing and fuel poverty as studied in the SOPHIE project. Our case studies in Spain showed that people facing housing insecurity, experienced intense levels of mental distress. We found that access to secure and adequate housing can improve the health of these populations, therefore, public policies that address housing instability and their consequences are urgently needed. Housing conditions related to fuel poverty are associated with poorer health and are unevenly distributed across Europe. We found possible positive effects of façade insulation interventions on cold-related mortality in women living in social housing; but not in men. Policies on housing energy efficiency can reduce the health consequences of fuel poverty, but need to be free to users, target the most vulnerable groups and be adaptable to their needs.

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Kovacek-Stanic, Gordana. « Biomedically assisted reproduction and child birth : Surrogate motherhood in comparative European law and Serbia ». Stanovnistvo 51, n^o 1 (2013) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1301001k.

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Surrogate motherhood is an arrangement in which a woman agrees to carry and deliver a child for another couple who ordered the pregnancy. This procedure is applied today in Great Britain, Holland (although without legal regulations), Israel, Greece, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, the USA and Australia, and it is forbidden in France, Austria, Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Slovenia. There are two types of surrogacy, one when the woman gives birth to a child who is genetically her own ("partial", genetic surrogacy), and the other where the surrogate mother only carries and gives birth to a child, whereby the child is genetically from the couple that wanted the child, or the fertilized egg is from a third woman (donor), or the embryo was donated ("full", "total", gestational surrogacy). In these cases two women take part in conception and birth of the child while in the last case there is a third woman who will raise the child. Biologically observed, the woman whose egg has been fertilized may be called the genetic mother, while the woman who carried the pregnancy and gave birth to the child - the gestational carrier. Taking into consideration that the Preliminary Draft of the Serbian Civil Law anticipates the introduction of surrogate motherhood into domestic law, we believe restrictive solutions should first be taken into consideration. This would mean that only full surrogating should be allowed, namely the egg should be from the woman who wants the child and not the surrogate mother. In domestic conditions, genetic surrogation should not be allowed as it leads to confusion in family relations, and kinships still have an important social and legal significance in our country. The surrogate mother should be a woman who has already given birth, because in that way any possible shocks which might arise after birth when the woman who has to handover the child to the intended couple would be avoided. The next condition would be that persons involved in this procedure should have usual residency in Serbia so as to prevent any international complications or problems. As far as compensation is concerned, only compensation of so-called reasonable expenses which the surrogate mother would incur should be allowed. The surrogate contract should be approved by a court judge, who would have the obligation to determine if all legal conditions have been fulfilled for surrogate motherhood, and to explain the contract effects to the contracting parties. Apart from that, psycho-social counselling of all persons involved in the procedure should be anticipated.

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Urtaran-Laresgoiti, M., Y. González-Rábago, U. Martín, A. Rivadeneyra-Sicilia et M. Morteruel. « Health and health inequalities impact assessment for non-clinical measures to control COVID-19 in the Basque Country and Navarre (Spain) ». Journal of Public Health Research 11, n^o 3 (juillet 2022) : 227990362211100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22799036221110020.

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This article describes the results of a health and health inequalities impact assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic control measures in the regions of the Basque Country and Navarre in Spain. A literature review was conducted on Pubmed and Web of Science (WoS) databases, in addition to individual semi-structured interviews and focus groups with experts, key informants and different profiles of citizens. A wide variety of social determinants of health have been affected by the measures, which included individual health-related behaviors, service disruption in formal care, educational settings, and health care provision. These changes have particularly affected certain population groups including children and adolescents, older people, those with health conditions and disabilities together with caregivers, women, as well as people with low levels of education, income, and resources. In future scenarios it will be necessary to pay attention to the potential impacts of policy responses on health inequalities to avoid an increase in existing health gaps.

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García-Hedrera, Fernando J., Fernanda Gil-Almagro, F. Javier Carmona-Monge, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente, Patricia Catalá-Mesón et Lilian Velasco-Furlong. « Intensive care unit professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain : social and work-related variables, COVID-19 symptoms, worries, and generalized anxiety levels ». Acute and Critical Care 36, n^o 3 (31 août 2021) : 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00213.

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Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak has been identified as a pandemic and global health emergency. It presents as a severe acute respiratory disease. The rapid dissemination of the disease created challenges for healthcare systems and forced healthcare workers (HCWs) to deal with many clinical and nonclinical stresses. The aim of our research is to describe work conditions, symptoms experienced by HCWs, worries about contagion, and generalized anxiety symptoms and compare those findings across regions in Spain. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey. Critical care units throughout Spain were included. The sample comprised HCWs working in intensive care units from March to May 2020. We assessed work variables, physical symptoms, worries about contagion, and anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder-7 questionnaire). Results: The final sample comprised 448 surveys. Among the respondents, 86.9% (n=389) were nursing professionals, and 84.8% (n=380) were women. All participants cared for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during the study period. Workload during the pandemic in Madrid was judged to be higher than in other regions (P<0.01). The availability of personal protective equipment was found to be higher in Cataluña. The most frequently experienced symptom was headaches (78.1%). Worries about self-infection and the possibility of infecting others received mean scores of 3.11 and 3.75, respectively. Mean scores for generalized anxiety levels were 11.02, with 58.7% of the professionals presenting with generalized anxiety syndrome during the assessment. Conclusions: In this study, we found high levels of anxiety among HCWs caring directly for COVID-19 patients, which could produce long-term psychological alterations that still need to be assessed.

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Cano-Hila, Ana Belén. « Understanding Social Inclusion in Contemporary Society : Challenges, Reflections, Limitations, and Proposals ». Social Inclusion 10, n^o 2 (20 avril 2022) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i2.5090.

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In 2015, the UN approved the 2030 agenda on sustainable development, intending to bridge—and eventually close—the gaps that divide our societies. These 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) are presented as a master plan that covers the most painful global challenges to a knowledgeable and inclusive society. In this thematic issue we look more incisively into goals no. 1 (no poverty), no. 4 (quality of education and inclusive education), no. 10 (reduced inequalities), and no. 11 (sustainable cities and communities) of the agenda. Social inequalities have drastically intensified after the 2008 financial crisis and the period of austerity that followed, especially among the poorest people and in the most vulnerable communities. Nowadays particularly, with the Covid‐19 pandemic, these gaps seem to be growing. Against this background, this thematic issue aims to capture, make visible, understand, and analyze how social actors are organizing themselves and collaborating amongst each other in order to help attenuate and satisfy dramatic emerging social needs and improve living conditions, especially among the most vulnerable social groups, in uncertain times of crisis. We focus particularly on two main thematic blocks: social inclusion axes on the one hand (formal, non‐formal, and informal education, participation, leisure time, and culture) and vulnerable groups on the other (including children, adolescents, youth, women, the elderly, people with disabilities, and migrants). Contributions to this thematic issue offer interesting conceptual, methodological, and empirical approaches to the study of social inclusion and social inclusive experiences in contemporary societies in uncertain times, particularly in Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and Brazil.

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Vázquez-Barquero, J. L., J. F. Díez-Manrique, C. Peña, J. Aldama, C. Samaniego Rodríguez, J. Menéndez Arango et C. Mirapeix. « A community mental health survey in Cantabria : a general description of morbidity ». Psychological Medicine 17, n^o 1 (février 1987) : 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700013118.

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SynopsisA two-stage mental illness survey of a random sample of persons aged 17 years and over from a rural community in Cantabria, Spain, is described. In the first stage newly qualified doctors and final year medical students interviewed 1223 respondents (583 males and 640 females) at their homes, using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-60) and other psychopathological and social questionnaires. In the second stage senior psychiatrists carried out an at-home interview on a sample composed of all those who in the first stage scored above the cut-off point on the GHQ, and of a similar number of persons selected at random from two independent batches of below-threshold scorers on the GHQ. Because of this design the prevalence figures have to be weighted in order to represent the whole first stage sample.Of the total population, 14·7% (8·1% of the men and 20·6% of the women) had psychiatric disorders as defined by the PSE-ID system. In males depression accounted for about twice as many cases as anxiety states, but in females there was a predominance of a combination of anxiety, phobic and obsessive conditions. Men presented a higher prevalence of disorders over the age of 35, with a peak around the age of forty, while in women the rise of prevalence was over the age of 45. There was, however, no significant association with marital status.Unemployment was related to mental illness in males but not in females, while the reverse was true of the type of work. In both sexes the presence of children under fourteen in the household was not related to a rise in prevalence. Women exhibited a high rate of mental illness in the low educational level and in the low social and religious integration groups, but in men a rise in prevalence was found in the low social status, low educational level and low social integration groups. Lastly, in both sexes the presence of physical illness was related to mental disorders.

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Silva-Peñaherrera, Michael, Paula Santiá et Fernando G. Benavides. « Informal Employment and Poor Mental Health in a Sample of 180,260 Workers from 13 Iberoamerican Countries ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 13 (27 juin 2022) : 7883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137883.

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The aim of this study is to estimate the association between employment conditions and mental health status in the working population of Iberoamerica. In this cross-sectional study, we pooled individual-level data from nationally representative surveys across 13 countries. A sample of 180,260 workers was analyzed. Informality was assessed by social security, health affiliation, or contract holding. Mental health was assessed using several instruments. We used Poisson regression models to estimate the contribution of informality to poor mental health by sex and country, adjusted by sociodemographic and work-related characteristics. Then, we performed a meta-analysis pooling of aggregate data using a random-effects inverse-variance model. Workers in informal employments showed a higher adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of poor mental health than those in formal employment in Peru (aPR men 1.5 [95% confidence intervals 1.16; 1.93]), Spain (aPR men 2.2 [1.01; 4.78]) and Mexico (aPR men 1.24 [1.04; 1.47]; women 1.39 [1.18; 1.64]). Overall estimates showed that workers in informal employment have a higher prevalence of poor mental health than formal workers, with it being 1.19 times higher (aPR 1.19 [1.02; 1.39]) among men, and 1.11 times higher prevalence among women (aPR 1.11 [1.00; 1.23]). Addressing informal employment could contribute to improving workers’ mental health.

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Ilczak, Tomasz, Małgorzata Rak, Kacper Sumera, Carl Robert Christiansen, Esther Navarro-Illana, Pasi Alanen, Juha Jormakka et al. « Differences in Perceived Occupational Stress by Demographic Characteristics, of European Emergency Medical Services Personnel during the COVID-19 Virus Pandemic—An International Study ». Healthcare 9, n^o 11 (19 novembre 2021) : 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111582.

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Objectives: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought commercial, social, and economic consequences in every country that has experienced substantial SARS-CoV-2 infection rates. The complete change in the environment that took place due to the outbreak of the pandemic can lead to stressful situations, especially among healthcare personnel. Material and methods: The research were conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic between the 27 March 2020 and the 20 April 2020. The research included 1984 employees of emergency medical systems in seven European countries. An internet-based questionnaire format was adopted for the study (ΩMc-Donald > 0.7). Results: The highest level of stress was experienced by personnel in the United Kingdom M = 4.03, and the lowest by Norwegian employees M = 2.89. High levels of stress were also experienced by nurses from Spain and Poland. Women actively working in the healthcare system during the pandemic experienced higher stress levels than men. Conclusions: Women working in European emergency medical systems are more vulnerable to work-related stress, while carrying out emergency medical procedures during the pandemic. Differences in the level of stress experienced while carrying out duties in pre-hospital conditions were only found among Spanish emergency medical system personnel.

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Almaraz, David, Jesús Saiz, Florentino Moreno Martín, Iván Sánchez-Iglesias, Antonio J. Molina, Tamara L. Goldsby et David H. Rosmarin. « Religiosity, Emotions and Health : The Role of Trust/Mistrust in God in People Affected by Cancer ». Healthcare 10, n^o 6 (18 juin 2022) : 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061138.

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Trust in God implies the conviction that God looks after a person’s own interests. The first evidence of a relationship between this construct and people’s psychological and emotional health dates back several centuries. However, the literature on this is limited, especially for people with physical health conditions, such as cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to test the relationships between trust/mistrust in God, social support and emotions in people affected by cancer. The sample consisted of 177 women and men in Spain diagnosed with cancer. The instruments used were the Trust/Mistrust in God Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were performed to compare several explanatory models for the dependent variables: positive and negative emotions. The results show significant relationships between all variables. It was observed that, when trust/mistrust in God is included in the model, only mistrust in God predicts both types of emotions. In addition, both social support and some sociodemographic variables help to predict the dependent variables. This study shows that valuing the religiosity and spirituality of oncology patients in healthcare settings can have a significant positive impact on the health of these individuals. Moreover, it represents an important approach to the study of trust/mistrust in God in the context of a traditionally Catholic country.

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Mérida Serrano, Rosario, Ana Panzuela García, Miguel Muñoz Moya et María Elena González-Alfaya. « Motivaciones y obstáculos en la práctica del fútbol femenino en Córdoba (Motivations and obstacles in the practice of female football in Córdoba (Spain)) ». Retos 46 (28 septembre 2022) : 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.88305.

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El objetivo que orienta este trabajo es identificar qué motivaciones y obstáculos perciben las mujeres futbolistas de fútbol de competición. Para ello se exploran los orígenes del fútbol, entendido como deporte exclusivamente masculino, así como sus repercusiones en la escasa presencia de las mujeres en los clubes de fútbol en la actualidad. En el estudio se aplica un método cuantitativo, mediante la aplicación de la escala denominada ESOFUM (Escala de análisis de las motivaciones y los obstáculos de las mujeres para la práctica de fútbol competitivo) a 189 jugadoras pertenecientes a siete . Se lleva a cabo un análisis descriptivo e inferencial de los datos derivados de la escala elaborada ad hoc. Los resultados fueron: (1) La principal motivación que manifiestan las mujeres para practicar fútbol competitivo es la búsqueda de su bienestar personal –salud, aspecto físico, equilibrio psicológico e interacción social-; y (2) Los estereotipos de género derivados de una cultura patriarcal vinculados a la feminidad y a la maternidad, junto con las pésimas condiciones económicas y laborales que afectan a la práctica del fútbol femenino profesional, obstaculizan la práctica profesional de este deporte por parte de las mujeres. Por los beneficios que genera, es necesario promover acciones, y que estas se adapten a las características y demandas de las jugadoras, que dignifiquen su práctica y transformen la visión masculinizada que existe actualmente de este deporte. Abstract. The main goal that guides this work is to identify what motivations and obstacles women football players perceive in the practice of competitive football. For this purpose, the origins of football, understood as an exclusively male sport, are explored, as well as its repercussions on the scarce presence of women in today's competitive football clubs. The study is based on a quantitative method by applying the ESOFUM scale (Scale of analysis of the motivations and obstacles of women for the practice of competitive football) to 189 players from seven clubs in the province of Córdoba (Spain). A descriptive and inferential analysis of the data derived from the ad hoc scale is carried out. The following results were drawn: (1) What motivates women primarily to play competitive football is the pursuit of their personal well-being -health, physical appearance, psychological balance and social interaction; and (2) Gender stereotypes derived from a patriarchal culture, linked to femininity and motherhood, together with the poor economic and working conditions that affect the practice of professional women's football, hinder the professional practice of this sport by women. Due to the multiple benefits that this sport generates, it is necessary to promote measures, and that these be adapted to the characteristics and demands of the female players, that dignify their efforts and transform the masculinised vision of this sport that still exists in our society nowadays.

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Yamashita, Takashi, Darren Liu, Betty Burston et Jennifer Keene. « Health Literacy and Health Conditions at the Intersections of Gender and Race in Later Life ». Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2021) : 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3153.

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Abstract The benefits of health literacy are well-documented. Health literacy is a set of skills to locate, understand, and use health-related information to make optimal health decisions. However, relatively less is known about the long-term relationship between health literacy and overall health conditions among older adults. Additionally, health literacy and health at the intersection of gender and race/ethnicity, rather than gender and race separately, are yet to be investigated. This study analyzed sub-samples (n = 1,260 adults age 50+) of the 2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) health literacy module data, and the 2012, 2014, and 2016 HRS data to examine the trajectories of health based on eight physical and mental conditions (0-8 points: better-worse) among older adults. Latent growth curve mixture models were used to investigate the changes in health and six groups defined by gender (women and men) and race/ethnicity (White, Black, and Hispanic). Results showed that overall health deteriorated over time (latent-slope = 0.19, p < 0.001) but the trajectories were diverse (latent-slope variance = 0.06, p < 0.001). Greater health literacy (0-5 points: worse-best scaling), which was measured with a validated scale, was associated with better overall health only among White women and men. Notably, White women received the baseline health benefits (b = -0.20, p < 0.05) from health literacy whereas Black women (b = 0.09, p > 0.05) did not [Δb = 0.09 -(-0.20) = 0.29, p < 0.05]. Other detailed comparisons, theoretical explanations, and public health policy implications for diverse older populations were evaluated.

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Garcia-Ramirez, Manuel, Belen Soto-Ponce, María J. Albar-Marín, Daniel La Parra-Casado, Dena Popova et Raluca Tomsa. « RoMoMatteR : Empowering Roma Girls’ Mattering through Reproductive Justice ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 22 (17 novembre 2020) : 8498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228498.

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Aim: To present a protocol study directed at tackling gender discrimination against Roma girls by empowering their mattering so they can envision their own futures and choose motherhood only if—and when—they are ready. Background: Motherhood among Roma girls (RGM) in Europe impoverishes their lives, puts them at risk of poor physical and mental health and precipitates school dropouts. Overwhelming evidence affirms that the conditions of poverty and the social exclusionary processes they suffer have a very important explanatory weight in their sexual and reproductive decisions. Methods: Through a Community-based Participatory Action Research design, 20–25 Roma girls will be recruited in each one of the four impoverished communities in Bulgaria, Romania and Spain. Data collection and analysis: Desk review about scientific evidences and policies will be carried out to frame the problem. Narratives of Roma women as well as baseline and end line interviews of girl participants will be collected through both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Quantitative data will be gathered through reliable scales of mattering, socio–political agency, satisfaction with life and self. A narrative analysis of the qualitative information generated in the interviews will be carried out. Expected results: (1) uncover contextual and psychosocial patterns of girl-motherhood among Roma women; (2) build critical thinking among Roma girls to actively participate in all decisions affecting them and advocate for their own gender rights within their communities; and (3) empower Roma girls and their significant adults to critically evaluate their own initiatives and provide feedback to their relevant stakeholders. Conclusions: Roma girls will improve their educational aspirations and achievements and their social status while respecting and enhancing Roma values.

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Pardo-Garcia, Isabel, Roberto Martinez-Lacoba et Francisco Escribano-Sotos. « Socioeconomic Factors Related to Job Satisfaction among Formal Care Workers in Nursing Homes for Older Dependent Adults ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 4 (23 février 2021) : 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042152.

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Population ageing is increasing the demand for dependent care. Aged care nursing homes are facilities that provide formal care for dependent older persons. Determining the level of job satisfaction among workers in nursing homes and the associated factors is key to enhancing their well-being and the quality of care. A cross-sectional survey was administered online to nursing home workers (n = 256) in an inland region of Spain over the period from February to May 2017. The questionnaire collected data on sociodemographic variables and others related to training and job satisfaction. The results show that most of the care is delivered by women with a medium level of education. A total of 68% of workers had received formal training, although a significant percentage (65%) thought this was not useful. The highest level of satisfaction was found to be related to users and co-workers. Our factor analysis revealed that the satisfaction components are decision-making, working conditions—e.g., schedule—and the work environment—e.g., relationship with coworkers—. Length of service and working with highly dependent persons are negatively associated with these components. Working in social health care is negatively related to decision-making and working conditions. Training, in contrast, is positively associated with these components. Care is a job that requires appropriate training and preparation to provide quality assistance and to guarantee workers’ well-being.

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Ficapal-Cusí, Pilar, Angel Díaz-Chao, Milagros Sainz-Ibáñez et Joan Torrent-Sellens. « Gender inequalities in job quality during the recession ». Employee Relations 40, n^o 1 (2 janvier 2018) : 2–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-07-2016-0139.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse gender differences in job quality during the first years of the economic crisis in Spain. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses microdata from the Quality of Working Life Survey. A representative sample of 5,381 and 4,925 Spanish employees (men and women) in 2008 and 2010, and a two-stage structural equation modelling (SEM) are empirically tested. Findings The study revealed three main results. First, the improvement in job quality was more favourable to men than it was to women. Second, the gender differences in the explanation of job quality increased considerably in favour of men. Third, this increase in gender-related job inequality in favour of men is explained by a worsening of 4 of the 5 explanatory dimensions thereof: intrinsic job quality; work organisation and workplace relationships; working conditions, work intensity and health and safety at work; and extrinsic rewards. Only inequality in the work-life balance dimension remained stable. Research limitations/implications The availability of more detailed microdata for other countries and new statistical methods for analysing causal relationships, particularly SEM-PLS, would allow new approaches to be taken. Social implications Public policy measures required to fight against gender inequalities are discussed. Originality/value The paper contributes to enrich the understanding of the multidimensional and gender-related determinants of job quality and, in particular, of studying the effects of the first years of the economic crisis.

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Fouskas, Theodoros. « Sociological Perspectives of Migrant Health Disparities and Access to Healthcare Services during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic : Voices of Immigrant and Refugee Women in Greece ». International Journal of Non-Profit Sector Empowerment 2, n^o 1 (2 janvier 2023) : e32592. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/npse.32592.

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As the COVID-19 pandemic, as grew into a global health crisis, it created perilous and uncertain situations for vulnerable groups such as migrants, asylum seekers and refugees in the context of measures restricting mobility, social, economic, and educational life. This article, using the fields Sociology of Migration and Sociology of Health, focuses on female immigrants and refugees and their health and access to healthcare services in Greece. According to the results of in-depth interviews, based on the findings of two research projects carried out between 2020-2022 during the COVID-19 pandemic: “Voices of Immigrant Women” (VIW) project (Erasmus+ 2020-1-ES01-KA203-082364) (2020-2022) and “Local Alliance for Integration (LION/GSRI/University of West Attica/81018): Migrant and Refugee integration into local societies in times of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain and Greece” (2021-2022) implementing a qualitative methodology, migrant and refugee women migrants are entrapped in a frame of invisibility, precarious living and exploitative working conditions and discrimination. On the one hand, one of the greatest challenges that Greece is currently facing is the existence of significant disparities in the health services provided to the population in general, and on the other hand, the problem is particularly severe for migrants. The research emphasizes that the health services to female immigrants and refugees are included in an elliptical system of Public Health policy which fails to address significant claims and fields while the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified vulnerability.

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Morton, Patricia. « Gender Differences in Avoiding Later-Life Disability : A Life Course Perspective ». Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2021) : 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.776.

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Abstract Identifying the early origins of adult health has underscored how experiences in the earliest stages of life can have lasting consequences. Whereas most research on the early origins of adult health has linked childhood conditions to worse health in adulthood, this study considered whether childhood conditions are associated with healthy aging. Guided by the World Health Organization’s emphasis on functional ability as a core component of healthy aging, the present study investigated the association between childhood social conditions and avoiding later-life limitations in basic and instrumental activities of daily living, referred to as disability-free status. This study also tested potential health-related and socioeconomic mediators and examined whether these life course antecedents of healthy aging vary by gender. Analyzing a sample of 9,376 adults over age 50 from the Health and Retirement Study over 10 years (2006-2016) revealed that childhood socioeconomic disadvantage reduced the odds of avoiding disability over time. For women, adult health lifestyles mediated this relationship whereas adult socioeconomic status (SES) mediated this relationship for men. Conditional indirect effects indicated that the mediational effects of body mass and education differed between men and women (i.e., moderated mediation). The direct effects of childhood and adult SES also varied by gender. These results demonstrate that the life course antecedents, especially SES, of healthy aging are distinct for men and women. Interventions should prioritize reducing early-life exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage, especially for women. Given the gendered differences in the mediating effects, midlife interventions can be tailored for men and women.

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Simpura, Jussi, et Thomas Karlsson. « Trends in drinking patterns among adult population in 15 European countries, 1950 to 2000 : a review ». Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, n^o 1_suppl (février 2001) : 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101801s08.

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Jussi Simpura & Thomas Karlsson: Trends in drinking patterns among adult population in 15 European countries, 1950 to 2000: a review Under the auspices of the European Comparative Alcohol Study (ECAS), data was compiled on trends in drinking patterns from 15 European countries (EU member countries, Luxembourg excluded, and Norway) from 1950 to 2000. This review is based on existing survey data on adult population. It turned out that (a) only a few countries (Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden) have data on drinking patterns in the 1950s and 1960s, but (b) an increasing number of countries have drinking habit surveys from the 1970s and 1980s onwards (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom) and (c) in the 1990s, almost all EU member countries have conducted surveys with data on drinking patterns (France, Greece, Italy, and Portugal, while Belgium remains the only country with very little data available). The data is, however, too scarce to say anything very certain about trends and the possible homogenisation of drinking patterns. Six indicators were studied in more detail. Abstinence rates fell in the 1960s in the traditionally abstinent Northern European countries, and later among women in the Mediterranean countries. Women's share of drinking also increased in the Northern European countries in the 1970s, but not necessarily elsewhere. With decreasing alcohol consumption in the Mediterranean countries, this means that per capita alcohol consumption among women may well have decreased, too. With a few exceptions, 30 to 50-year-olds were the age group with the highest alcohol consumption. The age distribution showed no general trends. Data on the shape of the population distribution of alcohol consumption was scarce, except for a few countries where the shape did not suggest any systematic changes. Also, data on binge drinking (high intake per single occasion) was mostly scarce, and again, the findings from the few countries with sufficient data showed remarkable stability. Remarkably slow changes were also evident in specific drinking contexts. There may be some signs of slow homogenisation of drinking patterns between the 15 European countries, but the differences are still notable. The main conclusion is that changes in drinking patterns are slow, even amidst rapidly changing living conditions. The natural time scale for such changes is not a few years or even a decade, but a generation.

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Upenieks, Laura, et Yingling Liu. « Marital Strain and Support and Subjective Well-Being in Later Life : Ascribing a Role to Early-Life Conditions ». Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2021) : 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1571.

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Abstract Decades of research have the beneficial effects of marital support and the detrimental consequences of marital strain on health and well-being. However, we know relatively less about how circumstances in childhood—a key developmental period of the life course—influence the relational structure in which later life is embedded and any implications this may hold for well-being. We integrate the life course perspective with the stress process model to offer a framework for how childhood conditions (childhood happiness, family structure, and financial strain) moderate the relationship between marital support/strain and subjective well-being in older adulthood in potentially different ways for men and women. The consequences of marital strain may be more severe and the benefits of marital support may not be as strongly felt for those adults who experienced greater adversity during childhood. Drawing on longitudinal data from Waves 2 (2010-2011) and 3 (2015-2016) of the NSHAP project (N = 1,376), results from lagged dependent variable models suggest that marital support buffers the effect of not living with both parents in childhood on subjective well-being for men. Meanwhile, women raised in families that experienced financial hardship reported lower subjective well-being in the context of marital strain in later life. No significant interaction effects were obtained for childhood happiness. Taken together, our findings suggest that adverse experiences in childhood can be scarring, particularly in the context of strained intimate relationships. However, a supportive marriage can, in some cases, offset the effects of childhood hardship on subjective well-being in later life.

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Rooks, Ronica, et Allison Leanage. « Health and Working Beyond Retirement Age : Exploring Racial and Gender Intersectionality ». Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2021) : 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2182.

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Abstract Little longitudinal research exists on health and working among older racial and ethnic minority adults. Following previous cross-sectional research, we examine the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (HABC) study comparing working vs. not working overtime among older adults. We hypothesize: 1) Black vs. White adults are more likely to work; 2) Black vs. White differences in working are greater among women than men; and 3) Working relates to fewer prevalent health problems than not working. We used gender-stratified descriptive statistics and generalized mixed-effects logistic regression with covariate adjustments to analyze the HABC cohort study, with community-dwelling, well-functioning Black (42%) and White older adults aged 70-79 in year 1 (n=3,069) to year 6 (n=2,091). We found support for all three hypotheses. Black vs. White adults were more likely to work overtime. Women were less likely to work overtime compared to men. White women were less likely to keep working compared to men and Black women. Lastly, older adults with fewer chronic conditions were more likely to continue working. Our study finds racial and gender differences among older adults working overtime. Intersectionality plays a role in older adults’ health and work disparities, leading us to explore the needs and/or benefits of working past retirement in specific groups. Our policy implication is for society to pro-actively invest in older adults’ health and productive activities, which may act as social determinants of health solutions to reduce disparities and growing social safety net program costs.

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Albala, Cecilia, Carlos Marquez, Barbara Angel, Rodrigo Saguez et Lydia Lera. « FRAILTY AND OSTEOARTHRITIS IN OLDER CHILEANS ». Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022) : 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2119.

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Abstract The adverse consequences on health of frailty, make it early diagnostic very important. The coexistence of frailty with osteoarthritis, a frequent condition especially in older women, has been less studied Objective. to study the association between frailty and self-reported osteoarthritis. Methods: Cross-sectional study in994 people65 years and older (72.1%women, mean age72y±6.7) from the Alexandros cohort, designed to study disability associated with obesity in community-dwelling people60y and older living in Santiago/Chile. The frailty phenotype was defined as having ≥3 from the5 following criteria: weak handgrip dynamometry, unintentional weight loss, fatigue/exhaustion, five chair-stands/slow walking speed and low physical activity. Self-reported osteoarthritis was registered.We found a prevalence of osteoarthritis was much higher in women than in men (49.4% vs22.9%, p<0.01) Osteoarthritis was present in46.5% of frail people and30% of the robust ones (p=0.01). Frailty was present in53.3% of women with OA in and11.8% of men with OA. The crude OR for the association of frailty with Osteoarthritis was significant only for women (OR=1.43;95% CI:1.06-1.93). After sex and age adjusted logistic regression for frailty in Ostroarthritis, the OR for frailty was OR=1,39;95%IC (1,04-1,85), p=0,025, but in women with osteoarthritis the adjusted OR for frailty increase to OR=11.98 (5.637-13.23)Considering the severe consequences of frailty over health, the high burden of Osteoarthritis, its high frequency in women, and the strength of the association between both conditions, the screening for frailty is highly recommended In older women with Osteoarthritis.

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Downer, Brian, Mariela Gutierrez, Silvia Mejia Arango et Rebeca Wong. « COHORT DIFFERENCES IN EARLY-LIFE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND LATE-LIFE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN MEXICO ». Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022) : 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2090.

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Abstract Socioeconomic characteristics over the life course are associated with late-life cognitive impairment. However, evidence is lacking from countries like Mexico where population aging is occurring in the context of rapidly changing socioeconomic conditions. We used the Mexican Health and Aging Study to investigate differences between participants aged 60-76 in 2001 (n=5085) and 2018 (n=5947) in childhood (home with indoor toilet, parents’ education) and midlife (education, longest held occupation) socioeconomic characteristics and late life cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was defined as a low score on >2 out of five assessments. Most participants in the 2018 cohort lived in a home with an indoor toilet as a child (58.1%) and 36.9% had parents who both completed at least some education compared to 41.9% and 28.7% of participants in the 2001 cohort, respectively. Men and women in 2018 had on average 2.34 and 1.83 more years of education than men and women in 2001, respectively. The percentage of women with no main job and men who worked in agriculture were lower in 2018 than 2001 (women: 27.0% vs. 34.6%; men: 23.3% vs. 30.4%). The 2018 cohort had lower odds for cognitive impairment when adjusting for age, sex, marital status, and living in a rural/urban community (OR=0.67 95% CI=0.56-0.81). This difference was reduced after adjusting for childhood socioeconomic measures (OR=0.76 95% CI=0.67-0.86) and was no longer statistically significant after adding midlife socioeconomic measures (OR=0.98 95% CI=0.86-1.12). These findings suggest that improved early-life socioeconomic conditions in Mexico contribute to birth-cohort differences in late-life cognitive impairment.

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Downer, Brian, Mariela Gutierrez, Silvia Mejia Arango et Rebeca Wong. « COHORT DIFFERENCES IN EARLY-LIFE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND LATE-LIFE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN MEXICO ». Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022) : 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1256.

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Abstract Socioeconomic characteristics over the life course are associated with late-life cognitive impairment. However, evidence is lacking from countries like Mexico where population aging is occurring in the context of rapidly changing socioeconomic conditions. We used the Mexican Health and Aging Study to investigate differences between participants aged 60-76 in 2001 (n=5085) and 2018 (n=5947) in childhood (home with indoor toilet, parents’ education) and midlife (education, longest held occupation) socioeconomic characteristics and late life cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was defined as a low score on >2 out of five assessments. Most participants in the 2018 cohort lived in a home with an indoor toilet as a child (58.1%) and 36.9% had parents who both completed at least some education compared to 41.9% and 28.7% of participants in the 2001 cohort, respectively. Men and women in 2018 had on average 2.34 and 1.83 more years of education than men and women in 2001, respectively. The percentage of women with no main job and men who worked in agriculture were lower in 2018 than 2001 (women: 27.0% vs. 34.6%; men: 23.3% vs. 30.4%). The 2018 cohort had lower odds for cognitive impairment when adjusting for age, sex, marital status, and living in a rural/urban community (OR=0.67 95% CI=0.56-0.81). This difference was reduced after adjusting for childhood socioeconomic measures (OR=0.76 95% CI=0.67-0.86) and was no longer statistically significant after adding midlife socioeconomic measures (OR=0.98 95% CI=0.86-1.12). These findings suggest that improved early-life socioeconomic conditions in Mexico contribute to birth-cohort differences in late-life cognitive impairment.

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Leis, Aleda, Emma Barinas-Mitchell, Ana Baylin, Samar El Khoudary, Elizabeth Jackson et Carrie Karvonen Gutierrez. « Carotid Intima Media Thickness and Comorbid Cardiometabolic Dysfunction in Women : The SWAN Study ». Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2021) : 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.208.

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Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity are risk factors for atherosclerosis but their combined impact is unknown. The aim of this study was to quantify the added risk of obesity on carotid artery intima media thickness (cIMT), an early indicator for atherosclerosis, beyond MetS alone. The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) is a multi-center, multi-ethnic cohort of women traversing the midlife into early late adulthood. cIMT was assessed between 2005-2007 and MetS, obesity and covariates were measured at the same time. This cross-sectional analysis is restricted to 1,433 women with a body mass index ≥18.5 kg/m2 and free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when cIMT was measured. Mean maximum cIMT was related to obesity, MetS and their interaction using multivariable linear regression models. The average age was 60 years (standard deviation 2.7) and the prevalence of obesity and MetS were 44% and 35%, respectively. Both conditions occurred in 24% of women. After adjustment for age, race, smoking, family history of heart disease, and antilipemic medications, obese women had a 0.051mm (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.033,0.070; p<0.001) larger maximum cIMT versus women not obese and women with MetS had a 0.066mm (95%CI: 0.042,0.090; p<0.001) larger maximum cIMT versus women without MetS. There was a statistically significant antagonistic interaction between obesity and MetS; women with both had a mean cIMT of 0.972mm (95%CI: 0.955,0.989) and MetS alone a cIMT of 0.961mm (95%CI:0.938,0.983). This suggests that there is only a small risk of obesity on augmenting cIMT beyond MetS alone.

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Han, Hae-Ra. « INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN RESEARCH INVOLVING OLDER ADULTS : LESSONS FROM COMMUNITY-BASED TRIALS ». Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022) : 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.825.

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Abstract Working with study participants in community-based clinical trials during COVID-19 pandemic has created diverse challenges to study teams. Globally, COVID-related restrictions were implemented including country-wide lockdowns and social distancing, and study teams had to quickly adjust their study protocols to work in a virtual environment. Meeting virtually for recruitment activities or intervention delivery may be particularly challenging when the target group is older adults—one of the vulnerable populations to experience the digital divide due to limited digital access and limited digital literacyThis symposium covers the lessons learned related to use of digital technology in participant recruitment and intervention delivery across a range of populations, including community-dwelling Korean American older adults to African American older women living with pain and low mood, caregivers of persons living with heart failure, and low-income cancer survivors with multiple chronic conditions. The discussion will include 1) findings from screening over 1,000 older Korean Americans to enroll them into a multi-site community-based trial, 2) lessons in diversifying intervention delivery methods to African American older women, 3) the integration of virtual modality into a self-care and social support intervention for caregivers of persons with heart failure, and 4) the deployment of mHealth to deliver a home-based exercise program to ethnically diverse low-income cancer survivors with co-morbid conditions in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. This symposium seeks to build the evidence related to recruitment and intervention delivery targeting diverse groups of older adults in community settings using technology by sharing common challenges, experiences, and opportunities.

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Canetto, Silvia Sara, et Janet D. Hollenshead. « Gender and Physician-Assisted Suicide : An Analysis of the Kevorkian Cases, 1990–1997 ». OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 40, n^o 1 (février 2000) : 165–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/av9g-cdru-1h83-gq0x.

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This study examines the seventy-five suicide cases Dr. Jack Kevorkian acknowledged assisting during the period between 1990 and 1997. Although these cases represent a range of regional and occupational backgrounds, a significant majority are women. Most of these individuals had a disabling, chronic, nonterminal-stage illness. In five female cases, the medical examiner found no evidence of disease whatsoever. About half of the women were between the ages of forty-one and sixty, and another third were older adults. In contrast, men were almost as likely to be middle-aged as to be older adults. Men's conditions were somewhat less likely than women's to be chronic and nonterminal-stage. The main reasons for the hastened death mentioned by both the person and their significant others were having disabilities, being in pain, and fear of being a burden. The predominance of women among Kevorkian's assisted suicides contrasts with national trends in suicide mortality, where men are a clear majority. It is possible that individuals whose death was hastened by Kevorkian are not representative of physician-assisted suicide cases around the country, because of Kevorkian's unique approach. Alternatively, the preponderance of women among Kevorkian's assisted suicides may represent a real phenomenon. One possibility is that, in the United States, assisted suicide is particularly acceptable for women. Individual, interpersonal, social, economic, and cultural factors encouraging assisted suicide in women are examined.

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Liu, Yingxu, Yasuko Tatewaki, Benjamin Thyreau, Yinghao Liu, Ye Zhang, Nina Karalija, Carl-johan Boraxbekk et Yasuyuki Taki. « WOMEN AT RISK : SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, LIFESTYLE FACTORS, AND BRAIN VULNERABILITY AMONG JAPANESE AND SWEDISH FEMALE ». Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022) : 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2909.

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Abstract Background While multiple modifiable lifestyle factors and disease management have been highlighted for preventing dementia and ameliorating neurodegeneration, women and the disadvantaged socioeconomic status (SES) population still bear disproportionate burdens. Objective: Investigate and compare the potential pathways of SES, lifestyle factors, imaging biomarkers, and cognition in two community dwelling cohorts in Japan and Sweden. Subjects: The Kumamoto Cohort included 576 cognitively healthy females (73.66 ± 5.96 years); the Betula Cohort included 195 cognitively healthy females (63.91 ± 13.41 years). Methods We constructed structural equational modeling by lifestyle factors including exercise, social activity, sleep, drinking, and smoking status; disease conditions included obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and depressive disorder; brain imaging biomarkers included regional gay matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness obtained from T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans and global cognition score. We also examined SES-related gray matter volume and cortical thickness map locations at the whole brain level. Results SES was positively associated with GMV of limbic lobe (not cortical thickness), Kumamoto Cohort: standardized direct β =0.21 (0.13;0.28); Betula Cohort: standardized direct β =0.27 (0.13; 0.41). This SES-GMV association was mediated by disease conditions and lifestyle in Kumamoto Cohort: indirect β =-0.013 (0.001; 0.054). We also found several regions, including the medial frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, hippocampus, and thalamus, were commonly sensitive to SES status in two cohorts. Conclusions: Although the observational nature of the study precludes proof of causality, our findings suggest that promoting disease management is crucial to tackling the neurodegeneration burden in the female facing SES disparities.

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Quach, Lien, Christine Vu, Isabelle Tran, Noah Peeri et Uyen-Sa Nguyen. « IMPACT OF GENDER ON ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RACE AND DISABILITY : THE CALIFORNIA HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY (CHIS) ». Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022) : 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.329.

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Abstract Women generally have higher prevalence of disability than men in later life. Moreover, Blacks and Hispanics usually have higher prevalence of disability than Whites. Little is known about the impact of gender on the association between race and disability. We used 2015-2016 CHIS data, restricted to adults ≥ 65 years old (n=15,044). Disability was classified as present or absent based on responses on questions related to “to physical, mental, and emotional conditions.” Race was classified as: White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Other. We estimated sex- and race-specific proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and used sex-specific multivariable logistic regression to examine the associations between race and disability adjusting for age, education, marital status, cigarette smoking, arthritis, hypertension, and diabetes, mental distress, and walking for work or pleasure. All analyses accounted for complex sampling weights. Approximately 52% of women and 47% of men had disability, while 48% of White, 48% of Black, 60% of Hispanic, 43% of Asian, and 50% of Other race responded as having disability. Adjusting for covariates, Hispanic women had 67% higher odds of having disability compared with White women (OR= 1.67, 95% CI= 1.07–2.60), but there were no differences in male counterparts (OR=1.03, 95% CI=0.68-1.56). Compared with White men, men of Asian or Other race had lower odds for disability, while associations were in the opposite direction in female counterparts; however, associations were not statistically significant. Further research is needed to understand higher prevalence of disability among older minority women compared with White women.

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