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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Women – Portugal – Social conditions »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Women – Portugal – Social conditions"

Neves, Júlia. « Becoming a Migrant Mother : An Intersectional Approach to the Narratives of Cape Verdean Women in Portugal ». Social Sciences 11, n^o 2 (29 janvier 2022) : 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020055.

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Becoming a mother in the context of migration configures itself as a dynamic process of identity constitution that raises questions about citizenship, belonging, and migration policies. Furthermore, it is a process that involves a new set of maternal positions and practices that are composed through possibly conflicting cultural values. Based on the occurrence of unplanned pregnancies, this study sought to analyze the dimensions crossed by this event through an intersectional perspective of the narratives of Cape Verdean immigrant women who had children in Portugal, focusing on gender, migration, race/ethnicity. In-depth interviews were conducted with nine women, born in Cape Verde and residing in Greater Lisbon, through the Biographic-Narrative Interpretative Method (BNIM), which enabled an approach to the different dimensions that intersect in life stories of becoming an immigrant mother. Thematic analysis was chosen as an analytical tool, and the framework provided by intersectionality allows us to see the multiple identities that shape the processes of becoming a migrant mother. The results brought to light themes and issues that overlap and make motherhood more complex in the context of migration, highlighting and reinforcing the conditions of inequality.

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Lorentzen, Catherine Anne Nicole, et Berit Viken. « Immigrant women, nature and mental health ». International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 16, n^o 4 (23 septembre 2020) : 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-11-2019-0089.

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Purpose There is a need for cost-effective strategies to counteract mental health challenges among immigrant women. This study aims to identify how nature might improve the mental health status of immigrant women residing in Norway. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative data were gathered through individual interviews with 14 immigrant women from Iran (2), Poland (2), Palestine, Afghanistan, Congo, Kenya, Thailand, Russia, Portugal, Latvia, Colombia and Bulgaria. Findings The qualitative content analysis revealed that interaction with nature positively influenced the immigrant women’s mental health. This occurred because of the following: exposure to nature itself, leading to mood enhancements; familiarization with the new country’s culture, nature, climate and language, facilitating feelings of mastery, attachment and belonging; social interactions, promoting immediate well-being and future social support; interacting with nature in familiar ways, reducing feelings of alienation/loss; and physical activity, improving mood and stress-related conditions. These mental health improvements were a result of interactions with various types of natural environments. Originality/value This study supports the promotion of interaction with nature among immigrant women as part of low-cost public health work. Practitioners should consider multiple arenas for potential nature-related mental health gains.

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Khvan, M. S. « The Establishment and Development of Feminism in Portugal ». Concept : philosophy, religion, culture, n^o 1 (7 juillet 2020) : 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-1-13-150-163.

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This article focuses on prerequisites for the establishment of feminism in Portugal, history of main Portuguese feminist organizations and basic conditions for their functioning. This research is based on the comparative analysis of socio-political environment in Portugal and in several other states (mainly located in Western Europe) in different periods of their history. Basing on the aforementioned analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that feminism in Portugal has generally been moderate and has passed three phases in its development. These phases are in line with three waves that are basically seen as the key milestones in the history of the feminist movement around the world. The first wave lasted from the middle of the 19th century until the 1930s and was characterized by the struggle of Portuguese women for such common rights as the right to work and electoral rights. At this stage Portuguese feminism developed in line with the traditional trend. The second wave in Portugal lasted from the 1960s until the 1990s. During this period scientists working created numerous books and articles, criticising the patriarchy and the problems of women. The discussion of reproductive rights of women, problems in the family and sexual sphere was also typical for this period. The feminist theory of the third wave was developing since the 1990s and continues to develop up to the present moment. It is based on the gender approach: women assert their rights to abortion and affordable contraception, combat against oppression from men and gender-based discrimination. At the same time, the feminism of the third wave is becoming more diverse and can be characterized as intersectional. The feminist movement in Portugal triggered deep social transformations. Most of the achievements of the feminist movement today cannot be put into question. Nevertheless, there is still a long way to go to achieve a change in mentality of Portuguese society, to reduce female unemployment and gender inequality at work, to combat domestic violence.

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Sequeiros, Paula. « “Holding the Dream” : Women’s Favorite Reading Matter in a Portuguese Prison ». Qualitative Sociology Review 14, n^o 1 (15 mars 2018) : 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.14.1.06.

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The reading practices of women, mediated by a prison library in Portugal, constituted an interesting case study. In Santa Cruz do Bispo prison, female prisoners were increasingly aged and excluded from social groups, less literate, and educated. Many were first-time library users and some were beginning readers. This research aimed to understand their reading practices and preferences, their self-assigned meanings, and the roles of reading in prison. Having become aware that industrial literature romance novels were the most requested items, a critical comparative analysis of the three most requested titles was contrasted with readers’ favorite passages to foster a deeper understanding of their preferences and sustain an integrated analysis. Furthermore, a consensualized definition of a “good read” is presented. The results from ethnography and interviews to readers and staff are analyzed taking into account class, gender, ethnicity, age, occupation, and education of the detainees. Conclusions address the fact that although the prison’s educational service and imprisonment conditions propitiated an increase in reading generally, the library was oriented by educational targets and irresponsive to certain demands expressed by readers. Secondly, women readers were using the available top-selling romance novels to sustain their introspective and prospective work, while reckoning with their past and planning for their future. In addition to this reflexive stance, escapist entertainment and knowledge building were important reading purposes.

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Gama, Ana, João Victor Rocha, Maria J. Marques, Sofia Azeredo-Lopes, Ana Rita Pedro et Sónia Dias. « How Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Migrant Populations in Lisbon, Portugal ? A Study on Perceived Effects on Health and Economic Condition ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 3 (4 février 2022) : 1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031786.

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Increasing evidence on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic suggests that its social and health impacts are being disproportionately shouldered by socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, including migrants. Knowledge of how these populations are experiencing the COVID-19 crisis is scarce. We examined the effects of the pandemic on the perceived individual financial situation and health condition of migrants in Lisbon, Portugal, and described the most affected subgroups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a diverse community-based sample of 1126 migrants. A worsening of their financial situation since the pandemic was reported by 55.6% of the participants and a worsening of their health condition by 19.9%. A worsened financial situation was most often reported by those ≥45 years old and with a lower income (<EUR 650). Likewise, a worsened health condition was most often reported by older and lower-income migrants, as well as by women and those with a lower level of education. Migration-related factors such as length of stay and migration status were not associated with worsened health conditions. Socioeconomic characteristics appear to be more important when assessing differences in perceived effects of the pandemic among migrants. The social impact of the pandemic both exacerbates economic and gender inequalities and may lead to worse health conditions within the population in the medium and long terms.

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Velhinho, Ana Rita, et Julian Perelman. « Socioeconomic Inequalities in Food Consumption : A Cross-Sectional Study in Portuguese Adults ». Portuguese Journal of Public Health 39, n^o 1 (2021) : 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515937.

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Background: Food is a major determinant of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Because of this, social inequalities in food consumption will likely produce social inequalities in disease and life expectancy. Objectives: This study analyses the social inequalities in food consumption in Portugal and whether they differ between men and women and between younger and older people. Methods: Following a cross-sectional observational study, we analyzed data from 11,085 individuals aged 25–64 years who participated in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Logistic regression models were used to measure the association between socioeconomic conditions, i.e., education and income, and food consumption. The analysis was then stratified by sex and age. Results: A positive gradient for income and education was observed in the consumption of fish, cakes, natural juices, and dairy products. The consumption of legumes and soft drinks was inversely related to income and education. A socioeconomic gradient for fruits and vegetables was observed only among women and older people. Worse-off people consumed less soup, and underprivileged women consumed fewer fast-food products. Conclusion: The food consumption patterns of Portuguese adults are related to their socioeconomic condition, with few variations across demographic categories.

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Santos, Ana Cristina, et Ana Lúcia Santos. « Yes, we fuck ! Challenging the misfit sexual body through disabled women’s narratives ». Sexualities 21, n^o 3 (19 avril 2017) : 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460716688680.

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Southern European society has been described in sociological literature as ableist, patriarchal and male-oriented. Under such conditions, many disabled women face multiple oppressions on grounds of gender, disability, class, age, sexual orientation, ‘race’ and ethnicity. The social construction of the impaired body as passive and dependent is conducive to a process of desexualization, presenting disabled people as inadequate for a full intimate life. The dominant biomedical model reinforces this process. This article draws on selected works in feminist disability studies to argue that rather than a body which is unfit, or does not fit, the ‘misfit’ is instead a cultural failure in accommodating and cherishing diversity. The authors also suggest that the desexualization of disabled women is replicating, as well as resulting from, historical tendencies to dehumanize and infantilize women. The empirical data is drawn from a larger project ‘Disabled Intimacies? Sexual and Reproductive Citizenship of Disabled Women in Portugal’. Biographical narrative interviews with disabled women are analyzed to explore the notion of ‘misfit’ sexual bodies. Theirs are stories of counter-norms and the struggle for sexual fulfilment and recognition. The women’s discussions of sexuality point to a need to change the ways that disability and intimacy are addressed in mainstream scholarly literature, institutions and the state. Narrow, heteronormative and ableist understandings of sexual intercourse and the linear character of mainstream stories of intimacy are shown as hindering the prospect of the recognition of disabled women as sexual citizens.

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Cano-Hila, Ana Belén. « Understanding Social Inclusion in Contemporary Society : Challenges, Reflections, Limitations, and Proposals ». Social Inclusion 10, n^o 2 (20 avril 2022) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i2.5090.

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In 2015, the UN approved the 2030 agenda on sustainable development, intending to bridge—and eventually close—the gaps that divide our societies. These 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) are presented as a master plan that covers the most painful global challenges to a knowledgeable and inclusive society. In this thematic issue we look more incisively into goals no. 1 (no poverty), no. 4 (quality of education and inclusive education), no. 10 (reduced inequalities), and no. 11 (sustainable cities and communities) of the agenda. Social inequalities have drastically intensified after the 2008 financial crisis and the period of austerity that followed, especially among the poorest people and in the most vulnerable communities. Nowadays particularly, with the Covid‐19 pandemic, these gaps seem to be growing. Against this background, this thematic issue aims to capture, make visible, understand, and analyze how social actors are organizing themselves and collaborating amongst each other in order to help attenuate and satisfy dramatic emerging social needs and improve living conditions, especially among the most vulnerable social groups, in uncertain times of crisis. We focus particularly on two main thematic blocks: social inclusion axes on the one hand (formal, non‐formal, and informal education, participation, leisure time, and culture) and vulnerable groups on the other (including children, adolescents, youth, women, the elderly, people with disabilities, and migrants). Contributions to this thematic issue offer interesting conceptual, methodological, and empirical approaches to the study of social inclusion and social inclusive experiences in contemporary societies in uncertain times, particularly in Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and Brazil.

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Frade, Fátima, Lia Jacobsohn, Juan Gómez-Salgado, Rosário Martins, Regina Allande-Cussó, Carlos Ruiz-Frutos et João Frade. « Impact on the Mental and Physical Health of the Portuguese Population during the COVID-19 Confinement ». Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, n^o 19 (28 septembre 2021) : 4464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194464.

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Confinement of the population has been one of the measures implemented by different governments to address the COVID-19 health crisis, and it has led to social isolation together with a disruption of daily activities. The aim of the study is to analyze psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal. During the quarantine, a cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 2120 subjects over 18 years of age, resident and born in Portugal. Data were collected using a self-developed questionnaire that considered socio-demographic variables, physical symptoms, health conditions, and history of contact with COVID-19, as well as psychological alterations. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was also included. Univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were performed. Predictive capacity was studied using logistic regression models. The results showed a higher percentage of individuals presenting psychological distress (57.2.0%), with a higher percentage identified among women (79.0%), and in people with a higher educational level (bachelor’s + master’s and doctorate) (75.8%). The predictor variables with the greatest weight were sex, educational level (graduation, master’s, and doctorate), living with children or under 16 years of age, presence of symptoms, and quarantine in the last 14 days for having symptoms. Good self-assessment of health and working at home appear to be protective against psychological distress. These results highlight the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological distress and provide an opportunity to consider the need to implement specific multidisciplinary public health and mental health interventions in this pandemic situation.

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Simpura, Jussi, et Thomas Karlsson. « Trends in drinking patterns among adult population in 15 European countries, 1950 to 2000 : a review ». Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, n^o 1_suppl (février 2001) : 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101801s08.

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Jussi Simpura & Thomas Karlsson: Trends in drinking patterns among adult population in 15 European countries, 1950 to 2000: a review Under the auspices of the European Comparative Alcohol Study (ECAS), data was compiled on trends in drinking patterns from 15 European countries (EU member countries, Luxembourg excluded, and Norway) from 1950 to 2000. This review is based on existing survey data on adult population. It turned out that (a) only a few countries (Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden) have data on drinking patterns in the 1950s and 1960s, but (b) an increasing number of countries have drinking habit surveys from the 1970s and 1980s onwards (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom) and (c) in the 1990s, almost all EU member countries have conducted surveys with data on drinking patterns (France, Greece, Italy, and Portugal, while Belgium remains the only country with very little data available). The data is, however, too scarce to say anything very certain about trends and the possible homogenisation of drinking patterns. Six indicators were studied in more detail. Abstinence rates fell in the 1960s in the traditionally abstinent Northern European countries, and later among women in the Mediterranean countries. Women's share of drinking also increased in the Northern European countries in the 1970s, but not necessarily elsewhere. With decreasing alcohol consumption in the Mediterranean countries, this means that per capita alcohol consumption among women may well have decreased, too. With a few exceptions, 30 to 50-year-olds were the age group with the highest alcohol consumption. The age distribution showed no general trends. Data on the shape of the population distribution of alcohol consumption was scarce, except for a few countries where the shape did not suggest any systematic changes. Also, data on binge drinking (high intake per single occasion) was mostly scarce, and again, the findings from the few countries with sufficient data showed remarkable stability. Remarkably slow changes were also evident in specific drinking contexts. There may be some signs of slow homogenisation of drinking patterns between the 15 European countries, but the differences are still notable. The main conclusion is that changes in drinking patterns are slow, even amidst rapidly changing living conditions. The natural time scale for such changes is not a few years or even a decade, but a generation.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Women – Portugal – Social conditions"

Medeiros, Sooraya Karoan Lino de. « Lamurientas, faladeiras e mentirosas ? : um estudo sobre a condição social feminina no Quatrocentos português ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-26022008-133337/.

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Os registros medievais acerca das mulheres comumente reforçam uma idéia negativa do gênero feminino, delimitando seu espaço de ação ao privado e indicando o casamento como sua função primordial. Acreditamos, porém, que sem um cotejamento com os instrumentos de ação formais disponibilizados pelas mulheres, a aceitação tácita dos postulados oriundos da ética cristã para o conhecimento da condição social feminina leva-nos a uma compreensão não mais que parcial dos papéis desempenhados no conjunto social. Desta feita, para conhecermos a condição social das mulheres de 16 vilas e cidades da região da Estremadura portuguesa, no século XV, recorremos a documentos oficiais para descobrir os direitos postos a sua disposição pela legislação portuguesa. A análise da documentação leva-nos a inferir que a mulher, detentora de uma identidade jurídica identificada na legislação do reino, encontrava nos dispositivos legais enunciados pelo poder real os meios necessários para garantir a manutenção de seu direito à propriedade, bem como a certa liberdade para dispor de seus bens.
The medieval records about women usually strengthen the negative concept of the gender, restraining then to the domestic space and indicating the marriage as their main function. We believe, however, that the tacit acceptance of the postulates from the Christian ethic for the comprehension of women\'s social condition without analyzing the instruments they had would lead us to an understanding no more than partial of the rolls they played. Therefore, in our research we seek women in the XV century in 16 villages and towns from the Portuguese Estremadura, to find women in the public spaces we turned to official manuscript documents from Portuguese archives, to find their rights, to the royal legislation. The analysis of the documentation indicates that the women with a juridical identity could find in the legal devices the means to assure the maintenance of their right to properties as well as a certain freedom to administrate their possessions.

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Hoover, Douglas Pearson. « Women in nineteenth-century Pullman ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276796.

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Built in 1880, George Pullman's railroad car manufacturing town was intended to be a model of industrial order. This Gilded Age capitalist's ideal image of working class women is reflected in the publicly prescribed place for women in the community and the company's provisions for female employment in the shops. Pullman wanted women to establish the town's domestic tranquility by cultivating a middle class environment, which he believed was a key to keeping the working class content. Throughout the course of the idealized communitarian experiment, however, Pullman's policies and prescriptions changed to meet the needs of working class families who depended on the wages of women. This paper will study the ideologies and realities surrounding women in nineteenth century Pullman.

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潘星薇 et Sing-mei Pun. « Controlling women : sexuality, imperialism andpower ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951727.

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BENTLEY, JEFFERY WESTWOOD. « ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF A RURAL PARISH IN NORTHWEST PORTUGAL (ECOLOGY, TECHNICAL CHANGE, AGRICULTURE, AND FRAGMENTATION, SOCIAL STRUCTURE) ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183893.

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This dissertation provides a quantitative analysis of cultural ecology and social structure in a rural parish in Northwest Portugal. There is greater economic inequality, and greater social stratification than most ethnographers of Iberia have described. Chapter 1 introduces some of the material indications of wealth and land inequality in the community. Some households are shown to have much more land and dairy cattle than others. Chapter 2 discusses nickname behavior as a set of socio-cultural symbols for expressing an ideal of equality, which in some sense runs counter to material differences within the community. Chapter 3 analyses contemporary farming systems; showing that having different amounts of land determines each household's choice of technology. Each household operates its farm in a unique natural and economic environment, because of different access to the factors of production, especially land, but including labor and capital. Chapter 4 shows that patterns of technical change also depend on land supply. Larger farmers are the first to adopt new innovations, especially labor-saving devices. Chapter 5 demonstrates that, counter to common assumptions, land fragmentation is more pronounced on large farms than on smaller farms, but that for no farms is land fragmentation a barrier to agricultural production. Chapter 6 is a brief history of recent changes of land use. It shows that the most common land-use types, fields and forests, are somewhat interchangeable. Fields are converted to forest, and forest to field, depending on the economic environment of the owning household, and the natural environment of the land itself. Ecologically marginal land that is owned by large farmers is the most likely to be changed from field to forest, or from forest to field.

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Burton, Erika del Pilar. « Women Rule, But Do They Make A Difference ? Women in Politics, Social Policy and Social Conditions in Latin America ». ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1860.

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Since the transitions to democracy in Latin America, women in the region have undergone major changes in their roles in society. From traditionally only present in the home to participating in collective action efforts, and finally participating at increasing numbers in governments, women have made incredible strides in the Latin American region. Latin American countries have successfully advocated for the inclusion of women in government, but few studies in academia focus on determining whether their inclusion has made a difference in government processes or in society. Borrowing from the literature positing that women are behaviorally different from men as well as their identification with motherhood and as wives in their collective action efforts in Latin America, I argue that women have different concerns from men both outside and inside of the public sphere and therefore make a difference in government with regards to policy priorities and government budget allocations. Studying 18 Latin American countries, I find that there is a gender gap in public opinion, which demonstrates that women are more concerned with social welfare matters than men. I also find that female concerns are carried into their behavior once in government as observed by female legislators’ heightened support for social welfare policies. Furthermore, I find that women in legislatures affect government behavior differently from their male counterparts as observed with female legislators’ positive effects on the allocation of the budget towards social welfare areas.

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Lambert, Heather. « An ethnographic exploration of the relationship between women and development in Ghana ». Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1217377.

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This study was an attempt to identify the relationship between women and non-governmental organizations in Ghana. It was conducted over a period of one year in the capital city of Accra. Ethnographic and feminist methodology were the framework for the fieldwork and text. Interviews, observations and discussions with aid workers and development recipients determined the perimeters and rendered meaning. Women dominated both sides of development and aid work in Ghana; however, there was limited interaction between them. Female recipients of development were not consulted regarding development projects and were not familiar with the scope and implications of international aid. Female development personnel from both Ghana and the United States were separated from the communities and people they worked for personally and professionally. The development workers did not consider consultation with female clients a necessity or an obligation. Both groups of women struggled to incorporate the concepts and implications of development into their situated reality.
Department of Anthropology

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Pang, Susan McPhail. « Industrialization and the changing status of women in society : a comparison of Japan and Thailand / ». Thesis, [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12754547.

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Seger, Karen Elizabeth 1939. « WOMEN AND CHANGE IN THE YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC : A VIEW FROM THE LITERATURE (MIDDLE EAST, AGRICULTURE, EMIGRATION, WORKROLES, DEVELOPMENT) ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291263.

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Yip, Pui-wah, et 葉佩華. « A study of True Light Middle School's pioneering work in women's education, 1872-1949 ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951582.

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鄭秀儀 et Sau-yi Joan Cheng. « Women in China and Japan from the late 19th century to the 1930s ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42574821.

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Livres sur le sujet "Women – Portugal – Social conditions"

Women and men in Portugal. Lisboa : The Commission, 2004.

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Portugal. Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Género., dir. Women and men in Portugal. Lisboa : Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality, 2007.

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Sousa, Maria Reynolds de. Portugal : Status of women 1988. 5^e éd. Lisboa : Portugal Commission on the Status of Women, 1988.

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Sousa, Maria Reynolds de. Portugal : Status of women 1991. 6^e éd. Lisboa : Portugal Commission for Equality and Women's Rights, 1991.

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de, Sousa Maria Reynolds, Canço Dina et Portugal. Comissão da Condição Feminina., dir. Portugal, situação das mulheres. 5^e éd. Lisboa, Portugal : Comissão da Condição Feminina, Presidência do Conselho de Ministros, 1987.

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org, Galhardo Anabela, et Joaquim Teresa org, dir. Novos olhares : Passado e presente nos estudos sobre as mulheres em Portugal. Oeiras (portugal) : Celta Editora, 2003.

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Anne, Cova, Ramos Natália et Joaquim Teresa 1954-, dir. Desafios da comparação : Família, mulheres e género em Portugal e no Brasil. Oeiras : Celta Editora, 2004.

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Amaral, Ana Luisa, et Marinela Freitas. Novas cartas portuguesas : Entre Portugal e o mundo. Alfragide : D.Quixote, 2014.

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org, Cova Anne, Ramos Natália org et Joaquim Teresa org, dir. Desafios da comparação : Família, mulheres e género em Portugal e no Brasil : [actas. Oeiras : Celta Editora, 2004.

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Movimentos de mulheres em Portugal : Décadas de 70 e 80. Lisboa : Livros Horizonte, 2000.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Women – Portugal – Social conditions"

Carr-Hill, Roy A. « The status of women ». Dans Social Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa, 156–76. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377172_13.

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Martins, Alcina. « Women in the History of Social Work in Portugal ». Dans History of Social Work in Europe (1900–1960), 177–85. Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-80895-0_19.

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Afsar, Md, et Suman Kumari. « Women Journalists in India’s Rural Areas : Social and Economic Conditions ». Dans Techno-Societal 2020, 1107–15. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69925-3_105.

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Sek-Hong, Ng, et Victor Fung-Shuen Sit. « Women and Young Workers, Subcontract Labour and Homeworkers, and “Social Wages” ». Dans Labour Relations and Labour Conditions in Hong Kong, 157–89. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10822-0_7.

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Jafree, Sara Rizvi, et Fareen Rahman. « Oral Narrations of Social Rejection Suffered by South Asian Women with Irreversible Health Conditions ». Dans The Sociology of South Asian Women’s Health, 35–53. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50204-1_3.

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Nicolau, Lurdes. « Roma at School : A Look at the Past and the Present. The Case of Portugal ». Dans Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People, 153–63. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_10.

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AbstractThe schooling process has become more widespread among the Portuguese Roma population since 1974, with the end of the Estado Novo dictatorship and the establishment of democracy. Nevertheless, the Roma nomadism or semi-nomadism, financial shortcomings and the absence of social/cultural/family stimuli are some of the reasons that explain their low school attendance rates. Only in the last decades has such attendance increased, as a result of the implementation of several public policies, particularly of the Social Integration Income. This social policy, implemented in 1996, introduced important changes in this population, especially in areas such as schooling, personal hygiene, housing, health, or sedentism.Recent research has shown an increase in the educational level of the Roma population, but school dropouts and failure remain high. This tendency was also studied in the northeast of Portugal, in a PhD thesis about the relationships between the Roma and school. In the present research work, a qualitative methodology was adopted, using direct and participant observation, as well as interviews to some Roma parents and non-Roma teachers. Both groups emphasize the main difficulties of Roma children at school.The conclusions show that several factors affect these students’ schooling nowadays, especially poor housing conditions, parents’ illiteracy or low schooling, lack of daily study monitoring at home, absence of models in their environment, non-attendance of pre-school, and discrimination against them.

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Fabinyi, Michael, et Kate Barclay. « Fishing Livelihoods and Social Diversity ». Dans Asia-Pacific Fishing Livelihoods, 45–63. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79591-7_3.

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AbstractThis chapter shifts scale from Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-79591-7_2 to focus on the local context and analyse the everyday sets of social relationships that frame the lives of those engaged in fishing livelihoods. The broad structural forces of migration, technology and markets along with the wider economy all intersect with local sets of social structures to shape the conditions in which fishing livelihoods operate. Here we present two examples of how different forms of social differentiation interact with fishing livelihoods. In the Western Philippines, class and status intersect with cultural values to generate power relations and hierarchies in different roles associated with fishing livelihoods. In Pacific Island countries, gender norms structure the different types of fishing activities in which men and women are involved.

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El-Ali, Leena. « Marriage : A Sublime Institution, Not Mere Social Contract ». Dans Sustainable Development Goals Series, 149–77. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_14.

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AbstractThe Qur’anic portrayal of marriage involves some tender imagery even as it establishes it as a social contract—seven centuries before it became so in Europe and 12 centuries before divorce terms were included in the latter. Monogamy is very much the norm as well as the ideal in the Qur’an, with polygyny only sanctioned in specific circumstances and under certain conditions. Muhammad’s personal story gives life to Qur’anic values in this regard, with 25 years of a monogamous marriage to his first wife followed by 12 years of polygyny after her death involving a total of 11 other women. Ten out of the 12 women he married over time were widows, unsurprising given the Qur’anic rationale for polygyny. Meanwhile, interfaith marriage is blessed in the Qur’an, i.e. without the non-Muslim party having to convert to Islam.

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Gottschall, Karin, Kristin Noack et Heinz Rothgang. « Dependencies of Long-Term Care Policy on East–West Migration : The Case of Germany ». Dans International Impacts on Social Policy, 515–29. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_40.

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AbstractThis contribution reconstructs the policy shift from a Bismarckian “low road” to a “higher road” of long-term care (LTC) policy in Germany. We argue that this policy change is deeply intertwined with migration to uphold and transform LTC policy. Cash benefits did not just stabilise family care, but are increasingly used to establish a “migrant-in-the-family” model. Moreover, while the marketisation of care services led to an expansion of commercial services, this process increasingly depended on migrant carers. Policy measures to improve working conditions in formal care were only initiated when ever-growing demands could not be met by migrant workers. At the same time live-in arrangements are only cautiously regulated. Reflecting the familialistic legacy, provision of care by women (paid/unpaid, formal/informal, professional/semi-professional) has become more stratified.

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Mokoene, Kearabetswe, et Grace Khunou. « Young Mothers, Labour Migration and Social Security in South Africa ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 141–52. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92114-9_10.

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AbstractDue to the conditions of apartheid and social engineering, internal labour migration played an important role in shaping the roles and relationships of South African families. In a recent study on internal labour migration in South Africa, Mokoene (2017) found that even though men remain the main migrants in households, young women are becoming prominent migrants as well. This finding echoes other existing findings on national and international migration which illustrate that women continue to migrate in large numbers within and across borders in search of employment (Xulu-Gama, 2017; Kihato, 2013; Walker, 1990). Studies also show that labour migration presents both benefits and costs for migrant sending families (Mokoene & Khunou, 2019; see also Yao & Treiman, 2011). In this chapter we take a closer look at experiences of the families of young women who migrate from the rural parts of Madibeng in the North West Province of South Africa, to neighboring cities in search of employment. This is from a study by Mokoene (2017) which found that the migration of these young women come with a cost including, non-remittance, parental absence, and poverty to the families left behind.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Women – Portugal – Social conditions"

Frade, Renata Loureiro. « Comunidades de mulheres em tecnologia : estudo comunicacional e organizacional ». Dans Women in Information Technology. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wit.2021.15840.

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Nos últimos dez anos verificou-se o aumento na criação e desenvolvimento de comunidades femininas em tecnologia no Brasil e em Portugal. Constituídas sobretudo em plataformas digitais, desenvolvem estratégias de comunicação multiplataforma para cumprimento de propósitos. Este trabalho visa apresentar resultados preliminares de pesquisa doutoral sobre como estas comunidades desempenham papel catalisador de inclusão, formação e ativismo de mulheres em tecnologia brasileiras e portuguesas. Pretende-se apresentar características organizacionais e comunicacionais destas comunidades, relacionadas ao paradigma tecnológico de Castells, a conceitos como ciberfeminismo, tecnofeminismo e social computing.

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Marques, Jacqueline. « A LOOK AT DOMESTIC AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN PORTUGAL : FROM LAW TO DISCOURSES ». Dans NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b2/v4/21.

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Despite legislative advancements, domestic violence is still today a crime considered as "minor" by many, or often the actions that materialise it are not even recognised. The first steps in Portuguese legislation were taken by the Penal Code approved in 1982, which typified the crime of ill-treatment between spouses, and by the Law n. º 61/91 of 13th of August, which guaranteed “adequate protection to women victims of violence”. However, only in 2007, was the crime of Domestic Violence created, which shows, from 1982 until then, a long path of hesitations and slow social evolution concerning the consciousness of this crime’s seriousness. Until 2007, the crime of spousal abuse was integrated in a broader criminal arrangement, characterised by the abuse of persons. In 2009, with the typification of the crime of Domestic Violence and with the publication of the legal regime applicable to the prevention, protection, and assistance of victims, denominated as Law of Domestic Violence, a more consolidated phase was inaugurated, in both legal treatment and social intervention. Despite these evolutions, Portugal continues to witness an attitude of "social and collective consent" to some forms of Domestic Violence, oftentimes disguised in the acceptance and normalisation of gender inequalities. We have seen news stories where judgements are presented, within the scope of Domestic Violence cases, where discriminatory ideas against women and excuses for the crime of Domestic Violence are manifested. This is proof that some of the representatives of justice (the judges) do not accept what has already been legally approved in the Portuguese legal system. Similarly, recent studies on the population’s perception of domestic and gender-based violence show the abiding ideas and understandings of acceptance and normalisation of domestic and gender-based violence in Portuguese society. We intend to present the evolution of the typification of the crime of domestic violence in Portugal. Then, we intend to understand how this phenomenon has been perceived in Portuguese society. Therefore, we will be able to understand the continuities and ruptures between the legislative body and the social body in what concerns Domestic Violence and Violence against Women in Portugal.

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Xi, Xingxuan, Huixian Zhang et Lei Meng. « Investigation on the Effects of Maternity Support Conditions on Reproductive Behavior of Women of Childbearing Age in Beijing ». Dans 2017 International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science (ICMESS 2017). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmess-17.2017.102.

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Reaes Pinto, Paula, António Gorgel Pinto, Paulo Simões Rodrigues, Tiago Navarro Marques, Rui Fragoso, Rui Quaresma, Jose Ventura, Fatima Jorge et Cristina Marreiros. « UpStart – Creative Industries through Design for Social Innovation, Heritage and Management ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001416.

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The project Up Start - Creative Industries is an initiative of the Aga Khan Foundation in partnership with the University of Évora and promoted by the Portugal Social Innovation program, focusing a particular synergy based in the areas of design for social innovation, heritage, and management. Its main objective is the development of an alternative economic model of socio-cultural innovation and creative practices with disadvantaged citizens. It aims to increase the participants income and improve the living conditions of the communities involved, namely migrant populations from the Lisbon metropolitan area, through the identification and mapping of techniques, arts and crafts developed by migrants from their cultural heritage.

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Panok, Vitalii, et Iryna Tkachuk. « Social-Psychological problems of pedagogues in conditions pandemic of COVID-19 ». Dans National Events on WMHD in Ukraine. N-DSA-N, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32437/nmhdup2021.4.

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Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic may have hit the education industry the hardest, but the socio-psychological effects of quarantine are still poorly understood. A group of scientists from the Ukrainian SMC of practical psychology and social work of the NAES of Ukraine has conducted a study of the socio-psychological problems that have arisen for teaching staff of general secondary education establishments in the context of the pandemic. Purpose. The research was carried out during the implementation of the scientific topic «Overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the activities of the psychological service of the educational system» on the order of the National Research Fund of Ukraine. Design\approach\methodology. The study was conducted by interviewing educators through Google forms. Most of the questions contained a 10-step scale. In processing the data, all respondents’ answers were grouped into 5 categories: "yes", "more likely to", "more likely not", "no", "don’t know/it’s hard to say". The survey was attended by 3,209 teaching staff from general secondary education institutions from all regions of Ukraine, 45% from urban areas, 55% from rural areas; among which 92% were women and 8% were men. Results. Among the results, researchers highlighted the difficulties and fears of educators caused by the pandemic. The fears and complexities of the profession were distributed as follows. 1. The fear of getting infected (infecting family members) is common to 78.2% of the surveyed. 40.9% of the interviewed felt this fear to the greatest extent. However, 9.3% found those fears irrelevant. 2. Problems associated with the use of ICT in educational activities (lack of competence) — 53.2%. Among those, 22.2% have major difficulties and 31% have minor difficulties. Only 15.7% consider themselves fully competent. 3. 73% of educators noted difficulties in involving children in distance learning. This was the main problem for 12.8% of respondents. 4. «It is difficult to adhere to all anti-epidemic requirements in an educational institution to protect students» — 69.5% stated that this is one of the most significant problems of professional activity. 5. Emotional exhaustion, loss of emotional balance, excessive fatigue. 58.7% said that the problem was significant, of which almost 18% said it was very significant. 6. 51.1% of respondents indicated that they were unable to communicate with students' parents regarding monitoring the quality of their students' knowledge. Of these, 8.7% rated it with the highest score. 7. Health related difficulties (consequential of COVID-19). 31.2% of educators consider this problem to be relevant, while 8.9% rated it as very relevant. 30.4% of those interviewed denied the existence of such a problem. Conclusions Taking into account the results of the study, the most relevant areas in the work of the psychologists in the educational system are the following: ● prevention among educators and students of the COVID-bullying; ● working with negative emotional states of participants in the educational process and increasing their stress tolerance; ● providing socio-educational assistance to children and families in difficult life situations, and forming positive life prospects. Keywords. COVID-19 pandemic; pedagogues; social-psychological problems; fear of getting infected; emotional exhaustion

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Khazova, S. A., et N. S. Shipova. « Emotional intelligence as a resource for codependent women ». Dans INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.965.977.

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The relevance of the study of personal resources is related to the importance of knowledge about the factors that determine a person’s mental health despite living conditions. The research aim was to study the emotional intelligence as a coping resource of codependent women. Sample: 19 women aged 32 to 47 years who are in a close relationship with a chemically dependent person. All women are clients of groups that help relatives of dependent people in Kostroma. Methods: The Mayer — Salovey — Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test 1998 (MSCEIT v. 2.0), adaptation in Russian (Sergienko & Vetrova, 2010); Co-Dependency Assessment Inventory (Weinhold & Weinhold, 2008); Ways of Coping Questionnaire, Folkman & Lazarus, 1988, adaptation in Russian (Kryukova, 2010); Projective technique «Man in the rain» by E. V. Romanova, T. I. Sytko (1992). The results indicate a lower development of emotional intelligence, the ability to understand emotions and consciously manage them, and features of the emotional sphere were found: feelings of insecurity, emotional coldness, impulsiveness and infantile. 47 % of women cope with the situation of dependence of a loved one unconstructively and are prone to excessive self-control, search for social support, and strive to solve the problem in any way. This does not allow you to cope with the dependence of a loved one and with your own codependent state. Regression analysis shows a fairly positive impact on coping behavior of the ability to understand and analyze emotions, use them in solving problems, consciously manage them, and predict their emotional States in the future. On the one hand, distance from the situation is reduced, on the other hand, emotional intelligence creates conditions for confrontation with the dependent behavior of a loved one and for a positive reevaluation of the situation in the context of strengthening one’s own personality. These results allow us to speak about the resource role of emotional intelligence in the situation of codependent relationships.

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Jasim Muhammad Hamza, Rana. « The Yazidi Survivors Between the Tragedy of the Genocide and the Reality of the Camps ». Dans Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/33.

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"The camps are a cumulative assembly that does not constitute a sense of belonging and does not constitute a coherent social body. Therefore, the camps were not prepared to meet the needs, and are not suitable for practicing work except in the most limited limits, almost creating a feeling for those who live in them that they are neglected, and that life in the camps reminds the survivors Every day, with what they have lost, they find themselves in a vicious circle. It is clear that the issue of Yazidi women has become a general humanitarian and social issue on the one hand, and a special issue related to women and the forms of kidnapping, rape and violence they have been subjected .to This study seeks to examine the situation of Yazidi girls and women after their return from kidnapping, and about the reality of the services provided to them by some international and local organizations. Based on the importance of documenting these services provided to women and girls in displacement camps, the study focuses on the service frameworks provided to them, as it is an important step in knowing the size of the gap in the protection services provided to them, and the study contributes to identifying the priorities that must be taken into account when developing plans future to achieve better conditions for Yazidi women survivors of violence. The study shows that women are suffering from multiple forms of violations committed against them, as women have suffered a lot from the effects of the control of (ISIS) gangs from kidnapping, rape and forced marriage, as well as forcing them to convert to the Islamic religion, Women still suffer from an unknown fate, as girls and women today have become widows or orphans in situations devoid of protection and support mechanisms. Most of the survivors, whether residing in the camps or residing outside the camps, lack health services, including psychological and social support. This study aims to identify the social and economic conditions that Yazidi women live in the camps, with the identification of the most important services provided to Yazidi women and their effectiveness in covering their needs. Given the 4 importance of this study, we will rely on the case study method, because it reveals to us closely the real and actual conditions of the .Yazidi women's conditions after their return inside the camps"

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Wahyurini, Endah, et Humam Santosa Utomo. « Creating Agricultural Product Innovations and Business Development : A Case in Farmer Women Group ». Dans LPPM UPN "VETERAN" Yogyakarta International Conference Series 2020. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/pss.v1i1.182.

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The Covid-19 pandemic implies a decrease in family income, resulting in social problems such as unemployment and poverty. This study aims to describe the process of creating product innovation carried out by groups of women farmers by using the land around the house to grow vegetables and the challenges they face. The study was conducted on a group of female farmers in Bantul, Yogyakarta using a qualitative analysis approach. Data collection techniques used observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The results of this study indicate that the crisis conditions and knowledge play an important role in the creation of innovation in agriculture. The diverse knowledge of the members creates new product and service innovation ideas. Universities, local governments, and industry play a role in encouraging the creation of innovation and the formation of joint ventures so that members get economic benefits. The women farmer groups have grown their roles, not only as social organizations but also in business organizations.

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Gökçek Karaca, Nuray, et Erol Karaca. « The Future Expectations and Laboration of Migrant Women From Turkey in Germany ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01490.

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This study sought to investigate future expectations and laboration of the migrant women from Turkey in Germany. The research was carried out with 570 migrant women from Turkey in Germany in 2012-2013. The data were collected by using a questionnaire developed by the researcher based on a literature review. Data were analyzed with factor analysis by using the statistical package SPSS. According to the research results, a significant number of women said that they are housewives but not working. This result points out the continuity of perception and evaluation of being a housewife “as not a profession and form of labor”. The data about women except from housewives reveals the difficulties in their labor life and also the effectiveness of informal networks on laborization process. Overwhelming majority of these women have experienced various jobs and indicated lower and inadequate wages as the reason of these experiences. In addition, the most effective means in the process of finding jobs is the circle of acquaintances rather than job-creating agencies, trainings and employment tests. As a result of the inadequacy of formal structure, a significant number of women has to work with low wages and not obtained sufficient social benefits. In spite of the difficulties faced by women in their laborization process, a great majority of women have the social security right. The presence of social security, however, could not prevent feeling insecure about their future and negative evaluation about their economic conditions.

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A. LOPES, José, et Ignacio J. DIAZ-MAROTO. « INPUT OF COMMUNAL FORESTS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL POPULATION : STUDY CASE OF NORTHERN PORTUGAL AND GALICIA ». Dans RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.227.

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Communal forests occupy one million hectares in the Northern of Portugal and Galicia. Since centuries ago, “Baldios” and “Montes Veciñais en Man Común” (MVMC) played an essential function in the economy of their owner communities. This role was lost all through the last century due to the enormous afforestation and the decrease of agriculture. The restitution of democratic regimes returned the communal forests tenure to the communities. Given the extension and high average area, our paper aims to research its potentialities and limitations of contribution to rural development. Two case studies, one in North Portugal and another one in Galicia, allow identifying the individual and collective traditional uses and the achievements made with revenues linked. Both Galician and Portuguese realities exhibit similarities and complementary benefits, and needing social and economic innovation to make a better use of rural resilience. Communal lands and small-scale business projects could maintain the network of local produce markets with attractive aesthetic values as well as biodiversity conservation. The comparison of the different criteria shows economic aspects are the most valorised by the stakeholders. The management decision of collective forests was the alternative mixed by the communities and the Forestry Services as the best one to complete the main objective of sustainable rural development. As a final conclusion of our work, remarking that the communities owning these forests currently seem to have the conditions to successfully manage their properties if the commoners are able to mobilize and adequate organize the communities.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Women – Portugal – Social conditions"

Oosterhoff, Pauline, Karen Snyder et Neelam Sharma. Nepali Women at Risk from Misguided Anti-Trafficking Strategies. Institute of Development Studies, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.073.

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There are burgeoning hospitality, entertainment, and wellness industries in Nepal. The label ‘Adult Entertainment Sector’, used in anti-trafficking efforts, has resulted in stigmatisation of the owners and, mainly female, workers of some businesses in these industries. Labour intermediaries, who help businesses get employees and workers find jobs, are a critical and often misrepresented part of these informal industries. Women are stuck with few options for safe employment in Nepal or foreign labour migration. Supporting the easy registration and monitoring of these businesses and social protection will improve Nepal’s economy and enhance working conditions.

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Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha et Amruth Kiran. Employer Practices and Perceptions on Paid Domestic Work : Recruitment, Employment Relationships, and Social Protection. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/epppdwrersp11.2022.

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The key question of this study is to ask: What are the beliefs, motivations, and perceptions of employers toward recruitment, employment conditions, and social protection for domestic workers?We draw from personal interviews with 403 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, neighbourhood type and across households with and without women working for wages. This Executive Summary outlines key findings and implications.

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Xourafi, Lydia, Polyxeni Sardi et Anastasia Kostaki. Exploring psychological vulnerability and responses to the COVID-19 lockdown in Greece. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2022.dat.5.

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This study explores the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the population in Greece during the general lockdown period. Specifically, depression, anxiety and stress scores, as well as the factors associated with vulnerability to developing mental health conditions during this period, were investigated. A total of 911 adults participated in an online survey by completing a self-reporting questionnaire that included demographic questions, DASS-42 items (anxiety, stress and depression scales) and other questions related to personal experience. Regression modelling uncovered a significant relationship between gender and DASS scores, with women having significantly higher scores than men for all mental health problems. Participants aged 20–39 years were especially vulnerable to experiencing poor mental health. Unemployed participants reported having worse mental health than others. Having more perceived psychosocial support during the pandemic was associated with lower overall scores. Thus, women, young adults and the unemployed exhibited particularly high levels of vulnerability, while individuals who received social support from relatives and friends during the lockdown were more resilient to the effects of social isolation.

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O’Reilly, Jacqueline, et Rachel Verdin. Measuring the size, characteristics and consequences of digital work. Digital Futures at Work Research Centre, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/whfq8202.

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This working paper provides a summary assessment of the existing literature and data on digital forms of employment internationally. It illustrates the variability in how it is defined, how it is growing and what kind of risks are associated with these developments. Evaluation of these types of jobs is divided. On one hand, optimists point to the attractions and relative ease in finding employment on digital platforms; on the other hand, more critical perspectives argue that these employment contracts can result in exclusion from social protection systems. The evidence indicates that while overall a relatively small proportion of all employment digital work is growing, both on platforms as well as adoption amongst more traditional companies. The characteristics of digital workers can vary by region and occupation. Overall, they tend to be predominantly younger and more likely male, with a growing number of women albeit in particular occupations. Skills and earnings levels vary but the key issues of disputes is around pay, conditions and employment status. The consequences of this form of work for those with lower skilled digital employment can undermine their social citizenship: they lack comparable employment rights, or when unemployed entitlement to adequate social protection. The potential polarisation effects of digital exclusion and deficits will severely hamper the wider benefits of transparency offered by these technologies. During the pandemic these trends have become more apparent. The imbalance of bargaining power and regulatory governance to bridge gaps in citizenship entitlements undermines the collective potential of policy makers and trade unions to address these challenges. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence of innovative challenges and contestation of these gaps by both union organisations and national regulators attempts to adapt social protection

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