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1
Davis, Lexington. « Creating a “Feminist Nation” ». Feminist Media Histories 9, no 4 (2023) : 108–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fmh.2023.9.4.108.
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Drawing on archival records, oral histories, and the 1970s underground press, this article retraces the history of International Videoletters, a feminist video exchange network that operated from 1975 to 1977. Though primarily based in the United States, the network expressed global aspirations to transform the televisual landscape, a goal it shared with other activist video collectives of the era. However, in contrast to many male-led guerrilla television groups, International Videoletters prioritized its independence from broadcast television, structuring its network instead as an autonomous, women-run media system. I argue that by emphasizing the relationship between video producers and viewers through nonhierarchical organizational structures, independent distribution systems, and dynamic feedback sessions, International Videoletters fostered a feminist counterpublic committed to transforming media representation of women. Through analysis of the network’s operations and output, this article asserts the centrality of grassroots feminist media initiatives like International Videoletters to the history of guerrilla television, where they have largely been overlooked.
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Larson, Stephanie Greco, et Martha Bailey. « ABC's “Person of the Week” : American Values in Television News ». Journalism & ; Mass Communication Quarterly 75, no 3 (septembre 1998) : 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500305.
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This study analyzed five years of “ABC World News Tonight's ‘Person of the Week’” segments to identify prominent types of people and values endorsed by mainstream news media. Individuals most frequently selected for ABC's honor lived in the United States; worked in politics and entertainment; and were white, male, and famous. American values such as individualism, heroism, and unselfishness were more commonly portrayed than were populism, capitalism, and patriotism. Women who were chosen were less famous and more likely to be in social services and to have caretaker roles than were their male counterparts. Blacks were more likely than whites to come from humble backgrounds and to be the first in their fields and involved with social issues. Selflessness, especially when exhibited by women, was a frequently celebrated value.
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Custers, Kathleen, et Jenna McNallie. « The Relationship Between Television Sports Exposure and Rape Myth Acceptance : The Mediating Role of Sexism and Sexual Objectification of Women ». Violence Against Women 23, no 7 (30 juin 2016) : 813–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216651340.
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Rape affects a large proportion of women in the United States but is one of the most underreported crimes. It is believed that rape myth acceptance contributes to low reporting rates. We tested whether television sports exposure was indirectly related to higher acceptance of rape myth beliefs. An online survey involving 465 undergraduate students showed that viewing TV sports was positively related to hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, and sexual objectification of women. Through these variables, TV sports was indirectly and positively associated with rape myth acceptance. These results suggest that sports programming contributes to the perpetuation of rape myths in society.
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Smith, Paul Julian. « Screenings ». Film Quarterly 71, no 3 (2018) : 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2018.71.3.72.
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Italian television scholar Milly Buonanno has often complained that, in this second Golden Age of TV, academic attention is focused almost exclusively on the United States. Even in a country like Spain, newspapers dutifully recap each episode of American premium-cable and streaming-service series while ignoring their own local productions. Hence, the importance of Buonanno's new collection Television Antiheroines: Women Behaving Badly in Crime and Prison Drama, which tracks its female figures on screens from Italy and France to Australia and Brazil. Smith examines two prominent Spanish language TV shows featuring women in prison and concludes that Buonanno's invaluable book shows it is no longer necessary to ask where the female Tony Sopranos or Walter Whites may be. And, thanks to the compelling examples of Capadocia (HBO Latin America, 2008–12) and Spain's Vis a vis (Antena 3/Fox, 2015–), it is now clear that difficult women can speak Spanish as well as English on global TV screens, even as they are confined within them to the smallest of prison cells.
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Ratnasingam, Malini, et Lee Ellis. « Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries ». Journal of Media Psychology 23, no 4 (janvier 2011) : 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000054.
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Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.
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Bennett, J. « Inventing Television Culture : Men, Women and the Box * New Media and Popular Imagination : Launching Radio, Television and Digital Media in the United States ». Screen 47, no 1 (1 janvier 2006) : 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/screen/hjl009.
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Cranford, Alexandra. « Women Weathercasters : Their Positions, Education, and Presence in Local TV ». Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no 2 (1 février 2018) : 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0317.1.
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Abstract Data on weathercasters at local television stations in all 210 markets in the United States were gathered through individual weathercaster biography web pages provided on television news station websites. The weathercasters’ genders, positions, and educational backgrounds were compiled and analyzed to determine women’s presence in local broadcast meteorology. While the overall percentage of females in the field increased and females were more represented in larger markets, females held fewer influential and desired positions in 2016 compared with previous studies. Women made up 29% of all weathercaster positions, which was higher than in earlier studies that showed the percentage at 25% or less over the past two decades. Females made up 8% of chief meteorologist positions and less than 11% of evening shifts, which were lower than numbers in previous studies. The proportion of female weathercasters who held meteorology degrees was lower than their male counterparts (52% of females compared with 59% of males). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Chi-squared tests revealed strong and statistically significant associations between males and chief meteorologist positions and between males and evening shifts. There was a higher percentage of weathercasters with meteorology degrees in smaller markets as opposed to larger markets.
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Berke, Annie. « Whatever Happened to Janet Wood ? Women Story Editors in 1950s Television ». Camera Obscura : Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 34, no 3 (1 décembre 2019) : 127–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/02705346-7772411.
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This article places 1950s women story editors in television in the context of the studio system and explains the particular labor of the story and script editors in film and TV. It examines the extant records and archival sources (including newspapers, industry trade publications, and internal memos) of women story editors such as Dorothy Hechtlinger, Alice Young, Jacqueline Babbin, and Janet Wood in conjunction with the historical work of David Waterman and Erin Hill, as well as the theoretical model Michel Foucault posits in his essay on the criminal notices of obscure “infamous men.” These “infamous” (or, more appropriately, un-famous) women story editors become visible as they are being penalized, disciplined, or fired—which is to say, they only appear in the historical record when they are being pushed out or when they push back. As Hechtlinger writes in an angry memo to a supervisor at The United States Steel Hour (ABC, 1953–55; CBS, 1955–63), “I think it was a shameful omission that I was not permitted to attend today’s meeting.” For decades, women like Hechtlinger and Wood have suffered such “omissions” within television history. This essay seeks to integrate their stories, work, and subjectivities into the field of postwar media industry studies while revealing how this hidden history invites a rereading of media texts from the period.
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Robert, Dana L. « The Influence of American Missionary Women on the World Back Home1 ». Religion and American Culture : A Journal of Interpretation 12, no 1 (2002) : 59–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2002.12.1.59.
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No churchgoer born before 1960 can forget the childhood thrill of hearing a missionary speak in church. The missionary arrived in native dress to thank the congregation for its support and, after the service, showed slides in the church hall. The audience sat transfixed, imagining what it might be like to eat termites in Africa, or beg on the streets in India, or study the Bible in a refugee camp. The usually mundane Sunday service became exotic and exciting, as the world beyond the United States suddenly seemed real. In an age before round-the-clock television news, and the immigration of Asians and Latin Americans even to small towns in the Midwest, the missionary on furlough was a major link between the world of North American Christians and the rest of the globe.
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Sengupta, Subir. « The Influence of Culture on Portrayals of Women in Television Commercials : A Comparison Between the United States and Japan ». International Journal of Advertising 14, no 4 (janvier 1995) : 314–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02650487.1995.11104622.
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Daniels, Jessie, Julie C. Netherland et Alyssa Patricia Lyons. « White Women, U.S. Popular Culture, and Narratives of Addiction ». Contemporary Drug Problems 45, no 3 (18 avril 2018) : 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450918766914.
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The United States war on drugs has, for decades now, systematically targeted communities of color. This sustained attack on people of color is accomplished through the use of whiteness. Recently, mainstream news media and elected officials have called for a “gentler war on drugs” to address the opioid epidemic. While some may see this as a welcome change, we take a more critical view. Specifically, we examine the role of White women in two popular television series that feature narratives of addiction as a gendered instance of “white drug exceptionalism.” To do this, we conducted a systematic analysis of a narrative television show, Law & Order, and a reality-based show, Intervention, using nine seasons over the same time period (2000–2010). In the procedural drama Law & Order, White women were featured prominently as part of the carceral state, both as police detectives and as prosecutors. Occasionally, White women are portrayed as victims of drug culture. On the rehabinspired Intervention, the majority of all characters are White, and the audience is invited to view drug use and recovery through a white lens that tells a particular kind of story about addiction. Both the carceral model promoted by Law & Order and the therapeutic model valorized by Intervention rely on particular notions of White womanhood mapped onto neoliberal regimes of citizenship that not only compel us all toward “health” and “sobriety” but also warp our collective imagination, so that we only see some drug users as worthy of a gentleness and compassion.
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Menard, Kathleen J. « The Obesity Epidemic : What does it mean to the PeriAnesthesia Practitioner ? » British Journal of Anaesthetic and Recovery Nursing 9, no 4 (novembre 2008) : 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742645608000338.
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AbstractAlexander and Liston coined the term ‘Obesogenic society – where people are addicted to fast foods and supermarkets and a sedentary lifestyle promoted by television and cars’ [Alexander and Liston, 2006, p. 1167]. It is an undeniable fact that the United States has an overweight and obesity problem, the prevalence has doubled since 1960, the latest statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report obesity (body mass index (BMI)⩾30) in adult men (33.3%) and adult women (35.3%) and more than 66% of adult Americans are considered overweight [CDC (Department of Health and Human Services), 2008]. Extreme obesity has increased from 0.8% to 4.9% [Bellaret al, 2008]. Visit the CDC website athttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/trend/maps/index.htmfor a very graphic slide show of the ‘fatting of America.’The Weight Control Information Network classifies obesity as a chronic illness with an annual $117 billion cost (Weight-control Information Network (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)), 2007). In 2003, obesity was the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States [Garza, 2003]; it is now on the way to surpassing smoking [Abir and Bell, 2004]. But it is not just a problem in the United States; it is becoming a worldwide problem. What does this obesity epidemic mean to the PeriAnesthesia practitioner?
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Kahlor, LeeAnn, et Matthew S. Eastin. « Television's Role in the Culture of Violence Toward Women : A Study of Television Viewing and the Cultivation of Rape Myth Acceptance in the United States ». Journal of Broadcasting & ; Electronic Media 55, no 2 (25 mai 2011) : 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.566085.
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KWON, JUNEHEE, AMBER N. S. WILSON, CAROLYN BEDNAR et LISA KENNON. « Food Safety Knowledge and Behaviors of Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) Program Participants in the United States ». Journal of Food Protection 71, no 8 (1 août 2008) : 1651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.8.1651.
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Although the incidence of foodborne illnesses has declined, thousands of cases are still reported in the United States. In conjunction with industry efforts to reduce foodborne pathogens, consumers play an important role in decreasing foodborne illnesses. To assess food safety knowledge and food handling behaviors of low-income, high-risk populations, a study was conducted with participants of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). A survey was conducted with 1,598 clients from 87 WIC agencies nationwide. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analyses, t tests, and analyses of variance were calculated. A majority of respondents received food safety information from WIC (78.7%), family (63.1%), and television (60.7%). Most respondents recognized the necessity for washing and sanitizing cutting boards and utensils (94.3%), but only 66.1% knew the correct ways to sanitize. Using a thermometer to ensure doneness of meat was least recognized (23.7%) and used by even fewer respondents (7.7%). The majority (77.4%) used color of meat and/or juices when checking the doneness of ground beef items. Over half of the respondents (58.4%) used acceptable thawing methods, but many thawed frozen meats on the counter (21.0%) or in a sink filled with water (20.6%). There were significant differences in thawing methods, overall knowledge scores, and overall behavior scores among different racial and ethnic groups. White respondents had higher knowledge scores than did Hispanics, and blacks had lower behavior scores than did individuals in the other racial and ethnic groups. Results of the study suggested the need for food safety education for low-income consumers and different messages to be delivered to specific demographic groups.
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Sundstrom, Beth, Laura A. Carr, Andrea L. DeMaria, Jeffrey E. Korte, Susan C. Modesitt et Jennifer Young Pierce. « Protecting the Next Generation ». Social Marketing Quarterly 21, no 3 (6 août 2015) : 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500415598984.
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This study guides social marketing campaigns to increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among young women by elaborating the health belief model (HBM). A self-administered, anonymous, web-based questionnaire was e-mailed to all entering female college students at a large, public university in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Findings elaborate the HBM constructs of perceived threat, benefits, barriers, and cues to action. Almost all participants had heard about the HPV vaccine and the majority of first-year students had received at least one shot in the vaccination series. Results expand understandings of perceived threat in relation to the HPV vaccine by explicating misinformation and knowledge gaps. Participants indicated that parents and physicians were their most trusted sources of vaccine information. Television and Internet cues to action were negatively associated with HPV vaccination among these women. Structural equation modeling results affirmed the HBM’s fit (comparative fit index = 0.935, normative fit index = 0.921, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.077). This finding suggests the importance of multimodal sources of information, expanding the dichotomous internal and external cues to action. Perceptions of vaccine safety remained a significant barrier to the uptake of HPV vaccination among participants. Racial disparities between White and non-White students could have a considerable impact on the established inequality in HPV vaccination rates in the United States. Results inform future social marketing campaign messages and strategies based on the HBM.
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Rajgopal, Shoba Sharad. « “The Daughter of Fu Manchu” ». Meridians 19, S1 (1 décembre 2020) : 389–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8566056.
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AbstractCourses regarding race, gender, and representation are not easy to teach under any circumstances, but even more so in predominantly White classrooms in the post 9/11 United States, where the masses have been fed a diet of xenophobic, anti-Asian propaganda inculcating an “us” versus “them” mentality. This article analyzes the discourse of empire, a metaphor that has been used time after time to construct a mythical and menacing Other. In contrast, the portrait of Asian women in cinema and television news as traditional, veiled, and inhabiting a separate sphere adds to this representation of Asian cultures as premodern and irrevocably opposed to the West, much as portrayed in Samuel Huntington’s “clash of civilizations” theory. The author illustrates this transnational feminist critique with a documentary used in Women’s Studies classes, Deborah Gee’s landmark film Slaying the Dragon (1988).
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Lachlan, PhD, Kenneth A., Patric Spence, PhD, Emily Hutter, MA et Christine Gilbert, MA. « Exploring sex differences in information needs, media dependencies, and attention allocation during Hurricane Dorian ». Journal of Emergency Management 19, no 5 (1 septembre 2021) : 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0652.
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In September 2019, Hurricane Dorian struck the Bahamas and the southeast United States, resulting in widespread damage and loss of life. Drawing from previous crisis communication research on both natural and man-made disasters, this study examines information seeking and medium preferences, attention allocation, and sex differences in these outcomes. Extant literature has found differences between men and women in terms of the volume and types of information wanted during a crisis event, as well as preferences for different media in times of crisis. This literature has yet to examine the degree to which attention allocation may be related to these outcomes. To address these issues in a naturalistic context, a large-scale survey was targeted at residents of states impacted by Hurricane Dorian. Results are consistent with previous research indicating that females engaged in more overall information seeking and sought more information seeking related to tangible goals. Females found interactive media (Internet and social media) to be more useful than males. Evidence was not detected concerning sex differences in the way people found out about the storm and sex differences in attention allocation detected. Results suggested small effects for perceived usefulness of television and Internet on attention allocation for both men and women. Implications for emergency management personnel and public officials are discussed.
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McManus, Emily J. « The Tango in Translation : Intertextuality, Filmic Representation, and Performing Argentine Tango in the United States ». TranscUlturAl : A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 5, no 1-2 (25 mars 2014) : 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9w34w.
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This article analyzes representations of the Argentine tango by the U.S. media utilizing Farzaneh Farahzad’s theory of “translation as intertextual practice” and Lawrence Venuti’s theory of translated “adaptations.” I argue that the juxtaposition of Latin American and European cultural stereotypes within filmic representations of the tango has created and reinforced a highly racialized master discourse (Said Faiq) that continues to influence how the Argentine tango is perceived in the United States today. Because cultural translation occurs between a hegemonic culture and a marginalized culture, representations of the tango in the United States both create and reinforce a master discourse that inextricably ties the tango to an exoticized and eroticized Latin “Other.”
I conclude by discuss how the racialized and sexualized narratives discussed throughout this paper are integrated into contemporary performance of the tango. I draw on ethnographic research with tango communities throughout the United States to illustrate how 20th century filmic representations of the tango continue to motivate, influence, and inform how, when, and why the Argentine tango is performed by U.S. dancers and musicians. Films analyzed include Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Some Like it Hot, Last Tango in Paris, and The Scent of a Woman, as well as a variety of lesser-known films and television advertisements. Although a large variety of 20th century films feature the tango, the films discussed in this paper were selected for analysis due to the frequency with which they are referenced by tango aficionados and contemporary tango dancers, musicians, and deejays performing throughout the United States today.
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Robinson, K. G., C. H. Robinson et S. A. Hawkins. « Assessment of public perception regarding wastewater reuse ». Water Supply 5, no 1 (1 mars 2005) : 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0008.
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A descriptive-correlational study was recently conducted in a four county metropolitan area in the southeast United States (US) as part of a collaborative effort between nursing and environmental engineering researchers. The purpose of the study was to assess attitudes, knowledge and information sources concerning wastewater reuse and evaluate the results with respect to population demographics. The study indicated that both men and women unfavorably view the use of wastewater for possible consumption (released into potable surface or groundwater supplies) or applications involving close, personal contact (laundry). Women were especially concerned about pumping wastewater into the groundwater for subsequent potable use. Both genders felt that wastewater reuse for applications not involving close personal contact (such as firefighting, car washing, lawn irrigation and agricultural uses) was acceptable. General knowledge concerning wastewater reuse was mixed. Those with lower incomes, less education, and 65 years of age or older had significantly less knowledge of this issue than younger, more educated, higher income individuals. Primary sources of information for most demographic groups included newspaper and television, although the Internet was identified as a frequent source for selected groups.
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Garcia, Pablo, Maria E. Montez-Rath, Heather Moore, Johnie Flotte, Chris Fults, Martha S. Block, Jialin Han et al. « SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Acceptability in Patients on Hemodialysis : A Nationwide Survey ». Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 32, no 7 (29 avril 2021) : 1575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2021010104.
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BackgroundPatients on dialysis are at increased risk for COVID-19–related complications. However, a substantial fraction of patients on dialysis belong to groups more likely to be hesitant about vaccination.MethodsWith the goal of identifying strategies to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake among patients on hemodialysis, we conducted a nationwide vaccine acceptability survey, partnering with a dialysis network to distribute an anonymized English and Spanish language online survey in 150 randomly selected facilities in the United States. We used logistic regression to evaluate characteristics of vaccine-hesitant persons.ResultsA total of 1515 (14% of eligible) patients responded; 20% of all responders, 29% of patients aged 18–44 years, and 29% of Black responders reported being hesitant to seek the COVID-19 vaccine, even if the vaccine was considered safe for the general population. Odds of vaccine hesitancy were higher among patients aged 18–44 years versus those 45–64 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.0 to 2.3), Black patients versus non-Hispanic White patients (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.7), Native Americans or Pacific Islanders versus non-Hispanic White patients (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.7), and women versus men (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.0). About half (53%) of patients who were vaccine hesitant expressed concerns about side effects. Responders’ main information sources about COVID-19 vaccines were television news and dialysis staff (68% and 38%, respectively).ConclusionsA substantial proportion of patients receiving in-center hemodialysis in the United States are hesitant about seeking COVID-19 vaccination. Facilitating uptake requires outreach to younger patients, women, and Black, Native American, or Pacific Islander patients, and addressing concerns about side effects.PodcastThis article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/JASN/2021_07_07_JASN2021010104.mp3
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Reiche, Danyel. « Issues around the FIFA World Cup 2018 in Russia : A showcase of how sports and politics mix ». Sport und Gesellschaft 15, no 2-3 (19 décembre 2018) : 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sug-2018-0013.
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Summery The 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia was another demonstration in how sports and politics mix. In protest of Russian politics, few leaders from Western countries attended. For this World Cup, public resources were misused in that half of the stadiums built in Russia were left as “white elephants” with no longterm use. The tournament in Russia marked a shift from the West to the East with sponsors from authoritarian countries having saved the business model of FIFA. The policy of fining misconduct during the World Cup showed FIFA’s commitment to protect its remaining sponsors while proclaimed values, such as fighting racism, were of minor importance. The case of Iranian women using the opportunity not only to attend their national team’s games in Russia but also to advocate for the right of women to enter stadiums in Iran showed that football can also be an agent for social change. In two countries (Germany, United States), World Cup matches hosted female commentators on television for the first time. In Belgium, players operated largely above the Flemish-Walloon divide. The article concludes by comparing the last World Cup in Russia with the next one in Qatar and identifying topics for future research.
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Ahmad, Bilal, Naznina Hakim Khan, Irfan Ullah et Raeesa. « A Corpus-Based Comparative Analysis of Socio-Linguistic Features in the Genderlect of American and Pakistani English TV Talk Shows ». Journal of Asian Development Studies 13, no 2 (28 mai 2024) : 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.2.25.
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This study examines the depiction of gender in Pakistani and American television discussion programmes. The primary objective is to determine if the talk shows in both countries (i.e., Pakistan and America) display typical gender stereotypes or whether they challenge dominant views of gender and promote fresh depictions. To accomplish this objective, content analysis is performed to examine the sample comprising Pakistani and American television talk programmes. Specifically, programmes broadcast on Pakistani and American general-interest networks have been chosen. Results indicate that only individuals with binary gender expressions (female and male) participated. Males are likelier to play a prominent role in these programmes, particularly as the host position, which is essential to the format's dynamics. As a rule, female characters are less powerful and use significantly less humour than their male counterparts in these talk shows in Pakistan and the United States. On the other hand, late-night talk shows are known for their inclusivity in featuring both male and female guests. They are open to discussing a wide range of topics, from intimate and political matters to current affairs and private issues, without gender bias. The primary conclusion of this study that can be reached is still problematic in terms of gender (male and female) representation, mainly owing to the absence of female players in dominating positions and the preconceived notions about women when they do humour as a host of the programme.
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Sylvester, Roshanna P. « Far from Tranquility Base ». Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 50, no 2 (1 juin 2024) : 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2024.500208.
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Abstract The Apple+ television series For All Mankind imagines an alternative history in which the Soviets beat the United States to the moon and the Cold War space race never ends. Gender politics and associated dynamics are central to the action. This article explores plotlines involving two fictional cosmonauts: the first woman on the moon and a male crew member stationed at the Soviet's lunar base. It finds that FAM reinforces Cold War tropes, anxieties, and “us vs them” formulations. FAM's writers miss the opportunity to probe the complexities of gender and personhood in the late Soviet era. Instead of encouraging more nuanced thinking about “the Russians,” FAM's universe perpetuates Cold War sensibilities that promote competition and conflict on Earth and in space.
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Smith, Paul Julian. « Screenings ». Film Quarterly 70, no 4 (2017) : 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2017.70.4.83.
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Columnist Paul Julian Smith puts a Mexican TV hit that has gone global into perspective for FQ's readers. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, the seventeenth-century poet and nun, has a good claim to be the best-known woman in the history of Mexico. Looking scholarly on the two-hundred-peso banknote, where she is depicted with an ink quill and a volume of her collected works, she has long been an incongruous presence among the virile Aztecs, revolutionaries, and presidents that grace the rest of Mexican currency. But only now has she been awarded that special honor: a biographical television series on her richly resonant and mysterious life. Patricia Arriaga Jordán, perhaps the most distinguished television producer in the country, created Juana Inés for Canal 11, the free public broadcast channel owned by the Instituto Politécnico Nacional university with which she has long collaborated. The seven-hour-long episodes were broadcast nationally twice a week in prime time beginning on March 26, 2016, and subsequently sold for international distribution to Netflix where, at the time of writing, they are available in the United States.
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Choy, Catherine Ceniza. « Race at the Center : The History of American Cold War Asian Adoption ». Journal of American-East Asian Relations 16, no 3 (2009) : 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656109793645661.
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AbstractIn the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, international and transracial adoption have become more prominent than ever before. Celebrity culture and mainstream television and film—for example, Angelina Jolie's adoption of a Cambodian boy, an Ethiopian girl, and most recently a Vietnamese boy, and the adoption of a Chinese baby girl by Kristin Davis's character Charlotte York at the conclusion of the iconic HBO sitcom “Sex and the City”—have reflected as well as disseminated new racial sensibilities regarding family formation to the general public. But these sensibilities are not as new as they seem. They have a history. This essay challenges the popular notion that international adoption is an unprecedented facet of current American multiculturalism by connecting it to the international adoption by families in the United States during the Cold War 1950s and 1960s of mixed-race children of Asian women and U.S. servicemen. While histories of adoption have located the origins of Asian international adoption in the post–World War II and post–Korean War periods,2 the original contribution of this essay is to emphasize and to critically explore how the analytical category of race is fundamental to understanding the demographics, discourses, and institutions of earlier Asian international adoption history.
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Doan, Carrie. « ‘Subversive stories and hegemonic tales’ of child sexual abuse : from expert legal testimony to television talk shows ». International Journal of Law in Context 1, no 3 (septembre 2005) : 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552305003046.
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This article explores the cultural and legal contexts in which the construction of childhood sexual abuse has taken place over the past three decades in the United States. It also explores a theoretical debate that pits ‘logico-scientific’ accounts of reality against narrative accounts of reality. This debate is of central importance to the study of social and legal responses to childhood sexual abuse, which is categorised in this article as a problem of sexual and domestic violence from a feminist perspective. Some feminists argue that narratives may serve an empowering function in legal and other institutions by giving voice and legitimacy to survivors of sexual and domestic violence. Other feminists argue that narratives of domestic and sexual abuse that fail to identify the social systems of inequality associated with abuse may produce hyper-individualistic and depoliticising accounts of these problems. In this article, the author argues, with Ewick and Silbey, that it is possible to specify the kinds of narratives that contribute to political discourse and confrontation surrounding issues of childhood sexual abuse. The strategic use of social science and expert testimony in criminal and civil court cases, the construction and cultural significance of autobiographical narratives, and the proliferation of narratives in popular media that deal with child sexual abuse are all discussed. It is argued that autobiographical accounts of child sexual abuse, such as those of Dorothy Allison and Maya Angelou, internally illuminate the contexts of inequality which perpetuate abuse and shape the lives of survivors, while discourses in legal institutions and popular media tend to reproduce hegemonic constructions of women, children, and the problem of childhood sexual abuse.
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June, Im. « A Comparative Study of News Frames by Country in the Conflict Report on Comfort Women in Korea, Japan, and the United States : Korea KBS, Japan NHK, USA NBC Television Evening News ». kookmin Social Science Review 32, no 02 (29 février 2020) : 251–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54711/kssr.32.2.09.
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Ketchum, Alex. « Kitchen Bytes ». Gastronomica 23, no 1 (2023) : 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2023.23.1.83.
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This article discusses the history of kitchen computers and robots in the United States in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Kitchen computers are programmable devices located in kitchens that perform logical operations and are often equipped with software to aid in cooking. However, as discussed in this article, marketers and journalists tend to anthropomorphize kitchen computers in descriptions and discuss these kitchen computers as if they are robots. Robots are machines that are programmable by a computer, which can carry out a complex series of actions automatically. Kitchen robots, therefore, are related to kitchen computers yet are not the same thing. In the cultural imaginary, including in movies, television, and advertisements, kitchen robots represent the desire for leisure, luxury, and a reprieve from the burdens of cooking. However, the development of these technologies and their surrounding discourse were more complicated than films and computer magazines made them out to be. Kitchen robots and computers are typically coded as white and female. Their marketing promotes a retrofuturist vision in which outdated gender models are projected onto contemporary—or even emerging—technologies that reinscribe sexist, racist, and heterosexist stereotypes. While the promise of kitchen computers and robots seems progressive, these technologies do not threaten the gendered division of household cooking. Instead, these devices offered women a reprieve from the drudgery of kitchen tasks through a capitalist solution: a product buys a woman’s reprieve rather than upending the nuclear heterosexual family and redefining household roles that create a more equitable division of housework.
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Horváth, Ádám, et Balázs Gyenge. « Changes and trends based on perceived lifestyles reflected in movies ». SocioEconomic Challenges 7, no 3 (30 septembre 2023) : 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.61093/sec.7(3).174-183.2023.
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The impact of movies on society has been studied by researchers and film professionals for decades. However, less attention is focused specifically on changes and trends regarding perceived lifestyles reflected in movies. This paper aims to collect and examine the various trends that have emerged as a social impact of lifestyles through their portrayal in movies (and in some cases, television shows, that are becoming more and more prevalent form of entertainment). As Movies are universally accessible and popular media, they have the potential to influence the values, lifestyles and attitudes of consumers. The relevance and importance are further enhanced by the fact that through the cultural consumption they aid us in familiarizing, understanding and processing the social changes, new lifestyles and current problems. The logical structure of this paper follows the trends as major themes and their emergence in movies. The themes examined – mainly through the systemization and analysis of literary sources and approaches – were health awareness, addictions (tobacco products, alcohol and narcotic drugs in particular), environmental awareness and sustainability, privacy and relationships (through the representation of men and women in various lifecycle stages and the young adults’ perception of sex), and the geek subculture. The research scope of the paper focuses on the western movie releases of the past years, mainly of the United States of America, because they represent the greatest global influence and reach of the movie industry – with constant releases and popularity all over the world. The results of the paper showed that these aforementioned themes reflected in movies have the capacity impact individuals’ values, lifestyles and attitudes. Furthermore, the paper will be useful for any researcher who wishes to gain a deeper understanding of the non-advertisement based – as in not product placement, merchandising or other forms of advertisement in the immediate environment of movies – marketing content that has an impact through popular movies on society and consumer behavior.
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Kimm, Sue Y. S. « The Role of Dietary Fiber in the Development and Treatment of Childhood Obesity ». Pediatrics 96, no 5 (1 novembre 1995) : 1010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.5.1010.
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Childhood obesity is viewed as a public health problem in the United States because of its assumed high prevalence and increasing secular trend. The best estimate of the genetic contribution to obesity ranges from 5% to 25%. Environmental factors play a major role in obesity development. Low income and a low level of education have been associated with obesity, particularly among white women. Caloric intake as a risk factor for obesity has not been clearly established. This lack of a clear-cut association may be attributable to the problem of accurately measuring caloric intake. Several studies have linked increased total fat intake, rather than caloric intake, with obesity. Some studies have linked television viewing to obesity in children. Obesity is rare among the populations of developing countries, where dietary fiber intake is high. Explanations for the role of dietary fiber in obesity include a reduced caloric density of the foods, a slower rate of food ingestion, and possible effects on satiety. Most studies on the role of fiber in the treatment of obesity have been somewhat limited by lack of comparison groups, inadequate sample sizes, and short durations of the observations. However, although limited, the available evidence suggests that fiber potentially could play a useful role in weight reduction. For children, fiber administration should be considered as an adjuvant therapy rather than a primary modality, because fiber might aid in promoting satiety during meals and curbing hunger between meals. More research is needed, however, to assess further the efficacy of high-fiber diets in the treatment of childhood obesity. For now, however, increasing dietary fiber as a part of a health-promoting dietary pattern presents an attractive public health possibility as a means for prevention of chronic diseases. Preventing childhood obesity could be a part of the health benefit resulting from a population-based recommendation for optimal fiber intake.
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Hussain, Amir. « Me and the Mosque ». American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no 2 (1 avril 2006) : 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i2.1634.
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Zarqa Nawaz is a Canadian Muslim filmmaker who lives with her family inRegina, Saskatchewan. There are any number of comments that could beinserted at this point. Having spent time on both the Saskatchewan andManitoba prairies, I note only that Zarqa is developing a television series forthe Canadian Broadcasting Corporation entitled “Little Mosque on thePrairie.” She has made two earlier short films, BBQ Muslims and DeathThreat. Information about those films, as well as about Zarqa, can be foundon her website, Fundamentalist Films, available at www.fundamentalistfilms.com.Me and the Mosque, her first documentary, is distributed by the NationalFilm Board of Canada. The film is directly related to her own concerns as aMuslim woman, namely, as to space available to her in the mosque. The filmbegins on a light-hearted note (as does her web site, with the tag line of “puttingthe fun back into fundamentalism”) with Muslim comic Azhar Usmanjoking about the lack of appropriate space available in mosques for Muslimwomen.The documentary traverses mosques in Canada and the United States,such including places as Aurora, Illinois; Mississauga, Ontario; Winnipeg,Manitoba; Regina, Saskatchewan; Surrey, British Columbia; and Morgantown,West Virginia. It includes the voices of established scholars, amongthem Asma Barlas, Umar Abd-Allah, and Aminah McCloud, alongside thenewer scholarly voices of Aisha Geissinger, Jasmine Zine, and Itrath Syed.In addition, there is a wide range of interviews with people from the Muslimcommunity, from such activists as Asra Nomani and Aminah Assilmi to suchscholars as Abdullah Adhami and Tareq Suwaidan.As mentioned above, the film begins on a humorous note with the comedyof Azhar Usman (of “Allah Made Me Funny” fame). However, what hejokes about, the nice “dungeons” that many people mention when they talkabout the basements where some mosques give space to women, is no laughingmatter. The film then moves to the mosque in Aurora to begin its discussionof these issues. I would like to think that this is Zarqa’s subtle homageto another Canadian filmmaker, Mike Myers, who bases his fictional character,Wayne Campbell, in Aurora. Zarqa then mentions her upbringing inToronto and contrasts the mosque that she attended (the Jami’ Mosque) while ...
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KITLV, Redactie. « Book Reviews ». New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 69, no 1-2 (1 janvier 1995) : 143–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002650.
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-Sidney W. Mintz, Paget Henry ,C.L.R. James' Caribbean. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992. xvi + 287 pp., Paul Buhle (eds)-Allison Blakely, Jan M. van der Linde, Over Noach met zijn zonen: De Cham-ideologie en de leugens tegen Cham tot vandaag. Utrecht: Interuniversitair Instituut voor Missiologie en Oecumenica, 1993. 160 pp.-Helen I. Safa, Edna Acosta-Belén ,Researching women in Latin America and the Caribbean. Boulder CO: Westview, 1993. x + 201 pp., Christine E. Bose (eds)-Helen I. Safa, Janet H. Momsen, Women & change in the Caribbean: A Pan-Caribbean Perspective. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; Kingston: Ian Randle, 1993. x + 308 pp.-Paget Henry, Janet Higbie, Eugenia: The Caribbean's Iron Lady. London: Macmillan, 1993. 298 pp.-Kathleen E. McLuskie, Moira Ferguson, Subject to others: British women writers and Colonial Slavery 1670-1834. New York: Routledge, 1992. xii + 465 pp.-Samuel Martínez, Senaida Jansen ,Género, trabajo y etnia en los bateyes dominicanos. Santo Domingo: Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo, Programa de Estudios se la Mujer, 1991. 195 pp., Cecilia Millán (eds)-Michiel Baud, Roberto Cassá, Movimiento obrero y lucha socialista en la República Dominicana (desde los orígenes hasta 1960). Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1990. 620 pp.-Paul Farmer, Robert Lawless, Haiti's Bad Press. Rochester VT: Schenkman Press, 1992. xxvii + 261 pp.-Bill Maurer, Karen Fog Olwig, Global culture, Island identity: Continuity and change in the Afro-Caribbean Community of Nevis. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993. xi + 239 pp.-Viranjini Munasinghe, Kevin A. Yelvington, Trinidad Ethnicity. Knoxville: University of Tennesee Press, 1993. vii + 296 pp.-Kevin K. Birth, Christine Ho, Salt-water Trinnies: Afro-Trinidadian Immigrant Networks and Non-Assimilation in Los Angeles. New York: AMS Press, 1991. xvi + 237 pp.-Steven Gregory, Andrés Isidoro Pérez y Mena, Speaking with the dead: Development of Afro-Latin Religion among Puerto Ricans in the United States. A study into the Interpenetration of civilizations in the New World. New York: AMS Press, 1991. xvi + 273 pp.-Frank Jan van Dijk, Mihlawhdh Faristzaddi, Itations of Jamaica and I Rastafari (The Second Itation, the Revelation). Miami: Judah Anbesa Ihntahnah-shinahl, 1991.-Derwin S. Munroe, Nelson W. Keith ,The Social Origins of Democratic Socialism in Jamaica. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. xxiv + 320 pp., Novella Z. Keith (eds)-Virginia Heyer Young, Errol Miller, Education for all: Caribbean Perspectives and Imperatives. Washington DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 1992. 267 pp.-Virginia R. Dominguez, Günter Böhm, Los sefardíes en los dominios holandeses de América del Sur y del Caribe, 1630-1750. Frankfurt: Vervuert, 1992. 243 pp.-Virginia R. Dominguez, Robert M. Levine, Tropical diaspora: The Jewish Experience in Cuba. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993. xvii + 398 pp.-Aline Helg, John L. Offner, An unwanted war: The diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895-1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. xii + 306 pp.-David J. Carroll, Eliana Cardoso ,Cuba after Communism. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1992. xiii + 148 pp., Ann Helwege (eds)-Antoni Kapcia, Ian Isadore Smart, Nicolás Guillén: Popular Poet of the Caribbean. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990. 187 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Moira Ferguson, The Hart Sisters: Early African Caribbean Writers, Evangelicals, and Radicals. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. xi + 214 pp.-Michael Craton, James A. Lewis, The final campaign of the American revolution: Rise and fall of the Spanish Bahamas. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991. xi + 149 pp.-David Geggus, Clarence J. Munford, The black ordeal of slavery and slave trading in the French West Indies, 1625-1715. Lewiston NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1991. 3 vols. xxii + 1054 pp.-Paul E. Sigmund, Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley, Guerillas and Revolution in Latin America: A comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. xx + 424 pp.-Robert E. Millette, Patrick A.M. Emmanuel, Elections and Party Systems in the Commonwealth Caribbean, 1944-1991. St. Michael, Barbados: Caribbean Development Research Services, 1992. viii + 111 pp.-Robert E. Millette, Donald C. Peters, The Democratic System in the Eastern Caribbean. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1992. xiv + 242 pp.-Pedro A. Cabán, Arnold H. Liebowitz, Defining status: A comprehensive analysis of United States Territorial Relations. Boston & Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1989. xxii + 757 pp.-John O. Stewart, Stuart H. Surlin ,Mass media and the Caribbean. New York: Gordon & Breach, 1990. xviii + 471 pp., Walter C. Soderlund (eds)-William J. Meltzer, Antonio V. Menéndez Alarcón, Power and television in Latin America: The Dominican Case. Westport CT: Praeger, 1992. 199 pp.
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Krugliak, M., et N. Bohach. « STEREOTYPES OF THE IMAGE OF THE “COLOR” POPULATION IN AMERICAN MOVIES OF THE XX – FIRST QUARTER OF THE XXI CENTURY ». National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no 1(53) (8 juillet 2022) : 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.1(53).261097.
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The article considers the peculiarities of the stereotypical image of the “color” population in the US film industry of the XX – first quarter of the XXI century as one of the manifestations of racism; the reasons for the transfer of “ethnic stereotypes” in cinema have been identified. The brightest ethnic stereotypes in film and television are presented in the form of so-called “tropes”. The heroes of films of Asian descent were endowed with excessive militancy and the ability to master martial arts (tropes “All Asians know martial arts”, “All Chinese people know kung-fu”); Asian women were portrayed as defenseless as opposed to a strong white man (“Mighty Whitey and Mellow Yellow” trope); to describe the black hero took the trails “Humble Servant” (“Mammy”), “African-American criminal” (“Blaxploitation”), “White Savior”, “Magic Negro”, “Black Best Friend”. Latin American heroes are physically perfect, sexual and romantic (tropes “Latin Lover”, “Spicy Latina”). In 2010–2020, the “color” population in Hollywood movies is portrayed from a new angle. The main “non-white” heroes show absolute equality with whites, and sometimes dominance over them. This is a social film about problems of general scale and their perception in society, in particular homosexuality (“Moonlight”); a movie with a black superhero (“Black Panther”); a thriller about the confrontation of a black guy with a group of white killers (“Get Out”). Films of this genre are focused on the “color” spectator. The catalysts for changes in Hollywood policy were the #OscarsSoWhite (2016) and Black Lives Matter (2020) movements. As a result, there was a review of the composition of film production teams with an approximation to the proportion typical of the national population of the United States – 40 % (2020, the share of “color” actors in films was 39. %, directors – 25.4 %, writers – 25.9 %); implementation of new requirements for the Oscar (“Best Film” nomination, from 2024) with quotas on gender and racial composition of the production team, etc.
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L., J. F. « MOTHER FIGHTS TO RUIN THE TASTE OF POISON ». Pediatrics 84, no 4 (1 octobre 1989) : A42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.4.a42.
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On March 6, a mother in Oregon watched a public television report about British companies that were discouraging children from eating poisonous household products by lacing them with Bitrex, the world's bitterest flavoring agent. The woman, Lynn Tylczak, who has two small children and lives in Albany, 60 miles south of Portland, began a letter-writing campaign that is focusing attention on poison prevention. She may also be speeding Bitrex's journey to supermarket shelves in products like detergents, nail-polish removers, rodenticides and antifreeze. "Mrs. Tylczak has already achieved a certain victory by bringing national attention to this issue," said Linda Golodner, executive director of the National Consumers League in Washington. "She has shown that a single consumer can make a difference." Now she is encouraging manufacturers to add Bitrex to their products by sharing with them letters of support that are sent to her group, the Poison-Proff Project (4384 S.E. Ermine Street, Albany, Ore. 97321). `A Very Promising Area' Consumer and safety organizations in the United States are beginning to notice. On May 5, the National Safety Council, a 13,000-member public-service organization, called on manufacturers to use Bitrex in all appropriate household products. "Bitrex is the most bitter substance known to man," according to the Merck Index. In 1982, some British companies began using Bitrex in household products to deter inquisitive children, but the practice did not grow until two years ago, when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents endorsed its use.
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Boddy, W. « Alternative television in the United States ». Screen 31, no 1 (1 mars 1990) : 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/screen/31.1.91.
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Pahayahay, Amber, et Najmeh Khalili-Mahani. « What Media Helps, What Media Hurts : A Mixed Methods Survey Study of Coping with COVID-19 Using the Media Repertoire Framework and the Appraisal Theory of Stress ». Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no 8 (6 août 2020) : e20186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20186.
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Background Social and physical distancing in response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has made screen-mediated information and communication technologies (media) indispensable. Whether an increase in screen use is a source of or a relief for stress remains to be seen. Objective In the immediate aftermath of the COVID-19 lockdowns, we investigated the relation between subjective stress and changes in the pattern of media use. Based on Lazarus’s transactional model of appraisal and coping, and building on an earlier similar survey, we hypothesize that individual differences in the appraisal of media predict variations in approach or avoidance of media for coping with COVID-19 stress. Methods Between March 20 and April 20, 2020, a brief snowball survey entitled: “What media helps, what media hurts: coping with COVID19 through screens” was distributed via Concordia University’s mailing lists and social media (PERFORM Centre, EngAGE Centre, and Media Health Lab). Using a media repertoire method, we asked questions about preferences, changes in use, and personal appraisal of media experiences (approach, avoid, and ignore) as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and investigated interindividual differences in media use by factors such as subjective stress, age, gender, and self-reported mental health. Results More than 90% of the survey respondents were in Canada and the east coast of the United States. From 685 completed responses, 169 respondents were “very stressed” and 452 were “slightly worried” about the pandemic. COVID-19 stress led to increased use of Facebook (χ23=11.76, P=.008), television (χ23=12.40, P=.006), YouTube (χ23=8.577, P=.04), and streaming services such as Netflix (χ23=10.71, P=.01). Respondents who considered their mental health “not good” were twice as likely to prefer streaming services as a coping tool for self-isolation. Women and nonbinary respondents were twice as likely than men to pick social media for coping. Individuals younger than 35 years were 3 times more likely to pick computer games, and individuals older than 55 years were more likely to pick network television or print media. Gender affected the appraisal of media (less in men than others) in terms of avoid (F1,637=5.84, P=.02) and approach scores (F1,637=14.31, P<.001). Subjective mental health affected the ignore score (less in those who said “good” than others; F1,637=13.88, P<.001). The appraisal score and use increase explained variations in worrying about physical and mental health stress due to increased screen time. A qualitative analysis of open-ended questions revealed that media (especially social networks) were important for coping if they provided support and connection through the dissemination of factual and positive information while avoiding the overflow of sensational and false news. Conclusions The relationship between appraisal of media’s positive and negative facets vary with demographic differences in mental health resiliency. The media repertoire approach is an important tool in studies that focus on assessing the benefits and harms of screen overuse in different populations, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Hayes, Bill. « Digital Television Broadcasting in the United States ». SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 118, no 6 (septembre 2009) : 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j14910.
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Hayes, Bill. « Digital Television Broadcasting in the United States ». SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 117, no 6 (septembre 2008) : 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j15066.
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Hayes, Bill. « Digital Television Broadcasting in the United States ». SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 119, no 6 (septembre 2010) : 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j12200.
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Jones, Graham. « Digital Television Broadcasting in the United States ». SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 116, no 9 (septembre 2007) : 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j16080.
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Jones, Graham. « Digital Television Broadcasting in the United States ». SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 115, no 9 (septembre 2006) : 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j16150.
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Hall, Amy Laura. « Torture and Television in the United States ». Muslim World 103, no 2 (avril 2013) : 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12012.
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Ohgai, Takeyoshi. « JAPANESE COLOR TELEVISION EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES : ». Keiei Shigaku (Japan Business History Review) 36, no 4 (2001) : 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5029/bhsj.36.4_1.
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Emanuel, Susan. « Cultural Television : Western Europe and the United States ». European Journal of Communication 8, no 2 (juin 1993) : 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323193008002001.
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Ecke, Peter. « German Television in the United States and Abroad1 ». Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German 41, no 2 (31 décembre 2008) : 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1221.2008.00024.x.
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Zoellner, Kate. « Gratification Theory Provides a Useful Framework for Understanding the Information Seeking Behaviours and Needs of Distinct Populations ». Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 5, no 2 (17 juin 2010) : 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8rg9t.
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A review of:
Chatman, E. A. (1991). Life in a small world: Applicability of gratification theory to information-seeking behavior. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(6), 438-449.
Objective – Apply gratification theory to the information-seeking behaviours and use of information by a lower working class population.
Design – An ethnographic study framed by social stratification literature was utilized to explore, describe and interpret the everyday information needs, information-seeking behaviours and views of information held by lower working class individuals.
Setting – A major university in the southeast United States, specifically the physical plant facilities including classrooms, bathrooms, janitorial closets, and front steps.
Subjects – The participants were 52 lower working class janitorial staff at a major university. The majority of subjects were single black women in their late 30s. The women had children and were the heads of their households. The women had not completed high school and earned minimum wage; they had been at their jobs for an average of seven years. The workers’ supervisors, and others at the physical plant, were also contacted as part of the study.
Methods – Ethnographic data was collected over a two-year period, 1984-86, through participation in the setting and interviews. A 28-item interview guide was used to identify participants’ job-search strategies, use of mass media, television viewing behaviours, and acceptance of information from individuals and believable sources of information.
Main results – Chatman confirmed the usefulness of gratification theory as a conceptual framework to identify what defines information problems, motivations, and information seeking behaviours for an impoverished population. The results support the findings of social stratification research on the parallel between impoverished individuals’ social life and their orientation toward gratification. A focus on local present reality due to pressing economic and psychological problems orients lower working class individuals toward immediate gratification. Thus, information sources of value to the participants were those readily accessible and easy to use in the moment of need.
The six theoretical propositions of gratification theory Chatman identified through her literature review were applied and confirmed in her analysis of the information behaviours of janitorial workers:
1. Life in a Small World. Lower working class individuals have a local worldview and therefore have limited exposure to job opportunities compared to other populations. The majority of Chatman’s subjects found out about their current job through friends and family employed at the university (51%), or neighbours employed there (11%).
2. Lower Expectations and the Belief in Luck. Individuals of the population have lower expectations of their success and therefore do not actively pursue new opportunities; success is seen as a result of luck. Janitorial workers in the study felt they were lucky to have found their jobs and that their chances of finding a better position were slight and based on “knowing someone” (p. 444).
3. First-Level Lifestyle. Members of the population rely on information from members of their social circles. Study participants sought everyday information from family, friends, neighbours, local newspapers, and television. Information was considered reliable in their view if it aligned with their personal experience, was presented by multiple people, or if the person sharing the information was perceived as trustworthy.
4. Limited-Time Horizon. Lower working class populations experience a time immediacy and limitation different from those of the middle and upper classes. Study participants imagined their future job positions and lifestyles as similar to the ones they currently held, due to perceptions that opportunities were not open to them or worth the effort to pursue. Some exceptions were the possibility of pursuing higher education and having more leisure time in the future.
5. An “Insider” Worldview. The worldview of an insider is focused “on the practical dimensions of life” (p. 445); information relevant to lower working class individuals is that which “solve[s] problematic situations” (p. 441). Study participants’ social conversations revolved around events that reinforced their mental models. Respondents relied on themselves and distrusted those outside their social circles.
6. Use of the Mass Media. Mass media is perceived as a vehicle for passing time, escape, and entertainment, as well as a reflection of lived realities for the population. Respondents indicated that they watched television to pass time, and, secondarily, for practical purposes (e.g., learning how to be safe).
Conclusion – Gratification theory provides a useful framework for library and information professionals to identify how populations define information problems and reliable sources, and their information seeking behaviours and motivations. Chatman’s analysis indicates that the everyday problems faced by the lower working class are not, and will not be, met by traditional sources that information professionals assume to be of value for the population. Based on these research results, Chatman calls on information professionals to critically evaluate and broaden their understanding of how problems are defined and addressed by the specific populations they seek to serve – to consider the relationships between the pressing realities of their service populations and everyday information that addresses those realities. This understanding will enable information professionals to determine if, how, and by what means, they should develop and package information to meet the needs of their service populations and communities.
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Kunkel, Dale. « Children's Television Policy in the United States : An Ongoing Legacy of Change ». Media International Australia 93, no 1 (novembre 1999) : 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909300107.
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This article examines the evolution of children's television policy in the United States, analysing the forces that have shaped and influenced the nature of regulation in this area. For many years, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) functioned as an obstacle to any formal regulation of children's television. The FCC's stance, however, was overcome by the Congress when it enacted the Children's Television Act of 1990, a landmark statute that established an educational programming obligation for broadcasters and restricted advertising to child audiences. Since that law was adopted, controversy has ensued about the legitimacy of stations' efforts to fulfil their children's programming obligation. The FCC responded by strengthening its rules implementing the Children's Television Act, and recent studies suggest that, for the first time, regulation is reaping rewards in terms of improving both the quality and quantity of television for children in the United States.
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Cho, Eun Soon. « United States Public Television Station Finational Issues since 1980 ». Journal of Educational Technology 4, no 1 (30 décembre 1988) : 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17232/kset.4.1.221.
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