Bibliographies thématiques / Women household employees – history

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Women household employees – history »

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Publié le 26 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Women household employees – history"

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Lawoko, Stephen. « Factors Associated With Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence : A Study of Women in Zambia ». Violence and Victims 21, no 5 (octobre 2006) : 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.21.5.645.

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Demographic, social, and empowerment factors associated with attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) were investigated in a random sample of women (n = 5,029) aged 15–49 years in Zambia. Data was retrieved from the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001–2002 (2003). The findings indicated demographic, social, and structural differences in attitudes toward IPV. Married/previously married and less educated women, employees in the agricultural sector, and women with a history of IPV were more likely to tolerate IPV. In addition, structurally disempowered women (i.e., women lacking access to information and autonomy in household decisions) were more likely to justify IPV than more-empowered peers. Most variables remained significant even when possible confounding was adjusted for using a logistic regression. The findings are discussed and implications for prevention as well as methodological issues considered.
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NIGHTINGALE, MADELINE. « Stepping-Stone or Dead End : To What Extent Does Part-Time Employment Enable Progression Out of Low Pay for Male and Female Employees in the UK ? » Journal of Social Policy 49, no 1 (23 avril 2019) : 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000205.

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AbstractUsing data from Understanding Society and the British Household Panel Survey, this article explores the relationship between working part-time and progression out of low pay for male and female employees using a discrete-time event history model. The results show that working part-time relative to full-time decreases the likelihood of progression out of low pay, defined as earning below two-thirds of the median hourly wage. However, part-time workers who transition to full-time employment experience similar rates of progression to full-time workers. This casts doubt on the idea that part-time workers have lower progression rates because they have lower abilities or work motivation and reinforces the need to address the quality of part-time jobs in the UK labour market. The negative effect of working part-time is greater for men than for women, although women are more at risk of becoming trapped in low pay in the sense that they tend to work part-time for longer periods of time, particularly if they have children. Factors such as childcare policy and Universal Credit (UC) incentivise part-time employment for certain groups, although in the right labour market conditions UC may encourage some part-time workers to increase their working hours.
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Montenach, Anne. « Coping with economic uncertainty : women's work and the protoindustrial family in eighteenth-century Lyon ». Continuity and Change 35, no 1 (mai 2020) : 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416020000041.

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AbstractThe aim of this article is to analyse how female working conditions and remunerations were affected by the structural and economic crises that impacted Lyon's silk industry in the second half of the eighteenth century. It concentrates, at a micro level, on different circumstances in which sources allow us to see women and their families coping with economic uncertainty: small-scale wage conflicts with their employers, clandestine work and illicit activities. This essay studies how women's work was a real issue in power conflicts and a tool for household adaptive strategies during periods of crisis.
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Bcheraoui, Charbel El, Marwa Tuffaha, Farah Daoud, Hannah Kravitz, Mohammad A. Al Mazroa, Mohammad Al Saeedi, Ziad A. Memish, Mohammed Basulaiman, Abdullah A. Al Rabeeah et Ali H. Mokdad. « On Your Mark, Get Set, Go : Levels of Physical Activity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013 ». Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no 2 (février 2016) : 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0601.

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Background:With the lack of appropriate data, we conducted a large household survey in 2013 to determine current rates of physical activity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).Methods:The Saudi Health Interview Survey is a national multistage survey of individuals aged 15 years or older. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to measure association between sociodemographic and selected characteristics and meeting the recommended levels of moderate and vigorous weekly physical activity.Results:Of a total of 12,000 households contacted, 10,735 (89.4%) participants completed Saudi Health Interview Survey. An estimated 4.5 million (34.5%) Saudis aged 15 years or older reported no weekly physical activity, while only 1.7 million (12.9%) meet the recommended levels of moderate physical activity (MPA). The likelihood of meeting MPA decreased with age, education, among women, those with a history of diagnosis of select chronic conditions, including diabetes. Similar results were found for the likelihood of meeting the recommended levels of vigorous weekly physical activity.Conclusions:We found very low levels of physical activity in KSA. Perhaps, KSA can challenge communities or employers to devise solutions and reward those with the best results. These solutions would be of great value to other Gulf countries, as well.
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Grover, Shalini. « English-speaking and Educated Female Domestic Workers in Contemporary India ». Journal of South Asian Development 13, no 2 (20 juillet 2018) : 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118788008.

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This article foregrounds a labour market for English-speaking and educated female domestic workers and their Western expatriate employers. Many women in this anthropological study had left office jobs and institutional environs connoting dignity to take up employment in Euro-American households performing what is widely perceived as low-status work. Using the narratives of domestic workers, this article scrutinizes motivations for opting for a stigmatized occupation and finds women’s accounts to be multilayered and provocative, thereby challenging established generalizations. In the intimate space of the expatriate household, these female workers diligently perform the tasks of an ‘all-rounder’ that represents a new managerial role in globalizing India. As part of expanding niche labour markets, the article highlights how these roles demand eclectic skill sets, professionalism, certified training, transnational experience and gender-specific expertise. Nonetheless, a key leitmotif is how domestic service with expatriates’ remains embedded in power relations and class-race hierarchies. In developing the anthropology of domestic labour, this article illuminates the continuation of persistent inequality and stratification in a locally functioning transnational labour market.
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Şenel, Dilek. « Tarım Sektöründe İstihdamın Yapısal Analizi ». International Journal of Social Sciences 6, no 26 (1 octobre 2022) : 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.26.14.

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The agricultural sector is a strategic economic component that has importance at micro level in the sense of meeting basic food needs and being the main supplier of other sectors and at macro level in the sense of creating employment and increasing national income. In this context, the agricultural sector can directly shape the labor market with its employment dimension and be affected by the dynamics of the labor market. This study was conducted to determine the structural and characteristic features of the agricultural sector in the labor market in Turkey. Within the scope of the study, micro dataset of the 2019 Household Labor Force Survey of Turkish Statistical Institute was used. The findings indicated that 18.2% of those employed in Turkey were active in the agricultural sector and women were working in agriculture more than other sectors. A significant portion of those employed in the agricultural sector work in small-scale enterprises (the rate of enterprises with less than ten employees: 96.4%). In the study, it was also determined that the unpaid family worker (46.1%), unregistered (86.6%), part-time (24%), and temporary work (71.1%) status of those working in the agricultural sector were significantly higher compared to general employment. Agricultural production is made mostly in Black Sea Region and at least in Istanbul. Average income of agricultural laborers is quite low compared to general employment. The average incomes of male and female workers also differ significantly. This difference is more evident against women working in the agricultural sector. Keywords: Agricultural Sector, Employment, Labor market
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Sager, Eric W. « The Transformation of the Canadian Domestic Servant, 1871–1931 ». Social Science History 31, no 4 (2007) : 509–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013845.

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This article uses the national sample of the 1901 census of Canada to compare the earnings of live-in domestic servants with the earnings of women in other occupations and to examine the ethnoreligious backgrounds of domestic servants. The hypothesis that domestic service offered relative material advantages, when room and board are taken into account, is rejected. The hypothesis that female domestic servants came from a narrow range of specific ethnoreligious backgrounds is also rejected. The changing backgrounds and expectations of female domestic servants in the early twentieth century exacerbated class tensions in the service sector, helping ensure that domestic service remained an occupation of short duration and high turnover. The conclusion is that domestic service did not simply decline; rather, a work process was transformed. Demographic changes combined with changes in family and individual strategies to limit the supply of labor. When efforts to increase labor supply failed, bourgeois employers attempted to replace labor with new household technology; the wage-paid occupation of the domestic servant declined and was replaced by that of the unpaid housewife.
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Gorbachev, Oleg V. « Materials of the 1959 All-Union Population Census as a Source on the History of Urban Family ». Herald of an archivist, no 1 (2022) : 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-121-136.

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Using census materials for studying social history of Russia in the 20th century has serious restrictions determined by the census form and by selective publication of the obtained results. Using census forms themselves, fragmentary preserved in local archives, partially solves this problem. The researcher has to turn to the census materials for studying some topics, which are not directly reflected in the census forms, due to limited social statistics on the Soviet society. The article is to clarify the possibility of using primary materials of the 1959 census, stored in the fond of the Regional Statistical Office from the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region, alongside with the published data, for studying urban family in Sverdlovsk. The study of the Russian urban family in the second half of the 20th century is important for assessing the consequences of demographic transition of the 1930s – 1980s and the degree of population structure deformation following the Great Patriotic War. Studying the Ural family is significant, as urbanization processes in the region during the said period proceeded extremely intensively. To systematize the information on the census forms, a database “Family of the city of Sverdlovsk, 1959” has been created, combining principles of individual and family registration. The database includes information from 1,200 forms for the Oktyabrsky district. Nearly 17 000 apartment census forms for other urban settlements of the region fall outside the scope of this analysis. Comparison with published data proves that the sample is representative in its most significant indicators. Significant deviations are recorded in the social composition of the population, reflecting specifics of a central district of a large city (dominance of employees, significant number of single-parent families, presumably recent migrants). Among other things, it has been established that most commonly families consisted of two and three persons; in a significant number of cases, the households were headed by young women. The obtained information permits to characterize the Sverdlovsk urban family in terms of the so-called second demographic transition, which significantly influenced family size, distribution of intra-familial roles, and strategies of matrimonial behavior. Given the undoubted scientific value of the primary census materials, discovery of other similar documentary complexes in the Russian archives should be an important direction of research.
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Veremenko, V. A. « “On the proper keeping of linen and clothes” : organization of laundry in urban noble-intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century ». VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no 1(52) (26 février 2021) : 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-52-1-13.

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The article is aimed at characterization of the ways of laundry organization in the urban noble-intellectual families of post-reform Russia, identification of the extent of innovations in this area, and of the degree of transition of this activity from the field of domestic labour to social production. The sources of the research include paperwork of laundry facili-ties, statistical data, numerous housekeeping manuals and instructions for laundry organization, memoirs, diaries and house books of urban nobles, especially noble women, and, finally, fiction and publicistic writings of this period. The study follows a methodological approach that combines research methods characteristic for the history of everyday life (first of all, historical reconstruction method), the theory of sociocultural dynamics, and the theory of “topochron”. The author concludes that, despite the significant increase of personal participation of educated housewives in household chores, which took place at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century, this change did not extend to laundry, which was completely delegated to a special person — laundress. The employee herself could act as a single-family domestic servant, a worker who served in a laundry establishment or an independent day laborer who offered her ser-vices to all concerned. Moreover, the first group — laundresses — domestic servants — was extremely rare in the post-reform period. Washing could be carried out both “at the owners’ home”, and “on the side”. “Home washing”, which provided a theoretical opportunity for the employer to control the employee’s activities, was regarded as more preferable, both in terms of service quality and price. Active development of the laundry networks in the late 19th — early 20th century, some of which used machine washing, had little impact on lives of educated citizens. The laundries were oriented, first of all, to work with institutions, and among the “citizens” their services were mainly used by small noble-intellectual families who did not have an opportunity to invite a day labourer. Throughout the post-reform period, handwashing continued to be the most popular way to care for clothing, and the nature of the laundress’s labor re-mained virtually unchanged, still staying “backbreaking” and extremely poorly mechanized.
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Ilyinykh, Vladimir A. « PERSONAL HOUSEHOLD PLOTS OF WORKERS AND EMPLOYEES OF SIBERIA IN THE 1930S : DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS ». Ural Historical Journal 76, no 3 (2022) : 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-144-152.

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Formation of a new model of agrarian system was the result of mass collectivization in the USSR. Collective farms were its organizational and production basis. The second largest sector of agriculture in terms of production potential consisted of personal household plots. They were main producers of potatoes, vegetables and milk, and a significant part of meat products. Soviet and Russian historiography has paid main attention to the study of the personal plots of collective farmers, overlooking the dynamics of personal plots of workers and employees. The author of the article reconstructs factors and trends of development of personal household plots of workers and employees in Siberia in the 1930s. It was found that in the early 1930s the size of personal plots of this category of population was minimal. State farm workers were prohibited from personal farming, and personal household plots of other categories of workers and employees were taxed at the rates of individual farmers. After the 1932–1933 mass famine, several restrictions on the development of personal household plots were canceled. Level of its taxation was decreased. Liberalization of state policy and an increasing part of workers and employees in population of the region led to a rapid growth in production potential of their personal plots. Development rate of workers and employees’ personal plots was higher than that of collective farmers. In the late 1930s a campaign took place to limit the size of personal household plots. Taxation was increased. This led to decline in the personal sector of agricultural economy.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Women household employees – history"

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Piette, Valérie. « Servantes et domestiques : des vies sous condition ; essai sur la domesticité 1789-1914 ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212035.

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Abrams, M. « Ikitchini : the hidden side of women's labour ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15856.

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Bibliography: pages 233-248.
This dissertation seeks to examine an area of South African historiography which has largely been ignored, that is, domestic labour. It posits a relationship between working class women, domestic labour paid and unpaid. The material has been arranged around the primary objective of examining the silence around domestic labour and highlighting the gender content of domestic work. It is divided into two parts. The first part examines the conceptualization of class and gender struggles, while the second part examines aspects of working class women's experience of this. Chapter One deals with why women have been ignored in recorded history; Chapter Two examines Marxist approaches to the Woman Question. Chapter Three examines the silence arourid women's experience in South African historiography, while Chapter Four is a critical examination of the recorded history of domestic workers. Chapter Five examines aspects of black working class women's experience of domestic labour in their own families, while Chapter Six documents the experience of a group of organized workers in Cape Town. The study concludes that the way forward is to develop a gender sensitive class analysis as outlined in the work of Lise Vogel. This will open up new areas for research, for example, the rise of the public and private dichotomy, the separation of productive and reproductive labour, the ideology of motherhood and sexuality as well as the changing nature of the social construction of gender identity.
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Higgs, Edward. « Domestic servants and households in Rochdale, 1851-1871 ». New York : Garland Pub. Co, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13792770.html.

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Cheng, Shu-Ju Ada. « Serving the household and the nation : Filipina domestics and the development of nationhood in Taiwan / ». Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008300.

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Borrell, Cairol Mònica. « El servei domèstic a la ciutat de Barcelona, 1900-1950 ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/394073.

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Els més recents estudis sobre els canvis en l’estructura ocupacional en els processos d’industrialització han qüestionat les teories generals sobre la contribució dels diferents sectors al creixement econòmic, donant nova rellevància al sector serveis. Tal com s’ha assenyalat en diversos estudis, si poguéssim superar el tradicional subregistre del treball femení aquesta importància encara seria més elevada. Aquesta línia de recerca ha contribuït a donar un nou impuls a l’interès per l’estudi del sector serveis, que ha tingut una importància i una anàlisi menor per part de la història econòmica i social; com a conseqüència, també s’ha atorgat rellevància a un millor coneixement del servei domèstic. Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu contribuir a un millor coneixement del sector des de l’estudi del servei domèstic a la ciutat de Barcelona entre el 1900 i el 1950. En ella s’analitzen els canvis de l’estructura intrasectorial i de la composició de gènere de la mà d’obra emprada en aquest sector; el paper de l’Estat i de les associacions obreres en els canvis en l’estructura ocupacional del sector o de les condicions laborals i de protecció sociolaboral. Veurem com la diversitat d’oficis i professions que havien conformat el servei domèstic durant el període preindustrial havia anat desapareixent progressivament al llarg dels segles XVIII i XIX. Així al segle XX s’estava consolidant la pèrdua d’heterogeneïtat del sector reduint-se a la figura de la “noia a tot estar” capaç de realitzar múltiples tasques domèstiques i de cura, perdent, en aquest procés, valor, tant en condicions laborals com en estatus social. D’aquesta manera, també s’estava completant el procés de feminització que, alhora, estava contribuint a precaritzar aquest sector econòmic empitjorant la seva posició social dins del mercat de treball barceloní. Així mateix, s’analitza la formació del mercat de treball del servei domèstic, l’origen sociodemogràfic dels seus treballadors i treballadores i el funcionament de l’esmentat mercat a través de les institucions i els mecanismes intermediaris entre l’oferta i la demanda de servei domèstic. Alhora, s’estudien també les condicions salarials i laborals, així com l’associacionisme de diferent signe i la posició dels diferents actors socials (Estat, sindicats, patronal i treballadors/es domèstics) davant la situació del servei domèstic. Per realitzar aquest treball he utilitzat diferents fonts de caràcter heterogeni per tal d’encaixar-les i aproximar-me a la situació d’un grup laboral que disposa de poques fonts de caràcter homogeni. En aquest sentit, en primer lloc, he realitzat un recorregut per les lleis i normatives que afectaven el servei domèstic, la jurisprudència emesa pels tribunals i les anàlisis realitzades per la doctrina jurídica. En segon lloc, s’ha analitzat la variada documentació de diverses institucions públiques i privades (Ajuntament, Diputació de Barcelona, Diòcesi de Barcelona, Escola Popular de la Dona, etc.) així com la informació estadística emesa per alguns d’aquests organismes. Així mateix, els Censos Nacionals de Població, complementats amb altre tipus d’informació estadística (padrons, estadístiques emeses per organismes locals, etc.), m’han permès examinar l’estructura del sector domèstic. En tercer lloc, la premsa, tant la burgesa com l’obrera, ha estat central en aquest treball. Així doncs, s’han buidat exhaustivament els diaris La Vanguardia i Solidaridad Obrera. Finalment, també he buidat els expedients judicials conservats de les demandes presentades pel servei domèstic davant dels tribunals de caràcter laboral (tribunals industrials i magistratures de treball). En definitiva, durant la primera meitat del segle XX, a diferència del que succeïa durant el període preindustrial –on en el sector convivien homes i dones amb diversitat d’edats i orígens socials–, el servei domèstic barceloní concentrava noies joves de classes populars que arribaven a un sector econòmic que s’havia anat precaritzant: desregulat normativament, desatès sindicalment i amb males condicions salarials i laborals, s’havia empitjorat la seva posició en el mercat de treball urbà barceloní. Analitzar aquest sector històricament permet observar com aquesta situació va consolidar unes condicions que contribueixen a explicar l’actual fragilitat d’aquest sector econòmic, tal com mostren les darreres dades de l’OIT.
This thesis aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the domestic sector in the city of Barcelona between 1900 and 1950. It analyses the changes in the structure and composition of the workforce employed in this sector; the role of the state and trade unions in changes in the occupational structure of the sector, working conditions and labour protection. We see how the variety of professions that the domestic service had featured during preindustrial period gradually faded over the 19th and 20th centuries. Therefore, in the 20th century there was no occupational diversity and the figure of "all girl being" [noia a tot estar; chica para todo] was widespread. These domestic servants were able to perform all sorts of chores, but the de-specialisation process involved the decrease in their labour and social status. Thus, the feminization process was completed, which contributed to make the domestic sector more precarious and worsened its social position in the labour market of Barcelona. Likewise, we analyse the socio-demographic origin of domestic workers, the formation of the domestic labour market and how this market worked through institutions and intermediary mechanisms between supply and demand. Similarly labour conditions, wages and the role of associations, trade unions and employers in the domestic service are also studied. Heterogeneous sources have been used. Firstly, the thesis studies the laws and regulations that affected the domestic service. Secondly, it analyses documents from several public and private institutions (Barcelona City Council, Barcelona Provincial Council, Diocese of Barcelona, etc.) as well as statistical information issued by some of these organisations. Besides, the National Census of Population, combined with other statistical sources (registers, statistics issued by local organisations, etc.), has allowed to examine the structure of the domestic sector. Thirdly, the press issued by bourgeois and working-class organisations has been crucial in this thesis. Finally, the requests brought before the labour tribunals (industrial tribunals and labour tribunals) have been analysed.
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Guo, Man. « Migration experience of floating population in China a case study of women migrant domestic workers in Beijing / ». Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35318387.

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Ruberto, Laura Ernestina. « Producing culture : representations of Italian and Italian American women at work / ». Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9936840.

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Keezhangatte, James Joseph. « Transnational migration, resilience and family relationships : Indian household workers in Hong Kong ». Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35760382.

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Sim, Sock-chin Amy. « Women in transition Indonesian domestic workers in Hong Kong / ». Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3830580X.

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Kennelly, Estelle Maria. « Culture of indifference : dilemmas of the Filipina domestic helpers in Hong Kong / ». St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/509.

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Livres sur le sujet "Women household employees – history"

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Rollins, Judith. Between women : Domestics and their employers. Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 1985.

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Bras, Hilde. Zeeuwse meiden : Dienen in de levensloop van vrouwen, 1850-1950. Amsterdam : Aksant, 2002.

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Althaus, Andrea. Mit Kochlöffel und Staubwedel : Erzählungen aus dem Dienstmädchenalltag. Wien : Böhlau Verlag, 2010.

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Solodiankina, O. IU. Inostrannye guvernantki v Rossii, vtorai͡a polovina XVIII -- pervai͡a polovina XIX vekov. Moskva : Academi͡a, 2007.

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Poniat, Radosław. Służba domowa w miastach na ziemiach polskich od połowy XVIII do końca XIX wieku. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo DiG, 2014.

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Chantzaroula, Pothētē. Smileuontas tēn hypotagē : Hoi emmisthes oikiakes ergatries stēn Hellada to prōto miso tou eikostou aiōna. Athēna : Ekdoseis Papazēsē, 2012.

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Higgs, Edward. Domestic servants and households in Rochdale, 1851-1871. New York : Garland Pub. Co., 1986.

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Ouellet, Élizabeth. La servitude ordinaire. Québec : Groupe de recherche du GREMF, Université Laval, 1994.

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Fernández, Eider de Dios. Sirvienta, empleada, trabajadora de hogar : Género, clase e identidad en el franquismo y la Transición a través del servicio doméstico (1939-1995). Málaga : Universidad de Málaga, 2018.

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Mendieta, Pilar. María Sisa y María Sosa : La vida de dos empleadas domésticas en la ciudad de La Paz (siglo XVII). La Paz, Bolivia : Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano, Secretaría de Asuntos Etnicos, de Género y Generacionales, Subsecretaría de Asuntos de Género, 1997.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Women household employees – history"

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Richardson, Sydney D. « History of Women Entre-Employees ». Dans Making the Entrepreneurial Transition, 13–27. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29211-8_2.

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Braid, Robert. « Alternative forms of remuneration at the Holy Spirit Hospital of Marseille in the Fourteenth century ». Dans Datini Studies in Economic History, 93–119. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0347-0.08.

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The monetisation of exchanges tends to favour economic development, yet many forms of payment persisted throughout the preindustrial era despite rapid growth. Services in particular were remunerated in a variety of forms which depended on the particular relationship between the employer and the worker. The evolution in the composition of wages impacted social relations and structures as much as standards of living. Through an extensive examination of its account registers as well as local legislation, this paper analyses the variety of ways the Holy Spirit Hospital of Marseille remunerated individuals it employed as doctors, surgeons, scribes, wet-nurses, domestic servants, artisans and casual laborers. Workers who lived separately from the hospital were usually paid only in cash, while employees who were part of the household could receive cloth, shoes, clothing, meals, housing and medical care in addition to a cash salary. Contrary to what historians have observed in other regions, the share of in-kind payments did not increase after the Black Death for casual agricultural workers, who were paid in cash through this period. Only construction workers started to receive meals in addition to wages in the 1360s. Domestic and agricultural servants, however, received fewer in-kind payments after the epidemic. More importantly, this study reveals the numerous services that were provided by individuals for strikingly below-market rates. It is argued that the hospital was able to significantly lower operating costs by offering individuals social currency, intangible benefits instead of cash or in-kind payments, in exchange for numerous and valuable services. After the Black Death, however, the value of social currency decreased relative to other forms of payment.
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Eickelmann, Christine. « Within the Same Household : Fanny Coker ». Dans Britain's Black Past, 141–60. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621600.003.0009.

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Fanny Coker is the focus of this chapter by Christine Eickelmann. She represents a group of women whose stories have been mostly lost to British history—plantation-born domestic servants. Eickelmann outlines what we know of Fanny’s timeline: Born on the Mountravers sugar plantation on Nevis to an enslaved black woman and, likely, the white plantation manager, Fanny spent her adult life in England working for the family of Mountravers’ owner, John Pinney who freed and educated her. Settling in Bristol with the Pinneys, Fanny was separated from family and the plantation community and left to navigate a new country and employer dynamics on her own. Choosing to stay with the Pinneys her whole life, Eickelman describes how she maintained connections to family in the West Indies through letters, gifts and one extended visit, and was part of a larger network of information and economic exchange across the Atlantic. Operating under the strictures of her employer as a lady’s maid under annual contract, she managed to be baptized in the Baptist church, build financial security through investments and an inheritance and, unlike most of her plantation counterparts, realize some agency over shaping her life. Learning about Coker’s life, says Eickelmann, is an important window into the stories of black servants, especially women, in Georgian England.
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« Women, household and farm ». Dans A History of European Women's Work, 21–44. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203007006-8.

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« What Men and Women Want ». Dans The Household and the Making of History, 176–201. Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511818134.007.

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« The Women and Men of Montaillou and Salem Village ». Dans The Household and the Making of History, 111–43. Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511818134.005.

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Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari, Shameem Shagirbasha et Geeta Ramanathan. « New Normal Work ». Dans Advances in Human Services and Public Health, 85–98. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7495-9.ch006.

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COVID-19 has led to work from home (WFH) arrangement for many employees. Using the conservation of resources (COR) theory, this arrangement has been studied in detail both from a household perspective and an employees' perspective (with special emphasis on women employees). Aspects such as resource consumption in a household, how WFH has affected an organization, and the implications for working women have been examined. Households can now optimize resources based on the findings, and organizations can learn how to adapt to this new WFH reality. An in-depth interview-based qualitative methodology with 25 working women was used, in addition to analyzing their social media accounts and audio/video clips. This chapter will be useful for organizations to design work from home policies such as infrastructure, work timing, job motivation/incentives, role definition, and cybersecurity. Additionally, working women perspectives will be strengthened. The chapter ends by highlighting future areas of research.
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« Interpreting the Western Past with the Women and the Households Left In, 1500–1800 ». Dans The Household and the Making of History, 202–42. Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511818134.008.

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Kessler-Harris, Alice. « From Household Manufactures to Wage Work ». Dans Out To Work : A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States, 20–44. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195157093.003.0002.

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Abstract The American Revolution and the period that followed it offered both ideological and economic lessons to those who cared to listen. Alongside grand expostulations about individual liberty and freedom from tyranny lay challenges posed by more developed industrial nations. Britain and France threatened to flood the new nation with goods that would stifle American economic initiative and create permanent dependence. A way had to be found to create an economic foundation sturdy enough to protect citizens from both the armed might and the insidious trading pressures of other nations. To do this, Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton felt that the United States had to develop a balanced economy. In a society still almost totally agrarian, still rooted in the conviction that land was the basis of an independent republic, such views meant convincing an unwilling populace that nonagricultural production was desirable and necessary. No one wanted to threaten the society’s agrarian base, or to deprive the land of the labor that would both extend America’s borders and coax from it maximal yields. And no one wanted to reproduce the poverty and degradation of English industrialism. But there were many who, with Hamilton and his ally, manufacturing promoter Tench Coxe, believed the new nation could avoid the evils of industrialization and yet derive the benefits of national self-sufficiency. Industrial growth, they believed, would complement and support a rich agricultural production and an independent national economy.
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Hutchinson, Dale L. « Domestic Health Care and Informal Specialists ». Dans American Health and Wellness in Archaeology and History, 23–42. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069142.003.0003.

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American health care began in the home. For many, women provided the principal means of ensuring household health and well-being in the early colonies. They were the focal point of household well-being, and were generally responsible for the health and well-being of anyone in the household. Their knowledge often placed them in positions as medical practitioners, whether formally or informally. Informal specialists were also often present, such as midwives, wet nurses, doctoresses, and itinerant physicians. Hutchinson also notes the Eurocentric image of women in domestic health care, and briefly touches on the disparity in records regarding women of African or Indian descent.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Women household employees – history"

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Pinheiro Pires, Yomara, Liviane Rego, Maria Roselene Alves Lima et Francisco Aguinaldo de Albuquerque Júnior. « Diagnóstico da Presença Feminina nos Cursos Superiores e no Mercado de Trabalho em Tecnologia da Informação no Estado do Pará ». Dans Computer on the Beach. São José : Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v12.p428-434.

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Althoughwomen’s participation in the Information Technology (IT)market has increased in recent decades, it remains a predominantlymale area. One of the factors in this difference is in socio-culturalissues where the social construction of gender roles is limitingwomen’s insertion and permanence in this sector. This work aims tomake a diagnosis about the presence of women in higher educationcourses and in the IT labor market in the state of Pará. The mainsources of data used were the governmental public databases ofthe General Register of Employees and Unemployed (CAGED),the Census of Higher Education, made available (INEP) and theNational Household Survey (PNAD). The analyzed data indicatedthat in the state of Pará, we have the male predominance on thesector either on the superior courses as on the work market andwage inequalities. Despite the increase in the entry of women inacademic-scientific careers, in the IT labor market.
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Mehta, Shreya R., Sneha S. Patil, Nikita S. Shirguppi et Vahida Attar. « Code Summarization : Generating Summary of Code Snippets ». Dans International Conference on Women Researchers in Electronics and Computing. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.114.47.

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Source Code Summarization refers to the task of creating understandable natural language summaries from a given code snippet. Good-quality and precise source code summaries are needed by numerous companies for a platitude of reasons - training for newly joined employees, understanding what a newly imported project does, in brief, maintaining precise summaries on the evolution of source code (using git history), categorizing the code, retrieving the code, automatically generating documents, etc. There is a considerable distinction between source code and natural language since source code is organized, has loops, conditions, structures, classes, and so on. Most of the models follow an encoder-decoder structure, we propose an alternative approach that uses UAST(Universal Abstract Syntax Tree) of the source code to generate tokens and then use the Transformer model for a self-attention mechanism which unlike the RNN method is helpful for capturing long-range dependencies. We have considered Java code snippets for generating code summaries.
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Žnidaršič, Jasmina, et Mojca Bernik. « Usklajevanje delovnega in družinskega življenja : vidik spola ». Dans Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.79.

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With the growth of the family, in which both parents are working or single parents, and on the other hand the growing demands of work organizations, the extension of working hours and the requirement to be constantly on call, the harmonization of work and family life is becoming increasingly difficult. Work-family balance is important for both the individual and the work organization, as it affects job satisfaction, engagement, productivity and also less employee turnover. Work-family balance is influenced by many factors, one of the most important is gender. Although men also face difficulties in work-family balance, research shows that women are still the ones with more work-family conflicts, as they take more care of children and household chores. The contribution based on previous literature and previous research presents the situation in the field of work-life balance in Slovenia from the gender point of view of. The results of a survey conducted among 343 employees in Slovenian companies were also presented, as well as possible improvements proposed at the level of both organizations and the state.
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Lima Filho, Darley Ferreira de, Nancy Cristina Ferraz de Lucena Ferreira et Thais de Lucena Ferreira. « EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER SUBMITTED TO BREAST RECONSTRUCTION IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN PERNAMBUCO ». Dans Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium 2022. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s2073.

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Objective: Breast reconstruction is a right assured by the public health system to patients submitted to mastectomy. However, there are factors that delay the performance of this procedure. This study aims to understand the epidemiological profile of women with breast cancer who underwent breast reconstruction in a reference hospital in the state of Pernambuco. Methods: This is an observational, retrospective research with an analytical character and descriptive approach. The data were collected through a questionnaire sociodemographic and clinical-surgical history of patients with breast carcinoma and then analyzed by the SPSS software version 18 with the percentages of the categories evaluated by the chi-square test, considering the significance level of 5%. The comparison of analyses was significant (p <0.005), showing that the profile described is the most frequent in the group of patients evaluated. CAAE: 42457420.1.0000.5193. Results: A non-probabilistic sample of 400 records was obtained in 10 years at a tertiary hospital in Recife (PE), most of them with a mean age between 46 and 59 years (45.3%), brown (61.1%), married (79.1%), with education until high school (60.7%), household professionals (45%), non-smokers (84.9%), who did not consume alcohol (94.9%), and had immediate reconstruction after mastectomy (70.3%). Conclusion: The findings support that patients with high educational levels are likely to undergo immediate breast reconstruction, pointing out that the socioeconomic level significantly influences the rates of breast reconstruction after mastectomy.
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Schüz, J., E. V. Kovalevskiy et I. V. Bukhtiyarov. « LARGE-SCALE RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY ON THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF DEATH FROM RESPIRATORY CANCER AMONG WORKERS IN THE PRODUCTION OF CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS ». Dans The 17th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2023). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-1-4-2023-1-532-534.

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A large-scale retrospective cohort study to assess the risk of death from oncological diseases of the respiratory organs among workers engaged in the mining and enrichment of chrysotile asbestos was carried out from 2012 to 2022. This is the first large-scale international comprehensive epidemiological study to assess the risk of death from asbestos-related oncological diseases among employees of the complex of enterprises that are part of PJSC «Uralasbest», which has a history of more than 120 years and which currently produces about 20% of the total world production of chrysotile asbestos. An increased risk of developing mesothelioma was found at high exposure doses, expressed in concentrations of respirable fibers of chrysotile asbestos, and an increase in mortality from lung cancer in men in high-dose groups by total dust mass. A less pronounced association of lung cancer mortality with dose was observed in women. For colorectal and gastric cancers, the results of risk assessments depending on exposure dose, expressed in mass and counting terms, were inconsistent, and for larynx or ovarian cancer, no increased risks were observed even in the groups with the highest exposure doses.
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Ferreira Filho, Darley de Lima, Nancy Cristina Ferraz de Lucena Ferreira et Thais de Lucena Ferreira. « Reconstruction immediate or delay in SUS hospital ». Dans Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium 2023. Mastology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942023v33s1089.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to understand the epidemiological profile of women with breast cancer who underwent breast reconstruction in a reference hospital in the state of Pernambuco Methodology: This is an observational, retrospective research with an analytical character and descriptive approach. The data were collected through a questionnaire sociodemographic and clinical–surgical history of patients with breast carcinoma and then analyzed by the SPSS software, version 18, with the percentages of the categories evaluated by the chi-square test, considering the significance level of 5%. The comparison of analyses was significant (p <0.005), showing that the profile described is the most frequent in the group of patients evaluated. This search was submitted and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee on Human Beings of Fundação Amaury de Medeiros, CAAE: 42457420.1.0000.5193. Results: A non-probabilistic sample of 400 records was obtained in 10 years at a tertiary hospital in Recife (PE), most of them with mean age between 46 and 59 years (45.3%), brown (61.1%), married (79.1%), with education until high school (60.7%), household professionals (45%), non-smokers (84.9%), who do not consume alcohol (94.9%), and had immediate reconstruction after mastectomy (70.3%). Conclusion: The findings support that patients with high educational levels are likely to undergo immediate breast reconstruction. Pointing out that the socioeconomic level significantly influences the rates of breast reconstruction after mastectomy.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Women household employees – history"

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Sultana, Munawar. Two worlds under the same roof : A brief on gender difference in transitions to adulthood. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1008.

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Adolescence, a time of transition to adulthood, is different for young men and women in Pakistan; brothers and sisters living under the same roof have different opportunities available in all aspects of life. More young people aged 15–24 live in Pakistan now than at any other time in its history—an estimated 36 million in 2004. Recognizing the dearth of information on the situation of this large group of young people, the Population Council undertook a nationally representative survey from October 2001 to March 2002. The analysis presented in this brief comes from Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan 2001–02: A Nationally Representative Survey. The survey sought information from youth aged 15–24, responsible adults in the household, and other community members in 254 communities. A total of 6,585 households were visited and 8,074 young people were interviewed. This brief concludes that girls face disadvantages, especially in rural areas, and that parents, community, and policymakers need to work together to ensure that girls, like their brothers, are able to make a successful transition to adulthood.
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