Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Women – Germany – Economic conditions »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Women – Germany – Economic conditions"
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van Raalte, Alyson A., Sebastian Klüsener, Anna Oksuzyan et Pavel Grigoriev. « Declining regional disparities in mortality in the context of persisting large inequalities in economic conditions : the case of Germany ». International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no 2 (16 janvier 2020) : 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz265.
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Abstract Background Subnational regional mortality inequalities are large and appear to be mostly increasing within industrialized countries, although comparative studies across high-income countries are scarce. Germany is an important country to examine because it continues to experience considerable economic disparities between its federal states, in part resulting from its former division. Methods We analyse state-level mortality in Germany utilizing data from a newly constructed regional database based on the methodology of the Human Mortality Database. We compare time trends (1991–2015) in the German state-level standard deviation in life expectancy to that of other large, wealthy countries and examine the association between mortality and economic inequalities at the regional level. Finally, using contour-decomposition methods, we investigate the degree to which age patterns of mortality are converging across German federal states. Results Regional inequalities in life expectancy in Germany are comparatively low internationally, particularly among women, despite high state-level inequalities in economic conditions. These low regional mortality inequalities emerged 5–10 years after reunification. Mortality is converging over most ages between the longest- and shortest-living German state populations and across the former East–West political border, with the exception of an emerging East–West divergence in mortality among working-aged men. Conclusions The German example shows that large regional economic inequalities are not necessarily paralleled with large regional mortality disparities. Future research should investigate the factors that fostered the emergence of this unusual pattern in Germany.
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Frotveit, Maryna, et Shkodych Anna. « CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH OF THE PROBLEMS OF ADAPTATION AND INTEGRATION OF MUSLIM FEMALE REFUGEES IN GERMANY ». Skhid, no 2(1) (30 avril 2021) : 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2021.2(1).230076.
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The article is devoted to the processes of Muslim women fleeing to Germany. In the article, the authors consider the Muslim women fleeing to Germany in conditions of increased conflict in their countries of origin as a separate type of refugees. An attempt has been made to characterize the psycho-social condition of refugee women who arrived in Germany and to determine their qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The authors paid attention to what factors affect their involvement in society. Our study has proved that refugees are a separate component of German society because they directly affect the demographic and socio-economic situation in Germany. Ensuring the stable and effective socio-economic development of Germany with the involvement of all categories of the population is directly related to the implementation of public policy. The study of the gender aspects of refugees may help to identify key issues, the solution of which will facilitate the rapid adaptation and integration of Muslim refugees in German society, and, in prospect, to actively involve them in the development of German society.The results of the study helped in the analysis of the integration and adaptation processes of Muslim refugees as a separate part of refugees. Women refugees are a more vulnerable category of refugees, so they can be easily manipulated and abused. Identifying problems during integration may help to improve mechanisms for the protection of refugees and asylum seekers.In this article, the authors focused on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reception and adaptation of refugees, as well as the establishment of new rules to meet the basic needs of refugees in shelters, the lack of which is unsanitary norms and the impossibility of distancing. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the decision-making process and refugee reception procedures, so the analysis of the challenges points to weaknesses in human rights mechanisms for refugees.
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Miller, Jennifer. « Her Fight is Your Fight : “Guest Worker” Labor Activism in the Early 1970s West Germany ». International Labor and Working-Class History 84 (2013) : 226–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754791300029x.
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AbstractWhen the postwar economic boom came to a crashing halt in early 1970s West Germany, foreign “guest workers,” often the first to be laid off, bore the brunt of high inflation, rising prices, declining growth rates, widespread unemployment, and social discontent. Following the economic downturn and the ensuing crisis of stagflation, workers' uprisings became increasingly common in West Germany. The summer of 1973 saw a sharp increase in workers' activism broadly, including a wave of “women's strikes.” However, historical attention to the role of foreign workers, especially of foreign female workers, within these strikes has been limited. This article presents a case study of wildcat strikes spearheaded by foreign, female workers in the early 1970s, focusing specifically on the strikes at the Pierburg Autoparts Factory in Neuss, West Germany. For these foreign women, activism in the early 1970s had a larger significance than just securing better working conditions. Indeed, striking foreign workers were no longer negotiating temporary problems; they were signaling that they were there to stay. Foreign workers' sustained and successful activism challenged the imposed category of “guest worker,” switching the emphasis from guest to worker. Ultimately, the Pierburg strikes' outcomes benefited all workers—foreign and German, male and female—and had grave implications for wage discrimination across West Germany as well.
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Ruble, Alexandria N. « Creating Postfascist Families : Reforming Family Law and Gender Roles in Postwar East and West Germany ». Central European History 53, no 2 (juin 2020) : 414–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000175.
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ABSTRACTAfter 1945 both German states overturned longstanding laws and policies from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that designated women as second-class citizens in spousal rights, parental authority and marital property. From the early postwar years, female politicians and activists in the women's movement pursued in both Germanys reforms of the obsolete marriage and family law. The article compares how these women and mainly male legislators in both states envisioned the role of women in the family and in gender relations. It shows that these debates in the FRG and the GDR were influenced on the one hand by earlier, pre-1933 ideas, and on the other hand reacted to Nazi-era politics. Yet, because of their different political, economic and social conditions, discourses and policies developed in the context of the Cold War in both states in different directions, though they continued to be related to each other.
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LEES, ANDREW. « Between anxiety and admiration : views of British cities in Germany, 1835–1914 ». Urban History 36, no 1 (mai 2009) : 42–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392680800597x.
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ABSTRACTExamination of writings about British cities that appeared in Germany between the mid-1830s and 1914 runs counter to emphasis either on German anti-urbanism or on growing hostility among Germans to their neighbours across the North Sea. Although it takes into account strong disparagement of flaws and failings that had, in the view of critics, resulted from the chaotic nature of urban growth in Britain, it points to increasing recognition – particularly after mid-century – of efforts to ameliorate conditions about which critics had complained. Much of what was singled out for commendation involved voluntary efforts by men and women who sought to improve working-class life via philanthropic uplift. During the 1850s and 1860s, the conservative social reformer Victor Aimé Huber sang the praises of the co-operative movement, both from an economic and from a moral standpoint. Later on, other observers, such as the liberal economist Gerhart Schulze-Gävernitz, lauded the most famous of the British settlement houses, Toynbee Hall in East London, on account of the activities it promoted in the area of adult education. Favourable commentary on municipal government rounded out a picture of the urban scene as a sphere in which local forces exemplified a spirit of civic-mindedness that ought to inspire admiration rather than enmity.
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Lesch, Lara, Shannon Kerwin, Tim F. Thormann et Pamela Wicker. « Critical Masses and Gender Diversity in Voluntary Sport Leadership : The Role of Economic and Social State-Level Factors ». Sustainability 14, no 10 (19 mai 2022) : 6208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106208.
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Gender equality in leadership positions is important for sport organizations to achieve economic and social sustainability. Based on a multi-level framework, this study examines spillover effects from economic and social state-level factors in sport organizations’ environment on critical masses of women on their boards (in terms of share and numbers) and board gender diversity (reflected by different types of boards). Data of national and regional sport governing bodies in Germany were collected (n = 930), with variables capturing organizational characteristics (e.g., board composition) and economic and social factors at the state level. The results of regression analyses show that women’s attainment in tertiary education increases the likelihood of a critical mass of at least 30% women on the board, and a higher divorce rate increases the likelihood of a critical mass of three women on the board. Sport organizations in states with a higher gender wage gap are more likely to have balanced boards, indicating that volunteering might be a substitute to paid work. The findings suggest that the presence of women in sport leadership is affected by economic and social conditions in the organizations’ geographical surroundings and that spillover effects occur from the state level to the organizational level.
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Pascher, Ute, Melanie Roski et Brigitte Halbfas. « Entrepreneurial aspirations and start-up motives of women chemists in Germany ». International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 7, no 3 (14 septembre 2015) : 272–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-03-2013-0026.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to promote better understanding of different women entrepreneurs and self-employed women with regard to their educational level and field of study. Foremost, the aim is providing detailed knowledge about the phenomenon of women self-employed chemists in R & D sectors and throwing light not only on the single women but also on the general conditions they are working in and their opportunities to get ahead. Design/methodology/approach – The interdisciplinary research team followed an integrated research approach and combined qualitative with quantitative methods. By focussing on motives and causes of women self-employed chemists, this paper refers to the findings of two sub-studies, an online survey on self-employed (female and male) chemists in Germany and a qualitative study on the basis of biographical interviews tracing the professional biographies of women self-employed chemists. Moreover, the findings are analysed based on other sub-studies, like the analysis of the (start-up) conditions within the chemical industry and a discourse analysis of a well-known chemical periodical. Findings – It was found that the differences between female and male chemists turning self-employed or starting a business are less pronounced than the differences between male and female founders, in general. Research demonstrates that women chemists do have high qualifications and if they become entrepreneurs, the main cause for that is escaping their organisational employment. Being entrepreneurially active, women chemists might work more satisfactorily, at least they are able to surround the glass ceiling. Originality/value – This paper seeks to fill the gap of limited in-depth information on knowledge about female entrepreneurs and self-employed women with an academic background in chemistry. Focussing on one single field of study and profession of female entrepreneurs is, in that way, unique, as the research has looked on professionals who are not predestined for entry in entrepreneurship.
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Kraus, Elisabeth K., Lenore Sauer et Laura Wenzel. « Together or apart ? Spousal migration and reunification practices of recent refugees to Germany ». Family migration processes in a comparative perspective 31, no 3-2019 (18 décembre 2019) : 303–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/zff.v31i3.04.
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This study examines migration and reunification processes among recent male and female refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria in Germany. Specifically, we analyse different types of spousal migration practices (joint arrival versus arriving alone) and the probability of reunification with the left-behind partner after one year of geographic separation, and to what extent this is shaped by socio-economic conditions, children, family networks, and the legal situation of married men and women. Using data from the first and second wave of the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, collected in 2016 and 2017 in Germany, and applying logistic regression models, we disentangle the heterogeneity of refugees’ migration processes. The results show that couples with minor children are more likely to migrate together compared to childless couples or those with adult children only, and that men and women’s solo migration is associated with the presence of other family members at the destination country. The probability of reunifying with the left-behind partner after one year of separation mainly depends, again, on family networks, with differential effects for men and women. Furthermore, male first-movers’ legal status in Germany is important for a quick reunification with their wives. Our research shows that forced migration in the here studied geographic context is a gendered process and that several characteristics of male migration do not apply to women. Furthermore, conventional explanations for economically motivated migration decisions and patterns must be adapted to the case of forced migration.
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Motel-Klingebiel, Andreas, Jolanta Perek-Białas, Indre Genelyte et Susanne Kelfve. « Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life–On the Gendered Risks for Old-Age Exclusion in Sweden and Poland ». Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2020) : 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.211.
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Abstract The labour market activity of older workers and their ability and disposition to maintain it depend on institutional conditions, age norms, labour demand and shifting overall economic conditions. The paper discusses exclusion and inequality in later working life from a European comparative perspective and emphasises shifts in late work and retirement patterns as well as later-life outcomes in Sweden and Poland. An emphasis is on changing institutional conditions on the national and branch level. Gendered risks for economic exclusion and later life precarity are stressed. Analyses for the two countries are contrasted with Germany and the UK. The analyses are part of the research program ‘Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life: Evidence for Policy Innovation Towards Inclusive Extended Work and Sustainable Working Conditions in Sweden and Europe – EIWO’ (2019-24). Analyses use data from SHARE and EU-SILC and address older workers of age 60 and older in Sweden, Poland, German and the UK. They find increasingly heterogeneous preretirement and transition patterns, new gender gaps and increasing risks of economic exclusion in retirement. Situations differ between countries with the prolongation of late working life in Sweden having a mostly positive effect on gender inequalities with low education and specific migrant groups as an exception. Poland is specific case due to unequally low retirement age for woman (60) and for men (65) with consequently large structural gender differences and increases in the process of increasing labour force participation of older workers and increasingly gendered risks for old-age economic exclusion.
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Guven, Cahit, et Rudy Saloumidis. « Life Satisfaction and Longevity : Longitudinal Evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel ». German Economic Review 15, no 4 (1 décembre 2014) : 453–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12024.
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Abstract We investigate the relationship between life satisfaction and mortality using the German Socio-Economic Panel, which allows us to follow around 15,000 people for more than two decades. Seventeen per cent of the respondents surveyed in 1984 died between 1984 and 2007. After controlling for initial health conditions, we find that people’s life satisfaction at the beginning of the survey is deeply linked to their life expectancy: a ten per cent increase in life satisfaction is connected to a four per cent decline in the probability of death in the period studied. The relationship between life satisfaction and mortality is stronger for the married and the men but life satisfaction does not matter for the women. We find some suggestive evidence that links between life satisfaction and mortality could be operating via accidents and mental health. Finally, we show that the life satisfaction measured in 1984 extends to the rest of life: people who were happier in 1984 more frequently experienced high levels of happiness in the rest of their lives. These results suggest that life satisfaction is a powerful risk-factor for later mortality and is more predictive of mortality than a host of other variables.
Thèses sur le sujet "Women – Germany – Economic conditions"
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Nickel, Carsten. « Rhineland revisited : subsidiarity and the historical origins of coordination : comparing Germany with the Netherlands and France (800-1914) ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9b3f50c9-cddf-43a2-bf5b-c6ab5689a4a3.
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What explains the historical emergence of coordinated economic institutions for human capital formation and welfare provision? Surveying roughly one millennium of political and economic development in Germany, the Netherlands and France up until 1914, this thesis argues that da-ting back to the Middle Ages, the earliest forerunners of modern economic coordination could develop only in institutional complementarity with a specific form of political decentralisation, connected via their jointly enabling effect on collective action. This mutually re-enforcing com-plementarity gave rise to societies organised around the principle of subsidiarity, in which an often structurally unclear distribution of decision-making powers prompts political and eco-nomic actors to coordinate across different hierarchical levels. The comparison of eventually federal Germany with the ultimately unitary Netherlands - both of which developed significant patterns of economic coordination - demonstrates that political decentralisation under subsidi-arity does not simply equal the modern (American) reference model of clear-cut, rights-based federalism. Meanwhile the experience of strongly centralised France highlights that without this decentralisation, institutions of economic coordination hardly develop. Collective action is diffi-cult to harness if subsidiarity is absent because on the central state level, and unlike in economically more homogenous local contexts, economic interests often remain too diverse to coordi-nate. The historical result has been the emergence of decentralised-coordinated political econo-mies under subsidiarity in Germany and the Netherlands, and of a centralised, non-coordinated system in France. A better understanding of these institutional complementarities can help us historically inform recent scholarly debates on the emergence of modern political-economic organisation in the 19th century and on current governance problems in the Eurozone. The thesis seeks to contribute to the historical study of comparative political economy by highlighting how particular complementary institutions of political and economic governance have co-developed over time. It is argued that this understudied aspect of institutional development is crucial for understanding processes of continuity and change in advanced capitalism.
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Fuder, Katja. « No experiments : federal privatisation politics in West Germany, 1949-1989 ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3610/.
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Privatisation has been a key policy in the late 20th century in many countries. In West Germany, the federal government sold most of its corporate industrial shareholdings to private investors between 1949 and 1989. Unlike many other countries, West Germany did not nationalise entire industries after the Second World War. Instead, the portfolio of public enterprises and participations was mainly an inheritance from the Third Reich. The aim of the thesis is to explore the causes of privatisation and the driving and delaying forces in the privatisation process between 1949 and 1989 based on qualitative historical documents. After the sale of participations stemming from the war economy in the early 1950s, the conservative federal government of CDU and CSU and later the conservative-liberal government of CDU, CSU and FDP under the Federal Chancellors Konrad Adenauer (CDU) and Ludwig Erhard (CDU) pursued a larger scale privatisation programme by issuing people's shares between 1959 and 1965. The programme featured social elements and aimed at the property formation of employees and a wide dispersion of shares in the society. In the 1970s, public enterprises expanded under a social-liberal government of SPD and FDP, until a conservative-liberal government of CDU, CSU and FDP under Federal Chancellor Kohl (CDU) sold most of the remaining federal participations in industrial enterprises between 1984 and 1989. The total volume of privatisation as measured by revenues remained modest compared to other West European countries and strong political resistance within the government parties CDU and CSU manifested in the process. Findings indicate a high continuity of thought and policy patterns from the 1950s until the end of the 1980s while the main reasons for privatisation shifted slightly. In the 1950s and 1960s, privatisation was primarily motivated by fiscal reasons - access to equity capital proved to be limited for the growing federal enterprises. Privatisation in the 1980s was caused by re-interpretations of the economic situation due to globally changing conditions and increased international competition. Hence, it can be interpreted as a lagged response to market crisis in the 1970s. Ideological shifts of paradigm did not drive privatisation. Rather, advocates of ordoliberalism focused on other economic reforms in the 1950s and liberal ideas in the 1980s co-developed with privatisation politics. For many decades, public enterprises were not viewed as ineffcient per se as long as they were operating in competitive markets. This perception only began to change slowly in the 1980s.
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Hary, Simone. « 'Kyopo' daughters in Germany : the construction of identity among second-generation German-Korean women in Germany ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39685/.
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This thesis explores the construction of identity amongst the second generation of South- Korean migrants to Germany in Frankfurt am Main, focussing mainly on women. Overwhelmingly, when talking about migrants the German media focus on the Turkish minority. Literature follows a similar pattern. However, West Germany recruited South Korean nurses and miners during the 1970s as labour migrants. Today, they and their children constitute the largest South Korean minority in Europe. In this thesis I examine the second generation of the Korean minority in relation to broader discourses on migrants and integration in Germany, and trace the dynamics of identification and self-understanding. Central to these are narratives of shared experiences, of having Korean parents and of living in German society, particularly in relation to discourses in which they are identified as foreigners. Korean parents impart a sense of “Korea” as a source of timeless tradition and practices; whereas “Germany” is a setting for their everyday lives. These shared experiences are mobilised as a framework for negotiating identities. In contrast to the essentialist understanding of identity invoked by Germany society, the second generation describe themselves as kyopo, a Korean term meaning “Korean living in a foreign country” and which, in the German context, means “Second-generation German-Korean living in Germany”. This thesis looks at the ways Korean-Germans articulate the possibilities and limits of kyopo identity in relation to narratives and discourses on ‘Koreanness' and ‘Germanness', and in the context of social interactions. I focus especially on the ways in which this occurs for women, whose experiences are often marginalised in the process of kyopo identity negotiation. They are caught between the need to expose the problems of male privilege and the desire to unite with Korean-German men to contest the German discourse on integration and foreigners that confines them both.
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Vonyó, Tamás. « Post-war reconstruction and the economic miracle : the dynamics of West German economic growth during the 1950s and 1960s ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669982.
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Lalonde, Gloria Marjorie Lucy. « National development and the changing status of women in India : a state by state analysis ». Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66067.
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Phelps, Thomas Edward. « The German peasant family, 1925-1939 : the problems of the republic and the impact of national socialism ». Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720350.
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Rural society during the German National Socialist movement has been overlooked by most historians. Instead the urban elements are stressed. I have chosen to study the impact of National Socialism upon peasant families.Three major limitations exist for this project. First, only the peasant family itself is reviewed. Second, this project is concerned only with the years from 1925 through 1339. Third, this project limits its review to only that territory comprising Germany after World War I. This was done to allow for a more equal comparison of agricultural statistics.The construction of this project remains simple. Three major chapters exist. Chapter One reviews the Republic: its politics, economy, and the problems of the peasant family. The remaining chapters then review these problems as they were resolved by the National Socialists. Chapter Two reviews the family itself: family size, health, inheritance, and social status. Chapter Three reviews farm-management: production, mechanization, labor, and prosperity. Both chapters are divided into two parts: part one reviews the new policies; part two reviews the impact.The findings of this project were different than expected. I had expected to find minimum improvement in the condition of peasant families. Instead, I discovered that, in general, these policies failed in their objectives. The reasons for these failures differed. But much of the blame rests in faults of the laws themselves. Final results, however, were mixed. Farm-management improved slightly, but the family itself witnessed reduced health. The average family was not destitute, but neither did it prosper.Department of History
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Thomson, Neil. « Barriers to change and integration in foreign M and As within East Germany : a qualitative study ». Thesis, City University London, 1998. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7562/.
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Many domestic take-overs and mergers are not successful, over half fail. Crossborder M&As are even more fraught with problems due to differing national cultures exasperating different organisational cultures. International M&As in rapidly transforming East Germany offer attractive possibilities for research as change in the firm, and resistance to it, takes place against a backdrop of external, revolutionary societal change as well as internal, national and organisational clashes. The research followed a grounded theory, qualitative methods approach embedded in the overarching strategic management theoretical framework of the Resource Based View of the Firm. Through a series of case interviews with East German managers and employees in six foreign acquired M&As split off from old combines, together with employees released after take-over, the type of acculturation and perceived level of integration was examined. A model was developed to measure post acquisition integration problems signalled by acculturative stress. By highlighting using two of the case studies as a contrast, acculturative stress was seen to make a significant contribution to causes of failure. On the other hand, further development of the model showed successful integration as having implications as a stepping stone to two-way learning and onwards to long term success. The research's claims to contribution can be synthesisedd own to three areas. Firstly, the importance of the group in East Germany has been overlooked and its continued existence in the face of pressures for more individualisation has important implications for motivation, incentives, change and learning. Secondly, the choice of top managers and their relationship to the firm (co-ownership or not) is crucial in reducing acculturative stress and achieving integration and two-way learning. Finally, the acquired human resources, due to their knowledge, knowledge potential through unlearning, shared experiencesa nd languagea re a potential route to competitive advantage. The areas of contribution form the basis for speculation and future research.
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Whiteley, Julianne Beverley. « Trends in mobilisation and unionisation in South Africa and Germany : a comparative analysis ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003125.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate long-term trends in the union membership of South Africa and Germany, and to highlight trends in unionisation in both of these countries over a period of time. The long-term aspect of this study differentiates it from more detailed specific studies concerned with the individual fortunes of confederations or unions. The changing fortunes of trade unions have been associated with changes in work organisation, the influence of institutional pressures, or long term changes in the economic cycle. All these factors may, of course, shape and be shaped by each other. From a comparative perspective this dissertation determines whether the fortunes of unions are ultimately a product of the long waves of an economic cycle, or if other factors, such as variations in union/state relations, changes in the forms of work organisation and shifts in the employment market, impact upon union membership and mobilisation. It is hoped that the comparison of a transitional and an advanced economy may shed new light on the causes of union growth and decline, and the impact of specific social, legal and cultural variables thereon. The theoretical frame of reference for this study emerged from literature pertaining to union growth and decline. This literature discusses the historical, economic and sectoral challenges that confront the identity of unions and their ability to mobilise membership within contemporary labour markets. The entire study relies heavily on primary data collected from a wide range of sources in both countries. This method facilitates the comparison and cross-checking of information, which ensures a full and balanced study. A synthesis of the facts obtained led to certain suggestions relating to the areas in which both South African and German labour organisations could adapt their agenda and interests to the changing nature of the employment market in order to avert membership decline. The methodology of this research draws from Skopol’s work which argues that social studies ought to be grounded in historical experience in order to make sense out of specific social events that occur today. The research design utilises an initial comparative historical-political analysis of the emergence of unionism in South Africa and Germany, so as to establish those factors which have, in the past, affected union growth and decline in both countries. Thereafter, the impact of contemporary economic and sectoral trends that reoccur in the South African and German labour markets are examined and compared, in order to establish their influence on the growth or decline of union membership in both countries in the future. This study consists of four sections. The first section comprises a historical dimension that uses Valenzuela’s work relating to the political nature of labour movements to establish those factors which, in the past, have affected union growth and decline. This is done to determine whether the type of insertion of labour movements into historical national political processes, and the links formed between trade unions and political parties influences membership growth or decline. The following three sections deal with the present challenges that may affect the unions in the future. Section Two deals with factors of economic recession (namely, poverty and unemployment) which confront trade unions in the 1990s. Hyman’s Theory of Disaggregation is applied to determine if recessive socio-economic factors can account for the strength of decline of unions, as opposed to union mobilisation being purely linked to transitions between long waves of the economy as Kelly suggests. The relevance of these theories to the rise and decline of unionism in South Africa and Germany is compared and contrasted. The third section determines whether changes to more flexible forms of work organisation and shifts in the employment market can account for the contrasting strength of the South African labour movement and the decline of the German labour movement today. The way in which these issues impact negatively upon union strength in South Africa and Germany in the 1990s is compared and contrasted, again using Hyman’s Theory of Disaggregation. The final section establishes whether or not the roles adopted by the South African and German labour movements during their confrontation with labour repressive regimes impacts upon their ability to attract union membership today, despite the constraints imposed upon unions by prevailing economic and structural uncertainties. Therefore the historicity of the South African and German labour movements, (based upon the findings of the first part of this study), is referred back to. At the same time, the reactions of the South African and German labour movements to prevailing economic and structural realities, (as examined in the second part of this research) are re-examined. Three conclusions are reached. Firstly, regardless of their strengths or weaknesses, all labour organisations are capable of adjusting to the adverse changes taking place in contemporary employment markets if they prove willing to advance and defend the interests of all who work, including those in the informal sector. If unions continue to neglect the informal labour market, they run the risk of being transposed by social movements that are antagonistic to trade unions or new expressions of the workforce’s latent collectivism. Secondly, in successfully playing a social movement role that led to the downfall of Apartheid in 1994, the South African labour movement has evolved as an energetic body with a dimension of recumbent militancy that attempts to adapt its identity to the changing nature of the employment market. This enables the South African labour movement to continue to attract membership despite the prevailing economic uncertainties. In contrast, forced co-operation and consensus within the German industrial relations arena since World War Two has resulted in a less dynamic union movement that lacks initiative in adapting to the changing nature of the employment market. The result is a decline in unionism. Finally, the fortunes of unions are not, as Kelly suggests, purely a product of economic cycles. Political climates can also influence mobilisation, as has occurred in both South Africa and Germany. This implies that mobilisation is not only activated by the economic dissatisfaction of a union movement.
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Hategekimana, Celestin. « Women's empowerment in the post-1994 Rwanda : the case study of Mayaga Region ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1314.
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This research looks at the process of women’s empowerment in post- 1994 Rwanda, with special focus on twelve cooperatives working in Mayaga region and the way these cooperatives empower women, their households and the community at large. Traditional Rwandan society has been always bound by patriarchy which has not valued the reproductive roles of women as economically productive in their households and the society as a whole. On the one hand, this understanding was reversed in the post-1994 Rwanda by the commitment of the government to gender equality at the highest level of political leadership through progressive policies and legislation. On the other hand, in Mayaga region, cooperatives brought about socio-economic development and changed relationships of gender and power in a patriarchal post-conflict society. The findings from cooperatives in Mayaga region show that to prevent women from reaching their full potential is economic folly. If women are empowered, they can generate important development outcomes such as improved health, education, income levels and conflict resolution. The findings further indicate how women’s empowerment is determined by the livelihood strategies women adopt themselves to respond to their vulnerability, and by the ways in which they express their agency in making a living in a sustainable way, with the available community assets that they have access to (financial, social, human, natural and physical). This research highlights that the accessibility of the community assets used by women in Mayaga region and in Rwanda as a whole is also determined by policies, institutions and processes that are able to influence their livelihoods positively.
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Adams, Stephanie P. « Too Many (Working) Women : Economic Reconstruction and Constructing Gender Roles in Western Germany, 1946-1957 ». Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212782224.
Texte intégralLivres sur le sujet "Women – Germany – Economic conditions"
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Working women in Renaissance Germany. New Brunswick, N.J : Rutgers University Press, 1986.
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Wiesner, Merry E. Working women in Renaissance Germany. New Brunswick, N.J : Rutgers University Press, 1986.
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Ogilvie, Sheilagh C. A bitter living : Women, markets, and social capital in early modern Germany. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003.
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Eva, Kolinsky, et Nickel Hildegard Maria 1948-, dir. Reinventing gender : Women in Eastern Germany since unification. London : Frank Cass, 2003.
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Astrid, Kilimann, Panke-Kochinke Birgit et Museum Industriekultur Osnabrück, dir. Das Frauenzimmer als Arbeiter : Zur Geschichte der Frauenarbeit in Osnabrück, 1842-1958. Pfaffenweiler : Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1994.
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Kasten, Tanja. Monetäre und nicht-monetäre Effekte von Erwerbsunterbrechungen : Eine mikroökonometrische Analyse auf Basis des SOEP. Frankfurt am Main : Lang, 2008.
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Heering, Walter. Transformationsprozesse in ostdeutschen Unternehmen : Akteursbezogene Studien zur ökonomischen und sozialen Entwicklung in den neuen Bundesländern. Berlin : Akademie Verlag, 1995.
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Clemens, Wolfgang. Frauen zwischen Arbeit und Rente : Lebenslagen in später Erwerbstätigkeit und frühem Ruhestand. Opladen : Westdeutscher Verlag, 1997.
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Frauen in den neuen Bundesländern : Auswirkungen der wirtschaftlichen und politischen Einheit auf die Situation der weiblichen Bevölkerung Thüringens. Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 1998.
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Kaplan, Marion A. The making of the Jewish middle class : Women, family, and identity in Imperial Germany. New York : Oxford University Press, 1991.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Women – Germany – Economic conditions"
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Moebius, Stephan. « Sociology in the German Democratic Republic ». Dans Sociology in Germany, 123–39. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71866-4_5.
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AbstractIn the GDR (German Democratic Republic), sociology did not emerge until the 1960s. In 1963, the party program of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED, Socialist Unity Party of Germany, SUPG) explicitly called for the establishment of sociological research. GDR sociology developed under completely different conditions than in West Germany. It was overshadowed by Marxist-Leninist philosophy and political economy as well as instrumentalized by economic policy. Its focus was on the basic categories of work and production. The connection to economic policy and historical materialism promoted the tendency to economic reductionism in sociology. Sociology in the GDR was not based on the general tradition of sociology, which was understood as “bourgeois.” Besides Marx, the founding figures of sociology were avoided; not only were they seen as “bourgeois sociologists,” but many of them had also focused on meaningful action and the understanding of social processes rather than on the analysis of the laws of social development. Methodologically, the main focus was on quantitative methods. Sociology had the function of confirming the social laws whose theoretical interpretation was then reserved for historical materialism. It was not until the late 1980s that the situation changed somewhat and the relative autonomy of the social came increasingly into focus. This also led to first approaches to study the social position of women and gender relations. Overall, sociology in the GDR remained committed to a canonizing interpretation of Marxism-Leninism. In addition, it placed itself largely at the service of political power. Because of this its performance was limited enormously. Only when the social processes and dynamics could no longer be adequately described within the conventional ideological framework did certain changes occur.
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Bettio, Francesca, Gianni Betti et Elisa Ticci. « The Fuzzy Perspective on Violence against Women ». Dans Analysis of Socio-Economic Conditions, 219–38. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003053712-14.
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Pandolfini, Valeria, Borislava Petkova et Thomas Verlage. « Youth Aspirations Towards the Future : Agency, Strategy and Life Choices in Different Structural Contexts ». Dans Landscapes of Lifelong Learning Policies across Europe, 63–87. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96454-2_4.
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AbstractThrough a comparative analysis of three case studies built on the intersection of three young adults’ trajectories and three LLL policies in Germany, Italy and Bulgaria, this chapter aims to explore the interplay between opportunity structures and subjective choices. We focus on the educational and professional dimensions, putting them in relation within the LLL policy young adults accessed with their aspirations, self-representations, the living conditions they face in the local context and the welfare (Esping-Andersen, The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990) and transition (Walther, YOUNG, 14(2), 119–139, 2006) regimes characterizing their countries. Relying on the Capability Approach (Sen, Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999; Nussbaum, Women and human development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), we explore how young people’s capacity to cope with challenges and their ability to actively navigate obstacles are influenced by the wider discursive and institutional opportunity structures in which they unfold their life paths. The analysis reveals how youths make their choices according to their “capacity to aspire” (Appadurai 2004) and the social, cultural and economic factors at play in exercising their navigational capacities; being able (or unable) to define life plans potentially constitutes a “new” factor of inequality. The possibilities of better capturing the complex relationship between structural limits, possibilities and subjective aspirations in shaping individuals’ choices and actions within specific opportunity structures are discussed.
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Afsar, Md, et Suman Kumari. « Women Journalists in India’s Rural Areas : Social and Economic Conditions ». Dans Techno-Societal 2020, 1107–15. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69925-3_105.
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Kolinichenko, Irina A., Svetlana A. Nikulina, Ekaterina N. Asrieva et Elena E. Basanova. « Study of Attitude to Pregnancy and Identity of Pregnant Women in Modern Socio-economic Conditions ». Dans Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 120–28. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69415-9_14.
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Bologna, Emanuela, et Simona Staffieri. « Women and leisure in the Italian context. » Dans Women, leisure and tourism : self-actualization and empowerment through the production and consumption of experience, 152–67. Wallingford : CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247985.0014.
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Abstract Gender is an important indicator of the processes of social change affecting contemporary society, although in the field of leisure research, it has not always received attention. To fill this gap, recent research proposes to include gender as a significant aspect in leisure paradigms. The chapter aims to analyse gender differences in the use of leisure time within the Italian context using data periodically produced by official statistics. Data, collected over time, make it possible to observe the changes occurring in the way men and women spend their leisure time. The chapter is structured according to the main dimensions of leisure, such as social relationships, sports practice, tourism, cultural participation, and satisfaction with leisure time. To observe gender differences, statistical methods (descriptive and multivariate analysis) were implemented. The results highlight the existence of strong differences in the way in which men and women spend their leisure time. Gender differences are often linked to demographic or sociocultural characteristics, such as age, level of education, or economic conditions. Results presented in the chapter could be used to frame future research aimed at solving weakness and to fill information gaps in Italian leisure gender studies.
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Gottschall, Karin, Kristin Noack et Heinz Rothgang. « Dependencies of Long-Term Care Policy on East–West Migration : The Case of Germany ». Dans International Impacts on Social Policy, 515–29. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_40.
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AbstractThis contribution reconstructs the policy shift from a Bismarckian “low road” to a “higher road” of long-term care (LTC) policy in Germany. We argue that this policy change is deeply intertwined with migration to uphold and transform LTC policy. Cash benefits did not just stabilise family care, but are increasingly used to establish a “migrant-in-the-family” model. Moreover, while the marketisation of care services led to an expansion of commercial services, this process increasingly depended on migrant carers. Policy measures to improve working conditions in formal care were only initiated when ever-growing demands could not be met by migrant workers. At the same time live-in arrangements are only cautiously regulated. Reflecting the familialistic legacy, provision of care by women (paid/unpaid, formal/informal, professional/semi-professional) has become more stratified.
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Drabo, Seydou. « The Domestication of Misoprostol for Abortion in Burkina Faso : Interactions Between Caregivers, Drug Vendors and Women ». Dans Global Maternal and Child Health, 57–71. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84514-8_4.
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AbstractMisoprostol has been hailed as a revolution within global maternal health research and policy communities because of its potential to reduce maternal mortality from post-partum haemorrhage and unsafe abortion, allowing relatively safe abortion in legal and illegal settings. However, we know little about how women who want to use misoprostol access it to induce abortion. Based on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, this chapter describes and analyses how women gain access to misoprostol to induce abortion within a setting where induced abortion is legally restrictive and where the legal use of misoprostol is limited to post-abortion care and post-partum haemorrhage. The findings show that women seeking abortions in Ouagadougou are able to access misoprostol through unofficial channels, specifically through health workers and drug vendors. While this unofficial use of misoprostol is relatively safer, and more affordable than other options, access is not equally distributed and the cost women pay for the drug varies significantly. While women with strong social networks and financial resources can access misoprostol easily, other women who do not have money to buy misoprostol may become victims of sexual violence from men from whom they seek abortion services. In Ouagadougou, access to abortion with misoprostol is shaped by health workers and the social and economic conditions of the women who seek it. The study uses the concepts of ‘pharmaceutical diversion’ and ‘domestication’ as adjacent analytical frameworks to emphasize the changing pattern of access to misoprostol. The chapter introduces the importance of looking at safe access to safe abortion.
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Lagerlöf Nilsson, Ulrika, et Helene Castenbrandt. « A Historical Perspective on Ageing and Capability ». Dans International Perspectives on Aging, 163–74. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78063-0_12.
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AbstractThis chapter discusses the value of a capability approach in historical research on older people. Historians are generally focused on studying continuity and change over time. Their research often aims at explaining how and why certain phenomena appear and take different shapes. Capability is a way of capturing an individual’s ability to live a meaningful life, or a life that they perceive as good. A modern analytical tool such as the capability approach can be used for visualising historical patterns, even though individuals’ values of well-being change over time. In that sense, historical studies of individuals’ capabilities, or functions, can add another perspective to this theoretical framework.Old newspapers, biographies, diaries, letters, novels and government reports make it possible to understand which capabilities individuals and societies have valued for older citizens at different times. The meaning of functions differs over time and is dependent on several factors, such as gender and economic conditions, as well as social and civil status. This also means that conditions for a phenomenon such as retirement change over time, but they also differ depending on people’s previous life conditions. In this article, we explore these things using two different examples. Firstly, we discuss how Selma Lagerlöf, a woman with high social status, arranged for her retirement. The second example shows how women with low economic status struggled to retire at the time when universal pension reform was being implemented in Sweden.
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Danaj, Ermira. « Albanian Context ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 41–73. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92092-0_3.
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AbstractThis chapter aims to present the migration framework and the situation of women in Albania. The first section briefly reviews the socio-economic conditions of Albania during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, which I separate into two main periods: before and after 1991. I take the year 1991 as the official end of the mono-party political system, also known as the communist era or regime, as it is also the year when the country’s first multiparty elections happened. I explain how, in this context, migration became one of the leading forces transforming Albanian society. The second section of this chapter focuses on the history of migration in Albania, limited to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Here, I also discuss the research site, the city of Tirana. The third section presents the situation of women in Albania, focusing on some central matters that support the analysis in this research.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Women – Germany – Economic conditions"
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Gökçek Karaca, Nuray, et Erol Karaca. « The Future Expectations and Laboration of Migrant Women From Turkey in Germany ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01490.
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This study sought to investigate future expectations and laboration of the migrant women from Turkey in Germany. The research was carried out with 570 migrant women from Turkey in Germany in 2012-2013. The data were collected by using a questionnaire developed by the researcher based on a literature review. Data were analyzed with factor analysis by using the statistical package SPSS. According to the research results, a significant number of women said that they are housewives but not working. This result points out the continuity of perception and evaluation of being a housewife “as not a profession and form of labor”. The data about women except from housewives reveals the difficulties in their labor life and also the effectiveness of informal networks on laborization process. Overwhelming majority of these women have experienced various jobs and indicated lower and inadequate wages as the reason of these experiences. In addition, the most effective means in the process of finding jobs is the circle of acquaintances rather than job-creating agencies, trainings and employment tests. As a result of the inadequacy of formal structure, a significant number of women has to work with low wages and not obtained sufficient social benefits. In spite of the difficulties faced by women in their laborization process, a great majority of women have the social security right. The presence of social security, however, could not prevent feeling insecure about their future and negative evaluation about their economic conditions.
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Sanzhieva, Tatiana. « Personnel Problems of the «Burmongolles» Trust in the Years of the Great Reporting War ». Dans Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.18.
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The article is devoted to personnel problems in the forest industry of Buryatia during the Great Patriotic War. In wartime conditions, experienced forestry workers who went to the front were replaced by women, retirees, and war invalids with no special training. In this regard, military production tasks were not always carried out. In wartime conditions, such a situation was unacceptable, therefore, measures were taken to eliminate the shortcomings that arose.
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Burleson, Grace, Brian Butcher, Brianna Goodwin et Kendra Sharp. « Assisting Economic Opportunity for Women Through Appropriate Engineering Design of a Soap-Making Process in Uganda ». Dans ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59715.
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TERREWODE, a non-governmental organization in Uganda, works to eradicate obstetric fistula in local communities and provide income-generating skills training to the affected women. Obstetric fistula is a traumatic childbirth injury caused by prolonged, obstructed labor and delayed intervention. The condition is preventable with proper medical attention, however, in rural areas women who suffer from the condition are typically disowned from their families and communities [1]. As part of their social reintegration program, TERREWODE provides training for women post-treatment in multiple income-generating skill areas; jewelry making, baking, cooking, sewing, and buying/selling produce. The soap-making idea originated within TERREWODE itself and is intended to create an income stream for the women participating. The scope of this senior capstone project, in collaboration with several organizations, is to increase efficiency, reliability, and repeatability of the soap-making process and explore potential avenues for powering the system in an off-grid setting. A weighted-design matrix was used to make engineering decisions throughout the project. The two primary engineering aspects of this project were the selection of soap-making process (hot vs. cold) and the selection of a mixing device and powering unit. Understanding of appropriate manufacturing technologies in Uganda was necessary as all materials and tools needed to be locally available for success for the project. The hot process requires maintaining the soap mixture at a constant temperature for roughly two hours or until the gel phase occurs. This process allows for a short curing time, permitting the soap to be ready for use sooner. Opposing this, the cold process requires little cook time but a lengthy curing time. Experimental data showed that maintaining a consistent temperature over an extended period of time while using a cookstove is nearly impossible, even in a controlled lab environment. The cold process was selected as a better suited solution for manufacturing due to field conditions and available resources. A mixing device is crucial to the soap-making process. Due to the unreliability of grid-based electricity in the region, the team considered both a human-powered mixing solution and a solar-powered mixing solution [2]. TERREWODE leadership steered the team away from creating a human powered bike mixer for fear of discouraging women to participate, due to potential health and comfort issues. The team selected a solar powered system and has tested a U.S. manufactured prototype. The ultimate goal of this soap-making project is to provide an opportunity for victims and survivors of obstetric fistula to earn a livelihood. The work done by the Oregon State (OSU) mechanical engineering design team, in conjunction with the OSU Anthropology department, University of Oregon College of Business, several private artists and entrepreneurs, and TERREWODE, will provide potential improvements to the process and implementation plan to more effectively and economically create soap.
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ATKOČIŪNIENĖ, Vilma, et Shaik Ilyas MOHAMMED. « PARTICULARITIES OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE BLACK FOREST : CLIMATE CHANGE AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS ». Dans RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.239.
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The current European Union’s and state agricultural support is more focused on the modernization of farms in technological terms, coupled with the intensification of production, and weakly focused on the farm exclusivity and diversification. This creates a minor motivation for farmers to address the issues related to climate change mitigation. The main attention in the article is concentrated on two themes: climate change and forest management. The main research methods were used: analysis and generalization of scientific literature, interview, logical and systematically reasoning, comparison, abstracts and other methods. The farms in the lower mountain ranges of Germany will change different climate conditions analyzed in the 2017 summer. Sustainable framing wide term in black forest, forest lands, organic farms, are depending or considering the climate cycles. In economic social conditions of Germany, black forest farming is so sensitive towards ancient methods of farming and their equations with the current environment. In simple terms, black forest sustainable framing is farming ecological by promoting methods and practices that are economically viable. It does not only particular about economic aspects of farming perhaps on the use of non-renewable factors in the process of thoughtful and effective farming. Agriculture land of Black Forest contributes to the nutrient and healthy food to reach high standard of living of the black forest society.
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Zinoveva, Irina, et K. Osipova. « CORPORATE TAXATION IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD ». Dans Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_55-59.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the issue of corporate taxation in the countries of the world with favorable and optimal conditions of the tax system (USA, Thailand, Canada, Germany, Russia). Within the framework of this work, the features of collecting and dynamics of the corporate tax rate, types and elements of taxation are determined. According to the results of the study, the leading role of the state in the development and implementation of tax policy within the framework of the implemented strategy of socio-economic development of the country is concluded.
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Nikoloski, Dimitar. « POVERTY AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS : EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NORTH MACEDONIA ». Dans Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0019.
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Poverty and social exclusion are often associated with unemployment, but being employed is not always sufficient to provide decent living conditions for workers and their families. The ‘low-wage’ workers similarly as unemployed are often associated with an image of men and women struggling to support their families and living at risk of poverty and social exclusion. Dealing with the social stratification engendered from the employment status of workers in the post-transition countries represents a challenging task for the academics and policymakers. The aim of the paper is to assess the determinants of poverty in North Macedonia from the point of view of employment status, particularly the differences between low-paid and unemployed workers. We assess the factors affecting the probability of at-risk-of poverty status by estimating a logit model on cross-section data separately for employed and unemployed persons in 2015. The analysis draws from an examination of micro data from the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) whose main scope is to enable the compilation of statistics on income distribution, as well as indicators of monetary poverty. Besides other personal and household characteristics, being low-paid appears as the most important factor for at-risk-of poverty status among employed persons, while the low work intensity is the most responsible factor for at-risk-of poverty status among unemployed persons. In addition, our analysis reveals that the social transfers do not satisfactorily cover these categories, which assumes that we need a much broader arsenal of respective policy measures aiming to reduce poverty among the vulnerable labour market segments. The proposed policy recommendations cover the following areas: education and training, active labour market policies, unionisation and collective bargaining, wage subsidies and taxation and statutory minimum wage.
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Moharekpour, Milad, Stefan Hoeller et Markus Oeser. « A comparative study of crack behavior of continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) on three sections in Germany ». Dans 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/4pr5xno7.
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The traffic volume and the amount of heavy traffic on German motorways increased steadily. To guarantee mobility and reduce the national economic costs, road construction with maximum service life, minimum maintenance and minimum traffic restrictions for maintenance are needed. Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) are extremely durable in terms of use and maintenance. CRCP offer lower thickness, no transversal joints and the possibility to improve skid resistance and reduction of noise emissions through a thin asphalt surface. The performance of CRCP is influenced by a number of specific characteristics such as the thickness and the quality of the concrete, the longitudinal and transversal reinforcement, the base layer and the environmental conditions. These aspects influence the crack pattern, crack distance and crack widths. In Germany CRCP is in the stage of field testing. From 1997 to today, a total of 8 sections with many variations have been constructed. A detailed comparative study of these sections has been lacking. As part of a research project, the RWTH University and the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) are investigating these sections in CRCP with and without an asphalt surface in Germany and compare it to the Belgium standard constructions. Three CRCP sections were selected and evaluated throughout Germany. The aim is to evaluate the different designs in the sections in terms of their behavior, to quantify achievable service life, necessary maintenance and availability. From this, a preferred variant of the construction is designed and implemented on a motorway in Germany as part of a trial site.
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Hana, Suela. « ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATION POLICIES FOR VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING, THE NECESSITY OF THEIR MULTIDISCIPLINARY EVALUATION ». Dans 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management : How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.413.
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Extensive developments and changes in the economic, political, social, cultural and scientific fields have undoubtedly brought problems and disturbing phenomena in many parts of the world, such as the trafficking and exploitation of human beings. Every year many women, girls and children are illegally transported across the borders of their countries of origin, sold or bought, bringing to mind all the primitive ways of human slavery, seen in stark contrast to the galloping development that society has taken today, as well as aspirations for a worldwide civilization and citizenship. Regarding Albania, the beginning of trafficking in human beings dates in 1995 (Annual Analysis of 2003 of the State Social Service, Tirana), where the country found itself in a situation of instability of political, economic, social and cultural changes, as well as in a transitional geographical position to was used by traffickers, mostly Albanians, as an “open door” for the recruitment, transportation and sale of women, girls and children from Moldova, Russia, Romania, Turkey, Albania, China, etc. Albania is identified as a source and transit country for trafficked women and children. In addition, many NGOs and international organizations report significant increase cases in the trafficking of human beings. In 1999, official sources reported that young women and girls had been lured or abducted from refugee camps in Albania during the Kosovo crisis and then sold for prostitution in Italy and the United Kingdom. Reports from Italy, Germany, Belgium and the UK suggest that Albanian women and girls, which are trafficked for prostitution mostly are from rural areas (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Review Conference, September 1999). It is almost common to talk about the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings, about the motivating and attractive factors, the consequences associated with this phenomenon of Albanian society. Given the extent of the trafficking phenomenon during the last 30 years transition period in Albania, the Government has made different legislative and institutional efforts, through a strategic approach to combat and mitigate this phenomenon. However, the elements of identification, protection, reintegration and long-term rehabilitation for victims of trafficking remain issues of concern and still not properly addressed, in the context of the institutional fight against trafficking in persons, which should have as its primary goal the protection of the human rights for victims of trafficking and not their further violation or re-victimization (Annual Report of the European Commission, 2007).
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Wahyurini, Endah, et Humam Santosa Utomo. « Creating Agricultural Product Innovations and Business Development : A Case in Farmer Women Group ». Dans LPPM UPN "VETERAN" Yogyakarta International Conference Series 2020. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/pss.v1i1.182.
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The Covid-19 pandemic implies a decrease in family income, resulting in social problems such as unemployment and poverty. This study aims to describe the process of creating product innovation carried out by groups of women farmers by using the land around the house to grow vegetables and the challenges they face. The study was conducted on a group of female farmers in Bantul, Yogyakarta using a qualitative analysis approach. Data collection techniques used observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The results of this study indicate that the crisis conditions and knowledge play an important role in the creation of innovation in agriculture. The diverse knowledge of the members creates new product and service innovation ideas. Universities, local governments, and industry play a role in encouraging the creation of innovation and the formation of joint ventures so that members get economic benefits. The women farmer groups have grown their roles, not only as social organizations but also in business organizations.
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Disterer, Georg. « Impact of Gender on Perceived Work Climate in Business Information Systems ». Dans InSITE 2022 : Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4952.
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Aim/Purpose: The low proportion of women currently working in the field of business information systems presents an opportunity to attract more women to this field. For example, in Germany, the proportion of women studying business information systems is currently 21%, compared to 48% in business administration (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2020). Which characteristics make the professional field of business information systems appear attractive to women and men – and which characteristics do not? Background: Studies on careers in business information systems are important to mitigate the long-lasting shortage of IT specialists, yet research is limited in this area. Methodology: To capture empirical data, graduates of the Business Information Systems program at the University of Applied Sciences in Hannover were surveyed. Contribution: The results show that women and men perceive the work climate and working conditions very differently and are also satisfied to a different extent. Characteristics of the work climate place significantly more restrictions on satisfaction for women than for men. Women primarily criticize characteristics that can be described as involving “a lack of fairness”. Findings: The differences in perceived work climate may negatively impact the proportion of women in business information systems. A number of measures have already been established to support women in coping better with the prevailing climate. However, some measures bear the risk that women are thus accused of assimilating to the prevailing climate. This can seem pre-sumptuous since the dominant male culture is taken for granted and “set”. Measures for team-building and personnel development appear to be more suitable if these address the actual values and norms of teamwork, question them where necessary, and change them for everyone. Recommendations for Practitioners: Women’s career goals are clearly different from men’s goals, and women do not achieve goals with high priority very well. Work climate is perceived more critically by women than by men: less fair, less supportive. Advantages of diversity and plurality are put at risk if women should put aside their different “other” perceptions of cooperation and negotiation in order to act according to the rules of the male-dominated system. Impact on Society: Studies on careers in business information systems are important to mitigate the longer-lasting shortage of IT specialists. The low proportion of women currently working in IT presents an opportunity to attract more women to business information systems.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Women – Germany – Economic conditions"
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Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha et Amruth Kiran. Employer Practices and Perceptions on Paid Domestic Work : Recruitment, Employment Relationships, and Social Protection. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/epppdwrersp11.2022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The key question of this study is to ask: What are the beliefs, motivations, and perceptions of employers toward recruitment, employment conditions, and social protection for domestic workers?We draw from personal interviews with 403 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, neighbourhood type and across households with and without women working for wages. This Executive Summary outlines key findings and implications.
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Arora, Sanjana, Hulda Mjöll Gunnarsdottir et Kristin Sørung Scharffscher. Gendered dimensions of the COVID-19 Pandemic. University of Stavanger, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.255.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This report forms part of the deliverables produced by the international research project Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak (PAN-FIGHT), funded by the Norwegian Research Council. It provides an overview of project findings pertaining the gender dimensions of the pandemic, with a particular focus on risk perceptions, compliance and vulnerability. The COVID-19 pandemic has reiterated that the impacts of a crisis are not homogenous. Gender, which encapsulates both biological and socio-cultural ways of being, plays a role in how crises are experienced. This is evidenced by the health, economic as well as societal consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic which have affected women and men, girls and boys differently. Knowledge about gendered implications of the pandemic is thus vital for designing equitable policy responses. This report draws on evidence from former research as well as on findings from an online survey conducted as part of the project’s data collection in 2021. The survey, reaching out to respondents in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, investigated public risk perceptions, reactions to governmental of risk communication about COVID-19, compliance with governmental restrictions and risk mitigation measures and vulnerability during the pandemic (N=4206).
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Research Department - General Economic Conditions - Overseas Countries - West Germany - 1951 - 1961. Reserve Bank of Australia, septembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/18049.
Texte intégral