Articles de revues : « Women – Employment – Spain »

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Rico, Paz, et Bernardí Cabrer-Borrás. « Gender differences in self-employment in Spain ». International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 10, n^o 1 (12 mars 2018) : 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-09-2017-0059.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the gender differences of self-employment in Spain. Design/methodology/approach A binary choice model is specified and estimated, using information from the Continuous Working Life Sample drawn from the registers of the Spanish Social Security. Moreover, the differences in self-employment between men and women are also analysed, through the decomposition proposed by Yun (2004). Findings The results indicate that the differences between both groups in the probability of being entrepreneurs stem from unobservable factors. The difference explained by the unobservable component is 84.12 per cent, whereas the rest, 15.88 per cent, is explained by the characteristics component. The explanatory factors of being an entrepreneur affect men and women in the same way, but to a different extent, explained mainly by factors related to gender. Originality/value This paper sets out to identify whether there are gender differences in the probability of becoming self-employed and, if there are, to quantify what part of the difference in entrepreneurship between men and women is explained by the characteristics of each gender group and what part is because of unobservable factors. From the perspective of the public authority, knowing the determinants that explain why the entrepreneurial activity is different depending on gender is fundamental in being able to reduce the entrepreneurial gap between men and women.

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Suárez-Ortega, Magdalena. « Across gender. Work situations of Rural Women in the South of Spain ». Qualitative Research in Education 5, n^o 1 (28 février 2016) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/qre.2015.1814.

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Even though undeniable social changes such as gender discrimination have occurred, the forms of access to public education and employment, as well as the conditions under which these jobs are carried out, are often loaded with sexist biases.Using the biographical-narrative method and a combination of techniques and strategies for gathering and analysing information, the current paper presents an empirical longitudinal study examining the labour situation of rural women who participate in different employment -professional and guidance- training activities. The women´s perceptions and interpretations of their training and professional situations wereanalysed, as well as their opportunities related to finding a job when they completed their education. Additionally, this study examined the extent to which the public services for employment training were adequate andfunctionalfor women regarding whether these services achieved their anticipated aims.We concluded gender inequalities on the employment situation of women, and the importance of implementing urgent measures to fight against the employment crisis from an equality way.

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Suárez-Ortega, Magdalena. « Across gender. Work situations of Rural Women in the South of Spain ». Qualitative Research in Education 5, n^o 1 (28 février 2016) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/qre.2016.1814.

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Even though undeniable social changes such as gender discrimination have occurred, the forms of access to public education and employment, as well as the conditions under which these jobs are carried out, are often loaded with sexist biases.Using the biographical-narrative method and a combination of techniques and strategies for gathering and analysing information, the current paper presents an empirical longitudinal study examining the labour situation of rural women who participate in different employment -professional and guidance- training activities. The women´s perceptions and interpretations of their training and professional situations wereanalysed, as well as their opportunities related to finding a job when they completed their education. Additionally, this study examined the extent to which the public services for employment training were adequate andfunctionalfor women regarding whether these services achieved their anticipated aims.We concluded gender inequalities on the employment situation of women, and the importance of implementing urgent measures to fight against the employment crisis from an equality way.

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COOKE, LYNN PRINCE. « Gender Equity and Fertility in Italy and Spain ». Journal of Social Policy 38, n^o 1 (janvier 2009) : 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279408002584.

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AbstractGender equity and its effects on fertility vary across socio-political contexts, particularly when comparing less with more developed economies. But do subtle differences in equity within more similar contexts matter as well? Here we compare Italy and Spain, two countries with low fertility levels and institutional reliance on kinship and family, but with employment equity among women during the 1990s slightly greater in Italy than Spain. The European Community Household Panel is used to explore the effect of this difference in gender equity on the likelihood of married couples having a second birth during this time period. Women's hours of employment reduce the birth likelihood in both countries, but non-maternal sources of care offset this effect to different degrees. In Spain, private childcare significantly increases birth likelihood, whereas in Italy, father's greater childcare share increases the likelihood, particularly among employed women. These results suggest that increases in women's employment equity increase not only the degree of equity within the home, but also the beneficial effects of equity on fertility. These equity effects help to offset the negative relationship historically found between female employment and fertility.

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Vall Castello, Judit. « Promoting employment of disabled women in Spain ; Evaluating a policy ». Labour Economics 19, n^o 1 (janvier 2012) : 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2011.08.003.

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Montero-Moraga, Jose M., Fernando G. Benavides et Maria Lopez-Ruiz. « Association Between Informal Employment and Health Status and the Role of the Working Conditions in Spain ». International Journal of Health Services 50, n^o 2 (5 janvier 2020) : 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419898330.

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Informal employment is an employment condition in which workers are not protected by labor regulations. It has been associated with poor health status in middle- and low-income countries, but it is still a neglected issue in high-income countries. Our aim was to estimate the association between health status and employment profiles in Spain, attending to the role of workplace risk factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 8,060 workers from the Seventh Spanish Working Conditions Survey (2011). We defined 4 employment profiles and estimated the associations between them and poor self-perceived health using Poisson regression models. All analyses were stratified by sex. The prevalence of the informal profile was 4% for women and 1.5% for men. Differences in self-perceived health status among employment profiles were negligible. Only women engaged in informal employment had poorer self-perceived health than those in the reference profile. This difference disappeared after adjusting models for psychosocial risk factors. In conclusion, we did not find differences in self-perceived health status between employment profiles, except for women in informal employment. Efforts should be made to improve the psychosocial risk factors in women in informal employment.

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Arias-de la Torre, Jorge, Tania Fernández-Villa, Antonio Molina, Carmen Amezcua-Prieto, Ramona Mateos, José Cancela, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez et al. « Psychological Distress, Family Support and Employment Status in First-Year University Students in Spain ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 7 (4 avril 2019) : 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071209.

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Mental disorders are consistently and closely related to psychological distress. At the start of the university period, the relationship between a student’s psychological distress, family support, and employment status is not well-known. The aims of this study were: To determine the prevalence of psychological distress in first-year university students and to analyze its relationship with family support and the student’s employment status. Data from 4166 first-year university students from nine universities across Spain were considered. The prevalence of psychological distress was obtained using the GHQ-12, a valid and reliable screening tool to detect poor mental health. To analyze the relationship between psychological distress, family support, and employment status, logistic regression models were fitted. Regarding the prevalence found, 46.9% of men and 54.2% of women had psychological distress. In both genders, psychological distress levels increased as family support decreased. Among women, psychological distress was associated with their employment status. The prevalence of psychological distress among first-year university students in Spain is high. In addition, family support, and employment status for women, could be factors to take into account when developing psychological distress prevention strategies at the beginning of the university period.

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Guijarro, Francisco. « Characteristics of Unemployed People, Training Attendance and Job Searching Success in the Valencian Region (Spain) ». Data 3, n^o 4 (3 novembre 2018) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data3040047.

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The current economical recovery is driven by expansions in many countries, with a global economic growth of 3.6% in 2017. However, some countries are still struggling with vulnerable forms of employment and high unemployment rates. Official statistics in Spain reveal that women and older people constitutes the core of structural unemployment, and are persistently being excluded from employment recovery. This paper contributes with a database that includes jobseekers’ characteristics, enrollment on training initiatives for unemployed and employment contracts for the Valencian region in Spain. Analysing the relation between the involved variables can help researchers to shed light on which characteristics are positively related to employment and then encourage political decision makers to promote initiatives to support vulnerable groups.

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Davia, María A., et Nuria Legazpe. « Decisiones laborales de las mujeres casadas o cohabitantes en España ». Studies of Applied Economics 30, n^o 3 (7 juin 2020) : 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i3.3618.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the determinants of employment decisions (entry and exit from employment) of married or cohabiting women in Spain. We use the Fertility, Family and Values Survey of 2006, conducted by the Sociological Research Centre in 2006. The econometric technique deployed consists in different discrete-time duration models using Meyer’s application (Meyer, 1990) to Prentice-Gloeckler model (1978) that enables control for unobserved heterogeneity. The results show, among other things, that highly educated women and women from more recent cohorts are more likely to (re-)enter the labour market after marriage. Mothers of small children are more likely to exit employment than non-mothers.

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Briones-Vozmediano, Erica, Natalia Rivas-Quarneti, Montserrat Gea-Sánchez, Andreu Bover-Bover, Maria Antonia Carbonero et Denise Gastaldo. « The Health Consequences of Neocolonialism for Latin American Immigrant Women Working as Caregivers in Spain : A Multisite Qualitative Analysis ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 21 (9 novembre 2020) : 8278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218278.

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In Spain, most jobs available for Latin American immigrant women are in intimate labour (caregiving and domestic work). This work is usually performed under informal employment conditions. The objective of this study was to explain how the colonial logic mediates the experiences of Latin American women working in intimate labour in Spain, and the effects of such occupation on their health and wellbeing, using a decolonial theoretical framework. A multi-site secondary data analysis of qualitative data from four previous studies was performed utilizing 101 interviews with Latin American immigrant women working as caregivers in Spain. Three interwoven categories show how the dominant colonial logic in Spain creates low social status and precarious jobs, and naturalizes intimate labour as their métier while producing detrimental physical and psychosocial health consequences for these immigrant caregivers. The caregivers displayed several strategies to resist and navigate intimate labour and manage its negative impact on health. Respect and integration into the family for whom they work had a buffering effect, mediating the effects of working conditions on health and wellbeing. Based on our analysis, we suggest that employment, social, and health protection laws and strategies are needed to promote a positive working environment, and to reduce the impact of caregiving work for Latin American caregivers.

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Patino-Alonso, Maria-Carmen, Maria-Purificación Vicente-Galindo, Maria-Purificación Galindo-Villardón et Jose-Luis Vicente-Villardón. « Multivariate profile of women who work in rural settings in Salamanca, Spain ». Journal of Sociology 52, n^o 4 (10 juillet 2016) : 806–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783315594485.

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We examine the job situation of women living in rural Salamanca, Spain, using principal coordinates analysis to identify the profile of these women (specifically, those with declared vs. undeclared jobs) and explore what they believe would improve their employment situations. Four well-differentiated groups were identified: two groups included rural women with ‘regular’ jobs and two groups included women with ‘irregular’ jobs, where ‘irregular’ work is defined as work that involves a decrease in taxes destined for the Social Security system. These women were differentiated based on their marital status and the job sector in which they worked. Women with an ‘irregular’ employment status stated that they would prefer to work in a ‘regular’ job with a job contract and make contributions to the Social Security system in accordance with the true number of hours they work. Such a job situation guarantees access to all available social benefits.

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Vives, Alejandra, Marcelo Amable, Montserrat Ferrer, Salvador Moncada, Clara Llorens, Carles Muntaner, Fernando G. Benavides et Joan Benach. « Employment Precariousness and Poor Mental Health : Evidence from Spain on a New Social Determinant of Health ». Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/978656.

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Background.Evidence on the health-damaging effects of precarious employment is limited by the use of one-dimensional approaches focused on employment instability. This study assesses the association between precarious employment and poor mental health using the multidimensional Employment Precariousness Scale.Methods.Cross-sectional study of 5679 temporary and permanent workers from the population-based Psychosocial Factors Survey was carried out in 2004-2005 in Spain. Poor mental health was defined as SF-36 mental health scores below the 25th percentile of the Spanish reference for each respondent’s sex and age. Prevalence proportion ratios (PPRs) of poor mental health across quintiles of employment precariousness (reference: 1st quintile) were calculated with log-binomial regressions, separately for women and men.Results.Crude PPRs showed a gradient association with poor mental health and remained generally unchanged after adjustments for age, immigrant status, socioeconomic position, and previous unemployment. Fully adjusted PPRs for the 5th quintile were 2.54 (95% CI: 1.95–3.31) for women and 2.23 (95% CI: 1.86–2.68) for men.Conclusion.The study finds a gradient association between employment precariousness and poor mental health, which was somewhat stronger among women, suggesting an interaction with gender-related power asymmetries. Further research is needed to strengthen the epidemiological evidence base and to inform labour market policy-making.

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Insarauto, Valeria. « Women’s Vulnerability to the Economic Crisis through the Lens of Part-time Work in Spain ». Work, Employment and Society 35, n^o 4 (29 avril 2021) : 621–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09500170211001271.

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This article studies women’s vulnerability to the economic crisis of 2008 through the lens of part-time work in Spain. It posits that part-time work made the female employment position more fragile by acting as a transmission mechanism of traditional gender norms that establish women as secondary workers. This argument is tested through an analysis of Labour Force Survey data from 2007 to 2014 that examines the influence of the employment situation of the household on women’s part-time employment patterns. The results expose the limited take-up of part-time work but also persistent patterns of involuntariness and underemployment corresponding to negative household employment situations, highlighting the constraining role of gender norms borne by the relative position of part-time work in the configuration of employment structures. The article concludes that, during the crisis, part-time work participated in the re-establishment of women as a family dependent and flexible labour supply, increasing their vulnerability.

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Cabasés, M. Àngels, et Miquel Úbeda. « Young Women, Employment and Precarity : The Face of Two Periods of Crisis in Spain (2008–2021) ». Social Sciences 11, n^o 6 (17 juin 2022) : 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060264.

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Youth employment in Spain is characterised by temporary contracts, part-time jobs, and low wages, a long-standing situation that has been further accentuated since the 2008 crisis, placing young people, especially women, in a position of vulnerability at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through different data, this article argues that young women’s working conditions have deteriorated in comparison to those of previous generations and young men, in a period in which there have been two crises that have affected youth employment. Linking the results with the main youth employment policies allows us to observe why the precarisation of Spanish youth has not been stopped.

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Silva-Peñaherrera, Michael, Paula Santiá et Fernando G. Benavides. « Informal Employment and Poor Mental Health in a Sample of 180,260 Workers from 13 Iberoamerican Countries ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 13 (27 juin 2022) : 7883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137883.

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The aim of this study is to estimate the association between employment conditions and mental health status in the working population of Iberoamerica. In this cross-sectional study, we pooled individual-level data from nationally representative surveys across 13 countries. A sample of 180,260 workers was analyzed. Informality was assessed by social security, health affiliation, or contract holding. Mental health was assessed using several instruments. We used Poisson regression models to estimate the contribution of informality to poor mental health by sex and country, adjusted by sociodemographic and work-related characteristics. Then, we performed a meta-analysis pooling of aggregate data using a random-effects inverse-variance model. Workers in informal employments showed a higher adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of poor mental health than those in formal employment in Peru (aPR men 1.5 [95% confidence intervals 1.16; 1.93]), Spain (aPR men 2.2 [1.01; 4.78]) and Mexico (aPR men 1.24 [1.04; 1.47]; women 1.39 [1.18; 1.64]). Overall estimates showed that workers in informal employment have a higher prevalence of poor mental health than formal workers, with it being 1.19 times higher (aPR 1.19 [1.02; 1.39]) among men, and 1.11 times higher prevalence among women (aPR 1.11 [1.00; 1.23]). Addressing informal employment could contribute to improving workers’ mental health.

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Obadić, Alka, et Lorena Pehar. « Employment, Capital and Seasonality in Selected Mediterranean Countries ». Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 19, s1 (1 décembre 2016) : 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zireb-2016-0012.

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Abstract The paper examines the influence of tourism industry on GDP, employment and capital investments in selected Mediterranean countries (Croatia, France, Greece, Italy and Spain). It points out important contribution which tourism has on economic activity and capital investment of selected economies and labour market. The analysis highlights the importance of tourism strength in generating employment. It synthesizes data on tourism employment and employment according to educational level. The results show that the quality of human capital is increasing but at the same time indicating gender discrimination in tourism labour market. Despite women being the majority of higher education degree holders in tourism, men hold upper-management and decision-making positions more often than women do. Lastly the paper indicates strong contribution of tourism sector in GDP and total employment in selected countries showing strong problem of seasonality.

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Garcia-Yeste, Carme, Lena de Botton, Pilar Alvarez et Roger Campdepadros. « Actions to Promote the Employment and Social Inclusion of Muslim Women Who Wear the Hijab in Catalonia (Spain) ». Sustainability 13, n^o 13 (22 juin 2021) : 6991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13136991.

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The current context of growing religious and cultural diversity requires, from societies, an adequate management of the expression of religious diversity in different social spheres, including the workplace. Muslim women who wear the hijab are one of the social groups that most frequently suffer prejudice and discrimination in work settings due to the intersection of multiple forms of discrimination, including gender, ethnic origin, religion and the use of a visible religious symbol. With the aim of exploring the experiences of Muslim women with hijab and identifying barriers and opportunities in their access to employment in Catalonia (Spain), a qualitative study with a communicative orientation was conducted, involving twelve communicative daily-life stories with Muslim women who wear the hijab and eleven in-depth interviews with a communicative orientation with other relevant actors in the fields of training and employment (employers, managers of internship programs, political representatives, etc.). The findings revealed some pending challenges and effective pathways to improve the employment and social inclusion of Muslim women wearing the hijab. The implications of the study point to the need to incorporate respect for diversity as a necessary value to move towards more inclusive societies.

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Stanek, Mikolaj, et Miguel Requena. « Expected Lifetime in Different Employment Statuses : Evidence From the Economic Boom-and-Bust Cycle in Spain ». Research on Aging 41, n^o 3 (9 août 2018) : 286–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027518790261.

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This article analyses the impact of the recent economic crisis on the expected time spent in different employment statuses in Spain. Using data from the Economically Active Population Survey and life tables, we estimate the expected time in work, unemployment, retirement, and other types of economic inactivity during the economic boom-and-bust cycle. Differences in expected years of life spent in different employment statuses are decomposed into effects of mortality and employment behavior. Our results show that men’s working life expectancy is much more exposed to economic fluctuations. The impact of the ebbs and flows of the business cycle among women is mitigated by the long-term female trend of growing participation in the labor market associated with the increasing educational attainment of women. In addition, the improvement in mortality only partially contributes to gains in time spent in each status, while the main effects correspond to changes in labor market participation.

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Symeonaki, Maria, et Celestine Filopoulou. « Quantifying gender distances in education, occupation and employment ». Equality, Diversity and Inclusion : An International Journal 36, n^o 4 (15 mai 2017) : 340–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-11-2016-0106.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of gender in education, occupation and employment in Southern Europe and more specifically in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The goal is to provide measures that can trace gender differences with respect to their educational and employment features in these countries, explore whether these differences converge over time and compare the patterns observed in each country given their socio-economic similarities. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses raw data drawn from the European Social Survey (ESS) for the decade 2002-2012. It provides a method for quantifying gender differences in education, occupation and employment and their evolution over time based on distance measures. Findings The results reveal that gender distances in education have gradually subsided in these countries. However, occupational choices differ steadily over the years for all countries. The paper provides, therefore, solid evidence that equalizing the level of education between men and women during those years did not result in a decrease in the occupational distances between them. Moreover, based on the latest round the findings suggest that men and women are equally likely to having experienced unemployment within the last five years. Research limitations/implications Further research could be done to include results based on raw data from the seventh round of the ESS. This may provide valuable information for Spain and Portugal who did participate in this round. Social implications This research implies that more needs to be done to accelerate progress in order to achieve gender occupational equality in Southern Europe. Originality/value This paper draws attention to issues concerning gender differences in education, horizontal and vertical segregation and employment for which it provides distance measures and evidence of how they have evolved over time, based on raw data analysis from the ESS.

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Arroyo, Elena, Andrés Cabrera-León, Gemma Renart, Carme Saurina, Laura Serra Saurina, Antonio Daponte et Marc Saez. « Did psychotropic drug consumption increase during the 2008 financial crisis ? A cross-sectional population-based study in Spain ». BMJ Open 9, n^o 1 (janvier 2019) : e021440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021440.

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Objectives and settingAlthough psychotropic drugs are used to treat mental health disorders, little evidence analyses the effects the 2008 economic downturn had on psychotropic drug consumption in the case of Spain. We analyse these effects, considering both gender and employment situation.ParticipantsWe used the microdata from the face-to-face cross-sectional population-based Spanish National Health Survey for two periods: 2006–2007 (n=28 954) and 2011–2012 (n=20 509). Our samples included adults (>15 years old).MethodsThe response variables are consumption (or not) of antidepressants or sedatives and the explanatory variables are the year of the survey, gender and employment status. Covariates are mental health problems, mental health index General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and self-reported health outcome variables such as self-rated health, chronic diseases, smoking behaviour, sleeping hours, body mass index, physical activity in the workplace, medical visits during the past year, age, region of residence (autonomous communities), educational level, marital status and social class of the reference person. Finally, we include interactions between time period, gender and employment status. We specify random effects logistic regressions and use Bayesian methods for the inference.ResultsThe economic crisis did not significantly change the probability of taking antidepressant drugs (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.18 to 2.56) nor sedatives (OR=1.21, 95% CI 0.26 to 5.49). In general, the probability of consuming antidepressants among men and women decreases, but there are differences depending on employment status. The probability of consuming sedatives also depends on the employment status.ConclusionsWhile the year of the financial crisis is not associated with the consumption of antidepressants nor sedatives, it has widened the gap in consumption differences between men and women. Although antidepressant use dropped, the difference in consumption levels between men and women grew significantly among the retired, and in the case of sedatives, risk of women taking sedatives increased in all groups except students.

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Gazzola, Michele, et Daniele Mazzacani. « Foreign language skills and employment status of European natives : evidence from Germany, Italy and Spain ». Empirica 46, n^o 4 (21 septembre 2019) : 713–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09460-7.

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Abstract This article examines the relationship between foreign language skills and the employment status of natives in Germany, Italy and Spain. Using a probit model and data from Eurostat’s Adult Education Survey 2011, this article studies the conditional correlation between knowledge of English and French as foreign languages, and the probability of being employed, comparatively, for men and women. The results reveal that skills in English increase the probability of being employed for men in the three countries, respectively, by 3.4, 4.3 and 5.2%. Knowledge of English increases the probability of being employed for women in Germany and Italy—respectively, by 5.6 and 5.7%—but not in Spain. The results also show that very good skills are associated with a higher probability of being employed than sufficient or good skills. The conditional correlation between knowledge of English and employment status for men is larger in countries where skills in this language are less common among the population, and where the unemployment rate is higher. This is consistent with the fundamental economic concept of scarcity. Estimates for French are not statistically significant.

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Rahona-López, Marta, et Carmen Pérez-Esparrells. « Educational Attainment and Educational Mismatch in the First Employment in Spain ». ISRN Education 2013 (18 avril 2013) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/850827.

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This paper analyses the labour market entry of Spanish school leavers and the match between education and work at the early stages of working life, using a specific data set drawn from the Spanish Module Education to Labour Market Transitions (2000). Special attention is paid to university graduates, because Spain experienced a strong growth in the demand for higher education during the last decades of the 20th century. The empirical evidence shows that although over-education is a common phenomenon in the Spanish youth labour market, being a graduate seems to be associated with a lower likelihood of over-education in the first job. Our results indicate that over-education affects more women than men and foreigners than Spaniards.

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de Perceval Verde, Miguel Á. Pérez, Ángel Pascual Martínez Soto et José Joaquín García Gómez. « Female Workers in the Spanish Mines, 1860–1936 ». International Review of Social History 65, n^o 2 (4 novembre 2019) : 233–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000567.

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AbstractThis article analyses female labour in Spanish mines during the golden age of the sector in Spain between 1860 and 1936. Although they were a small percentage of total employment, women accounted for a significant share of the workforce in certain Spanish districts. On the one hand, the study quantifies work performed directly by women, who were mostly engaged in preparation and concentration of the minerals, as well as the extent of female child labour. This has been done by using official statistics, analysing the share of women employed for each type of mineral extracted, the mining area where this activity took place, and other variables. In the article, the authors seek to identify possible causes of such a heterogeneous distribution of female labour in the mining industry in Spain. This situation was common in the sector throughout the world. On the other hand, the article analyses attitudes of institutions, unions, and the like that limited employment opportunities for women in mining (banning them from performing underground tasks and other activities) and even proposed excluding them altogether, responding to workers’ demands in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We examine the objectives pursued by these institutions, which in some cases related to protection (physical and moral) of female workers but overall aimed mainly to preserve the social role of women (particularly reproduction) and exclude them from the workforce. The pressure on female workers was the most pronounced in the workplace. These factors gave rise to a global setback in female employment, especially among the youngest workers. Given this situation, the quantitative data used, together with information drawn from different sources, reveal that women resisted giving up these jobs, particularly in the districts with a larger share of female workers.

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Hellgren, Zenia, et Inmaculada Serrano. « Financial Crisis and Migrant Domestic Workers in Spain : Employment Opportunities and Conditions during the Great Recession ». International Migration Review 53, n^o 4 (3 octobre 2018) : 1209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318798341.

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This article explores the impact of the Great Recession on migrant domestic workers in Spain. We argue that the domestic service sector’s relative resistance to job destruction has transformed it to some extent into a refuge activity for unemployed women from other sectors, both migrants and native Spanish workers. This leads to intensified competition over jobs and increasing stratification among domestic workers, with serious consequences both for migrant women’s opportunities to make a living in Spain and for their migration projects at an international level. Based on 90 in-depth interviews with female migrant domestic workers and stakeholders, we find that this group of workers has been seriously affected by unemployment, underemployment, and worsened job conditions. As a consequence, new and already settled migrants find the chances to gain their livelihood in Spain substantially reduced, and many of those who migrated in order to support the family back home through remittances, or to save some money and eventually return, are at present unable to do so.

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Wieczorek-Szymańska, Anna. « Gender Diversity in Academic Sector—Case Study ». Administrative Sciences 10, n^o 3 (10 juillet 2020) : 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030041.

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Diversity is one of the main characteristics of social groups, including work-teams. At the same time, gender is an important aspect of diversity in organizations, and gender diversity deals with the equal representation of men and women in the workplace. This article aims to analyze the issue of gender diversity in the academic sector and to evaluate the organizational maturity of particular universities in gender diversity management. To do so, the method of comparative case studies is used—Polish and Spanish higher education institutions are compared. First of all, the author describes the status of men and women in Poland and in Spain, in general (considering different socio-economic factors). In the next part of the article, the gender structure of employment in both the Polish and the Spanish academic sector is presented. Finally, the analysis of gender diversity in two universities is conducted. Additionally, the author introduces the model of organizational maturity in gender diversity management (OMDM), to evaluate organizational attitudes toward gender diversity and the type of gender diversity policy in universities. The findings reveal that, in both Polish and Spanish societies and economies, there still are barriers that cause inequalities between men and women in the labor market. Considering the situation in the academic sector, it can be said that the gender structure of employment is more balanced in Poland than in Spain. At the same time, the highest positions of full professors are mainly occupied by men both in Poland and in Spain. When analyzing the situation in the organizations, employment is more diverse in the Polish university, but both universities face the same problem—too little representation of women in top job positions. Consequently, both institutions are classified as those which are in the preliminary stage in the model of gender diversity management. This study contributes to a better understanding of the issue of gender diversity by comparing the status of men and women in the academic sector in two countries and in two universities. Additionally, the model of OMDM presented in this article can be a useful tool to assess the policy of gender diversity in different organizations.

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Garcia-Pereiro, Thais, et Carmine Clemente. « The Changing Socioeconomic Gradient of First Union Formation Across Generations in Spain ». Revista Española de Sociología 31, n^o 2 (29 mars 2022) : a107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2022.107.

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This paper addresses the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and first union formation in Spain by analyzing the influence of educational attainment and employment history on the transition to non-marital cohabitation and direct marriage, highlighting inter-generational and gender-specific trends over time. To this end, this contribution approaches a longitudinal gender perspective which applies an event-history-analysis competing-risk setting to data of the last available Fertility Survey (FS) conducted by the Spanish National Institute of Statistics in 2018. Results show that, among women, the positive educational gradient of first cohabitation reversed, while the negative educational gradient for marriage intensified across generations. Regarding the economic gradient remained stable across generations for marriage entries and is still central for entering cohabitation, even if is less relevant for women in the youngest birth cohorts. For men, the influence of having achieved tertiary education lose its strength over time with each successive generation, while the effect of employment history on both cohabitation and marriage has diminished for successive birth cohorts.

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Green, Anne, et Ilias Livanos. « Involuntary non-standard employment in Europe ». European Urban and Regional Studies 24, n^o 2 (29 décembre 2015) : 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776415622257.

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In some countries in Europe the economic crisis starting in 2008 was marked not only by a rise in unemployment, but also by increases in individuals in part-time and temporary working, so emphasising the need to examine employment composition as well as non-employment. The promotion of non-standard forms of employment – such as part-time and temporary working – has been part of Europe’s employment agenda, but directives have also focused on raising the quality of such work. Using European Union Labour Force Survey data, an indicator of involuntary non-standard (part-time and temporary) employment (INE) is constructed, depicting a negative working condition. Descriptive analyses show important differences between countries in the incidence of INE, which is highest in Spain, Portugal and Poland, and also in the composition of INE. By contrast, INE tends to be lower in countries with Anglo-Saxon and Nordic welfare state models. Econometric analyses reveal that young workers, older workers, women, non-nationals, those with low education and those who were unemployed a year ago are at greatest risk of INE.

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La Parra-Casado, Daniel, Javier Arza-Porras et Jesús Francisco Estévez. « Health indicators of the National Roma Integration Strategy in Spain in the years 2006 and 2014 ». European Journal of Public Health 30, n^o 5 (8 mai 2020) : 906–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa070.

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Abstract Background In 2011, the European Commission adopted the European framework for the National Roma Integration Strategies (NRISs) 2020, which focussed on four areas: education, employment, health and housing. In 2012 Spain approved its Strategy 2012–20, one of the central aims of which is to reduce social inequalities in health that affect the Roma population. Our objective was to analyze changes in health inequalities between the Roma population and the general population in Spain in the years 2006 and 2014. Methods The Spanish National Health Surveys (NHSs) 2006 (n = 29 478) and 2012 (n = 20 884) and the NHS of the Spanish Roma Population 2006 (n = 933) and 2014 (n = 1155) were compared. This study considered the variables included in NRIS 2012–20: self-perceived health, tobacco use in men, traffic accidents in men and women, obesity in women and gynaecological visits. Results Despite the adoption of the NRIS 2012–20, there were no observed improvements in health between 2006 and 2014 in the Roma population. Nor was there a reduction in inequalities in health concerning the general population in Spain. Also, there was no reduction in the health inequalities by gender for the two populations. Conclusions Health is determined in part by social factors including education, employment, housing and also by anti-Roma discourses and discrimination. Improving the health of the Roma population requires a multi-sectoral approach with a gender perspective.

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Ayala-Garcia, Amaya, Laura Serra et Monica Ubalde-Lopez. « Association between early working life patterns, in publicly and privately owned companies, and the course of future sickness absence due to mental disorders : a cohort study in Catalonia (Spain) ». BMJ Open 11, n^o 2 (février 2021) : e040480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040480.

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ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between early working life patterns, at privately and publicly held companies, and the course of sickness absence (SA) due to mental disorders.MethodsCohort study of workers aged 18–28 years, affiliated with the Spanish social security system, living in Catalonia, who had at least one episode of SA due to mental disorders between 2012 and 2014. Individual prior working life trajectories were reconstructed through sequence analysis. Optimal matching analysis was performed to identify early working life patterns by clustering similar individual trajectories. SA trajectories were identified using latent class growth modelling analysis. Finally, the relationship between early working life patterns and subsequent SA trajectories was assessed via multinomial logistic regression models.ResultsAmong both men and women, four labour market participation (LMP) patterns were identified: stable permanent employment (reference group), increasing permanent employment, fluctuating employment and delayed employment. Among women, an increasing permanent employment pattern in early working life was related to a decrease of accumulated SA days over time (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.08; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.66). In men, we observed a trend towards a middle stable accumulation of SA days in those with fluctuating employment (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.74) or delayed employment (aOR 1.79; 95% CI 0.59 to 5.41). In both men and women, an early working life in big companies was related to a more favourable SA trajectory.ConclusionsEarly LMP patterns characterised by an increasing stability—decreased number of transitions between temporary contracts and lack of social security coverage towards permanent contracts—were related to a better future SA course due to mental diagnosis.

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Rubio, Sónia Parella. « Immigrant women in paid domestic service. The case of Spain and Italy ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 9, n^o 3 (août 2003) : 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900310.

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In the familistic welfare state regimes of Italy and Spain, the resurgence in live-in domestic work and the demand for migrant domestic workers is stronger than in other European countries. Organising and regulating services in order to help with the burden of caring for one's family is not an important objective of social policy in southern European countries. It is taken for granted that the family (‘women') is the main provider of social protection. In the absence of policy decisions in this field, the increase in local women's labour market participation in recent decades has led to households recruiting non-EU immigrant women in order to help them balance the needs of their family with the demands of paid employment. These immigrants constitute an enormous supply of low-cost labour and there is a shortage of local female workers in paid domestic work.

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Muoz, Lina Glvez, et Paloma Fernndez Prez. « Female Entrepreneurship in Spain during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries ». Business History Review 81, n^o 3 (2007) : 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500036692.

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Structural changes during the past two centuries shaped Spanish women's economic activity in firms, family businesses, and self-employment, reflecting women's adaptation to a social system that assigned gender-specific roles and rights. In response to the discriminatory effects of labor segregation, Spain's female workers specialized in the service-sector jobs that were available to them. Until the twentieth century, Spanish women's business initiatives in this sector were mainly in domestic service, retail distribution, and social services. During the 1900s, the cumulative impact of rapid industrialization, the growth of service industries, legal reform, and the shift to a democratic system in Spain during the 1970s paved the way for women to enter public and private firms as professionals. As a result, more women became self-employed or helped to run family businesses related to tourism, the hotel and restaurant industries, design, fashion, and the arts.

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Gutierrez Garcia, Raul Alejandro, María De la Villa Moral Jiménez, Kalina Isela Martínez Martínez et Rogaciano González-González. « Narrations of mental health of young women Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) from Mexico and Spain ». Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas 17, n^o 2 (23 juillet 2017) : 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v17i2.311.

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This article shows the results of a qualitative study for analyze mental health in young women as NEET through the meanings attributed to the experience of life. Fifteen early adult women participated in the study; of the 32 who participated in an extensive study only women were elected, they were selected using an intensive intentional sampling strategy. We carefully selected only a few cases, seeking to characterize the object of study and to obtain profound information based on reality; they were females who are from Oviedo, Spain and Aguascalientes, Mexico. They received a detailed explanation of the study and its objectives, voluntarily accepted to participate and allowed the recording of the interviews. The results about the mental health, found in young different emotional expressions related to the feelings of not being working or studying, such as sadness, loneliness, anxiety, stress, fear, frustration, discomfort and others. These women experienced loneliness when felt they did not have friends, not go to school or not work. It is noteworthy that these manifestations of these women refer anxiety about not finding work and in other cases not being at school because it struck social and interpersonal functioning. These life stories allowed understanding, from the feminine subjective perspective, the importance they have experienced as NEET, which, according to the meanings they mentioned, are specific forms of distress and depression with repercussions in their mental health, the importance of this population attends with new public policies on mental health, education and work.

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Muñoz-Comet, Jacobo, et Stephanie Steinmetz. « Trapped in Precariousness ? Risks and Opportunities of Female Immigrants and Natives Transitioning from Part-Time Jobs in Spain ». Work, Employment and Society 34, n^o 5 (8 avril 2020) : 749–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017020902974.

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Using panel data from the Spanish Labour Force Survey (2008–2016), we explore the risks and opportunities of job transitions (to unemployment, inactivity, full-time work and promotion) of female immigrants and natives in part-time work. This is the first study examining the two possible functions of part-time employment (stepping stone or trap) for different types of women across different working time categories. It contributes to the ongoing discussion about the function of non-standard work by applying an intersectional lens. Our results confirm that the signalling of different types of part-time job works positively, although the signal is weaker for immigrant women, particularly for those working in marginal and substantial part-time employment. The main sociodemographic and structural drivers of labour transitions explain only partially the gross migrant–native differences. As female immigrants experience a stronger outsider position, additional determinants of signalling beyond human capital and labour market segmentation factors might be at work.

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Rodriguez-Modroño, Paula. « Youth unemployment, NEETs and structural inequality in Spain ». International Journal of Manpower 40, n^o 3 (3 juin 2019) : 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2018-0098.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply an intersectional analysis to assess the impact of structural factors on the risk of being a NEET for youth in Spain. The author study if inequalities have changed after the economic crisis, once youth policies designed to improve the Spanish school-to-work transition (SWT) system were implemented. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on microdata from the Spanish Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the paper compares the probability of becoming not in employment, education or training (NEET) of young men and women born inside or outside Spain and living in different types of households. Findings Although unemployment rates have improved since the end of the crisis, the situation regarding youth employment, poverty and inequalities remains challenging. Gender and other structural differences are usually ignored in policy debates and in the measures adopted to fight youth unemployment, leading to the persistance of inequalities. Research limitations/implications The analysis illustrates new lines and trajectories in the segmentation of youth labor markets along the lines of gender, household and country of origin. Practical implications The findings highlight the need for introducing an analysis of the different sources of vulnerability in policy designs in order to promote a real and sustainable change in SWTs. Originality/value The contribution of this research to the literature on NEET and SWT is to introduce a framework that allows for the intersectional analysis of gender and other structural inequalities.

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De Pablo Valenciano, Jaime, Juan Milán-García, Juan Uribe-Toril et María Angustias Guerrero-Villalba. « Rural Development from a Gender Perspective : The Case of Women Farmers in Southern Spain ». Land 10, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2021) : 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010075.

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This article analyses the contribution to local development by women workers in the fruit- and vegetable-handling sector in Almería (Spain) over the last five years (2015–2019). It is a continuation of research carried out during the period 2000–2014. Using data collected through surveys and focus groups, the aim is to ascertain if the results obtained in this analysis meet the condition of sustainability, i.e., whether the improvement in working women’s quality of life has been maintained over time, and whether these beneficial effects have multiplied. The results show that women workers in the fruit- and vegetable-handling sector are satisfied with their jobs and with the company they are working for. The existence of fixed-discontinuous employment contracts facilitates greater flexibility for women in terms of balancing work and family life. This main contribution of this study lies in extrapolating the sustainability of a local development model in regard to other initiatives that aim to increase women’s empowerment in the labour market.

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Iglesias Martínez, Enrique, Pablo Yáñez Legaspi, Esteban Agulló-Tomás et José Antonio Llosa. « Psychosocial Risk in COVID Context : The Impact of Economic Factors and Labour Protection Policy (ERTEs) in Spain ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n^o 3 (19 janvier 2023) : 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031824.

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The pandemic and the current situation have caused working poverty and therefore social risk, which implies a deterioration in well-being, affecting mental health and anxiety. In this context, the employment situation tends to be regarded ignoring previous social differences, economic and mental components, which should be considered when establishing priorities to program a global action of various synergistic elements. The study involved 4686 people (3500 women and 1186 men). They all completed a questionnaire that evaluated their anxiety, employment situation, income, changes of working status, and fears of becoming infected at the workplace. The results show the need to take into account the social determinants of mental health in vulnerable groups due to socioeconomic factors, job changes, contractual changes, age, or gender, considering the need to generate strategies to manage mental health and deal with it at a structural level, therefore displacing individual focus policies and interventions. An example of these policies are ERTEs (record of temporary employment regulation), constituting a perceived measure of protection and acting as an effective buffer against the economic crisis, thus reducing anxiety.

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Oso, Laura, et Raquel Martínez‐Buján. « Welfare Paradoxes and Interpersonal Pacts : Transnational Social Protection of Latin American Migrants in Spain ». Social Inclusion 10, n^o 1 (22 mars 2022) : 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4639.

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This article analyses the relationship between migration, care work, and welfare provision, highlighting the role of Latin American migrants in Spain as providers of formal and informal social protection on a transnational scale. It contributes to the debate on transnational social protection and transnational social inequalities from the perspective of welfare paradoxes and interpersonal pacts. Migrant women in Spain have become a resource for the provision of formal social protection through their employment as domestic care workers. Nevertheless, given that access to social rights in Spain depends on job stability and residency status, they have difficulties in accessing formal social protection themselves. This process constitutes a “welfare paradox,” based on the commodification and exclusion paradoxes, explained by structural factors such as the characteristics of the welfare regime (familiaristic model, with a tendency to hire domestic workers as caregivers into households), the migration regime (feminised and with a clear leaning towards Latin American women), and the economic landscape resulting from two systemic crises: the great recession of 2008 and the Covid‐19 pandemic. Interpersonal pacts, rooted in marriage/couple and intergenerational agreements, and their infringements, are analysed to explain the transnational and informal social protection strategies in the context of the “exclusion paradox” and the breach of the “welfare pact.” Our research draws on the exploitation of secondary data and multi‐sited, longitudinal fieldwork based on biographical interviews conducted with various members of transnational families in Spain and Ecuador (41 interviews).

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Addabbo, Tindara, Rosa María García-Fernández, Carmen María Llorca-Rodríguez et Anna Maccagnan. « Labor force heterogeneity and wage polarization : Italy and Spain ». Journal of Economic Studies 45, n^o 5 (8 octobre 2018) : 979–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2017-0071.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the change in the Italian and Spanish wage polarization degree in a time of economic crisis, taking into account the factors affecting labor force heterogeneity. Gender differences in the evolution of social fractures are considered by carrying out the analysis separately for males and females. Design/methodology/approach The approach by Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández (2012) on polarization is applied to the microdata provided by the EU Living Conditions Surveys (2007, 2010 and 2012). According to Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández’s approach, polarization is generated by two tendencies that contribute to the generation of social tension: the homogeneity or cohesion within group and the heterogeneity between groups. The following labor force characteristics are considered: gender, level of education, type of contract, occupational status and job status. Findings The results for Italy reveal a higher increase of polarization for women than for men from the perspective of the type of contract. In Spain, the wage polarization of women also increases more intensively compared to men from the perspectives of level of education, job status and occupational status, while in Italy the reduction of the wage polarization index by level of education can be related, above all, to an increase in overqualification of women. Originality/value While the empirical literature on polarization has made considerable investigation into employment and job polarization, this paper explores the rather less explored matter of wage polarization. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to the impact on polarization of the Great Recession.

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Alcañiz Moscardó, Mercedes. « Discursos sobre la pobreza : las voces de las mujeres ». Clepsydra. Revista de Estudios de Género y Teoría Feminista, n^o 22 (2022) : 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.clepsydra.2022.22.08.

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The term «feminization of poverty» was coined by Diane Pearce in 1978 when she found that it was women with children who led poor households. The central objective of this article is to show the trajectories, management, and experiences of women in poverty in Castelló de la Plana (Spain) from their own voice, applying the gender perspective. The methodology used is qualitative, the technique of interviews with a semi-structured script has been used for women of different profiles who are in a situation of poverty or at risk of being so. The results advance that, together with variables or structural factors, such as social origin or employment situation, a set of conjunctural factors or critical life events are added that, on the one hand, converge and intersect, and on the other, they lead to ending up in this situation.

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de Diego-Cordero, Rocío, Manuel Romero-Saldaña, Ana Jigato-Calero, Bárbara Badanta, Giancarlo Lucchetti et Juan Vega-Escaño. « “Looking for Better (Job) Opportunities” : A Qualitative Analysis of the Occupational Health of Immigrants in Southern Spain ». Workplace Health & ; Safety 69, n^o 5 (29 janvier 2021) : 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920988005.

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Background: Spain hosts the fourth largest number of immigrants in Europe, resulting in a large proportion of migrant workers. To date, few studies have examined the working conditions of immigrants in Southern Spain who are known to be at risk for adverse working conditions. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of work and working conditions of immigrants living in southern Spain and to understand how these factors may affect their health. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted throughout 2019 and included 93 immigrants. Transcription, literal reading, and theoretical categorization were performed and a narrative content analysis was carried out. Results: Three themes emerged on working conditions of this study population, including social and labor-related characteristics, working conditions, and occupational health issues. Four employment sectors were most commonly occupied by these immigrants, including caregiving and food service for women and agriculture and construction for men. Most immigrants were from Latin America, unemployed or working part-time jobs, and not hired under an employment contract. Most worked in low-qualified jobs, and were exposed to occupational hazards such as falls from heights, manual handling of materials, and psychological strain. The lack of training on occupational risk prevention and labor rights was related to a low identification of work situations having a negative impact on the health of immigrants. Conclusions/Application to Practice: These findings should be taken into account by the government and public health managers to provide better assistance to immigrant workers in Europe.

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RECALDE ESNOZ, IRANTZU, DANIEL FERRANDEZ VEGA, HÉCTOR DEL CASTILLO FERNÁNDEZ et CARLOS MORON FERNANDEZ. « FAMILY RECONCILIATION AND THE USE OF TIME IN TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE PROFESSIONALS ». DYNA 98, n^o 2 (1 mars 2023) : 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10617.

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The professional sector of technical architecture is one of the most male-dominated sectors in the world. The permanence of women in this sector is affected by various obstacles, including the difficulty of reconciling work and family life. The aim of this research is to find out the gender differences in the use of time of these professionals, with emphasis on the variation caused by having children. To this end, a web survey was carried out among 435 technical architecture professionals registered in Spain (50.1% women, 49.9% men). The results reveal that the most significant differences according to the sex of the participants are found in the average time spent on caring for third parties, with women spending three hours more than men on this task every day, highlighting the need for public policies to ensure equal treatment and opportunities between women and men in employment. Keywords: Family reconciliation, Gender, Technical Architecture, Time.

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Fernández-Reino, Mariña, Jonas Radl et María Ramos. « Employment Outcomes of Ethnic Minorities in Spain : Towards Increasing Economic Incorporation among Immigrants and the Second Generation ? » Social Inclusion 6, n^o 3 (30 juillet 2018) : 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i3.1441.

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This article examines the labour market outcomes of immigrants in Spain, a country that has become a migration destination only since the end of the 1990s. Differentiating between first and second generation of immigrant descent, we compare the labour market involvement of the main ethnic groups with the majority group. One particular focus is to understand which minorities have been hit the hardest by the Great Recession. To this end, we use data from the European Union Labour Force Survey for the years 2008 and 2014, and more specifically the two ad-hoc modules on the labour market situation of migrants. Analysing men and women separately, we run a set of multivariate logistic regression models to control for compositional differences. In this way, we examine ethnic gaps not only in labour force participation but also in the degree of underutilisation of human capital, measured as workers’ level of over-education as well as the incidence of involuntary part-time employment. Our results show that while most origin groups do not show significantly lower employment participation than the majority group, the employment quality of immigrants in terms of involuntary part-time work and over-education is substantially worse, especially since the crisis.

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Huete-Morales, M. Dolores, et Maravillas Vargas-Jiménez. « Modelling part-time employment in Spain : do women opt for fewer hours or do they have no choice ? » Journal of Gender Studies 27, n^o 7 (21 avril 2017) : 815–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2017.1316248.

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Peñalvo-López et Cárcel-Carrasco. « An Analysis about Learning to IncreaseWomen’s Participation and Employment in Europe’s Energy Transition : Evidence from the European Project MEnS ». Sustainability 11, n^o 16 (11 août 2019) : 4345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164345.

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The Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) introduced the requirement for all Member States to include the concept of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) in their national plans. However, this challenge requires upgrading professional skills in NZEB concepts and strategies, thus guaranteeing the maximum impact on NZEB deployment around Europe.This is the objective of MEnS (“Meeting Energy Professional Skills”), an H2020 project focused on providing high quality upskilling and education to architects, engineers, and building professionals. The role of women in the NZEB industry indicates that female participation in the building industry is still low.The need to rebalance this gender gap is highlighted in this work through the identification of female programs and schemes.In addition, the results of women’s participation in the MEnS project is analyzed. The MEns project created and implemented a new education program, training 1200 building managers (engineers and architects) in the designand construction of NZEBs, out of which 46% were women. Focusing on the Spanish case, 18 interviews were randomly conducted with women participants in order to assess the courses and their expectations of employment in the NZEB framework. The method used for the analysis was a semi-structured interview and analysis by the grounded theory. This article describes the participation of women in this educational program and analyses initial conclusions and lessons learnt from this initiative in 10 European countries,including Spain.

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Gutiérrez, Ángel Manzanares. « Análise espacial da disparidade de gênero no emprego no mercado de trabalho da Região de Murcia (Espanha) / Spatial analysis of the gender gap in employment in the labor market of the Region of Murcia (Spain) ». Brazilian Journal of Business 3, n^o 3 (13 août 2021) : 2671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34140/bjbv3n3-046.

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During the last decades, female participation in the labor market has increased. The decision of women to join the labor market depends, both on social factors such as age, education, marital status, or family conciliation; as well as economic factors such as the real wage. However, this increase in female participation fails to reduce the gender gap. This research, using spatial analysis techniques, tries to identify the explanatory factors of the employment gap in the local labor markets of the Region of Murcia (Spain). The main results are that the differences in the gap are explained by variables such as average age, demographic pressure, and educational level.

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Belvis, Francesc, Mireia Bolíbar, Joan Benach et Mireia Julià. « Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress : Do Social Support Networks Matter ? » International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 3 (8 février 2022) : 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031909.

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Precarious employment has been identified as a potentially damaging stressor. Conversely, social support networks have a well-known protective effect on health and well-being. The ways in which precariousness and social support may interact have scarcely been studied with respect to either perceived stress or objective stress biomarkers. This research aims to fill this gap by means of a cross-sectional study based on a non-probability quota sample of 250 workers aged 25–60 in Barcelona, Spain. Fieldwork was carried out between May 2019 and January 2020. Employment precariousness, perceived social support and stress levels were measured by means of scales, while individual steroid profiles capturing the chronic stress suffered over a period of a month were obtained from hair samples using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodology. As for perceived stress, analysis indicates that a reverse buffering effect exists (interaction B = 0.22, p = 0.014). Steroid biomarkers are unrelated to social support, while association with precariousness is weak and only reaches significance at p < 0.05 in the case of women and 20ß dihydrocortisone metabolites. These results suggest that social support can have negative effects on the relationship between perceived health and an emerging stressful condition like precariousness, while its association with physiological measures of stress remains uncertain.

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Regidor, Enrique, Elena Ronda, José A. Tapia Granados, José Pulido, Luis de la Fuente et Gregorio Barrio. « Reversal of Upward Trends in Mortality During the Great Recession by Employment Status at Baseline in a National Longitudinal Study ». American Journal of Epidemiology 188, n^o 11 (26 juin 2019) : 2004–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz150.

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Abstract Because of the healthy worker effect, mortality rates increased in individuals who were employed and those who were unemployed, and decreased in those economically inactive at baseline in reported studies. To determine if such trends continue during economic recessions, we analyzed mortality rates in Spain before and during the Great Recession in these subgroups. We included 21,933,351 individuals who were employed, unemployed, or inactive in November 2001 and aged 30–64 years in each calendar-year of follow-up (2002–2011). Annual age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated in each group. The annual percentage change in mortality rates adjusted for age and educational level in employed and unemployed persons were also calculated for 2002–2007 and 2008–2011. In employed and unemployed men, mortality rates increased until 2007 and then declined, whereas in employed and unemployed women, mortality rates increased and then stabilized during 2008–2011. The mortality rate among inactive men and women decreased throughout the follow-up. In the employed and the unemployed, the annual percentage change was reversed during 2008–2011 compared with 2002–2007 (−1.2 vs. 3.2 in employed men; −0.3 vs. 4.1 in employed women; −0.8 vs. 2.9 in unemployed men; and −0.6 vs. 1.3 in unemployed women). The upward trends in mortality rates among individuals who were employed or unemployed in 2001 were reversed during the Great Recession (2008–2011).

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Guichot Reina, Virginia, et Ana María De la Torre Sierra. « Identidad profesional y socialización de género : un estudio desde la manualística escolar en la España democrática ». Historia y Memoria de la Educación, n^o 12 (27 mai 2020) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/hme.12.2020.25599.

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The construction of professional identity is a concept that holds interest for a variety of disciplines such as Anthropology, Psychology or Pedagogy. From the perspective of social constructivism, it has a narrative, dynamic character and is shaped by the interaction of the subject with current socio-historical discourses and their interiorization. During the decade of the nineteen seventies, the labor market in Spain experienced a massive incorporation of women, brought about by social and legislative advances in education and employment. The years of Spanish democracy are essential in the configuration and renewal of female identity in the economic field. This article focuses on the influence of the school textbook - the main didactic resource used in formal education - in this configuration. It presents models and stereotypes linked to gender, with a potential influence on the transmission and configuration of a biased socio-labor culture. In order to study this influence, our research examines a total of 20 elementary education textbooks in the areas of Language and Social Sciences in two periods of democratic Spain —the so-called Transition period and the current moment—, to explore the professional identity of women linked to the economic socialization as this is conveyed through this educational tool. Our results reveal a minimal inclusion of women as economic subjects in the textbooks; the underrepresentation of females performing paid activities, as well the lack of professional diversity serve to highlight a substantial inequality in the socialization processes between men and women, contrary to the goals of coeducational teaching values.

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Ubalde-Lopez, Monica, Julio C. Hernando-Rodriguez, Fernando G. Benavides et Laura Serra. « Trajectories of sickness absence among salaried workers : evidence from the WORKss cohort in Catalonia (Spain), 2012-2014 ». BMJ Open 9, n^o 7 (juillet 2019) : e029092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029092.

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ObjectivesSickness absence (SA) is a widely studied integrated measure of health status. To better understand how SA behaves over time (SA trajectory) a longitudinal and individual-centred approach will allow identifying groups of individuals who share common characteristics. The aim of this study was to identify and describe SA trajectories and to assess employment conditions and diagnosis groups as determinants.SettingWorking-life and sickness absence administrative records from a representative sample of affiliated with the Spanish Social Security system.Participants38 420 workers affiliated with the Spanish Social Security system, born 1949 to 1969 or 1970 to 1990, resident in Catalonia who had SA between 2012 and 2014 (75 212 episodes).ResultsWe identified three different SA trajectories in both birth cohorts for men and women: low-stable (86.2% to 90.8% of individuals), decreasing (4.4% to 5.9% of individuals) and increasing (4.1% to 8.7% of individuals) accumulated days of SA. The main characteristic of SA trajectories was the medical diagnosis group. The increasing SA trajectory had a higher proportion of workers with SA due to mental disorders compared with the other trajectories. The association analysis showed diagnosis group strongly related with all SA trajectories, particularly SA due to mental disorders showed the strongest association with the increasing trajectory among young men (adjusted OR (aOR): 42.40, 95% CI 17.03 to 105.57). Low salary levels exhibited a strong relationship with decreased accumulation of SA days over time for old women (aOR: 2.08, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.18) and men (aOR: 2.75, 95% CI 1.77 to 4.27). Unskilled manual occupations were associated with increasing trajectories among young women (aOR: 1.36, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.84). No significant differences were observed for other employment conditions across trajectories.ConclusionsWorkers with mental disorders are more likely to have increased days of SA, whereas low salary levels at later ages are related to a decrease in SA days over time. Special attention to preventing the course of mental disorders at young and middle age is warranted.

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Martínez, Pilar, María José Carrasco, Gonzalo Aza, Isabel Espinar et Ángeles Blanco. « Género, empleo y maternidad : análisis comparativo de mujeres con trabajo remunerado y amas de casa ». Cuestiones de género : de la igualdad y la diferencia, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2009) : 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/cg.v0i4.3813.

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Entre los cambios sociales más destacados en las últimas décadas en España, al igual que en otros países occidentales, está el incremento espectacular del número de mujeres que, además de sus responsabilidades familiares, tienen un trabajo remunerado y lo mantienen cuando se casan y cuando tienen hijos. Este cambio ha supuesto una menor presencia de la mujer en los espacios que hasta ahora venía ocupando y ha demandado, por lo tanto, una reorganización de las estructuras y las relaciones en el hogar y en los roles que tanto varones como mujeres han venido desempeñando. Los cambios en la actividad de las mujeres se pueden rastrear a través de las tasas de empleo, el tipo de empleo, o el abandono del mercado laboral. Sin embargo, los datos relativos al cambio en los roles y en las relaciones familiares son más difíciles de documentar. En este artículo se llevará a cabo un análisis de las características del empleo en las mujeres y del contexto ideológico en que se desarrolla, atendiendo a sus implicaciones en las relaciones familiares. Se presentará por último un estudio empírico en el que se comparan mujeres con hijos pequeños que tienen un empleo remunerado y mujeres que no lo tienen en algunas variables personales y familiares relevantes en el tema de la relación entre familia y trabajo. The number of couples in which both partners have a job, and must balance work and family roles, has increased dramatically over the past thirty years. In Spain as in other western countries the number of women who continue in their employment when they marry and have children, has been steadily increasing. This change has brought a decrease in the woman´s presence at home and a reorganization of the traditional family roles and relationships for both women and men. Although changes in women activity may be studied through their employment rate, type of employment and drop out of the labor market, it is much more difficult to study changes in family gender roles and family relationships. This article will examine women´s and in particular mother´s employment, taking into account the sociological patterns and the ideological context in which it occurs and its relationship with family dynamics. Finally, it will be presented an empirical research comparing mothers who are employed and mothers who are not in some relevant family and individual areas.

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