Articles de revues : « WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION TO LABOUR »

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Harvie, Charles, Chris Nyland et Stuart Svensen. « Protective Legislation and Women's Labour Market Participation ». Journal of Industrial Relations 35, n^o 4 (décembre 1993) : 554–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500403.

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Hunter, Janet. « Women's labour force participation in interwar Japan ». Japan Forum 2, n^o 1 (avril 1990) : 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09555809008721382.

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ABRAMO, Laís, et Maria Elena VALENZUELA. « Women's labour force participation rates in Latin America ». International Labour Review 144, n^o 4 (décembre 2005) : 369–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913x.2005.tb00574.x.

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Bibi, Tamanna, Amjad Amin et Jabbar ul Haq. « Women Status in Labour Market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ». Global Economics Review VI, n^o III (30 septembre 2021) : 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-iii).02.

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This study analyses the woman's status labour market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Four working states: self-employed, paid employees, and unpaid family helpers were investigated. Data were collected about individuals and household characteristics of women aged between (15-60) years from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM, 2014-15). The estimated results based on Multinomial Logit (MNL) suggest a positive and significant impact of women's age on all working categories in the labour market. The woman who owns a house, or the married woman, with multiple children or having a combined family system, or the residents of the countryside have less likelihood to take part in paid works. Participation in paid works decreases with the increase in the number of children, whereas participation in self-employment increases with the increase in the number of children. The probability of female participation in all four working states increases with the increase in the number of working individuals in the family. Whereas, probability of women's participation in the labor market decrease with the Joint family system, house owning, marriage, or higher household income.

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Mahon, Evelyn. « Book Review : Women's Participation in the Irish Labour Market ». Irish Journal of Sociology 2, n^o 1 (mai 1992) : 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160359200200116.

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Lokshin, Michael, et Monica Fong. « Women's labour force participation and child care in Romania ». Journal of Development Studies 42, n^o 1 (janvier 2006) : 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380500356746.

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Hutton, Sandra. « Men's and Women's Incomes : Evidence from Survey Data ». Journal of Social Policy 23, n^o 1 (janvier 1994) : 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400021309.

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ABSTRACTThe article highlights the discordance between the reality and the perception of women's independence and equality. The changes in legislation and increased female participation in the labour market since the 1960s give the impression of considerable progress. Equal treatment of men and women has been proposed. Evidence from national survey data however, shows that women's income is still lower than men's with no matching increase with age and career. Social security policy has always been based on labour market participation but women's labour market participation is quite different from that of men. Because of childcare responsibilities many women work parttime at some time in their working lives. Equal pay legislation has had little influence on the incomes from part-time work. The failure of real income from part-time work to rise over time has been a major cause along with job segregation and the segmentation of the labour market in maintaining the difference between men's and women's incomes. Women's continued lack of personal income has consequences for the support for women and children, particularly evident in the case of lone mothers. The incomes available to a woman are unlikely to be high enough to provide an adequate independent living standard for herself and any dependent children.

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OMRAN, Emad Attia Mohamed, et Yuriy BILAN. « Female Labour Force Participation and the Economic Development in Egypt ». European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, n^o 1 (30 juin 2022) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/ejis.2022.01.

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Economic literature highlights the vital role that women can play in enhancing the economic development of nations. However, there is still gender inequality in developing countries, especially in education and labour market participation. Although women represent nearly half of the population in Egypt, their labour force participation rate is still very low compared to men. This paper's primary goal is to investigate the short and long-run associations between female labour force participation and Egypt's GDP growth rate. The study used annual time series data from 1990-2019, where the vector error correction model (VECM) was employed. The study found that female labour force participation and the gross fixed capital formation growth rate can enhance the GDP growth rate in the long run. Nevertheless, there is no statistically significant relationship in the short run. This paper's main recommendations are that the Egyptian government needs to implement policies that encourage women's labour force participation and decrease gender inequality. These policies could be changes in legislation, modernization of social norms, Job flexibility, and increasing access to childcare. Moreover, they need to focus on both the demand and supply sides of the quality of female labour force participation by matching the women’s education with the creation of suitable jobs.

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Domènech, Jordi, et Alexander Elu-Terán. « Women's Paid Work in an Urban Developing Economy. Barcelona in 1930 ». Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 26, n^o 3 (2008) : 375–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000392.

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AbstractIn this paper we explore the determinants of women's work using data from Barcelona in 1930. Although participation rates were much lower in Barcelona than in cities in the UK or the US at roughly the same time, our estimates of the labour supply suggest women in Barcelona did respond to wage incentives. The most distinguishable feature of the household division of labour in Barcelona is the lack of substitution effects among family members, especially among women. The sensitivity of the participation of each individual woman to the participation of other members of the household might indicate that labour markets were highly segmented and anticipates the existence of large differences in household earnings and welfare. We argue that the persistence of labour-intensive methods of production requiring on-the-job training might explain the type of household division of labour that we find in Barcelona.

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Tan, Peck Leong, Muhammad Adidinizar Zia Ahmad Kusair et Norlida Abdul Hamid. « Tertiary Educated Muslim Women's Work Decision ». Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 3, n^o 2 (31 mai 2015) : 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v3i2.9057.

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The participation of women in the labour force has been steadily rising over the years, especially with tremendous human capital investment in educating more women at tertiary levels. However, the tertiary educated women labour participation remains low, particularly among Muslim women. Therefore, this paper explores how tertiary educated Muslim women make their decision to work. This study surveyed 139 tertiary educated women and found their decisions to work are affected by their families’ needs and/or responsibilities, and may not be due to their lives’ goals and dreams. The majority of them work for the sake of money and hence will work if offered jobs meet their expectations in term of salary and position. Furthermore, they will leave the workforce if they need to fulfil their responsibilities at home. Therefore, to retain or to encourage more women especially those with high qualifications to be in the labour market, stakeholders must provide family-friendly jobs and suitable work environment such as flexible working arrangements. More importantly, stakeholders must be able to convince the family members of tertiary educated women to release them to the labour market.

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White, Linda A. « Child Care, Women's Labour Market Participation and Labour Market Policy Effectiveness in Canada ». Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 27, n^o 4 (décembre 2001) : 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552533.

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Karacayir, Ebubekir, et Sinem Yapar Sacik. « Women's Labour In Turkey : A Comparasıon Wıth Selected Oecd Countrıes 49 ». European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n^o 8 (30 mars 2016) : 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n8p142.

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Gender inequality that exists in every area of a society is experienced at an intense level in employment area in Turkey. This inequality, though has been decreasing, goes on in every aspect of employment such as female labor force participation rate, unemployment rate, underemployment rate, informal employment, salaries etc., and slows down the process of enhancement of women’s position in the society. Evaluating Turkey with regards to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals 2015, it is clearly observed that no significant progress could be achieved in reduction of social gender inequality. One of the important goals in the development process in the world is to enhance welfare in countries by increasing woman employment. As a consequence of expansion in services sectors in the last two decades, female labor force participation has approached to but it is still lower than that of males labor force. It is of necessity to present women’s labour through a comparison of data from various countries in order to shed light to the problem of gender-based inequality women live through in Turkey. Therefore, in this study, women’s labour has been evaluated through a comparative analysis of Turkey and preselected OECD countries. The findings of the study have reached several different features of Turkey and have defined similarities between Turkey and these countries.

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Tanda, Paola. « Marital Instability, Reproductive Behaviour and Women's Labour Force Participation Decisions ». Labour 8, n^o 2 (juin 1994) : 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1994.tb00227.x.

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Lazaro, Nieves, Maria-Luisa Molto et Rosario Sanchez. « Women's Labour Force Participation and Part Time Work in Spain ». Labour 11, n^o 3 (novembre 1997) : 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00045.

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de Brauw, Alan, Qiang Li, Chengfang Liu, Scott Rozelle et Linxiu Zhang. « Feminization of Agriculture in China ? Myths Surrounding Women's Participation in Farming ». China Quarterly 194 (juin 2008) : 327–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741008000404.

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AbstractThe goals of this article are to help build a clear picture of the role of women in China's agriculture, to assess whether or not agricultural feminization has been occurring, and if so, to measure its impact on labour use, productivity and welfare. The article uses two high quality data sets to explore who is working on China's farms and the effects of the labour allocation decisions of rural households on labour use, productivity and welfare. It makes three main contributions. First, we establish a conceptual framework within which to define the different dimensions of agricultural feminization and its expected consequences. Second, as a contribution to the China literature and contrary to popular perceptions, we believe we have mostly debunked the myth that China's agriculture is becoming feminized; it is not. We also find that even if women were taking over farms, the consequences in China would be mostly positive – from a labour supply, productivity and income point of view. Finally, there may be some lessons for the rest of the world on what policies and institutions help make women productive when they work on and manage a nation's agricultural sector. Policies that ensure equal access to land, regulations that dictate open access to credit, and economic development strategies that encourage competitive and efficient markets all contribute to an environment in which women farmers can succeed.

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Hanagan, Michael. « Family, Work and Wages : The Stéphanois Region of France, 1840–1914 ». International Review of Social History 42, S5 (septembre 1997) : 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000114816.

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Exploring issues of the family wage, this paper examines labour markets, family employment patterns and political conflict in France. Up to now, the debate over the family wage has centred mainly on analysing British trade unions and the development of an ideal of domesticity among the British working classes, more or less taking for granted the declining women's labour force participation rate and the configuration of state/trade union relations prevailing in Great Britain. Shifting the debate across the Channel, scholars such as Laura Frader and Susan Pedersen have suggested that different attitudes to the family wage prevailed. In France, demands for the exclusion of women from industry were extremely rare because women's participation in industry was taken for granted. But a gendered division of labour and ideals of domesticity remained and made themselves felt in both workforce and labour movement.

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Oluwaseun Omotoso, Kehinde, Jimi Adesina et Ololade G. Adewole. « Exploring gender digital divide and its effect on women's labour market outcomes in South Africa ». African Journal of Gender, Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa) 9, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2020/v9n4a4.

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Technology plays a significant role in bridging gender gap in labour market outcomes. This paper investigates gender differential in broadband Internet usage and its effects on women‘s labour market participation. Employing an instrumental variable approach, findings suggest that exogenously determined high-speed broadband internet usage leads to increases of about 14.1 and 10.6 percentage points in labour market participation for single women and married women with some level of education, respectively. Moreover, further analyses suggest that married women are generally less likely to use the Internet to search for job opportunities and this could partly explains their low labour market participation rate. The findings suggest that more policy effort is required to bridge gender differentials in digital technologies and employment opportunities in South Africa.

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Mullally, Siobhan. « Women, Law and Employment in Pakistan : from ‘Protection’ to ‘Equal Treatment’ ? » International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 1, n^o 3 (mars 1996) : 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822919600100302.

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This paper examines the legal regulation of women's employment in the public sphere in Pakistan. A large part of the legislation relating specifically to the employment of women is highly protective in nature. The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan assumes that women are in need of protection. This assumption is reflected in the labour legislation and in the international labour standards that have been adopted by Pakistan. Much of the existing Labour Code is a legacy of the colonial period and reflects the concerns of the early British factory movement to preserve female modesty and ‘protect’ women's roles within the domestic sphere. This paper attempts to identify those areas of the law most in need of reform if the protective approach to women's participation in the public sphere is to be transcended. Although legislative reform does not necessarily lead to a change in workplace practices, the existence of discriminatory legislation, gaps in existing legislation and a lack of adequate enforcement machinery constitute significant institutional barriers to women's participation in the public sphere. For these reasons, it is argued, calls for law reform and a focus on legislative reform as a strategy for change may be justified.

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Chau, Ruby C. M., Sam W. K. Yu, Liam Foster et Maggie K. W. Lau. « Defamilisation measures and women's labour force participation – a comparative study of twelve countries ». Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 33, n^o 1 (février 2017) : 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1288157.

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This paper examines the relevance of two interpretations of defamilisation (“freedom of the family” and “freedom of women from the family”) to the search for effective measures for strengthening women's participation in the paid labour market. Based on these two interpretations, two types of defamilisation measures (care-focused and women's economic) are identified. Two defamilisation indices are developed respectively covering twelve countries. The importance of the two types of defamilisation measures in assisting women to access employment are discussed from two angles. The input angle refers to the extent to which countries are committed to the provision of these defamilisation measures. The output angle is about the relationship between these defamilisation measures and the degree of women's participation in the paid labour market. Through conducting these analytical tasks, this paper also contributes to the examination of the relationship between types of welfare regimes and the provision of defamilisation measures.

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Wetzels, Cécile. « Motherhood and wages ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 10, n^o 1 (février 2004) : 088–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000109.

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This article examines labour force participation rates and wage rates according to gender and parenthood in a selection of European countries. Since the ranking of European countries according to their labour force participation rates does not coincide with the ranking of countries according to gross and net hourly wages in purchasing power parities according to gender and parenthood, countries with low female participation rates may face selection into employment effects in women's wages. A review of mostly single-country studies on women's wages shows that for the Scandinavian countries it is still unclear whether care-related leave has consequences for human capital accumulation, whether these consequences are overcome later in a career or not, and whether leave affects wages by signalling. The effect of working part-time on women's wages has not been a focus of research in Scandinavian full-time economies but British studies make clear the negative effects of working part-time on British women's wages. No such clear effect is found in the Dutch part-time economy. There is still a child pay gap in the UK. No such effect is found in the Netherlands nor in Scandinavian countries.

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Letablier, Marie‐Thérèse. « Women's labour force participation in France : The paradoxes of the 1990s ». Journal of Area Studies 3, n^o 6 (mars 1995) : 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02613539508455741.

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Grogan, Louise, et Katerina Koka. « Young children and women's labour force participation in Russia, 1992-20041 ». Economics of Transition 18, n^o 4 (13 août 2010) : 715–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2010.00390.x.

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THÉVENON, OLIVIER. « Do ‘institutional complementarities’ foster female labour force participation ? » Journal of Institutional Economics 12, n^o 2 (21 octobre 2015) : 471–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137415000399.

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AbstractWe analyse how female labour force participation responds to policies supporting the work-life balance, and do so using country-level data for 18 OECD countries from 1980 to 2007. Included is an original analysis of ‘complementarities’ between different policy measures, as well as of potential variations in their influence across different family policy regimes. The results highlight that expanded childcare service coverage affects women's labour market participation, which is greater in countries where support for working mothers is higher overall. But the influence of each single policy measure varies across regimes. Interactions between policy measures and the context in which they are implemented are important factors to consider since they can, for instance, either foster the positive impact of one measure or lessen the adverse effect of another.

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Utomo, Ariane. « Revisiting the Trends of Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia ». Jurnal Perempuan 23, n^o 4 (30 novembre 2018) : 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v23i4.274.

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<p>There are two problems that often emerge in public discussions about the recent trends in the level of participation of the female labor force in Indonesia. The first is the low Indonesian female labour force partipation rate (FLFPR) compared to other ASEAN countries. The second is the trend of stagnation of Indonesian FLFPR—at around 51%—over almost three decades. By reviewing cross-country data from the Global Gender Gap Index and the International Labor Organization, this article rests on the argument that the two features of Indonesian FLFPR are not merely bad news, and should be read in the context of large economic growth and social change in Indonesia. But a more critical and thorough interpretation of the trend of this indicator does not deny the fact that there is still wide room to improve women's economic participation and opportunity in Indonesia.</p><p> </p>

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Nikolayenko, Olena. « Invisible Revolutionaries : Women' s Participation in the Revolution of Dignity ». Comparative Politics 52, n^o 3 (1 avril 2020) : 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041520x15699553017268.

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The article develops a typology of revolutions based upon women's roles over the course of revolutionary struggle. In addition to the patriarchal and the emancipatory models, the study proposes a hybrid model of women's participation in a revolution, characterized by the diversity and fluidity of women's roles. According to the hybrid model, women’s involvement in a revolution can follow three different strategies: (1) acquiescence to a traditional gender-based division of labor, (2) appropriation of the masculine forms of resistance, and (3) mixing of diverse modes of action. Using the case of the 2013–2014 Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine, the empirical analysis demonstrates multifaceted forms of women's activism. The study contributes to the literature by broadening the conceptualization of women's participation in a contemporary urban revolution.

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Tan, Peck Leong, Ruzita Baah, Geetha Subramaniam et Hadijah Iberahim. « Exploring Women's Work Decision in Malaysia ». Social and Management Research Journal 12, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2015) : 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/smrj.v12i2.5046.

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Over the years, the educational level of Malaysian women has increased tremendously with more women than men in the tertiary institutions. Nevertheless, investment in female human capital has not been translated into more women in the workforce. Therefore this study aims to explore the work decision of Malaysian women. Results from the survey of 553 women reveal that nearly all women expressed that they are willing to work after completing their tertiary education but they feel that support and influence from families are the most important deciding factors in influencing women’s decision to work. Furthermore, economic and social differences also play vital roles in women’s work decision. Women from poorer families and with lower educational background tend to focus on their financial needs as priority in their work decision. On the other hand, women with higher educational background and who come from richer families tend to choose jobs that will allow them to achieve their goals and also bring great self satisfaction. Therefore, various strategies targeting different women need to be done to increase the labour force participation of Malaysian women. Keywords: Work Decision, Women Work, Female Labour Force Participation

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Shatzmiller, Maya. « Women and Wage Labour in the Medieval Islamic West : Legal Issues in an Economic Context ». Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 40, n^o 2 (1997) : 174–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520972600748.

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AbstractThe evidence of the late medieval period, 11th-15th centuries, indicates that women's participation in the labour market was both considerable and diversified. This paper studies whether and how women's wage labour was affected, controlled and regulated by laws, courts and judges, by using an array of the Mālikī legal sources from Muslim Spain and North Africa. It shows the existence of a legal approach straddling a strict application of the law of the ijāra, with adjustments to family law and admission of customary law, but more importantly, an approach inspired and adapted to the framework of women's property rights and therefore beneficial to them.

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Hamid, Shahnaz. « Determinants of the Supply of Women in the Labour Market : A Micro Analysis ». Pakistan Development Review 30, n^o 4II (1 décembre 1991) : 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.755-766.

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Neoclassical economists consider education to be one of the key determinants of women entering the labour market. The higher the level of education, the greater is women's participation in the labour market. [Becker (1980); Mincer (1980)]. However, the structuralist school does not look at it so simply. In their view there are many other factors besides education which compel women to· sell their labour power. [Benham (1980); Strober (1980)]. The principal factor compelling women to sell their labour is income. Therefore, according to the structuralist school the lower is women's household income, the greater is their compulsion to enter the labour market. How does this square with neoclassical theory? The structuralist school states that household income is the primary determinant of women's sale of labour power. Therefore, in a society divided by income groups lower income class women will tend to sell their labour power more. However, within each income group an increase in education will increase the supply of women's labour and its returns. Due to inadequate data, relatively little analytical work on this issue has been undertaken so the present study is an attempt to explore why some married women are engaged in earning activities, while some of them are not. Our sample consists of ever-married women, because normally they are considered independent, and their status is equal to their male partners. So they have relatively more choice in entering the labour market compared to unmarried women. A comparison of this kind will help us to identify the factors besides education in determining women's supply of labour in the market.

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Potot, Florence. « A Case Study of Women's Participation in DIY in France : Towards an Increasingly Androgynous and Individualistic French Society ? » Nottingham French Studies 52, n^o 1 (mars 2013) : 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2013.0040.

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Over the past decade, the traditionally masculine pursuit of DIY has attracted an increasing number of female practitioners in France, thus seemingly challenging the long-established gendered division of tasks observed in the domestic sphere. This case study of women's DIY practices in France analyses women's rationale for participation by contrasting agency with economic necessity. Drawing on vertical and horizontal segregation theories, women's participation in DIY is examined as a potential indicator of progress towards greater gender equality in the domestic sphere. Finally, the article argues that women's participation in DIY illustrates the increasing normalisation of an androgynous division of labour already observed in the public sphere. This results from the development of individualistic values that are increasingly challenging the prevalence of gender as a term of reference in the construction of social and individual identity.

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ENNSER-JEDENASTIK, LAURENZ. « How Women's Political Representation affects Spending on Family Benefits ». Journal of Social Policy 46, n^o 3 (16 janvier 2017) : 563–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000933.

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AbstractRecent research finds that women's political representation correlates with higher social expenditures. This paper makes two more specific predictions regarding family benefits. First, women voters and politicians are likely to prefer in-kind benefits to cash transfers. This is because the provision of childcare does more than money can do to ameliorate the double burden of work and family duties, thus strengthening women's autonomy. As a consequence female political representation should correlate with spending on in-kind family benefits, but not with expenditures on cash transfers. Second, the pressure on politicians to provide childcare services should be greater when there are higher levels of female participation in the labour force. Assuming that women politicians are more responsive to such demands, we should see a positive interaction effect between female labour force participation and women's political representation on in-kind spending. An analysis of public expenditures for family benefits in 27 OECD nations between 1980 and 2011 bears out both propositions.

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KAMIYA, Hiroo, et Eriko IKEYA. « Women's Participation in the Labour Force in Japan : Trends and Regional Patterns ». Geographical review of Japan, Series B. 67, n^o 1 (1994) : 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj1984b.67.15.

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LOSA, Fabio B., et Pau ORIGONI. « The socio-cultural dimension of women's labour force participation choices in Switzerland ». International Labour Review 144, n^o 4 (décembre 2005) : 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913x.2005.tb00578.x.

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Owen, Susan J., et Heather E. Joshi. « Does Elastic Retract : The Effect of Recession on Women's Labour Force Participation ». British Journal of Industrial Relations 25, n^o 1 (mars 1987) : 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.1987.tb00704.x.

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Ntuli, M., et M. Wittenberg. « Determinants of Black Women's Labour Force Participation in Post-Apartheid South Africa ». Journal of African Economies 22, n^o 3 (22 janvier 2013) : 347–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejs039.

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Sidani, Yusuf M., et Tony Feghali. « Female labour participation and pay equity in Arab countries : commonalities and differences ». Contemporary Arab Affairs 7, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2014) : 526–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2014.948313.

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While there is a common belief that female labour indicators in Arab countries demonstrate a problematic situation, little is understood about the varieties within countries in that region. This paper attempts to draw a segmentation of the Arab world to show how different countries differ in this regard. It looks at two specific measures: the level of female participation as a percentage of male participation (FPM), and the female earned income to male income (FIM). Statistics from 20 Arab countries generated four clusters in which those countries are classified. Female labour indicators in most countries in the Arab world show similar patterns found in other countries in their stage of development. This confirms earlier research that indicates that women's labour participation decreases as societies move away from agriculture into manufacturing, services and industry. Only four countries are identified as outliers whose labour indicators can be understood within the context of the cultural values that dominate. The implications are discussed and individual research on female labour within each Arab country is invited.

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Vennila, Soorya, et K. Ramesh. « Women’s Labour and Sustainable Agriculture ». Indian Journal of Gender Studies 26, n^o 3 (octobre 2019) : 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521519861190.

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This article looks at the participation of women in irrigated agriculture in 32 districts of Tamil Nadu and found exceptional involvement in these three districts, which are topographically different from each other, namely Kanyakumari, Nilgiris and South Arcot. The study asked—how does contemporary agriculture support female participation and in turn how does this keep agricultural labour supply and food security sustainable? A range of research methods were used to explore the rationale for exceptional female participation in irrigated agriculture. It concluded that such participation arises because of the existing pattern of labour supply primarily by landowning farm women and labourers. This as a result of male preference for widespread skilled jobs, subsequent changing labour pattern due to male migration, matrilineal property ownership, cropping intensity, multi-tasking of women and the coordinated effort of women’s groups (SHGs) in accessing micro-credits. Finally, subsidies and incentives have further altered and effected greater labour supply of women in agriculture.

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Anson, Ofra, et Jon Anson. « Women's health and labour force status : An enquiry using a multi-point measure of labour force participation ». Social Science & ; Medicine 25, n^o 1 (janvier 1987) : 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(87)90207-3.

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Boter, Corinne. « The Emergence of the Dutch Housewife Revised. How Shifts in Local Labour Market Structures Shaped Dutch Unmarried Women’s Labour Force Participation, 1812–1929 ». Historical Life Course Studies 10 (31 mars 2021) : 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9581.

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Most studies on the long-term development of female labour force participation argue that social norms and rising wages were key drivers. However, the majority of these conclusions apply to married women. Instead, this study zooms in on unmarried women. Based on nearly 2 million marriage records that have been digitised by Kees Mandemakers' LINKS project, it shows that there were large regional differences in the levels of labour force participation that were closely connected to local job opportunities. This research concludes that even though social norms and income levels were indeed important, local sectoral employment shares were the key driver of Dutch unmarried women's work during the long-19th century.

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VERDON, NICOLA. « AGRICULTURAL LABOUR AND THE CONTESTED NATURE OF WOMEN'S WORK IN INTERWAR ENGLAND AND WALES ». Historical Journal 52, n^o 1 (27 février 2009) : 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08007334.

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ABSTRACTThis article uses a case-study of agriculture to explore the range of anxieties and contradictions surrounding women's work in the interwar period. National statistics are shown to be inconsistent and questionable, raising questions for historians reliant on official data, but they point to regional variation as the continuous defining feature of female labour force participation. Looking beyond the quantitative data a distinction emerges between traditional work on the land and processes. The article shows that women workers in agriculture provoked vigorous debate among a range of interest groups about the scale, nature, and suitability of this work. These groups, such as the National Federation of Women's Institutes, the Women's Farm and Garden Association, and the National Union of Agricultural Workers represented a range of social classes and outlooks, and had diverse agendas underpinning their interest. Consequently women's agricultural labour is exposed as a site of class and gender conflict, connecting to wider economic and cultural tensions surrounding the place of women in interwar society.

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Snopkowski, Kristin, Mary C. Towner, Mary K. Shenk et Heidi Colleran. « Pathways from education to fertility decline : a multi-site comparative study ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 371, n^o 1692 (19 avril 2016) : 20150156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0156.

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Women's education has emerged as a central predictor of fertility decline, but the many ways that education affects fertility have not been subject to detailed comparative investigation. Taking an evolutionary biosocial approach, we use structural equation modelling to examine potential pathways between education and fertility including: infant/child mortality, women's participation in the labour market, husband's education, social network influences, and contraceptive use or knowledge across three very different contexts: Matlab, Bangladesh; San Borja, Bolivia; and rural Poland. Using a comparable set of variables, we show that the pathways by which education affects fertility differ in important ways, yet also show key similarities. For example, we find that across all three contexts, education is associated with delayed age at first birth via increasing women's labour-force participation, but this pathway only influences fertility in rural Poland. In Matlab and San Borja, education is associated with lower local childhood mortality, which influences fertility, but this pathway is not important in rural Poland. Similarities across sites suggest that there are common elements in how education drives demographic transitions cross-culturally, but the differences suggest that local socioecologies also play an important role in the relationship between education and fertility decline.

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Mohiuddin, Yasmeen. « Discrimination in the Pakistan Labour Market : Myth and Reality ». Pakistan Development Review 30, n^o 4II (1 décembre 1991) : 965–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.965-979.

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A general concern with equity in the economic development process and the focus on issues of poverty, population growth, and environmental degradation in recent years have both created an upsurge in the interest in women's role in economic development. The women in development (WID ) issue is closely related to the issue of sex discrimination. In economic terms, discrimination occurs whenever market allocations are affected not by the criterion of productivity, but by non-pecuniary or extraneous factors such as sex. Operationally, the most common forms of discrimination in the labour market are wage discrimination, whereby women are paid lower wages relative to men in all industries and occupations for work that is recognisably equal,l and occupational or job discrimination, whereby women are segregated into certain 'female' occupations which are generally low-paying. Both these types of discrimination are fairly common and extensive in Europe and North America, especially in the U. S. In Pakistan, as in some other Third World countries, there is another aspect of discrimination which is even more fundamental than the other two. This refers to the divergence between myth and reality about women's participation in the labour force, which is the most visible indicator of their contribution to economic activity, and hence to development. The reality is that women's labour force participation is high, measured either in terms of the percentage of adult women who work, or the proportion of the labour force that is female, or the hours of work. The myth within Pakistan (especially among the middle class, urbanites, government officials including planners and administrators, and even academicians) as well as outside is that women do not work.

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Ribeiro da Silva, Filipa, et Hélder Carvalhal. « RECONSIDERING THE SOUTHERN EUROPEAN MODEL : MARITAL STATUS, WOMEN'S WORK AND LABOUR RELATIONS IN MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PORTUGAL ». Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 38, n^o 1 (10 janvier 2020) : 45–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610919000338.

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ABSTRACTChallenging current ideas in mainstream scholarship on differences between female labour force participation in southern and north-western Europe and their impact on economic development, this article shows that in Portugal, neither marriage nor widowhood prevented women from participating in the labour market of mid-eighteenth-century. Our research demonstrates that marriage provided women with the resources they needed to work in various capacities in all economic sectors.This article also argues that single Portuguese women had an incentive to work and did so mostly as wage earners. Finally, the comparison of our dataset on female occupations from tax records with other European cases calls for a revision of the literature and the development of a more nuanced picture of the north-south divide.

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Kazi, Shahnaz, et Zeba A. Sathar. « Informalisation of Women's Work : Consequence for Fertility and Child Schooling in Urban Pakistan ». Pakistan Development Review 32, n^o 4II (1 décembre 1993) : 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.887-893.

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Female employment is considered an important means of lowering fertility through ways such as raising the age at marriage, through influencing desired family size and also through better knowledge and use of contraceptives. Increasing female labour force participation is frequently recommended as a critical policy measure for reducing the birth rate. However the significant inverse relationship between employment and fertility found for developed countries is weak or absent in the case of developing countries [Rodriguez and Cleland (1980)]. More recent evidence indicates that it is not so much employment per se but type of employment which is a critical determinant of reproductive behaviour [United Nations (1985)]. It has been shown that while high status professional jobs are associated with greater influence on women's domestic autonomy and fertility, low paying jobs lead to an increasing burden of work with entirely different implications for fertility and other household related behaviour. In the context of Pakistan, despite two decades of industrial growth and development, official data sources show stagnant and low levels of female labour force participation rates (LFPR) in urban Pakistan. The LFPR for urban women ranged between 3 and 5 percent for the period between 1971 and 1988. Data collection methods of government agencies are known to greatly underestimate female labour force participation (FLFP) particularly in rural areas and in the urban informal sector where the distinction between productive and domestic activities tends to be ambivalent. Evidence from micro surveys indicates, on the contrary, an increasing influx of women in the urban labour market, particularly in the informal sector [Sathar and Kazi (1988); Shaheed and Mumtaz (1981); Bilquees and Hamid (1989)]. A large number are shown to be working in home-based piece-rate employment while domestic service mainly as sweepers, washerwomen, maids, etc.................................

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Elcacho, Lisard Palau. « A Short Note on Women's Work in the Textile Industrial Colonies of Inland Catalonia in the Early Twentieth Century ». Local Population Studies 107 (2021) : 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps107.2021.68.

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Industrial colonies were one of the most characteristic phenomena of the industrial revolution in Catalonia. They first appeared in the 1870s, developing their own labour and social model, and eventually totalled more than 70 in number. Taking 11 cotton textile colonies as its point of reference, the aim of this paper is to analyse, based on local sources such as municipal enumerators' books and worker censuses, the labour force participation of the women who lived and worked in the Catalan textile company towns in the early twentieth century. Once the rate of female activity is calculated, the article analyses the determining factors of female participation in these labour markets and the family strategies adopted to combine productive and reproductive work. Furthermore, it also examines workforce composition and employment structure, observing the behaviours of female workers in the labour market, the occupations that women performed, and the job stability that they enjoyed.

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Emran, M. Shahe, et Forhad Shilpi. « Land Market Restrictions, Women's Labour Force Participation and Wages in a Rural Economy ». Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 79, n^o 5 (24 février 2017) : 747–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obes.12159.

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zen, Aysun, et lgi Baysan. « Structural Analysis of Women’s Labor Force and Unemployment in Turkey ». Ekonomik Yaklasim 33, n^o 123 (2022) : 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ey.22000.

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Increasing the share of women, who make up half of the total population in Turkey, in total employment will positively affect economic growth and development. Although female employment in Turkey is generally low, policy recommendations and action plans are prepared by the relevant ministries to increase women's employment. Throughout the world, women face some difficulties in business life and the importance of policies to be developed in order to increase women's employment as well as to ensure its continuity is among the issues on the agenda. With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of gender equality and the regulations to be made for women's participation in business life is underlined once again. The main purpose of this study is to analyze structurally the female workforce and female unemployment in Turkey. For this purpose, women's employment, the effects of women's employment on the economy and the problems women experience in participating in business life are explained. The structure of the female workforce and unemployment in Turkey has been examined throughout the country and regionally. In the study, the labor force participation rate of women, the distribution of women's employment according to economic activities and the female unemployment rate are based on. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's employment were explained and a policy proposal framework was tried to be determined. Accordingly, regulations to be made on issues such as wages, leave arrangements, prevention of dismissals and policies to be implemented in this context come to the fore as important factors for increasing women's participation in the workforce. When the labor force participation rate and unemployment rate of women are evaluated regionally, it is seen that there are differences between regions. This situation makes it necessary to consider the labor market dynamics of the regions in the policies to be developed.

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Paul, Sohini. « Women’s Labour Force Participation and Domestic Violence ». Journal of South Asian Development 11, n^o 2 (29 juin 2016) : 224–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174116649148.

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Ackah, Carol, et Norma Heaton. « Women’s labour market participation in Northern Ireland ». International Journal of Social Economics 23, n^o 12 (décembre 1996) : 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068299610149273.

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Aydin, Halil İbrahim, Maroua Benghoul et Aniela Balacescu. « Women's Role in Economic Development a Significant Impact in the EU Countries ? » International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 8, n^o 1 (janvier 2019) : 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2019010103.

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In the last four decades, the female participation in the economic scene has registered a significant increase in all EU countries. However, on the one hand, men labour participation is higher than women's and on the other hand, there are gaps regarding pay and earnings by gender because women tend to work fewer hours and work in lower-paying sectors than men. The goal of this article is to point out the role of women in fostering the framework in the economy, with a special emphasis on the female labour force and entrepreneurship to support this scope and to provide evidence that the women have a positive impact on economic development. The article argues that the women contribute significantly in the economy development. The research sample consists of the European Union countries and the research was carried out for the period 1968-2017. The empirical part of the study is based on vector autoregressive model analysis.

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Andlib, Zubaria, et Aliya H. Khan. « Low Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan : Causes and Factors ». Global Social Sciences Review III, n^o III (30 septembre 2018) : 237–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iii).14.

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Pakistan has the lowest Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) rate in the South Asian region. The study has used the latest round of Labor Force Survey 2014-15 and analyzed the individual and household factors that are associated with low FLFP in Pakistan. This study finds that there is less probability for urban women to take part in labor force activities. At national and regional level higher secondary and above levels of education have positive and significant relationship with FLFP whereas the situation is different for the four provinces of Pakistan. In case of Punjab province graduation and above levels of education are positively affiliated with FLFP, in Sind province higher secondary and above levels of education are positively associated with FLFP, in KPK province, matric and above levels of education are positively influencing FLFP decisions and in Baluchistan province primary and above levels of education are positively influencing women's decisions to participate in labor force activities. Women living in joint family systems, non-migrated, recipient of technical or vocational trainings are also more likely to participate in labor force activities. The study provides useful insights for policy makers to formulate appropriate policies to increase FLFP rate in Pakistan.

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