Thèses : « Woman's condition »

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Chan, Sai-chun, et 陳世珍. « Woman's life in the Song-Ming Period with special reference to Sanyan stories ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951028.

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Larson, Alyssa Snow. « Addressing Mormon Female Communities : Working towards a Woman's Capacity ». BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4865.

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This thesis project explores the discourse in Mormon culture addressing Mormon female communities. The discussion is sociological rather than theological and examines the functional characteristics of discourse found in the tradition regarding women. It sets out to review a paradox in the discourse addressing Mormon women that has been documented over time. I examine how this paradox in Mormon discourse establishes and limits women's roles; to do so, I use personal examples and the experience provided by thirteen women whom I interviewed.The thesis is divided into three main discussions: Community, Discursive Action and Cooperation. My methodology involves a theoretical discussion of discourse and community and observes how discourse helps to create and shape identities with respect to that community. I then use the theoretical discussion to illuminate poignant moments of social texture through collected interviews. My method of ethnography involved tape-recorded interviews with thirteen women. The thesis reviews the women's discourse as representative samples that demonstrate how the paradox has created resistance and sometimes confusion in their own lives. I then make suggestions for addressing particular discursive practices with an eye toward fostering respect and appreciation for and among Mormon women.

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Madella, Alessandra. « The woman condition : love and technology in Hiroshima mon amour ». Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1245.

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This dissertation is a rhetorical study of the critical reception of the French film Hiroshima mon amour (1959; dir.: Alain Resnais; screenplay: Marguerite Duras). My main argument is that the themes of love and technology followed a dialectical progression in the critical reception of Hiroshima mon amour. They were important and politically charged in the first essays on the film at the turn of the Sixties. But they lost momentum and became more neutral due to the academization of Film Studies and to the rise of semiology that privileged linguistic abstractions. The return of the themes of love and technology in the Eighties signals the search for renewed forms of commitment. However, this commitment "through abstraction" is also predicated on forgetting. In fact, a different understanding of commitment does not allow remembering that Hiroshima mon amour was also a protest against the first French atomic test in Algeria and its colonial implications. My dissertation examines the limits of what can be said through different paradigms of criticism and commitment through the careful study of the rhetorical situation of each critical act. Jacques Derrida's twin concepts of aimance and of the peut-être guide my research. I examine how we can think Hiroshima mon amour on the background of the paradoxical communities that invented new forms of political participation in postwar France. The early debate on the representation of "mad love" in Resnais' film signaled a concern for the way in which modern technology undermined the binary oppositions between war/peace, civilian/military, and friend/enemy. The paradoxical communities that originated from this realization opened to rhetorical articulations that united people with no communal party membership. Derrida's politics of aimance carries on this reflection on the peut-être by targeting the traditional view that envisions the political as limited to the public sphere and tend to exclude women. By contrast, Hiroshima mon amour empowered women because it tapped into the dark territories of the private in order to show that modern technology had colonized the intimate and daily life. Hence, women critics could acquire a strong political voice from the oppression of the private.

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Smith, Graham R. « The making of a woman's town : household and gender in Dundee 1890 to 1940 ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12290.

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From the introduction: Women in Dundee's history are often portrayed as different from women who lived elsewhere. Their ability to survive difficulty has been praised by some historians (see, for example, Gordon, 1991), while other historians have gone so far as to claim that they displayed masculine characteristics (see, for example, Walker, 1979). Oral evidence suggests that Dundee women seem to have had a much more developed level of gender and class consciousness than other women achieved. Some of these women expressed and used this understanding in their own working lives. For example, Bella Keyzer was a woman who fought, in the 1960s, to return to her wartime trade as a welder. In the late 1980s, Bella appeared in a number of television oral histories, in which she was often presented as a feminist, particularly since her critique of gender definitions of skill and wage rates fitted radical feminism so closely. Like others in Dundee, however she was keen to emphasise that her ideology was recognised as arising out of practical experiences, rather than from theoretical musings.

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Smitley, Megan K. « 'Woman's mission' : the temperance and women's suffrage movements in Scotland, c.1870-1914 ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1488/.

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This thesis discusses the connections that bound together the late-nineteenth-century women’s temperance and suffrage movements in Scotland. The importance of women’s temperance reform in the women’s movement has been discussed in other Anglophone contexts, however there has been little scholarly analysis of these links in British historiography. This study aims to fill some of this gap. Moreover, by focusing on the Scottish case, this investigation adds a more ‘Britannic’ perspective to discussions of Victorian and Edwardian feminism, and thereby reveals regional variation and diversity. My exploration of the women’s suffrage movement focuses on constitutional societies, and offers a fresh perspective to balance the concentration on militancy in the only major monograph on Scottish suffragism – Leah Leneman’s A Guid Cause: The Women’s Suffrage Movement in Scotland. This analysis takes a flexible approach to constitutionalism and argues that the women’s single-sex temperance society, the Scottish Christian Union (SCU) was an element of constitutional suffragism. Likewise, the Scottish Women’s Liberal Federation – peripheral to the historiography of British suffragism – is given a prominent place as a constitutionalist organisation. This study uses women’s roles in social reform and suffragism to examine the public lives of middle-class women. The ideology of ‘separate spheres’ is a leitmotif of much of women’s history, and discussions of the ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres are often linked to social class. My discussion of a ‘feminine public sphere’ is designed to reveal the ways in which women negotiated Victorian gender roles in order to participate in the civic life that was intrinsic to an urban middle-class identity. Thus, this thesis seeks to place suffragism and temperature in the context of middle-class women’s public world.

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Seibert, Anita 1969. « From Matka Polka to new Polish woman : women and restructuring in Poland ». Monash University, School of Geography and Environmental Science, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7642.

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Peace, Natalie R. « Expressed emotion and adjustment in families with children with autism spectrum conditions ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/341763/.

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Children with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) present with social and communication deficits, and patterns of restricted and repetitive behaviours (APA, 2000). These difficulties have significant impacts for families, including increased levels of stress and mental health problems when compared to parents raising children with other developmental or intellectual conditions (e.g. Singer, 2006). Research has sought to understand this impact and to identify the factors that place parents at risk for poor adjustment outcomes so that interventions can be effectively tailored to facilitate improved outcomes for families. This thesis reviews the adjustment literature and considers how it fits within a widely used model of adjustment, the Double ABCX model (McCubbin & Patterson, 1983). It then goes on to consider the importance of the parent-child relationship for adjustment via the construct of Expressed Emotion (EE), and explores how this literature adds to our understanding of the adjustment process in families of children with ASC. Next, the role of EE in the adjustment process of families of children with ASC is investigated. A mediation model is proposed that incorporates a measure of EE within the Double ABCX model. The validity of this model is tested in a sample of primary caregivers who have children with ASC. Whilst the results of the study indicate that EE does not have a mediating role in the adjustment of these families, the study has a number of limitations and suggestions for future research that are discussed in detail.

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Regnier, Denis A. P. « Why not marry them ? : history, essentialism and the condition of slave descendants among the southern Betsileo (Madagascar) ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/362/.

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The thesis investigates the condition of slave descendants among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar. Unlike previous research, which has focused on the dependency of those slave descendants who stayed as share-croppers on their former masters’ land and on the discrimination against slave descent migrants, the present study focuses on a group of slave descendants, the Berosaiña, who own their land and have acquired autonomy and wealth. Based on fieldwork in a rural area south of Ambalavao, the thesis presents an ethnographic study of the ambivalent relations between the Berosaiña and their neighbours of free descent. It shows that the Berosaiña’s knowledge of local history and of their ancestor’s role in the region’s settlement is one of their key stakes in local politics, while the free descendants’ refusal to marry them is the most serious obstacle to their integration. A close study of slave descendants’ genealogies and of local marriage practices suggests that, although a few ‘unilateral’ marriages occurred, no ‘bilateral’ marriage between commoner descendants and the Berosaiña ever took place. After suggesting an explanation for the avoidance of marriage with the Berosaiña, the thesis proceeds by showing that the category ‘slaves’ is essentialized by commoner descendants. The essentialist construal of ‘slaves’, it is argued, is likely to have become entrenched only in the aftermath of the abolition of slavery, because the circumstances in which it occurred prevented a large number of freed slaves to be ritually cleansed and because a number of established cultural practices made it difficult for freed slaves to marry free people. Finally, the thesis analyses the peculiar predicament of the Berosaiña in light of the strict marriage avoidance observed by commoner descendants and of commoner descendants’ highly essentialized views about ‘slaves’.

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Rangaka, Lebogang. « I am a black woman living in South Africa : an autoethnography ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8512.

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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
This research report is an autoethnographic narrative that gives a first-hand account of life as experienced by a young Black South African woman living in post-apartheid South Africa. It is a story of her life as a young child who was adopted after the death of her mother and the subsequent abandonment by her biological father. It is also the story of a Black professional woman who struggles to negotiate her way through the corporate world after having had negative experiences in some of the organisations that she has worked for. It highlights the plight of Black professionals all over South Africa who resort to job hopping as a means with which to escape unfair treatment in the workplace. The narrative also deals with issues that are specific to women only. Her experiences of these issues include unfair treatment due to the fact that she was pregnant and later on unfair treatment due to the fact that she is a single mother. They also include the abuse that she has suffered at the hands of certain men in her life. All of these issues have gone a long way towards shaping her perceptions of the country in which she lives as well the role that she feels she is expected to fulfil in it. The narrative is an honest and authentic account of the events that have shaped her perception of corporate South Africa as it struggles to incorporate Employment Equity and Affirmative Action policy into their organisational culture. She highlights the fact that the organisational policies and systems in themselves may be perfect but due to the fact that they have to be implemented by people they often reflect some of the prejudice that exists in society. In sharing her story it is her hope that other Black people would make their stories known for she believes that it is only when these stories are let out in the open can we begin to have meaningful dialogue about them and in so doing come to a resolution that will benefit all of us as a nation. She believes that our failure to talk to one another can only serve to widen the gap that currently exists between Black and White South Africans.

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Rashid, Naaz. « Veiled threats : producing the Muslim woman in public and policy discourse in the UK ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/762/.

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This thesis looks at how ‘the Muslim woman’ is produced in social policy discourses in the UK. It is a qualitative study based on interviews, observation and interpretive analysis of policy material. It focuses specifically on initiatives to empower Muslim women in order to combat terrorism which formed part of the UK’s Preventing Violent Extremism Agenda (Prevent). In January 2008 the National Muslims Women’s Advisory Group (NMWAG) was established and Local Authorities were encouraged to fund projects aimed at ‘empowering Muslim women’. The thesis begins by situating the research within a wider policy framework. At the national level it relates to debates on community cohesion, Britishness and multiculturalism; at the global level it relates to the UK’s involvement in the ‘war on terror’. The research examines local inflections in how the initiatives worked in practice, considering the impact of diversity within diversity. A key objective of these initiatives was to ‘give the silent majority a stronger voice’. The thesis considers the extent to which this objective was achieved, particularly in relation to the establishment of NMWAG. Through an analysis of the initiatives overseen by NMWAG it considers how empowerment is conceptualised and, therefore, also by definition, disempowerment. It suggests that empowerment is positioned as individualised in the form of neoliberal meritocratic aspiration. At the same time, however, it is collectivised in relation to religious affiliation; Islam emerges both as a source of disempowerment and as a potential solution. The thesis argues that these initiatives have worked to privilege religion at the expense of other salient axes of difference, particularly those embedded in socio economic and regional variations. Moreover, this privileging constitutes part of a broader gendered anti-Muslim racist rhetoric. Finally the thesis argues that deconstructing the trope of ‘the Muslim woman’ and attending to the differences between Muslim women opens up the possibility of building solidarities across religious boundaries and harnessing an “alternative politics of recognition”.

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GIULIANI, Giuliana. « Who is older ? : gender and age differences in heterosexual couples ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/68635.

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Defence date: 14 October 2020
Examining board: Professor Fabrizio Bernardi (European University Institute); Professor Juho Härkönen (European University Institute); Professor Jan Van Bavel (KU Leuven); Professor Clara Cortina (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)
Why are women the younger partner in the majority of couples? This thesis investigates the social and gendered patterns of age-difference between heterosexual partners in Europe and beyond, and the causes behind such patterns. Chapter 2 begins by constructing a theoretical framework to identify the mechanisms of mating selection that apply to age-differences, whether these may vary by gender, and why. In the following two chapters, the thesis investigates how age differences among married couples varies across space and time. In chapter 3, it analyses age differences between spouses in 96 countries, and how they vary according to the level of socio-economic development, women’s empowerment and the demographic characteristics of the country. In chapter 4, it focuses on one case study, showing how age differences between spouses have changed in Italy over the past 145 years. Thereafter, the thesis moves on to cohabiting and married unions and tests two specific hypotheses affecting women’s and men’s preferences for age hypergamy. In chapter 5, it tests the “empowerment” hypothesis, according to which women with more opportunities are less likely to choose older men because such women can “afford” the risk of less financially stable men and less traditional gender roles. In chapter 6, the “evolutionary” hypothesis is tested, that is that men seek younger women as a reproductive strategy. The thesis shows the persistence of hypergamy and its prevalence among marriages worldwide, but cross-country differences linked to different levels of women’s empowerment. Importantly, the patterns of age differences among European cohabiting and married couples reflect gender differences in opportunities in the society and, only to a lesser extent, biological differences in reproduction capacity.

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L'Heureux, Marie Alice. « The ideology of gender and community : housing the woman-led family ». Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69708.

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Housing typologies based on the traditional family no longer satisfy the needs of the majority of households. Woman-led families are impeded in their search for appropriate housing by their low wages and family responsibilities, compounded by the blindness of housing-policy makers to their existence. Historical models of collective dwellings are steeped in the ideology of the period and yield few direct practical solutions to the current dilemma. The richness of this housing, however, which evolved during a time of dramatic social change underscores the blandness of current housing solutions. Feminists insist that housing and urban design solutions should challenge the gender defined roles of "homemaker" and "childcare giver" and the restricted mobility of women in cities and suburbs. The endorsement of new housing typologies must be translated into their realisation and subsequent analysis.

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Ternar, Yeshim 1956. « The book and the veil : a critique of orientalism from a feminist perspective ». Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74261.

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"The Book and the Veil" is an experimental ethnographic study that presents a feminist critique of Orientalist discourse as it relates to Istanbul at the turn of the twentieth century.
The Preface reviews relevant anthropological literature in order to construct the theoretical context of the thesis. The Introduction then elaborates on the various voices embodied in the text, each of which expresses different types of cultural and critical information.
Part 1 (Chapters 1-4), comments on Grace Ellison's stay in Istanbul harems in 1914, as described in An Englishwoman in a Turkish Harem. Part 2 (Chapters 5-7), engages in a dialogue with Pierre Loti as a representative of Orientalist discourse and comments on Zeyneb Hanoum's A Turkish Woman's European Impressions. Zeyneb Hanoum's experiences in Europe are then compared with Grace Ellison's stay in Turkey.
The Conclusion offers a discussion and critique of feminism and representative writing.

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Flores, Delgado Gabriel. « ”The woman has to pay her sin” : - The conditions for a policy change in the abortion legislation in Chile ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296304.

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The research question in this study is assessing the conditions for policy change regarding the abortion legislation in Chile. This was executed by conducting semi-structured interviews, with informants of a broad range of knowledge, and collecting written sources, with a particular focus on the abortion legislation in Chile, through a two-month minor field study in Chile, funded by Sida, in 2015. For this study, an analytical framework was created by combining Kingdon’s theory of Policy Window and Htun’s research regarding gender policy change in Latin America; the problem recognition-, the policy advocacy-, the social support- and the political support criterion. The analytical framework was used to examine the conditions for Michelle Bachelet’s policy proposal from January of 2015, which would decriminalize abortion in three instances; (1) when the women’s life was at risk, (2) when a fetus would not be viable outside the womb and, (3) in the case of rape. The study showed that the conditions are favorable for a policy change in the problem recognition-, the policy advocacy- and the social support criterion. The favorable conditions are due to the issue of abortion in all three instances, being perceived as recognized by both the public and the political elite; the issue having a strong public support and a unified and strong issue network promoting a legislative change. The main difference between the conditions of the three policy proposals could be found in the political support criterion, where the issue of abortion in the case of a non-viable fetus or rape could possibly not pass, as a consequence of a fragmentation within the government and the decreasing public support for the Bachelet administration.

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Shi, Tao. « One woman, one child : the implications of the one-child-family policy for Chinese women ». PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4286.

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Since few studies have explicitly focused on the impact of China's one-child-family policy on Chinese women, this thesis is designed to explore this aspect. The implication of the policy for both urban and rural women is studied, particularly its influence on women's fertility behavior, labor roles, and on social, health and family status. The focus of the study is to explore the changes of women's lives associated with the one-child-family policy, and advantages and disadvantages, even contradictions the policy has brought to women's lives.

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Francisco, Arlete Maria. « A mulher como "o outro" : gênero, violência, ética e alteridade ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2013. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/827.

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A presente dissertação examina questões relacionadas à violência de gênero, formas de preconceitos, mecanismos de poder e hierarquia nas relações, inclusive, a evolução das conquistas femininas, as lutas libertárias e alguns dos diferentes discursos que procuraram legitimar práticas excludentes, desenvolvidas ao longo do processo civilizatório. Trata da assimetria de direitos e oportunidades entre os sexos, da crise ética da modernidade, da historiografia das lutas da mulher e da violência. Aponta, também, como possibilidade de reconstrução da racionalidade ética, a alteridade. A pesquisa tem como suporte bibliográfico a obra de Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995) e demonstra a pertinência do seu pensamento, através da sua obra de sentido humanista, cuja ideia central é a relação ética com o Outro, que vai além da essência ontológica, com absoluto respeito pela sua alteridade, que se expressa pela significação única de seu Rosto, que nesta reflexão tem feições de mulher. Apresenta a perspectiva levinasiana como uma alternativa exequível, no âmbito geral das relações, embora, quase utópica, de uma postura ética
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Cette thèse examine les questions liées à la violence sexiste, les formes de préjugés, les mécanismes du pouvoir et de la hiérarchie des relations, l'évolution des conquêtes féminines, les luttes libertaires et quelques-uns des différents discours qui ont cherché à légitimer des pratiques d'exclusion, développées au cours du processus de civilisation. Traite d’asymétrie des droits et des chances entre les sexes, la crise éthique de la modernité, l'histoire des luttes des femmes, la violence et les points à la possibilité de la reconstruction de la rationalité éthique, de l'altérité. La recherche est soutenue par le travail bibliographique d'Emmanuel Levinas (1906- 1995) et démontre la pertinence de sa pensée, par son travail de sens humaniste, dont l'idée centrale est la relation éthique avec l'autre, qui va au-delà de l'essence ontologique, le respect absolu de leur altérité, qui se traduit par l'importance unique de son visage, que cette réflexion a des caractéristiques d'une femme. Levinas présente la perspective comme une alternative possible au titre des relations générales, cependant, presque utopique, une position éthique.

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Warren, Lynne Helen. « For all sorts and conditions of women : an analysis of the construction of meaning and identity in 'Woman' magazine, 1890-1910 ». Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2000. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7345/.

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This study draws together a range of critical models in order to explore the ways in which the periodical functions as a particular cultural practice, both shaping and being shaped by the society in which it was produced. Focusing upon single women's magazine, Woman, across its entire publication span from 1890 to 1910, the study seeks to contribute a deeper understanding of the periodical text by situating it within its specific social and historical context. Through this comprehensive diachronic approach the study accounts for the changes occurring within a long-lived periodical which does not have one identity but several. The study also explores the complex web of relations between the text, its producers and its consumers, and the function of each in the creation and negotiation of meanings. The fragmentation of the periodical text into separate areas of writing, as well as its multiple points of production (from proprietors, publishers and editors to the many professional and amateur contributors), renders the magazine's construction of a stable textual identity problematic. A central question in the study, therefore, has been how to develop a critical model with which to address the plurality of a text in which genres and voices collide within an overarching editorial framework. The study also aims to redress the balance of existing critiques of the women's periodical press which have tended to marginalise the role of the reader both in the production of the text itself and in its interpretations. While the study explores the ways in which the genres of feature articles and editorials, competitions, correspondence and fiction in Woman functioned within the editorial framework as well as in response to circulating discourses, the central focus of the study is the interaction between consumers and producers in the construction of the text, and the ways readers absorbed, appropriated or resisted dominant modes of editorial discourse.

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Hallström, Sandra. « En studie av kvinnogrupper och social mobilisering i Babati District ur ett feministiskt empowerment-perspektiv : Hur kan kvinnors agentskap och sociala interaktion transformera de strukturella förutsättningarna i Babati ? » Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1124.

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The results and the analysis of this essay are based on an empirical study of women groups in Babati District in Tanzania from 2005. The study has shown that the reason for women in Babati to organize themselves is to overcome traditional and structural obstacles that restrict women’s economical integration. Through the creation of social networks and a common source of income within the group, women are trying to strengthen their position within the household and in society. The significance of empowerment on an individual level is the sense of abilities in everyday life and the feeling of increased options.

Social mobilization means that individuals come together and with united strengths and according to a common interest are trying to fulfil articulated goals. Local women groups in Babati and the social mobilization they constitute are seeking, through their agency to influence their social and economical situation. It can also mean challenging the structural conditions and increase women’s capacity of action. This kind of agency at a group level is extremely important for the capability of articulating own goals and creating prosperity, to feel in charge of one’s life conditions.

Aim: The aim for this study is, by using an empowerment approach to examine how women groups in Babati District in Tanzania organize themselves and how the members through their agency are influencing the social conditions and economical possibilities for women in the area. What are the effects of social mobilization in Babati for the individual woman? How can women’s agency contribute to structural changes and help women to overcome traditional obstacles?

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Diez, Minguela Alfonso Maria. « Essays on marriage and female labour ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2749/.

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Along the process of economic development, marriage patterns have gradually changed. Nonetheless, we still observe contrasting differences across regions. This thesis first examines those differences, and questions what determines those marriage patterns. The answer to this will be the economic role of women within a society. In this regard, we explore the relationship between gender differences in labour participation and marital outcomes across regions and over time. To do so, we use ethnographic evidence and country-decade data. Moreover, we reconcile distinctive literatures in an attempt to answer our main research question. The focus of the thesis lies within two specific issues regarding marriage patterns: (i) marital systems, namely polygyny and monogamy, and (ii) the spousal age gap. First, we examine the relationship between female labour participation and polygynous unions. Then, we concentrate on monogamy to explore the spousal age gap. In addition, we discuss our main findings and its implications for the long run. Whether societies have followed a similar path but at different speeds throughout history is our last topic of discussion.

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Ohinata, Asako. « Financial incentives and the timing of birth ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49108/.

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This thesis studies how financial incentives affect women's fertility timing decisions. Each chapter investigates this question by looking at a policy that exogenously increased fertility related financial incentives. The timing impacts of these policies are estimated using a discrete-time proportional hazard model with unobserved heterogeneity. In the first chapter, the impact of the 1999 UK Working Families Tax Credit (WFTC) on the timing of birth is studied. This paper employs the 1991-2003 waves of the British Household Panel Survey and identifies the policy impact of WFTC by observing the change in the timing of birth using a difference in differences estimator. The main finding of this paper suggests little evidence of changes in the timing of all birth parity apart from first birth. Such a finding is likely to be explained by the policy design of WFTC that increased not only the fertility but also the labour supply incentives simultaneously. Moreover, a further analysis highlights the importance of other policies, which also in uenced women's labour supply during the period of study. The second chapter, on the other hand, studies the impact of the 1977-2001 US infertility health insurance mandates, which regulated the insurance companies to cover for infertility treatment cost. Although the majority of the past literature has studied impacts on older women who are likely to seek treatment, this paper proposes that the mandates may have had a wider impact on the US population. Specifically, it may have given an option for younger women to delay birth since these policies reduced the opportunity cost of having a child in the future. The chapter employs the 1980-2001 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Results suggest a significant delay of 1-2 years in the time of first birth among highly educated white women.

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Razee, Husna Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. « ???Being a Good Woman?? ? : suffering and distress through the voices of women in the Maldives ». Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/27258.

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This ethnographic study explored the social and cultural context of Maldivian women???s emotional, social and psychological well-being and the subjective meanings they assign to their distress. The central question for the study was: How is suffering and distress in Maldivian women explained, experienced, expressed and dealt with? In this study participant observation was enhanced by lengthy encounters with women and with both biomedical and traditional healers. The findings showed that the suffering and distress of women is embedded in the social and economic circumstances in which they live, the nature of gender relations and how culture shapes these relations, the cultural notions related to being a good woman; and how culture defines and structures women???s place within the family and society. Explanations for distress included mystical, magical and animistic causes as well as social, psychological and biological causes. Women???s experiences of distress were mainly expressed through body metaphors and somatization. The pathway to dealing with their distress was explained by women???s tendency to normalize their distress and what they perceived to be the causes of their distress. This study provides an empirical understanding of Maldivian women???s mental well-being. Based on the findings of this study, a multi dimensional model entitled the Mandala for Suffering and Distress is proposed. The data contributes a proposed foundation upon which mental health policy and mental health interventions, and curricula for training of health care providers in the Maldives may be built. The data also adds to the existing global body of evidence on social determinants of mental health and enhances current knowledge and developments in the area of cultural competency for health care. The model and the lessons learnt from this study have major implications for informing clinicians on culturally congruent ways of diagnosing and managing mental health problems and developing patient-centred mental health services.

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Sinclair, Diane M. « Women and trade unionism : the effect of gender on propensity to unionise and participation in trade union activity ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1993. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2470/.

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Women workers, typically, are disadvantaged in the workplace and in the trade union movement. In an attempt to explain the relationship of female employees to the unions, this thesis investigates the significance of gender for an employee's involvement in trade unionism. The importance of the sex variable for both the individual's union membership choice and rate of participation in trade union activity is explored. The aim of the study is to reach a much better understanding of the most important influences on women's position in the unions, and thereby provide some insight into the apparent failure of the trade union movement to gain equality for women with men in the employment sphere. Chapters two and three depict women's situation in the workplace and in the trade unions, in order to illustrate the importance of the study. Chapters four and five present a theoretical framework for the empirical analyses, discussed in chapters six to nine, concerning influences on the employee's propensity to unionise and union participation. Both crosstabulations and discriminant analyses are employed to establish the most important determinants of these two variables. Influences on the worker's attitudes to trade unionism are also discussed. Chapters ten and eleven present the results of a survey of nine large trade unions, conducted in an attempt to account for the inadequacies of the independent variables used in the quantitative analyses to explain fully the relationships explored. The thesis concludes that the lower level of involvement of women workers in trade unionism may be explained mainly in terms of differences between the sexes in hours worked, earnings and industrial relations traditions in male and female-dominated work. Also, however, significantly lower favourability to trade unions expressed by the women workers is found to contribute to the male/female union membership and union participation differentials. The thesis argues, in chapter twelve, that this apparent difference in satisfaction with trade unions between the men and women studied is, most probably, a result of traditional union culture, particularly the male-domination of the unions, and the unequal position of women in the trade union movement.

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Aston, Jennifer. « Female business owners in England, 1849-1901 ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3805/.

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This doctoral thesis uses female entrepreneurship as a case study to highlight the flaws and limitations of using gender as a lens to view the social and economic opportunities available to women in nineteenth-century England. Through analysing trade directory data, and reconstructing the lives of a hundred businesswomen using sources including census returns,newspapers, photographs, probate records and advertisements, this thesis demonstrates that female entrepreneurs did not conform to a historiography that would see them solely employed in ‘feminine’ trade types or in ‘feminine’ ways of trading. Rather, women remained an integral part of the urban economy across England throughout the nineteenth-century with a consistent percentage of female owned firms engaged in making products. Analysis of the hundred case studies reveals that women were able to become business owners through a variety of means and they remained the senior partner in family firms until they chose to retire or died. This thesis also shows how women could use their position as business owners to acquire the luxury possessions and display the investment and asset distribution behaviours that men used to secure their middle class status, thus demonstrating that economically independent women could achieve and maintain middle-class status.

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Al-Omaisi, Ebtesam. « L’image de la femme dans la littérature yéménite ». Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030018.

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L’objectif de cette étude est de dégager l’image - ou les images - de la femme telle qu’elle apparaît dans l’œuvre de quatre nouvellistes yéménites contemporains. En effet, s’agit-il, parlant de la femme, d’une représentation uniforme quelles que soient les problématiques abordées et quel que soit l’auteur ? Ou bien y a-t-il des variantes et si oui comment s’affirment-elles ? Cette thèse a donc pour but de montrer la variété des types de personnages féminins mis en scène, tout en précisant les stratégies énonciatives et narratives adoptés par chacun des auteurs en question. Elle est constituée de trois parties : la première présente un bref aperçu historique sur la littérature yéménite. La deuxième traite la question du patriarcat et du matriarcat, plus particulièrement, au Yémen. Quant à la dernière, elle consiste en l’analyse du corpus des nouvelles retenues. Elle est divisée en deux parties dont la première, composée de cinq chapitres, est pour l’essentiel focalisée sur deux images contradictoires de la femme : la femme soumise et la femme rebelle. La seconde se concentre sur l’amour et la sexualité en parlant de la relation amoureuse hors mariage, de celle entre époux, enfin, de l’inversion ironique des rôles attribués, par deux des nouvellistes, respectivement à l’homme et à la femme
The objective of the study is to highlight the image or the different images of womanas it appears in the work of four contemporary Yemenite short story writers. Indeed, havewomen been represented similarly, whatever the approached problems? And whatever theauthor is? Or are there any variants and changes and if so how they are asserted?The thesis therefore aims to show a variety of kind of female characters that had beenstaged, and the enunciative and narrative strategies adopted by each author. The thesis iscomposed of three parts: The first one introduces brief historical overview of Yemeniliterature. The second part addresses the issue of patriarchy and matriarchy, particularly inYemen.As for the last part, it consists in analyzing the corpus of new limits. It is divided intotwo parts: The first one which includes five chapters mainly focused on two contradictoryimages of woman: submissive woman and woman rebel. The second one emphasizes onlove and sexuality and underlines the love affair in case of adultery, or married couples andfinally exposed; according to two short-story writers; the ironic inversion of the allocatedroles respectively to man and woman

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Nasser, Eddin Nof. « The intersectionality of class and gender : women's economic activities in east and west Amman ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/54468/.

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This research is based on a comparative study between East and West Amman women in terms of economic activity. Amman is a patriarchal society and this research explains the prevalent patriarchal structures that influence women’s economic activities and experiences and how these patriarchal structures operate differently depending on class. This research adopts an intersectional approach to gender and class to provide us with a more comprehensive understanding of women’s experiences in relation to economic activity. The study sheds light on the fact that class in Jordan is very much related to place of residence, and the differences between East and West Amman are very influential in determining women’s experiences. It is meant to explore the views and attitudes towards women’s economic activities, and the different views between East and West Amman, and between men and women. Moreover, this research explores the factors that influence women’s economic activities and how these factors are different amongst women themselves. This research also identifies the strategies adopted by women to deal with patriarchy- resistance, negotiation and accommodation-and how those strategies differ depending on class. The data for this research was collected through interviews with 18 women, nine from East and nine from West Amman, economically active and inactive. The research also made use of 164 questionnaires completed by both men and women from East and West Amman. The questionnaire aimed to provide us with data showing class differences between East and West Amman, and was also used to provide us with the attitudes and views towards women’s and men’s economic activities.

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Maqubela, Lucille N. « An exploration of parenting : normative expectations, practices and work-life balance in post-apartheid South Africa, 1994-2008 ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/56018/.

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This thesis explores the complexities of parenting in post-apartheid South Africa. It investigates the normative expectations surrounding motherhood and fatherhood and how employed mothers, as those who bear the main responsibility for childcare, reconcile family and paid work. It is a qualitative study which draws on 43 interviews with women and men managers in a Government Department and a Parastatal. Thirty seven interviews were with managers (21 mothers and 16 fathers), 3 with gender experts in these organisations, and 3 with Human Resources personnel. It also draws on an analysis of domestic divisions of labour in 3 households and an exploration of national legislation and workplace policies to examine how the workplace accommodates those with family/childcare responsibilities. The study demonstrates that South African parenting is complex: parental norms encapsulate the coexistence of modern and traditional values (Inglehart and Baker, 2003; Hotchfeld, 2008), rather than following a linear pattern of change from traditional to modern. Moreover, there are inconsistencies in values and normative expectations relating to gender-role attitudes and parenting expectations, as well as between gender-role attitudes and parenting practices. Incongruencies and contradictions in relation to parenting are also found between and within domains: the fast-changing workplace brought about by the new democratic government‟s commitment to equality and the subsequent transformation of the public sector contrasts with the „stalled revolution‟ in parenting practices, especially in relation domestic divisions of labour, within the domestic sphere. Using Squires‟s (2005) typology of inclusion, reversal and displacement to analyze South African approaches to workplace gender transformation, the study establishes that South Africa has adopted policies based on inclusion and reversal and has left out displacement, thus increasing women‟s representation at the workplace without challenging the status quo. To this effect the workplace has remained masculineoriented; it is characterized by a long-working hours regime and minimal work-life balance policies. As a result mothers are facing difficulties in reconciling family and paid work. However, women mobilize support outside the workplace to cope with the demands of family and paid work. The study shows that the support networks mobilized by women are influenced by socio-economic and geographical mobility associated with the rise of the new black middle-class families brought about by the political change from apartheid to democracy. The migration of families from working to middle-class areas demonstrates the fluidity of mothering and coping strategies; while fathers remain free from childcare and family responsibilities.

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Wiltshire, Deborah Ann. « The dissolution of first unions and women's economic activity in the UK ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366486/.

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This study investigates whether there is an association between economic activity in women and union dissolution in the UK. This study looks at both individual-level and aggregate-level trends by posing a number of research questions. Using a series of Cox Proportional Hazard and Piecewise Constant models to analyse individual-level data from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society surveys, this study has found only weak and inconsistent evidence of an association between women’s economic activity and union dissolution. Examining these data for separate union cohorts, this study has found some initial evidence that the relationship between economic activity and union dissolution may be changing over time. The final stage of the analysis in this study looked at aggregate trends in economic activity and divorce and found some evidence of an association at the aggregate level, although due to data restrictions this was not conclusive. Following a discussion of the changing status of women and the changing legal, social and cultural context within which unions are formed and dissolved, this study concluded more evidence is found for an association at the aggregate level, leading to the hypothesis that economic activity is contributing to wider social changes and that these social changes are influencing the risk of union dissolution.

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Copeland, Caroline. « The sensational Katherine Cecil Thurston : an investigation into the life and publishing history of a 'New Woman' author ». Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2007. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2808.

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This thesis investigates the publishing history of a significant New Woman author of the Edwardian period, Katherine Cecil Thurston (1875-1911). Until now Thurston's literary career has been the subject of little academic investigation. It is the aim of this thesis to contextualise her life and work within that of a New Woman writer and explore her relationship with those involved in the publishing process. By examining the narrative of Thurston's work and her interaction with Edwardian society we see how such New Woman authors contributed to the development of women's writing. The focal argument of the thesis is that Thurston used her femininity to generate an audience of female readers while at the same time creating alternate visions for women's lives, thus championing the cause of feminism. Thurston challenges many of the traditional, established views of the late Victorian period; however she was keenly aware of the need to operate within the bounds of traditional gender roles in order to ensure the publication of her work and the support of her conservative readership. Through her relationships with her publishers and readers we see how the opening decade of the twentieth century was fraught with unease and doubt about women's role within it. This thesis builds on recent studies by feminist critics in terms of rehabilitating women writers who have been omitted or lost from literary and publishing history. This research adds another author to that body of work and broadens our level of understanding of the position of woman authors of the period. By establishing the details of Thurston's life and work, this thesis aims to open new channels of investigation and as such amounts to a significant contribution to our awareness and understanding of New Women authors.

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Wright, Carole Irene. « Men and their interventions in violence against women : developing an institutional ethnography ». Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2009. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/8568/.

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The aim of this study is to explore the social organisation of men’s intervention in men’s violence against women, and the men who work within this realm. The area of intervention chosen, known as ‘domestic violence’, has seen considerable voluntary sector growth during the past two decades. However, few studies have investigated the positioning of men’s intervention within the wider context of ‘domestic violence support and services, which, in the main, have been developed by women. Therefore, this study maps the interconnections of men’s everyday workings within ‘domestic violence’ as professionals, public service providers, activists, and as men. The study was underpinned by a feminist framework and attempted to synthesise theory, practice and activism. Dorothy E. Smith’s approach of institutional ethnography was employed, and analysis was rooted in her concepts of ‘ruling relations’ and ‘Ideological codes’. The entry point for research comprised professional men who worked with men who had been violent to known women, as well as men who volunteered their time in violence prevention campaigns. During the course of the research seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted, and thirty public and semi-public events around the theme of men’s violence towards women were attended. The main findings from this study include the identification of processes that have reconceptualised the social problem of men’s violence towards women into ‘the relations of ruling’. Findings also suggest that feminism as an ‘ideological code’ is a key organiser of social relations within the ‘domestic violence’ sector. Furthermore, although the majority of leadership, work and activism within the area of ‘domestic violence’ is carried out by women, and despite the relative smallness of men’s intervention in ‘domestic violence’, the findings indicate that disproportionate opportunities for men to utilise their social power can be available in this area of intervention.

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Church, Stephanie Louise. « The social organisation of sex work : implications for female prostitutes' health and safety ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1179/.

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Introduction: Existing literature focuses on the risks that prostitutes pose to society rather than the occupational risks they face. Most of this work has been conducted with women who work on the streets, although estimates suggest that indoor prostitution (saunas and private flats) in particular is a growing area of commercial sex. This thesis aims to examine the social and economic organisation of commercial sex work in the UK across the three settings of street, sauna and private flats, paying particular attention to the health and safety implications for the women involved. Results: Women in the study reported high levels of social disadvantage that influenced their entry into prostitution; almost half were first paid for sex before they were eighteen and a minority were first forced into prostitution. The working conditions and routines of the three workplaces are described, focusing on the key social and structural features of the workplace, women’s autonomy and working rules, along with their potential impact upon general health, work related stress and safety. Few differences were found in the sexual and reproductive health of women working in different settings. However, as a group, prostitutes had far poorer sexual and reproductive health than non-prostitute women. High levels of violence were reported across the study, mainly from clients, but also pimps and other women. This was patterned by workplace, with street workers significantly more likely to experience violence than either sauna or flat workers. Conclusion: Prostitutes do not represent a threat to the health and safety of their clients; rather, data from this study suggest that the reverse is true. Prostitute health (e.g. sexual and reproductive health, drug use) is poorer than that of non-prostitute women in the UK, and as such, prostitutes represent a group with specialist health and welfare needs. The illegality, stigma and organisation of prostitution further impede women’s health and safety. The findings of this study can be used to tailor health services for prostitutes, as well as inform policy and future research

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Shahid, Ayesha. « Silent voices, untold stories : women domestic workers in Pakistan and their struggle for empowerment ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2430/.

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This is a socio-legal study about law, empowerment and access to justice for women domestic workers in Pakistan. There are no official statistics available on the number of women working in this informal employment sector, neither are there any in-depth research studies carried out on the subject of women in domestic service in Pakistan. Therefore this exploratory study attempts to fill the gap in existing literature by providing information about the profile, nature, working and living conditions of women domestic workers. It provides a starting point towards an understanding of the situation of women in domestic service by listening to their voices and lived experiences. By using feminist legal perspectives, Islamic perspectives on woinen's work and legal pluralism, the present study questions the efficacy of law as a tool for empowering women domestic workers in their struggle against exploitative treatment in the workplace. Grounded theory methodology is followed to collect empirical data about domestic service in Pakistan. Semi-structured group and individual interviews have been carried out at four sites in Karachi and Peshawar, Pakistan. A few case studies have also been included to substantiate some of the major themes arising during fieldwork. Listening to voices of women in domestic service has provided an opportunity to uncover the hidden lives of women domestic workers who work in the privacy of homes. The present study also explores the nature of domestic service, dynamics of employer-employee relations and complexities of class, gender and multiple identities impacting on these relationships. The study finally argues that in the presence of plural legal frameworks formal law alone cannot empower women in domestic service. Therefore for an effective implementation of law it is equally pertinent to look into non-legal strategies so that access to justice can be made possible for these women.

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Statham, Joyce. « A day at a time : a study of unsupported family carers of older people ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3484/.

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Informal carers provide the majority of care for older people living in the community. The provision of care can be very stressful and is said to have an adverse affect on caregivers’ health. Policy has recognised the need to support carers and a key objective has been to improve service provision for them. Research has shown that service intervention can prevent the breakdown of care and admission to long term care. However, relatively few carers and older people use formal services. While the low uptake of support services is documented, it is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of informal carers of older people who received no support services. It focused particularly on the question: why when caregiving is portrayed as being stressful, do carers continue without support from formal service providers? Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of unsupported carers of older people, who were interviewed three times over a period of two years. For this longitudinal study a predominantly qualitative approach underpinned by the principles of grounded theory was chosen with a quantitative component included in the second stage. The study used a range of methods including focus groups, interviews and self-completion questionnaires. The main source of data was individual in-depth interviews, while self-completion questionnaires and literature provided secondary and tertiary sources of data. Data were analysed according to the principles of grounded theory. The study found that carers were motivated by a strong sense of duty and a desire to maintain their independence and control over their lives and the caregiving situation. They regarded formal services as authoritarian and intrusive. Acceptance of support was associated with feelings of failure and a potential loss of control.

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Livesey, Ruth. « Women, class and social action in late-Victorian and Edwardian London ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36339/.

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This thesis explores the relationship between class, gender and feminist identity through an examination of women's involvement in philanthropy and social reform in London from 1870 to 1906. Middle-class women's engagement in such work — termed collectively here as 'social action' — has long been claimed as the nursery of first-wave feminist political identity. Numerous historians have framed social action as the means by which women moved from the 'private' to the 'public' sphere and the ground where women developed their claim to a place in national political life in the three decades prior to the upsurge of suffrage campaigning in 1906. Whilst agreeing with this broad narrative of the relationship between social action and feminism, the thesis addresses the lack of discussion of class differences between women in the existing literature on the subject. The forms of social action examined in detail in this thesis were predicated upon this very difference between women: on the belief in the power of the lady to reshape the bodies, characters, homes and workplaces of poor women. Women social activists themselves had a central role in making identities of class, through the dissemination of their expert opinions on the domestic life of the urban poor. In the context of the changing understanding of duty in the later nineteenth century the thesis argues that the agency of femininity in effecting social change came to be seen as of less significance as the century progressed. Women social activists instead drew upon codes of class to justify their work, constructing themselves as authoritative professionals, licenced to speak and act for working-class women. The thesis brings to the fore the (often strained and contested) encounters between lady social activists and the women and men who were their objects of reform using detailed case studies of philanthropic rent-collecting schemes, the London Charity Organisation Society and the women's factory inspectorate. It concludes that social action was indeed the material from which modern feminist identity made itself, but that this identity was founded on middle-class women's differentiation of themselves from working-class women.

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Flores-Martinez, Artemisa. « Women's empowerment and the welfare of children ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59698/.

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This thesis investigates whether women's empowerment affects children's wellbeing in two developing countries: Mexico and India. The first chapter provides a background on women's empowerment. The second chapter evaluates a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, which provides poor women in Mexico with tools to be better mothers, in terms of its impact on birthweight. The third chapter analyses whether empowered women, referred as those who have progressive gender attitudes, are more likely to have a firstborn girl in Delhi, India. Specifically, the second chapter evaluates PROGRESA-Oportunidades, a program that pays mothers cash in exchange of their investment in their children's human capital: education, health, and nutrition. Using quantile regressions, the chapter finds a positive and significant program effect, but babies at the upper tail of the conditional birthweight distribution seem to have benefited the most. Moreover, maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with a 459-gram decrease on birthweights at the 20th percentile of the conditional distribution, completely wiping out any program benefits. This effect is not picked up by least squares regression estimates, which is the technique used by previous literature on the subject. The third chapter turns to India, a country that has lost millions of girls to sex-selective abortions. The chapter first constructs a women's empowerment (progressivity ) index using a latent factor model, and then assesses whether progressive women are more likely to have a firstborn girl in Delhi. The latter territory has, unlike the Indian average, 'missing' women even among first order births. The results show that a one-standard deviation increase in the progressivity index is associated with a 5.8-percentage point increase in the likelihood of a firstborn girl relative to women who have not yet given birth.

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Meadows, Mark. « An analysis of the effects of intervention strategies on the experiences of lone parents ». Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2003. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5622/.

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True to its manifesto pledge, New Labour arrived in power in 1997 pledging to fundamentally reform the U.K. welfare system. Premised upon the notion of too many rights and too few responsibilities, New Labour sought about restructuring both the benefits system itself, and perhaps more importantly, the underlying assumption of what benefits entail. In so doing it was hoped, the "something for nothing culture" may be challenged and cycles of dependency broken. Manifest in the generic New Deal programme, groups within society seen as having particular difficulty finding work were to be offered advice and support in finding work, education or training, and were to be bound to accept such offers under threat of sanction. One group seen as having these difficulties were lone parents and in October 1997 the New Deal for Lone Parents (NDLP) was launched. The flagging of NDLP however assumes an economic rationality on the part of lone parents in that if more money is available through work, lone parents will make a rational decision and indeed go to work. However, as suggested elsewhere (Evason and Robinson 1998), lone parents remain sceptical over such initiatives, often putting parenting preferences over and above the opportunity to access employment. This research therefore examines what those preferences may be and what are the latent influences that may persuade or dissuade lone parents to leave the home for paid employment. The thesis further describes some of the consequences of those decisions. Qualitative and qualitative evidence is provided that demonstrates lone parent's decisions are taken that reflect interpretations of socially prescribed norms and values and that to presume an economic rationality drives this group is to underestimate the complexities of the situation they may be in. This thesis concludes that such interventions can work for some, but for many the choice to stay at home is often reflective of the style of parenting the lone parents and society considers most appropriate.

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Harding, T. « Creating and controlling a personal social world : the experiences of adults growing up in an environment of problem drinking ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/376710/.

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Approximately one million children in the UK are living in families where at least one parent has problem drinking tendencies. Evidence explores risks to children growing up in this environment. However, there is limited evidence exploring what influences an adult who grew up in a home where a parent drank alcohol to excess to drink within recommended limits, and whether behaviour/decision making with respect to drinking alcohol within recommended limits is deliberate. This study used a constructivist grounded theory design. Eleven participants were selected via purposeful sampling for their experience of growing up in a family where problem drinking had been observed. Data were collected from one to one individual semi-structured interviews over a period of 23 months. There were three main stages in the analysis of the data, initial coding, focused coding and theoretical coding, and theoretical saturation. The constructivist grounded theory gave consideration to human nature and social control, applying this to the creation and control of one’s own immediate personal social world where its influence stems from the impact of a parent/s problem drinking behaviour which were for the most part unpredictable and an environment that was largely unstable. Participants appeared to take control of, and responsibility for, the direction their lives have taken. Two key related aspects worthy of consideration in the context of clinical practice arising from this study are firstly, in relation to the attributes of resilience; harnessing it, and developing it, whilst acknowledging that not everyone has the same opportunities, or resources or ability to access these resources. Secondly, recognising the intensity of strategy development for maintaining drinking within recommended limits as a conscious decision where individuals develop personal strategies for achieving personal control. It is essential that services acknowledge the impact these experiences can have and the variability of resources available to individuals. The Alcohol Liaison role needs to develop to include identifying those in a family where there is problem drinking behaviour and those with a family history of problem drinking behaviour. An individual approach is required for developing strategies for promoting resilience and prevention strategies need to be determined and agreed on an individual basis enabling the individual to take control of drinking alcohol within recommended limits.

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Yusuf, Mazlynda Md. « Women and pensions in Malaysia : assessing the impacts of disruptions in working life ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/341955/.

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Population ageing is a global phenomenon and occurring most rapidly in countries in Asia, which have experienced a rapid decline in fertility and mortality. Malaysia is one such country. The increase in life expectancy along with a rising cost of living has meant that many elderly women are exposed to the risk of poverty in later life. This is also due to the inability of the current pension system in Malaysia to recognise interruptions during employment. In the West, there has been extensive research highlighting how living longer combined with an early retirement age and having disruptions during employment years may lead to an inadequate retirement income and affect the quality of life during retirement. Such research is lacking in the Malaysian context. This research therefore investigated the effectiveness of Malaysia’s current pension system to deliver an adequate income in retirement, taking into account the differences in life course experienced by women, particularly interrupted work histories as a result of care-taking responsibilities as well as differences in educational level. This study used a hypothetical simulation model – MHYRISA (Malaysian Hypothetical Retirement Income Simulation Analysis) model to simulate different scenarios. The findings suggest that women with gaps and disruptions during employment will not be able to maintain their standard of living in later life under the present pension system due to the low replacement rate level generated. The findings also suggest that the current retirement age and contribution rate should be increased and also reconsidering the pre-retirement withdrawals policy in order to provide an adequate retirement income during old age. The government should also consider providing a pension credit contribution to women who are unemployed due to care-taking responsibilities, so that they are lifted out of poverty during old age.

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Rivers, Nicola. « Beyond the boundaries : exploring diversity within contemporary feminist thought ». Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2014. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/2458/.

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At a time of heightened awareness and public interest, post-9/11, with increased concerns surrounding the ‘other’ and pronouncements of the ‘death of multiculturalism,’ this thesis stresses the renewed relevance of cross-cultural feminist discussions. I examine a broad range of sources to show how the rhetoric of feminism is being co-opted to support the promotion of an ‘us’ and ‘them’ perspective, particularly in the media. By returning to well established feminist debates on difference, and the importance of adopting an intersectional position in order to avoid suggesting a singular experience of oppression based solely on gender, I argue for an intergenerational approach to current issues affecting feminism as we move into the fourth wave. Providing an original contribution, both by applying existing theory to highly contemporary debates, and by exploring the possibilities (and pitfalls) offered by online media to fourth wave feminism, I claim that the co-opting of a feminist position in an attempt to shore up national identity and discredit multiculturalism, has, in fact, created a resurgence of interest in feminism, but without a foundational understanding. Taking the opportunity provided by this resurgence of interest to critically examine Western feminism through current debates surrounding FGC, ‘honour’-based violence and veiling, offers a lens through which to explore assumptions of the ‘post-feminist’ West, and emphasize the renewed importance of engaging with the ‘other’ in feminist discussions. Globalization and multiculturalism, as well as the global communities forged on the internet, increasingly offer ‘insider voices’ whilst simultaneously questioning the myth of a pure ‘other,’ or a universal feminism. By looking back on previous debates and ‘waves,’ this thesis advocates the need to think across the boundaries of generations, as well as cultures, suggesting that an intergenerational and cross-cultural approach is key to moving discussions forward with the arrival of feminism’s fourth wave.

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Derksen, Laura. « Information, social interactions and health seeking behavior ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3296/.

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This thesis examines the underlying cause of social stigma towards people living with HIV, and the extent to which it discourages HIV testing and treatment. We use a discrete choice model to describe a person’s decision to seek treatment for HIV (antiretroviral therapy or ART), and estimate the social cost of seeking treatment using administrative health records from southern Malawi. We show that seeking ART at a clinic where many other community members are present carries a significant cost, even after taking into account clinic quality and location. We investigate the theoretical effects of policy interventions designed to reduce stigma and other barriers to care, and demonstrate important complementarities between such policies. We next evaluate a cluster-randomized information experiment in Zomba, Malawi designed to correct a common misconception: most do not know that ART drugs have a public benefit, that is, the medication prevents HIV transmission between sexual partners. We microfound HIV stigma as sexual discrimination between sexual partners, and model the decision to seek an HIV test (and then, if required, medical treatment) as a signal of infection. We show, theoretically and empirically, that the randomized information intervention reduces this type of stigma and significantly increases the rate of HIV testing. The results demonstrate that social stigma is an important barrier to HIV testing and treatment, that stigma can be due to rational behavior by a misinformed public, and that providing new information can be an effective way to mitigate its effects.

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Brion, Marion Claire. « The Society of Housing Managers and women's employment in housing ». Thesis, City, University of London, 1989. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19994/.

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The Society of Housing Managers. formed from the women trained by Octavia Hill, is not well known, though it played a prominent part in housing management from the 1930s onwards. The aim of this thesis is to examine the hypothesis that the Society of Housing Managers played a substantial role in encouraging the employment of trained women in housing from 1912 to the post- war period. It is further suggested that the ending of an all female Society and its subsequent amalgamation with the Institute of Housing in 1965 was one factor in weakening the position of women in housing employment, although other factors contributed. A major source of evidence used is depth interviews carried out with members of the committee who dealt with unification between the Society and the Institute, as well as interviews with other women managers. Some of these informants supplied early, often unique, documents. The Minute Books of the Society and other records not hitherto documented were also important as were Public Record Office papers, contemporary journals and secondary historical sources. Statistical data centres around a detailed analysis by gender of the Institute of Housing membership records and two major surveys carried out by the City University and the NFHA using unpublished as well as the published data. An additional small survey was done of women's employment in allied professional organisations. It is concluded that the Society of Housing Managers played a crucial role in drawing women into housing employment in the 1930s and thus opened up opportunities for women in the; expansion of public housing during the second world war and after. However some disadvantages may have been incurred by separate organisation. In comparison. women in the 1980s have had some success in combining separate women's networks with membership of a mixed Institute.

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Bristow, Jennie. « The construction of the Baby Boomer generation as a social problem in Britain ». Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47655/.

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The research presented in this thesis investigates how the ‘Baby Boomer generation’ has become constructed as a social problem in Britain. I begin by outlining the theoretical orientation of the research, which is grounded in Mannheim’s understanding that the problem of generations is to do with the interaction between generational location and wider social forces. The subsequent chapters present the results of a qualitative media analysis of the Baby Boomer problem, using a sample of British national newspaper articles published between 1986 and 2011 to examine the development of a cultural script. These chapters outline, first, the main features of the Baby Boomer problem as it is currently presented, before moving on to analyse how the cultural script has, over time, constructed the Boomer generation in two main ways: as an economic problem, and as a cultural problem. My findings indicate that both the attributes of the Baby Boomer generation, and the importance attached to generation as a political or social category, have changed over time, and are affected by wider political, social, and cultural shifts. This has a number of implications for how we think about the construction of the problem of generations in the present day.

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Labontu-Astier, Diana. « L'image du corps féminin dans l'oeuvre de Assia Djebar ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENL020/document.

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Parler du corps féminin dans l'œuvre de Assia Djebar, tout en dépassant le clivage chair/âme ou corps/personnalité, signifie l'inscrire dans une vision unitaire, dans une durée et un espace élargis et totalisants. Ce corps est constamment en relation avec le milieu qui l'influence, ce qui conduit à un éclatement de son unité. Nous avons voulu insister sur sa continuité, sa résistance et même la survie de l'identité, malgré les facteurs ou les contextes qui l'ont mis à mal. Avant de conférer l'unité perdue au corps féminin, nous avons essayé de définir les termes clé de corps et de personnalité grâce aux sciences humaines, tout en tenant compte de leur spécificité liée à l'identité arabo-musulmane, aux particularités berbères et à l'influence française. Ce point de départ multiple nous a permis de ne pas tomber dans les catégorisations classiques, strictement sociales, de la femme algérienne. En voulant mettre en lumière l'unité fondamentale de cet être féminin, nous nous sommes intéressée tout d'abord à son aspect physique, le premier qui s'offre à notre vue et qui nous permet une description. Mais celui-ci dépasse les apparences car, prise en charge par le langage et l'imaginaire, il conduit à la manifestation de la dimension réflexive. Le personnage féminin djebarien passe du stade «avoir un corps» à celui d'«être un corps» doté de plusieurs dimensions, physique, psychique, intellectuelle, langagière et imaginaire (I). Mais cette image corporelle unie et heureuse est confrontée à des époques moins favorables qui sont apparues à cause de l'éloignement de la doctrine islamique initiale, telle qu'elle est présentée dans Loin de Médine, de la valorisation de certains concepts comme l'honneur, la pudeur, la honte. Confronté à l'autorité masculine qui s'exerce sur la femme algérienne dans tous les moments de la vie, et qui se traduit par l'enfermement, l'humiliation, l'assignation à certains rôles très bien définis (comme celui de mère et d'épouse), les ordres, les coups, les insultes, etc., ce corps féminin développe une «micropsychologie» (M. Maffesoli) qui se transmet de génération en génération et qui offre des réponses toutes faites à des situations diverses. Tous les gestes en sont imprégnés, mais cela n'empêche pas le réveil et le surgissement des traces cachées de la personnalité féminine dans des contextes très particuliers. Ces traces mettront en lumière la ruse, le défi et même la haine de la femme lancés à l'homme, désigné déjà dans l'imaginaire féminin algérien par le terme de «e'dou» (ennemi). Ces sentiments révèlent donc la résistance du corps féminin, faite à la fois d'une révolte muette, de cris ravalés, de murmures, d'une écoute attentive, d'un besoin de partager et de se soutenir (II). Nous avons donc devant nos yeux un corps morcelé, qui a oublié ses qualités à cause de l'intériorisation des prisons symboliques. Mais grâce à la solidarité féminine, à la valorisation de la maison vue comme espace cocon et des relations entre femmes, au retour à la langue première, les traces de liberté et de plénitude du passé éloigné sont réactualisées par les gestes et les paroles de certaines femmes libres. Celles-ci ouvrent la voie de la libération du corps féminin algérien qui réapprendra à regarder, à marcher dehors, à raconter ses souvenirs, à parler de lui et à apprécier la présence de l'homme aimé (III). L'analyse des parties corporelles visibles, de la posture féminine, des gestes dans lesquels la tradition s'est inscrite, des réactions qui dévoilent à la fois la dimension corporelle et psychique, des termes utilisés par Djebar pour parler de ses personnages féminins, nous a permis de dévoiler un corps féminin doté d'un cœur, de souvenirs, de sentiments, une personnalité et des rôles qui sortent du cadre imposé par la société. Ce corps féminin, capable de faire des gestes qui l'inscrivent dans la durée et dans l'espace reconquis, acquiert une parole performative qui le recrée et lui donne la possibilité de s'accomplir
As suggested in the works of Assia Djebar about the body of the woman excluding the cleavage of the flesh and soul and of the body and personality means a vision of a united body encompasses a broad duration and space. This body is constantly connected to the environment that influences it. This has broken its unity up. The thesis puts the emphasis on its continuity, resistance and even the survival of its identity, despite the factors or contexts that have harmed it. Before giving back to the female body its lost unity, we identified the key terms of body and personality through the humanities, while taking into account the specifics of these terms related to the Arab-Muslim identity, to the Berber characteristics and to the French influence. With this starting point, we do not fall into the conventional and strictly social categorizations of the Algerian woman. In order to highlight the fundamental unity of the feminine being, we started with its physical dimension. This is the first aspect that we view and that we can describe. But it goes beyond the appearances since, supported by the language and the imagination, it drives a reflexive dimension. The Djebarien female character transitions from the stage "have a body" to the stage of "being a body" with several dimensions: physical, psychological, intellectual, linguistic and imaginary (I). But that image of unity and harmony is faced with less favorable pictures that appeared because Islam moved away from its original doctrine as presented in the book “Far from Medina”, and the valuation of certain concepts such as honor, modesty and shame. Faced with the male authority that is exercised on the Algerian female body in every moment of life, and which results in confinement, humiliation, arrest to some very well-defined roles (such as mother and wife), orders, beatings, insults, etc.., the female body develops a “micro psychology” (M. Maffesoli) that is transmitted from generation to generation and provides built-in answers to various situations. All actions are impregnated with these, but that doesn't stop preventing the emergence of hidden traces of the female personality in very specific contexts. These traces highlight the cunning, the challenge and even the hatred of women to men, designated in the Algerian female imaginary by the term "e'dou" (enemy). These feelings reveal the strength of the female body made of a silent revolt expressed or debased by shouts, murmurs, attentive listening, a need to share and support each other.(II) So we have in front of our eyes a fragmented body, which has forgotten its qualities due to the internalization of these symbolic prisons. But thanks to the female solidarity, the appreciation of the house as a place to cocoon, the relationships between women, and the return to the first language, the traces of the distant past are renewed by the actions and words of some free women. These pave the way for the release of the Algerian female body that will learn again to watch, to walk outside, to reminisce, to talk about itself and to appreciate the presence of the beloved man. (III) The analysis of body parts visible in our corpus, the feminine posture, the gestures in which the tradition is recorded, the reactions that reveal both the physical and psychic dimension, the terms used by Djebar to talk about his feminine characters, allowed us to reveal a female body with a heart, memories, feelings, personalities and roles that are outside the framework imposed by the society. The female body able to make gestures, which falls within the time and space reclaimed, acquires a performative speech which, in turn, recreates and provides it with the opportunity to perform, while maintaining contact with the origins and the "living word". So we see a body and an identity shifting, constantly trying to form and to write

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Cummins, Neil. « Why did fertility decline ? : an analysis of the individual level economics correlates of the nineteenth century fertility transition in England and France ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/39/.

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The fertility transition in nineteenth century Europe is one of economic history’s greatest puzzles. There is no consensus in the literature on the causes of this ‘fertility revolution’. Following a critical review of the empirical and theoretical literature, this thesis re-examines the economic correlates of the fertility decline through the analysis of two new datasets from England and France. For the first time, the relationship between wealth and fertility can be studied over the period of the fertility transition. Clear patterns are discovered, namely a strong positive relationship pre-transition which switches to a strongly negative relationship during the onset of the transition. Family limitation is initiated by the richest segments of society. I then introduce a simple model which links fertility and social mobility to levels of economic inequality. I argue that parents are motivated by relative status concerns and the fertility transition is a response to changes in the environment for social mobility, where increased mobility becomes obtainable through fertility limitation. This hypothesis is tested with the new micro data in England and France. Fertility decline is strongly associated with decreased levels of inequality and increased levels of social mobility. The analysis finds strong support for the role of changes in inequality and the environment for social mobility as central factors in our understandings of Europe’s fertility transition.

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Lane, Penelope. « Women in the regional economy : the East Midlands, 1700-1830 ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36387/.

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This study explores the processes of economic change and their impact on women's working lives in the East Midlands region during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Drawing on a wide range of sources, for example, estate, probate, criminal and poor law records, it offers alternative perspectives on the position of women in the economy. The first part of the thesis looks at the wealth creating and income generating activities of 'middling' women living in urban areas. Inheritance strategies delineated in men's and women's wills do not indicate that women from the beginning of the eighteenth century became less able to hold property or engage in enterprise. Industrial development in this region encouraged women's economic participation and created additional opportunities for those situated in industrial towns to extend their interests. The value of estate records for the investigation of women's businesses is also discussed, and it is concluded that while they have their limitations, these records can provide valuable insights into women's commercial dealings. Part two is concerned with the effects of regional specialisation on the work of labouring women. There is very little evidence to suggest a shift in the sexual division of labour in agriculture from the mid-eighteenth century. The types of tasks in which women were engaged were generally no different in the early nineteenth century than they had been at the beginning of the eighteenth. The continued move to pastoral farming reduced the amount of agricultural work for women, especially for those in Leicestershire. The initial expansion of dairying while giving rise to more dairymaids can be seen as promoting growth in the domestic service sector rather than agriculture, since these occupations are so very closely linked. The majority of women appear to have been engaged in domestic service work prior to the eighteenth century, and limited work opportunities for women helps explain the emergence of redundant female labour prior to 1700. It is also argued that the expansion of domestic industry and a reduction in age at first marriage for women in the early eighteenth century noted by historians was largely a phenomenon generated by these conditions. This study also includes the trends in wage rates for women over the period, it shows that female real wages declined in comparison with those of males. The evidence presented also supports the belief that women were paid a customary wage. However, under certain circumstances some women could command wages comparable with those of men. Finally, it is argued that the intensification of the trends described, in addition to the inability of women to move between sectors of employment, led many women to employ survival mechanisms that included the greater exploitation of 'criminal' activities within the informal economy and their sexual relationships with men.

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Garcia, Ramos Aixa Maria. « Three essays on the economics of crime and gender ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8556/.

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This thesis focuses on intimate partner violence (IPV) and homicides in Mexico. The first chapter examines the effect of a woman’s relative income on IPV. My results show a U-shaped relationship between a woman’s relative income and the prevalence of physical, emotional and economic IPV. In contrast, sexual IPV linearly increases with a woman’s relative income. In the second chapter, I investigate the impact of easier access to divorce—as a consequence of the introduction of unilateral and no-fault divorce—on IPV and a woman’s contribution to decision-making. The results show that emotional and economic IPV decrease, while physicaland sexual IPV increase when they are not associated with the two other types of violence. Moreover, a woman’s contribution to decision-making improves as divorce becomes easier. In the third chapter I examine the role of the electoral cycle in explaining turf wars between Drug Trafficking Organisations (DTOs). Using homicides between DTOs as a proxy for turf wars, my findings show an increase in homicides during the lame duck period.

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Fitzmaurice, Elizabeth. « The role of empathy in family violence ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6334/.

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This thesis explores the role of empathy in family violence, specifically child maltreatment (CM) and intimate partner violence (IPV). Chapter 1 introduces the construct of empathy, its development and relevance to violence. Chapter 2 then explores the relationship between empathy and CM in a systematic literature review of 17 studies. Results found that maltreating parents demonstrate significantly lower empathic capacity and that this relationship is stronger for cognitive than affective empathy. Chapter 3 presents a critical analysis of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980) demonstrating that the measure has good reliability, validity and a range of normative data. Limitations of the measure include the validity of the Fantasy subscale and it being a questionnaire-based assessment. Chapter 4 presents a research report exploring the presence of empathy and emotional recognition skills in IPV (n=30), violent (n=20) and non-violent (n=20) offenders. Results found that IPV participants were more likely than NV offenders to interpret fearful faces as sad. Only the IRI personal distress scale (PD) showed a significant relationship with emotion recognition. The thesis conclusions are presented in Chapter 5 which identifies that empathy plays a role in family violence, although its influence in CM and IPV appears to be different.

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Williams, Rebecca. « An examination of female sexual offending : toward a gender-specific approach ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5619/.

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This thesis explores the characteristics, treatment needs and sub-types of Female Sexual Offenders (FSO). Chapter One presents an introduction to the research into FSO. Chapter Two presents a systematic review which assesses the literature that has investigated characteristics and typologies of FSO. Chapter Two identifies that FSO are a heterogeneous group and reports that the literature has emphasised differences between solo and co-offenders. Chapter Three critiques a scale from the Multiphasic Sex Inventory- II that has been used in FSO research. This scale is identified as being inappropriate for use with FSO and it is concluded that further research comparing FSO with Male Sexual Offenders (MSO) is required to understand their similarities and differences. Chapter Four attempts to address gaps in the research of FSO by statistically comparing solo and co-offenders (study 1) and solo, co-offenders and MSO (study 2) on a range of clinical characteristics. Significant differences were found between solo and co-offenders, and solo, co-offenders and MSO on a variety of characteristics. Chapter Four makes recommendations about the treatment needs and management of solo and co-offenders in light of these findings. Finally, Chapter Five presents an overall discussion of the chapters presented.

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Warburton, Brown Chris. « How does mum manage ? : investigating the financial circumstances of mothers in lower income working families ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2593/.

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This study draws on in-depth semi-structured interviews with seventeen partnered mothers in Newcastle upon Tyne. All the study households contained a full time wage earner and had an income between 60 and 85% of the national median household income. The aims of the study were: 1) to establish how interviewees managed life on a limited income, both financially and emotionally 2) to investigate how this was connected to sources of household income, negotiations with their partner, and personal beliefs about money and gender 3) to discover how these women experienced and understood their own material deprivation and their role as household financial managers. Previous studies of intra-household income have looked at the whole population or those on benefit, but mothers in this income bracket had never been studied before. Moreover, after a decade of tax credit reform and women-into-work policies significant changes in the financial circumstances of this group of households seemed likely. An approach which placed the lived experience of the interviewees at the centre of the study was taken, rooted in the feminist qualitative tradition. A new method for revealing the material deprivation of individual household members was also pioneered. The key finding is that women in this income group were likely to be materially poor, although living in households officially defined as ‘not poor’, and the way they related to their money is similar to poor women in previous studies. This resulted both from the general inadequacy of household incomes and from the way resources were distributed within the household, with women often at the bottom of the spending hierarchy. Contrary to the findings of most previous studies, women did not ‘tag’ certain streams of household income, such as reserving Child Benefit for children; instead they ensured children were protected from material deprivation by their own sacrifices, sacrifices not always shared with their male partner. The lower the household income, the more likely this was to happen. Other findings include widespread desire to undertake paid work if it fitted around caring responsibilities, a marked decline in the proportion of household income from male earnings, a strong tendency for the mother to be the sole manager of household finances and therefore the carrier of resulting stress, and a powerful discourse that men could not be trusted with money which further increased women’s burden of worry. The women interviewed had a high level of financial skill, demonstrating many strategies to make money stretch further, but usually resources were simply inadequate to meet all household needs. Policy recommendations recognise the vital importance of tax credits and argue for increasing household incomes through supporting good quality paid work that fits with caring responsibilities. It is argued that better measurement of intra-household income distribution is also needed. The cultural issues underpinning the unequal burden of self-sacrifice within families are harder to tackle, but some suggestions are made.

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Henderson, Fiona A. L. « Difficult conversations on the frontline : managing the tensions between care and control : are communication skills enough ? » Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/19066/.

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This professional doctorate in psychoanalytic psychotherapy considers the role of psychoanalytic thinking in contemporary child protection social work particularly in relation to communication with adult clients . The dual mandate of social workers to care and control creates conflict in the role which is well recognised. Less well understood is how such conflict affects communication between social workers and clients in subtle and often unconscious ways. This study uses psychoanalytically informed observations and interviews to investigate an area of defensiveness which may be evident in the ‘micro-process’ of conversations where difficult matters are being discussed. The study asks whether identifiable ‘moments of avoidance’ occur during these conversations at points of heightened tension between care and control. Results suggest that despite good communication skills, there is evidence of practitioner anxiety within the psychodynamic process of interviews; this can lead to transitory avoidance which can affect engagement and throw practitioners off course. These diversions are discussed with reference to Kleinian theories of enactment and projective identification with an emphasis on the internal pressures that initiate defensive manoeuvres of this kind. This is a timely and detailed study which illuminates the nuances of real practice and hopes to contribute to training initiatives for frontline, family social workers.

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Clifford, David Michael. « Marriage and fertility change in post-Soviet Tajikistan ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/72368/.

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This thesis, structured into four separate but related papers, uses survey birth history data to examine marital and fertility change in post-Soviet Central Asia, with a particular focus on Tajikistan. The first paper, ‘Through civil war, food scarcity and drought: fertility and nuptiality during periods of crisis in post-Soviet Tajikistan’, presents recent trends in marriage and fertility rates in Tajikistan since 1989. The fluctuating pattern of change illustrates the importance of three specific crises: the period of peak fighting in the civil war in 1992, which led to a decrease in birth registration but may also have contributed to a real decline in fertility in the worst affected areas in 1993; a food crisis in 1995, leading to immediate and significant declines in marriage and fertility; and a drought in 2000-01, which also led to marriage and fertility declines. Given the significant changes in nuptiality in Tajikistan, the next stage of the thesis places these changes within a wider Central Asian context. The second paper, ‘Marrying more and earlier: age-period interaction in trends of first union formation in transitional Central Asia’, documents the significant increase in rates of first union formation in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the late 1980s and early 1990s, showing that this increase was most marked at younger ages. The third paper, ‘Tajikistan shows the biggest collapse of all: comparing declines in union formation in post-Soviet Central Asia’, examines rates of first union formation in these countries in the post-Soviet period. It finds a significant decline in union formation across the region, but also clear differences between the republics in terms of the extent of the decline. Tajikistan, which experienced the most severe post- Soviet declines in food security, had the highest rate of union formation in the late- Soviet period but the lowest rate by the turn of the millennium. The fourth paper, ‘Spousal separation, selectivity and contextual effects: exploring the relationship between international labour migration and fertility in post-Soviet Tajikistan’ contributes to the sparse literature on the impact of temporary migration on fertility in origin areas. Fertility and migration models are solved simultaneously to account for cross-process correlation. There is clear evidence for a short-term disruptive effect of spousal separation, but it is too early to assess the implications for completed fertility.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Woman's condition »

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