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1
Burchill, Carolyn. « Fishing for souls : faith and community in a Moray fishing village ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU503950.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis presents an ethnographic study of religion and community in Gamrie, a fishing village in North East Scotland. It is based on fieldwork consisting of extended, unstructured interviews with supplementary material from written sources including books, press reports and internet sites. It addresses both the continued success of the church in the current climate of religious decline and the conditions which led to the formation of a fundamentalist Northern Ireland church in the village. My contention is that the persistence of religion is directly related both to the type of religion and the nature of the community. I maintain that the churches are successful because they adopt a strong theological stance, through which they resist the advance of secularism. Further, I argue that in this community, religion plays a role in the construction of social identity. The first part of the thesis provides an historical account of religion in Gamrie. Subsequently, I examine the main events in Scottish church history which have had a bearing on religion in the village along with a history of the churches currently in existence, before looking at the churches today. Finally, I discuss theories of religion and community and propose a theoretical framework within which the questions posed in this thesis may be answered. My discussion deals principally with secularization theories which argue that religion is incompatible with modern society and analyses the features of Protestantism which render it prone to schism. Later, I examine theories of social identity and community, focusing on the relationship between boundary maintenance and the construction of social identity and distinguishing between the concept of tradition and the process of social change. I contend that evangelical churches constitute an "imagined" community of interest, which provided networks that facilitated the affiliation of a religious group in Gamrie with a Northern Ireland Church.
2
Wakefield, Rachael Denise. « Atrazine degradation in sub-soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU053513.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Atrazine has been one of the most successful herbicides used both in agriculture and in urban situations. Its use has now been banned in U.K. agriculture. Atrazine applied to agricultural soils has been shown to leach down the profile with residues remaining in the soil up to 9 years after initial application. Residues are frequently found in sub-soils and aquifers world wide. In this study, systems were developed that enabled sampling and incubation of intact sub-soils cores that contained a sub-soil atmosphere. The sub-soil represents the last zone of significant potential degradation of xenobiotics, such as atrazine, as leaching into deeper soils and ground waters occurs. Conditions prevailing in these soils are different in terms of soil atmosphere, structure and activities of the soil microbial community. Laboratory studies were carried out which investigated the rate of atrazine mineralisation in intact sub-soil cores. Soil cores were aerated with either laboratory air or CO2-rich air generated through soil microbial activity from within a sealed sub-soil air reservoir. Results showed that atrazine mineralisation occurred at significantly higher rates in sub-soil cores aerated with sub-soil air compared to the rates in sub-soil cores aerated with laboratory air. Studies comparing mineralisation rates in intact sub-soil cores, incubated under sub-soil air or labroatory air, and soil biometers, containing sieved, mixed sub-soil, showed that higher rates of atrazine mineralisation occurred in the biometer studies than occurred in intact sub-soil cores. Similar studies using intact top-soil cores showed higher rates of mineralisation. Investigations carried out using intact sub-soil cores amended with a range of glucose concentrations, showed that no difference occurred in glucose mineralisation rates between soil cores aerated under sub-soil air and under laboratory air.
3
Haque, S. M. Sirajul. « Afforestation effects on former agricultural soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU094706.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Long-term changes in soil profile characteristics and important soil physical, chemical and biological properties were evaluated and compared at 4 paired sites in NE Scotland, 44-61 years after the afforestation of agricultural soils planted with either Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.)) or Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)). At each paired site five profiles were studied in the afforested and five in the control agricultural soils. Comparison made between various properties in the pairs of soils showed a number of significant changes, which are summarised in Tables 2.18-2.20. The surface (O) horizon of the afforested soil could be differentiated into L, F and H horizons. The O horizon was rich in organic matter, crumb structured, porous and well-drained and was differentiated from the A horizon below by an irregular boundary. The A horizon was moderately well to excessively well-drained with a subangular blocky to crumb structure. This horizon was differentiated from the B horizon below by an irregular boundary. The agricultural soil profile was characterised by compact O and A horizons with a subangular blocky structure; each horizon was separated from the one below by a gradual, smooth horizon boundary. Afforestation increased the combined thickness of the O and A horizon by 0.21 cm yr-1. It caused a significant decrease in bulk density and had no effect on particle size distribution. At most sites % organic matter, C, C/N ratio, CEC and NH4+ concentration were higher and extractable P concentration lower in the O horizon and most of the A horizons of forest soils, compared to the agricultural soil. The concentration of N increased significantly in the O horizon. Soil pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K and % base saturation decreased significantly in most forest soil horizons compared to the agriculated soils. Exchangeable Na concentration increased in the B horizon. Accumulation rates of each element since afforestation were also calculated.
4
Morley, Nicholas Jackson. « Aerobic denitrification in soils : fact or fiction ? » Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU507939.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Homogeneous soil slurries were employed for testing the regulating factors for aerobic denitrification. The presence of nitrite, at a relatively high concentration, was a strong inducer of aerobic nitrous oxide production, during which no dinitrogen evolution was measured. High concentrations of nitrite also appeared to inhibit reduction of nitrous oxide under more suitable denitrifying conditions (low oxygen), which resulted in a high denitrifier nitrous oxide-to-dinitrogen ratio. In contrast, dinitrogen production was efficient in near-anoxic slurries when nitrate or low concentrations of nitrite were present. Nitrous oxide and dinitrogen production in soil slurries exhibited various responses with the addition of different carbon compounds. Simple sugars (glucose and mannitol) induced the lowest nitrous oxide production whereas more complex substrates (glutamic acid and butyrate) induced more nitrous oxide under oxic conditions. In addition, no dinitrogen production occurred when slurries were incubated with more than 2% oxygen in the headspace, except when supplemented with butyrate. In addition to soil slurries a culture-based approach was adopted to investigate whether bacterial cells extracted from soil exhibited any aerobic denitrification activity. During the respiratory depletion of oxygen these extracted cells only initiated denitrification when oxygen concentration fell below 10 &'956;M, and once anoxic denitrification was highly efficient with little intermediates accumulating. However, anoxic cells, containing a fully functional denitrification pathway, appeared to sustain denitrification where re-exposed to oxygen. The resulting denitrification was highly perturbed in that nitrous oxide was the dominant product. The results suggest that aerobic denitrification is a possibility in soils and that nitrite might be a replacement. Dynamic changes in oxygen could lead to higher soil nitrous oxide production following an anoxic phase.
5
Majalap, Noreen. « Effects of Acacia mangium on soils in Sabah ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU118277.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Soil changes occurring under A. mangium were studied by comparing soil chemical properties between A. mangium plantations and adjacent non- A. mangium areas, both on a regional and a local scale. Soil pH, exchangeable base cations (especially Ca), and base saturation decreased under A. mangium while exchangeable acidity and Al increased. Translocation of base cations down the soil profile was shown by a decrease in their concentrations in the upper parts of the soil profile and an increase at depths. This appears to be related to an increase in organic C and N content in the lower soil horizons. Solute chemistry and fluxes in precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and in the forest floor, at 30 and 60 cm soil depth were studied. Rates of litter production, litter decomposition and N-mineralization were also quantified. Canopy interception of precipitation was high (20%) resulting in retention of most of the solutes. These, however, were later released in considerable amounts from the forest floor. Dissolved organic C showed the highest flux from the forest floor. Litter production was high under A. mangium at 12 t ha-1 yr-1 while leaf litter decomposition rate was relatively low at 0.45 yr-1 suggesting that forest floor as a significant source of organic acids. While considerable NO3-N flux from the forest floor was also seen, concentration of NO3-N was highest in the surface mineral soil. Soil nitrification rate was estimated as 17.7 g g-1 30 d-1 for the 0-15 cm depth. In a laboratory soil leaching experiment, interactions of throughfall and stemflow solutions with A. mangium litter caused significant changes in the soil chemical properties. Retention of DOC in the soil plus the continual increase in leachate pH suggest enhanced weathering. Increase in soil pH, exchangeable bases and base saturation was observed suggesting that in the short term A. mangium results in 'ameliorative' effects on the soils, but may be deleterious in the long-term especially on highly weathered soils.
6
Tiensing, Tinnakorn. « Novel techniques in assessing bioavailability of pollutants in soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU153957.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Effective techniques for assessing soil environmental pollution are required to develop protective policy. Chemical methods have been traditionally used to determine total concentration of pollutants and biologically linked measurements have been used to assess the bioavailable fraction of pollutants. Bioluminescence-based microbial bioassays have been shown to respond to the bioavailable fractions. Growth and bioluminescence of lux-marked E. coli HB101 and P. fluorescens 10586r were characterised and optimised for freeze-drying culture. Freeze-drying cultures have been used effectively because of their ease of use, rapid assay response and sensitivity to a wide range of pollutants. An assessment of Zn and Cd amended soil was investigated. Two different techniques (centrifugation and Rhizon sampler) were used to obtain the interstitial pore water of soils. The concentrations of Zn and Cd were significantly higher in the soil solution extracted using the centrifugation technique compared to the Rhizon sampler technique. The biosensors responded to the free metal concentrations in the soil solution. An assessment of the toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, individually and in combinations, was tested in deionised water (pH 5.5), soil solutions, and soils using lux-marked E. coli HB101 and P. fluorescens 10586r. Toxicity interaction responses of the mixture chlorophenols were predicted using a model. Synergistic interactions were observed for the response of P. fluorescens 10586r pUCD60-7 to all combinations of chlorophenol tested, while the response of E. coli HB101 pUCD607 varied with the matrix solutions tested. Bioavailability of naphthalene was studied using cyclodextrin-based extractions caused to the luminescence response of Pseudomonas fluorescens KH44 pUTK21. Increasing the concentrations of beta-cyclodextrin (b-CD) and hydroxylpropyl-b-cyclodextrin (HPBC) in the extract solutions increased the apparent concentration of naphthalene in the soil solutions. The luminescence response of P. fluorescens HK44 was associated with bioavailable of naphthalene.
7
Wimaladasa, G. D. « Some aspects of the chemistry and mineralogy of soil potassium in Sri Lankan acid tea soils and Scottish soils under a range of crops ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1989. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU020940.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Sri Lankan acid tea soils, collected from six different agro-ecological regions and from the long-term field experiments in St. Coombs, were subjected to a detailed mineralogical investigation with particular reference to the understanding of the chemistry of soil potassium and K fertiliser applications. These extremely weathered soils contained predominantly kaolinite, Al-chlorite, gibbsite and goethite, but K-fixing minerals like smectite and vermiculite were absent. Small quantities of micaceous minerals were only found in the fine and coarse sand fractions of these soils, except in the Hantana soil which contained substantial quantities of micaceous minerals in the clay, silt and sand fractions. The clay and silt fractions of the Scottish soils of the Countesswells and Foudland soil series comprised 60% to 70% of mica and mica-weathered products of interstratified mica/vermiculite and vermiculite/chlorite. The rate of transformation of the micaceous minerals and the concentration of hydroxy-Al 'islands' in the Countesswells soil series increased with decreasing soil pH. The Foudland soil contained more weatherable micaceous minerals, and spring barley, winter wheat, potatoes and ryegrass/clover in a crop rotation field experiment produced optimum crop yields in the absence of K fertilisers, due to the release of substantial amounts of non-exchangeable K. The Countesswells soil was unable to supply sufficient non-exchangeable K for ryegrass/clover growth in order to achieve the same yield as that with K fertiliser. A mixed NH4- and Cl- ion exchange resin method for extraction of soil K was developed, which was capable of estimating the amounts of short-, medium- and long-term K reserves that are available to ryegrass, grown in different soil types covering a wide range of soil pH and K-bearing minerals, without destroying the mineral matrix, but K-bearing minerals in both soils and pure minerals were found to either transform or dissolve progresively as mineralogical changes took place at the soil/root interface. A new perspex cell was constructed to hold a 4mm layer of soil or mineral, for in situ studies of root morphology, and for study of the mineralogical changes in soils or pure K-bearing minerals, due to the uptake of both exchangeable and non-exchangeable K by ryegrass, within a 2mm radius of the root surface. This study showed that there were more total, primary and lateral ryegrass roots growing in a soil of higher K status, compared with one of lower K status. The numbers of dead or decomposed roots were greater in the lower K status soil. Interstratified smectite, mica/vermiculite and vermiculite/chlorite minerals were formed in the soil within a 2mm radius of the root surface, due to K uptake by ryegrass. These mineralogical changes were not observed in the same soil under intensive cropping with ryegrass in the glasshouse in bigger cylindrical pots or after 21 years of continuous growth of ryegrass in the field. Dissolution of the 2:1 layer silicate mineral structure occurred in soils and vermiculite in the perspex cells, due to the production of H3O- ions, particularly where root growth was greatest. This dissolution mechanism may override the diffusion mechanism of K release to plant roots within a 2mm radius of the root surface, and may help explain the wide range of diffusion coefficients of soil K, (10-10 to 10-23)cm2 sec-1, which appear in the literature. The new techniques of extraction of soil K by use of a mixed NH4- and C1- ion exchange resin and of studying root growth in a perspex cell, which were developed in this thesis, merit further investigation.
8
Ley, George J. « A study of hard-setting behaviour of structurally weak tropical soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU010493.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Some soils set to a hard structureless mass on drying and this behaviour may limit crop productivity. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which soil management and soil properties influence hard-setting behaviour in order to identify those soil properties which are most appropriate to characterise the limitations to management and crop growth imposed by hard-setting. Five sites from four vegetation zones of Nigeria were investigated. Within each site soils were sampled from no-till or forested plots and these were contrasted with cleared (deforested) amd ploughed plots. Hard-setting behaviour was determined by measuring the unconfined compressive and tensile strengths of small undisturbed cores (minicores) which had been equilibrated at a range of matric potentials. Rooting potential was assessed both by measuring needle penetrometer resistance or cores equilibrated at potentials of -6 and -100 kPa; and also by measuring penetrometer resistance in the field at a range of moisture contents. Soil bulk density, organic matter concentration, soil friability, aggregate stability and amounts of water suspendable solids were also measured to assess soil properties that are likely to be diagnostic of hard-setting behaviour. The limitations imposed by hard-setting behaviour on rooting and yields of maize and cowpea were assessed at IITA. The minicore strengths increased as the moisture content decreased but the increase was much more marked for mechanized cleared or tilled soils than for the less disturbed treatments of forestry and a no-till system. For all soils the most pronounced effects of moisture content deplection on soil strength occurred at potentials of < -100 kPa. Theoretical considerations indicated that the effective stress accounted for over half of the strength of minicores at -100 kPa and more than accounted for the strength of minicores at -1 MPa. The greater strength in tilled soils was attributed to a decrease in organic matter content, wet aggregate stability and friability and to an increase in bulk density. Needle and field penetrometer resistance results indicated that rooting potential was reduced on hard-setting soils and actual root measurements supported this view. Consequently maize and cowpea yields were reduced.
9
Kennedy, Jane. « Factors affecting the retention of dissolved organic carbon in upland soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU100041.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this thesis was to investigate soil and environmental factors which influence the adsorption of DOC in upland, moorland soils. In Chapter 1 climate change, the greenhouse effect and the global carbon cycle are discussed briefly. A more detailed discussion of carbon cycling in the plant-soil-water system focuses on DOC retention in podzols and the review concludes with a summary of the aims of this thesis. A peaty podzol has greater potential to retain DOC than the other major soil types within the Glen Dye catchment, N.E. Scotland. Retention of DOC by physico-chemical surface interactions occurred in the mineral horizons of the soil where locally high concentrations of amorphous Fe and Al were present. Laboratory experiments using potassium hydrogen phthalate as a source of DOC showed that DOC retention is favoured by longer contact times between soil and solution. Net retention of DOC in the podzol profile is decreased by increasing the solution pH and by repeated wetting/drying and freezing/thawing cycles. As temperature and reaction time increased, respiration becomes more important as a mechanism for depleting solution phthalate DOC concentrations. Annual fluxes of DOC in precipitation, podzolic O, E and Bs soil horizon solution and stream water were estimated for the Burn of Waterhead catchment to be 35, 121, 83, 37 and 48 kg C ha-1yr-1 respectively. The DOC fluxes and the concentrations of related elements varied seasonally, with the largest DOC fluxes produced in the autumn and lowest in the summer. The annual DOC flux from the Burn of Waterhead was lower than fluxes from other catchments at Glen Dye. Results from the field site supported laboratory experimental results which suggested that climate change will result in an increase in the DOC flux from results which suggested that climate change will result in an increase in the DOC flux from peaty podzolic soil.
10
Sanger, Luke. « Acidic deposition effects on upland organic soils and their drainage water ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU058910.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The work presented in this thesis investigates the effects of precipitation chemistry on the chemical characteristics of upland organic soils in the UK and their associated drainage waters. It also describes effects on a number of microbially-mediated processes and concludes with a study on methods for the amelioration of peat acidification. Data presented in chapters 3, 5 and 6 have recently been published or accepted for publication (Sanger et al. 1993 a. 1993 b and 1993 c). The first chapter describes the nature of soil acidity and reviews the relevant literature on the effects of acidic deposition, with particular emphasis on upland organic soils and their drainage waters. Chapter 2 describes a field survey carried out in the UK which investigates relationships between the exchangeable and total element chemistry of peat and precipitation chemistry. The results showed that peat collected from areas receiving high concentrations of H+, NH4+, SO42- andNO3- in precipitation were characterised by high extractable NH4+ and total P. and low extractable NO3-, base saturation and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+. TheNH4+ concentration in precipitation was strongly related to a number of soil chemical parameters and the results suggest that future changesin NH4+ inputsto peatscould significantlyeffect soil and drainage water chemistry. The results also show that (1) processes involved in the cycling of N and P may have been altered by precipitation chemistry (2) exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ have been displaced by NH4+ and H+ in areas with high acidic deposition. Peat from areas with a high marine input in precipitation contained high concentrations of exchangeable N+ and K+. Laboratory simulation studies (chapter 3 and 4) using intact peat monoliths were carried out to complement the regional survey described in chapter 2. They were set up to examine element fluxes from peats in relation to precipitation chemistry.
11
McMahon, Ruairi. « Aluminium speciation in soils and surface waters under impact of acid rain ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU033626.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Chapter 1: The emissions, transformation and deposition of Acid Rain are outlined in this chapter as well as the interaction of acid precipitation with vegetation and the mechanisms of soil acidification. The possible pathways for the release of aluminium in soils are discussed as well as an introduction to aqueous aluminium chemistry and aluminium speciation techniques. Chapter 2: The sites descriptions of the Loch Ard, Allt a Mharcaidh and Hoylandet catchments are presented. The methods of sample collection by field instrumentation and aluminium determination in water samples are also described. Details of soil extraction techniques applied to all the horizons of the soils in the catchments are given. The concentration of available solid phase aluminium in the soils is presented. Chapter 3: The Loch Ard catchment was used for the study of aluminium speciation in soils and surface waters of acidified catchments. Two soil types under different vegetations were examined and an aluminium budget study of input, vegetation, soil and stream waters was presented. Chapter 4: Aluminium speciation in three soil types in the Allt a Mharcaidh catchment was studied. An absolute budget of Al release was not presented but variations in Al species in waters from soil and streams over the sampling period were presented. Chapter 5: Episodic events at both Hoylandet (Norway) and Loch Ard (Scotland) were studied. The event in Norway was due to spring snowmelt while the event at Loch Ard was rainstorm event. The chemical response to large fluctuations in percolating waters through soils resulting in increased stream flow as monitored over short time periods, particularly in relation to changes in aluminium species. Chpater 6: A laboratory controlled leaching experiment on an alpine podzol and peaty podzol soil from the Allt a Mharcaidh catchment was undertaken using both mineral (sulphuric) and organic (citric) acids. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the potential release of aluminium from soil horizons acidified by different acidic inputs. It also investigated the possible soil mechanisms resulting in the release of aluminium, particularly sulphate saturation and cation exchange reactions. Chapter 7: The response of stream sediment to release aluminium into waters subjected to increased acidification was studied in both laboratory and catchment-based experiments. The results indicated the valuable source of aluminium in stream beds which must be considered in determining a proper aluminium budget for a catchment study. Chapter 8: A preliminary study of the organic complexation of aluminium with naturally occurring organic acids and three different fulvic acids is presented. The study outlines the difficulty in predicting complexation particularly for fulvic acids where major molecular structural differences account for the degree of complexation. Chapter 9: Summary and conclusions.
12
Flynn, H. C. « Biosensor assessment of arsenic and antimony bioavailability in mining soils and sediments ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU180551.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mining and smelting activities are a major source of arsenic and antimony contamination in the environment. These contaminants have been neglected when such sites are investigated, hence there is a need for their environmental impacts to be assessed. An understanding of bioavailability underpins any such assessment. This measure can only be inferred from traditional chemical techniques and the use of novel bioavailability surrogate measures. This study used a suite of three lux-marked bacterial biosensors as complimentary tools to assess metalloid bioavailability and toxicity in soils contaminated by mining and smelting. This included two constitutively marked metabolic sensors which exhibit inhibition responses to toxicity, and an ars inducible biosensor which reports on metalloid bioavailability. The biosensor responses were first characterised using standard solutions, confirming that they exhibit dose dependent responses which indicate the speciation of bioavailable forms and account for contaminant interactions. The techniques were then applied to assessing a range of environmental samples from sites around the UK, and in Chile, contaminated by either historic or contemporary mining and smelting activities. The results indicated that the metabolic biosensors are powerful tools for assessing the toxicity of bioavailable contaminants while the ars inducible biosensor reports on arsenite bioavailability. The speciation of antimony in the environmental samples resulted in low bioavailable levels, and therefore it played no significant role in determining the biosensor responses. Metal co-contaminants tended to mask the effect of arsenic on the biosensor responses and cation exchange treatment proved a successful technique to mitigate this problem. This work also highlighted the impact of extraction methodology on the chemical composition of soil water and therefore the results obtained.
13
Smith, Carol M. S. « Assessment of critical loads of acidity for selected U.K. upland organic soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU555089.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The use of critical loads of acidity to quantify damage to sensitive components of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has developed rapidly over the last decade. While much work has focused on defining damage to forested ecosystems, surface waters and groundwaters, there has been little work done on defining critical loads of acidity for ombrotrophic and minerotrophic peat. This thesis presents a modelling approach to quantify damage to ombrotrophic peat ecosystems, since such damage can result in a decline in both surface water quality and the ability of peat to act as an absorbent to aerial pollutants. Initial investigations were concerned with the factors which could be included in investigations of critical loads of N and acidity to the surface organic horizons of forest and moorland soils. The modelling approach was then developed from a series of laboratory-based simulation experiments to investigate the effect of contents of H&'43 , Ca2&'43 and Mg2&'43 in rainfall upon the chemistry of the peat ion exchange complex. The basic tenet of the modelling approach was that ion exchange equilibria for peat is rapid, mineral input to the surface of ombrotrophic peat from mineral weathering is negligible and that atmospheric inputs of wet and dry deposition will dominate the peat chemistry. These simulation experiments provided peat pH values resulting from equilibration with the simulated rainfall. By combining these with databases of atmospheric depositon for the U.K., critical loads of acidity and the present day peat pH were calculated and mapped. The critical load values for peat thus obtained were incorporated in the U.K. Critical Load mapping program, which was used to support the on-going European negotiations of emission reduction within the United Nations Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (U.N. E.C.E. C.L.T.A.P.).
14
Young, Iain McEwing. « Soil strength and hard-setting behaviour of some structurally unstable British soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU010498.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A study was made of the physical properties of a number of structurally sensitive soils some of which exhibited behaviour characteristic of hard-setting soils (soils which when wet slump and set hard, on drying presenting problems in terms of ease of cultivations and root growth). Work concentrated on an examination of soils of the Wick series at two sites at the Institute of Horticultural Research, Wellesbourne, where there is a documented history of consistent differences in crop yields between sites. The worse site (Big Ground) had been intensively managed for considerably longer than the better one (Plum Orchard). Dry bulk density measurements over the growing season suggest that slumping occurred on both sites. Big Ground had the greatest bulk density (typically over 1.65 g/cm3). Field and laboratory penetrometer measurements have shown that under relatively dry (an 8% moisture content) conditions roots would experience severe mechanical impedence on both sites. Root counts at final harvest showed that conditions for rooting were considerably worse in Big Ground where all roots were confined to the top 30 cm. Root growth was better in Plum Orchard and was concentrated in between peds, which did not exist at Big Ground. Laboratory strength (unconfined compressive and indirect tensile) and friability measurements on equilibrated samples also showed up differences between the two sites; the greates differences existing between 1 and 10 bar tension with Big Ground samples exhibiting the greatest strengths and least friabilities. On both sites strengths were observed to increase sharply for a comparatively small decrease in moisture content. Implications of these results are discussed with reference to ease of cultivation and rootability. Another light texured soil from Elgin, known for its tendency to erode, was chosen as a contrast to the Wellesbourne sites. Soil at this site was shown to have much less of a tendency to slump and to create problems for root growth, compared to the Wellesbourne sites. The Elgin soil was also considerably weaker, and the sharp increase in strength observed at Wellesbourne was not observed in Elgin. A new test for water suspendable solids, performed on the Wellesbourne and Elgin soils as well as on 5 other soils known for their structural instability showed that, with the exception of the Elgin soil, a large amount of silt sized material could be brought into suspension with little soild disturbance. An explanation for hard-setting behaviour which is based on those results is suggested.
15
Boyd, Elaine M. « Development of a bacterial bioassay to assess xenobiotic toxicity in soils and groundwaters ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU094079.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Organic xenobiotic compounds in the environment are causing widescale concern. Knowledge of the toxicity of organic xenobiotic compounds to the soil microbial biomass is essential as soil health and sustainability are essential for ecosystem function. Traditionally, chemical analysis has been used to assess contamination impacts in soils, however, compound residue cannot provide information on toxicity in environmental matrices, the toxicity of complex chemical mixtures and bioavailability. Bioluminescence bioassays, utilising the naturally bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri have been widely used to investigate the toxicity of contaminants in soil, sediment and freshwater environments. To utilise the V. fischeri bioassay all samples must be adjusted to a near neutral pH and a salinity of 2 % NaCl. Application of this assay to assess toxicity in terrestrial environments means that samples are not assessed under natural pH and saline conditions. Bioluminescent terrestrial bacteria have been constructed by inserting the lux genes, encoding of bioluminescence in marine bacterium, into the plasmid or chromosomal genome of terrestrial bacteria. The plasmid lux marked strain studied in this thesis, Pseudomonas fluorescens 10586s pUCD607, was used to develop a bioassay which could assess the toxicity of substituted benzenes in aqueous solution. The EC50 values determined for benzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene were comparable between lux marked P. fluorescens and V. fischeri. Bioluminescence responses to substituted benzenes were investigated with a view to understanding modes of toxic action. Observed stimulation of bioluminescence in response to a number of compounds was thought to be caused by the uncoupling of proton gradients by low organic xenobiotic concentrations. Viable cell counts confirmed that stimulation of bioluminescence was not as a result of an increase in the number of viable cells. At high substituted benzene concentrations an inhibition of bioluminescence was observed. Application of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for chlorobenzenes, utilising P. fluorescens toxicity data and physiochemical characteristics, showed that the toxic responses of these non-polar compounds were a function of compound solubility and lipophicity. QSARs applied to assess chlorobenzene toxicity could not be used to predict the toxicity of polar compounds due to the differing modes of toxic action. Correlating P. fluorescens with QSARs developed for C. meneghiniana and Pimephales promelas showed good correlation between the freshwater organisms but a poor correlation between marine bacterium V. fischeri.
16
Rashid, M. H. « Availability and retention of zinc, especially in relation to the soils of Bangladesh ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU010494.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The availability and retention of zinc by soils and minerals of relevance to the crop, especially rice, growing areas of Bangladesh was investigated. The 32 days of continuous soil submergence caused a significant decrease in available zinc, sulphate and copper. Available iron increased significantly while manganese showed a sharp increase followed by a rapid decrease. As pH increased, adsorption and/or precipitation and co-precipitation of zinc with aged or fresh iron and aluminium hydrated oxides was partially responsible for the frequently reported fixation and unavailability of zinc added to the soil. The particle size of the products increased with increasing pH and initial concentration of the relevant elements. For synthetic oxides, the adsorption capacity of manganese appeared to be higher than that of iron or aluminium varieties. The amount of zinc adsorbed by fresh or aged iron or aluminium oxides was similar, but was much different between the fresh and aged forms. The presence of nitrate and sulphate anions made no difference to the shape of the isotherm for zinc adsorption on soil. Variations in adsorption between soils were attributed to the content and nature of the clay fraction and magnitude of CEC. Soils with the highest percentages of clay and, especially, smectites had the highest adsorptive capacities for zinc. Zinc adsorption by soils, clays and synthetic hydrous oxide minerals conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model within certain limits. It was concluded that a higher content of iron, aluminium and manganese oxide hydroxides, a higher CEC and a higher proportion of smectites in the clay fraction were the principal reasons for increased retention by soils and resultant decreased availability of zinc to plants, particularly at higher pH.
17
Sanyi, Hassan H. A. R. « Effects of liming of upland soils on nutrient mobilities in relation to water quality ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1989. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU020937.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The work in this thesis relates to understanding the potential effects of using surface liming of upland soils to ameliorate water acidification. Effects on vegetation, soil, and drainage water chemistry are considered. Part I of this thesis reviews the environmental conditions of British Uplands (climate, soils and vegetation), and the relevant literature on water acidification in North-East Scotland. In Part II, each chapter deals with materials, methods used, discussion of the results and conclusion for one of a series of individual experiments. This pattern is followed for a number of laboratory, greenhouse and field studies. Liming of different organic soils significantly increased only the surface layer pH of the soils. The consequence of surface liming should be highly beneficial in terms of water quality, since most of the precipitation in the catchment under consideration (Glendye) during heavy storms, when river acid episodes occur, drains near or over the surface. The effect of lime on pH below the surface should be considered after a year or more. Liming on the other hand increased the mineralisation of organic N and released NH4+ and NO3-. The balance between N mineralization and immobilization by vegetation and microbial biomass should be considered carefully for each individual soil and site. If the mobile NO3- reaches the river or streams and increases the NO3- to beyond an acceptable limit, this could be considered an adverse effect of liming. Although within the timescale of this project there was no adverse effect noticed on the heather under field conditions, the long term effects should be considered carefully in terms of changing vegetation pattern as a result of liming, which will favour growth of grass.
18
Somasiri, L. L. W. « A mixed ion-exchange resin procedure for assessing nutrient availability in temperate and tropical soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU033914.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A multi-element soil extraction procedure (P, K, Mg, and Ca) using a mixed cation/anion exchange resin has been developed and its performance evaluated. Ion uptake to and recovery from the resin were highly reproducible over the concentration ranges typically experienced in soil. The effects on the overall reproducibility of changing various experimental parameters such as soil:water:resin ratios were quantified. Plant nutrient uptake and yield parameters obtained from either field (coconut) or pot (rye-grass) experiments using tropical or temperate soils have been used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of the proposed method. Comparisons with existing more widely acceptable soil extractants are made. The proposed method generally gave highly significant correlations with crop data which were independent of soil type. The possibility of including a simultaneous multi-element analytical step, which greatly increases the overall advantages of the resin procedure, has also been assessed.
19
Thorpe, Ian S. « The role of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus in the transport of bacterial inocula in soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1994. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU075279.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The effect of L. terrestris on the transport of marked bacterial inocula in the absence of percolating water was investigated using repacked soil microcosms over a 10 day period. The microcosms consisted of cylindrical cores containing loamy sand. The bacterial inoculum was applied in filter paper disks to the surface of soil cores containing L. terrestris and to control cores. Destructive analysis of cores was carried out 5 and 10 days after inoculation to facilitate enumeration of marked bacterial inocula at 3 depths in the soil. Significantly greater vertical transport of marked bacteria occurred in cores containing L. terrestris. The effect of L. terrestris on the dispersal of marked bacteria in the presence of percolating water was investigated using both repacked soil cores and larger intact cores over a one month period. Bacterial inocula were again applied in filter paper disks to the surface of cores and the cores subjected to simulated rainfall events at 3 day intervals. Concentrations of marked bacteria in leachate were determined and destructive harvests of cores carried out after 24 days. The results from repacked soil cores demonstrated that cores containing earthworms were associated with early breakthrough, higher percentage recovery and greater numbers of marked bacteria in the leachate than control cores without earthworms. Results from intact soil cores demonstrated that cores containing earthworms were associated with different bacterial leaching patterns, higher percentage recovery and greater numbers of bacteria in the leachate than control cores. For both repacked and intact cores, the presence of earthworms in cores led to transport of marked bacteria to greater depths in the soil. Plaster of Paris impregnation of repacked and intact cores highlighted the importance of earthworm burrowing in providing pathways for bypass water flow and hence bacterial transport through soil. Results from the use of interdisciplinary methods developed and adapted in this study identify the importance of earthworms in the fate of microbial inocula in soil and the potential for use of earthworms in biotechnology.
20
Tennakoon, Nihal Ananda. « Effect of heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge on biological and chemical properties of coniferous forest soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU549118.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A field study was carried out at Ardross forest, northern Scotland where heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge had been applied to a peaty podzol at rates of 500 (low) and 1000 (high) kg N ha-1 before tree (Sitka spruce) planting. Nitrogen mineralisation rates determined by field incubation of sealed cores ranged from 3.7 to 4.5 and 7.3 to 9.4 kg N h-1 over the growing season (May to September, 1991) in soils amended with low and high rates of sludge respectively. For the control soil, to which no sludge had been added, mineralisation rates ranged from 2.4 to 2.9 kg N ha-1. Mineralisation of residual sludge was estimated to be 0.56&'37 and 1.14&'37 in 1991, 8 years after sludge application at the low and high rates, respectively. Soils brought back to the laboratory and repacked according to the field profile enabled microcosm studies to be carried out to further investigate possible changes caused to N-cycling processes in coniferous forest soil due to application of heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge, and to consider possible mechanisms of any such changes. In the microcosm study, the two rates of application of sewage sludge increased N mineralisation. A linear relationship was apparent between N mineralisation and the rate of sludge application. Increased N mineralisation was associated with an increase in active fungal mycelium, biomass N and soil animal population densities. The availability of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn was found to be related to the time of the year, with highest availability in Spring and Summer, and lowest availability in Winter. There was no evidence of any adverse effects in terms of heavy metals on the studied biological parameters and mineralisation rates in the field and microcosm studies. Total N, pH and moisture also increased due to sludge application.
21
Hollstein, R. W. M. « The dependence of mycorrhrizae in Sitka spruce roots, on the availability of phosphorus in serpentine and basaltic soils ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU006854.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The nature and occurrence of mycorrhizal associations, with particular reference to the anatomy, carbohydrate physiology, plant mineral nutrition and occurrence of ectomycorrhizae (ECM), is discussed. The ecology and forest relations of Picea sitchensis - the Sitka spruce concludes the literature review. Identification of areas of good and poor Sitka growth on related soils and the quantification of their ECM status, investigation of the effect of phosphate addition to Sitka seedlings in pots, subsequent and changes to their ECM status, and the effects of soluble aluminium on phosphate nutrition of Sitka seedlings, the collation of results and relation back to the field situation were carried out as experimental work. Field sites were identified and described in terms of geology, soils, field ECM status, forest productivity and nutrient status. Three pot experiments were carried out. The 1st investigated the effects of phosphate application on ECM Sitka seedlings in soil from the field sites; the 2nd investigated the effects of phosphate application to ECM and non-mycorrhizal (NM) seedlings in compost; and the 3rd investigated the affects of application of Al-citrate to ECM and NM seedlings in compost containing high and low levels of phosphate. The results obtained were described and discussed in the context of a model of the factors affecting plant response to the soil environment. The field ECM development representing a considerable drain on the carbohydrate economy of the field sites was to some extent duplicated in the greenhouse. The possible decrease in importance of this drain was illustrated by phosphate application, but was increased by addition of Al-citrate. A previously unrecorded ECM-enhanced uptake of Manganese was reported. The importance of phosphate in the soils under discussion was emphasised, and possible further work suggested.
22
Adomako, Eureka Emefa. « Variations in levels of arsenic and other potentially toxic trace elements in Ghanaian soils and grains : human health implications for mining-impacted areas ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU521787.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Soil, plant and water samples from Ghana were analysed by inductively coupled plasma--mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to ascertain the impact of gold mining on soil chemistry and grain quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) of soil trace element concentrations showed that while As, Co, Cu and Zn are the main trace elements influencing variability, As poses a more serious pollution threat compared to all other elements considered in this study. Soils from the Anum Valley Irrigation Project (AVIP) site at Odumase, located close to the old Konongo gold mine in the Ashanti region, contained up to 103 mg As/kg and paddy rice from this site recorded the highest grain As content (0.6 mg/kg) for Ghana grown rice. Results from water analysis indicate that surface run-offs from abandoned mine tailings into the paddy irrigation water (River Owerri) constitute the primary source of As pollution at the AVIP-Odumase site. Comparison of soil-shoot-grain As transfer in Ghana and Bangladesh grown rice showed that at equivalent shoot concentrations rice grain As concentration will be higher for Bangladesh grown rice. Both Bangladesh and Ghana grown rice, however, showed an exponential relationship between shoot As and grain/shoot As ratio, thus indicating a strong influence of plant physiological regulation on As transfer to rice grain. Results of regression analyses of soil-shoot-grain As, Cu, Mn and Zn relationships suggest a potential disruption of the trace element content of rice grain as a result of the geochemical and physiological repercussions of elevated As in paddy fields. Market basket surveys of indigenous and imported grains from Ghana showed that mean As content in polished paddy rice from Ghana (0.11 mg/kg) is 10 times higher than in the locally produced maize, sorghum and millet. On the whole, mining communities that depend on As-enriched water for irrigation of farmlands, as well as for drinking and cooking, face higher risks of dietary As exposure.
23
Chadwick, Katherine L. « The response of dissolved carbon dynamics to environmental change in upland shallow organic soils : a study of organic horizon responsiveness and soil horizon interactions ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU238550.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examined the relatively uncharted realm of dissolved C dynamics in upland shallow organic soils. Extensive preliminary investigations and preparatory experimental evaluations led to the successful deployment of sampling strategies at a range of spatial scales in a climosequence of matched field sites in Wales, Scotland and Iceland. These sites provided the basis for investigation of climatic and mineralogical effects upon dissolved C transformations in upland shallow organic soils. Biological assessments including novel application of modified techniques identified the responsiveness of these soils to environmental perturbations at a range of experimental scales, and over varied temporal periods. As C loss from upland organic soils requires both degradation of SOM and export of degraded C via solution percolation and flushing or gaseous exchange, the capacity of the different mineral horizons to retain degraded C, and indeed the quality of the bound C, is of consequence to soil C source-sink understanding. The combined roles of organic and mineral horizons in C turnover potential and retention capability indicate the importance of upland shallow organic soils in modelling soil C dynamics in response to climate change. This highlights the necessity of sustainable management of these upland areas within the northern hemisphere.
24
Xavier, Domingos. « Mensagem de Fátima : questão teológica e soteriológica ». Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/28315.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A mensagem de Fátima é dirigida a toda a humanidade, transmitida através dos três
pastorinhos, portugueses, localizado em Fátima, Portugal. Deus é fiel à sua aliança, por isso,
se preocupa com o destino do Seu povo.
A humanidade é fortemente influenciada pelos pecados e, por consequência disso,
lança o desafio de relação com o seu próximo, como também com Deus. A boa relação com o
próximo e com Deus leva a humanidade ao Céu.
Este trabalho procura descobrir o verdadeiro caminho para o seguimento da
humanidade, segundo a Mensagem vinda do Céu.The message of Fatima is addressed to all humanity, transmitted through the three Portuguese shepherds, located in Fatima, Portugal. God is faithful to His covenant, so He cares about the destiny of His people. Humanity is strongly influenced by sins and, as a consequence, it challenges the relationship with its neighbor, as well as with God. Good relationship with one's neighbor and with God brings humanity to Heaven. This work seeks to discover the true path for the following of humanity, according to the Message from heaven.