Bibliographies thématiques / Wild to crop hybridization

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Wild to crop hybridization »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Wild to crop hybridization"

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ARMSTRONG, T. T., R. G. FITZJOHN, L. E. NEWSTROM, A. D. WILTON et W. G. LEE. « Transgene escape : what potential for crop-wild hybridization ? » Molecular Ecology 14, no 7 (28 avril 2005) : 2111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02572.x.

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Poverene, M., A. Carrera, S. Ureta et M. Cantamutto. « Wild helianthus species and wild-sunflower hybridization in Argentina ». Helia 27, no 40 (2004) : 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hel0440133p.

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Macková, Lenka, Petr Vít et Tomáš Urfus. « Crop-to-wild hybridization in cherries-Empirical evidence fromPrunus fruticosa ». Evolutionary Applications 11, no 9 (26 juillet 2018) : 1748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12677.

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Darmency, H., G. R. Zangre et J. Pernes. « The wild-weed-crop complex in Setaria : a hybridization study ». Genetica 75, no 2 (novembre 1987) : 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00055253.

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Colosi, Joseph C., et Barbara A. Schaal. « Wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) is genetically variable and distinct from crop varieties of proso millet ». Weed Science 45, no 4 (août 1997) : 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500088743.

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Proso millet occurs both as a crop and a weed in North America. In 1970, an olive-black seeded biotype called ‘wild proso millet’ was found as an aggressive weed in row crops in Minnesota and Wisconsin and has since spread over a large area. We used Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to assess genetic relationships among biotypes, measure genetic variation within wild proso millet across its range, and detect hybridization between wild proso millet and crop biotypes of proso millet. We found 97 RAPD genotypes among 398 individuals: 69 wild proso millet genotypes, 26 crop and crop-like weed genotypes, and two hybrid genotypes. Five RAPD markers consistently differentiated wild proso millet from crop cultivars and crop-like weeds. About 10% of the genotypes had at least one marker of the other type, suggesting possible hybridization between wild proso millet and crop biotypes. Most genotypes occurred in only one or two of the over 100 populations tested. The most widespread wild proso millet genotype occurred in 12 populations distributed in North Dakota, Minnesota, Illinois, and Wisconsin. More genetic variation exists among populations of wild proso millet than expected for a plant that presumably experienced a severe genetic bottleneck only 20 generations ago. Hypermutation rates and crossing between wild proso millet and crop cultivars could not account for the degree of genetic variation found in wild proso millet. The pattern of genetic variation among wild proso millet populations suggests multiple introductions of wild proso millet to North America.
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Kanatas, Panagiotis, Ioannis Gazoulis, Stavros Zannopoulos, Alexandros Tataridas, Anastasia Tsekoura, Nikolaos Antonopoulos et Ilias Travlos. « Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Subsp. Drummondii) and Weedy Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)—Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) as Weeds in Agriculture ». Diversity 13, no 10 (25 septembre 2021) : 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100463.

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Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. drummondii) and weedy sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) are two examples of crop wild relatives (CWRs) that have become troublesome weeds in agriculture. Shattercane is a race belonging to a different subspecies than domesticated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor). Weedy sunflower populations are natural hybrids between wild and domesticated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Both species have key weedy characteristics, such as early seed shattering and seed dormancy, which play an important role in their success as agricultural weeds. They are widely reported as important agricultural weeds in the United States and have invaded various agricultural areas in Europe. Shattercane is very competitive to sorghum, maize (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Weedy sunflower causes severe yield losses in sunflower, maize, soybean, pulse crops, and industrial crops. Herbicide resistance was confirmed in populations of both species. The simultaneous presence of crops and their wild relatives in the field leads to crop–wild gene flow. Hybrids are fertile and competitive. Hybridization between herbicide-tolerant crops and wild populations creates herbicide-resistant hybrid populations. Crop rotation, false seedbed, cover crops, and competitive crop genotypes can suppress shattercane and weedy sunflower. Preventative measures are essential to avoid their spread on new agricultural lands. The development of effective weed management strategies is also essential to prevent hybridization between sorghum, sunflower, and their wild relatives and to mitigate its consequences.
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Batra, V., S. Prakash et K. R. Shivanna. « Intergeneric hybridization between Diplotaxis siifolia, a wild species and crop brassicas ». Theoretical and Applied Genetics 80, no 4 (octobre 1990) : 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00226756.

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Simard, Marie-Josée, et Anne Légère. « Synchrony of flowering between canola and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) ». Weed Science 52, no 6 (décembre 2004) : 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-03-145r.

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Many conditions need to be satisfied for gene flow to occur between a transgenic crop and its weedy relatives. Flowering overlap is one essential requirement for hybrid formation. Hybridization can occur between canola and its wild relative, wild radish. We studied the effects of wild radish plant density and date of emergence, canola (glyphosate resistant) planting dates, presence of other weeds, and presence of a wheat crop on the synchrony of flowering between wild radish and canola (as a crop and volunteer). Four field experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2002 in St-David de Lévis, Québec. Flowering periods of wild radish emerging after glyphosate application overlapped with early-, intermediate-, and late-seeded canola 14, 26, and 55%, respectively, of the total flowering time. Flowering periods of early-emerging wild radish and canola volunteers in uncropped treatments overlapped from mid-June until the end of July, ranging from 26 to 81% of the total flowering time. Flowering periods of wild radish and canola volunteers emerging synchronously on May 30 or June 5 as weeds in wheat overlapped 88 and 42%, respectively, of their total flowering time. For later emergence dates, few flowers or seeds were produced by both species because of wheat competition. Wild radish density in canola and wild radish and canola volunteer densities in wheat did not affect the mean flowering dates of wild radish or canola. Increasing wild radish density in uncropped plots (pure or weedy stands) hastened wild radish flowering. Our results show that if hybridization is to happen, it will be most likely with uncontrolled early-emerging weeds in crops or on roadsides, field margins, and uncultivated areas, stressing the need to control the early flush of weeds, weedy relatives, and crop volunteers in noncrop areas.
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Plazas, Mariola, Santiago Vilanova, Pietro Gramazio, Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo, Ana Fita, Francisco J. Herraiz, Rajakapasha Ranil et al. « Interspecific Hybridization between Eggplant and Wild Relatives from Different Genepools ». Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 141, no 1 (janvier 2016) : 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.141.1.34.

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Wild relatives represent a source of variation for many traits of interest for eggplant (Solanum melongena) breeding, as well as for broadening the genetic base of this crop. However, interspecific hybridization with wild relatives has been barely used in eggplant breeding programs. As initiation of an introgression breeding program we performed 1424 interspecific hybridizations between six accessions of eggplant from the Occidental and Oriental groups and 19 accessions of 12 wild species from the primary (Solanum incanum and Solanum insanum), secondary (Solanum anguivi, Solanum dasyphyllum, Solanum lichtensteinii, Solanum linnaeanum, Solanum pyracanthos, Solanum tomentosum, and Solanum violaceum), and tertiary (Solanum elaeagnifolium, Solanum sisymbriifolium, and Solanum torvum) genepools. Fruit set, hybrid seed, and seed germination were obtained between Solanum melongena and all wild species of the primary and secondary genepools. The highest fruit set percentage and quantity of seeds per fruit were obtained with the two primary genepool species S. incanum and S. insanum as well as with some secondary genepool species, like S. anguivi, S. dasyphyllum, or S. lichtensteinii, although some differences among species were observed depending on the direction of the hybridization. For small-fruited wild species, the number of seeds per fruit was lower when using them as maternal parent. Regarding tertiary genepool species, fruit set was obtained only in interspecific hybridizations of eggplant with S. sisymbriifolium and S. torvum, although the fruit of the former were parthenocarpic. However, it was possible to rescue viable interspecific hybrids with S. torvum. In total we obtained 58 interspecific hybrid combinations (excluding reciprocals) between eggplant and wild relatives. Some differences were observed among S. melongena accessions in the degree of success of interspecific hybridization, so that the number of hybrid combinations obtained for each accession ranged between 7 (MEL2) and 16 (MEL1). Hybridity of putative interspecific hybrid plantlets was confirmed with a morphological trait (leaf prickliness) and 12 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. The results show that eggplant is amenable to interspecific hybridization with a large number of wild species, including tertiary genepool materials. These hybrid materials are the starting point for introgression breeding in eggplant and in some cases might also be useful as rootstocks for eggplant grafting.
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Cabezas, Diego, Ivone de Bem Oliveira, Mia Acker, Paul Lyrene et Patricio R. Munoz. « Evaluating Wild Germplasm Introgression into Autotetraploid Blueberry ». Agronomy 11, no 4 (24 mars 2021) : 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040614.

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Wild germplasm can be classified as the raw material essential for crop improvement. Introgression of wild germplasm is normally used in breeding to increase crop quality or resilience to evolving biotic and abiotic threats. Here, we explore the potential of introgressing Vaccinium elliottii into commercial blueberry germplasm. Vaccinium elliottii is a wild diploid blueberry species endemic to the southeastern United States that possesses highly desirable and economically important traits for blueberry breeding such as: short bloom to ripe period, adaptation to upland sandy soils, disease resistance, firmness, and pleasant flavor. To examine the potential of hybridization, we evaluated populations of interspecific hybrids across multiple stages of breeding (i.e., F1, F2, and backcrosses) in two crop seasons. We used our extensive pedigree data to generate breeding values for pre-breeding blueberry hybrid populations. Hybrid performance was evaluated considering fitness (i.e., plant vigor and plant height) in addition to evaluating six fruit-quality and marketable-related traits (i.e., size, firmness, acidity, soluble solids, weight, and yield). Overall, F2 and backcrosses rapidly achieved market thresholds, presenting values not significantly different from commercial blueberry germplasm. Our results confirmed the potential of exploiting the high genetic variability contained in V. elliottii for interspecific hybridization. Additionally, we developed germplasm resources that can be further evaluated and utilized in the breeding process, advancing selections for fruit quality and environmental adaptation.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Wild to crop hybridization"

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Stottlemyer, Amy L. « Investigating Hybridization Potential, Components of Fitness, and Volunteerism in Wild and Cultivated Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) ». The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1331060664.

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Reagon, Michael. « Mechanisms facilitating and evolutionary consequences of gene flow in two crop-wild hybrid complexes sunflower and rice / ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1165602736.

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Pace, Brian A. « Maternal effects on multiple generations of Helianthus annuus crop-wild hybrid seed : overwinter germination, dormancy and survival ». The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354696610.

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Spencer, Lawrence J. « Hybridization and introgression in Cucurbita pepo : an examination of the effects of transgenic virus resistance on wild-crop hybrids / ». The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486474078048501.

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Campbell, Lesley G. « Rapid evolution in a crop-weed complex (Raphanus spp.) ». The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1166549627.

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Fu, Tzu-Yu Richard. « Spontaneous hybridization and introgression from oilseed rape B. napus to wild cabbage B. oleracea and its application for ecological risk evaluation of genetically modified crops ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508444.

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Beddows, Thomas [Verfasser]. « Hybridization and Wild Tomato / Thomas Beddows ». Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114319165X/34.

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Beddows, Thomas Ian [Verfasser]. « Hybridization and Wild Tomato / Thomas Beddows ». Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114319165X/34.

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Mendis, Merennga Hector. « Interspecific somatic hybridization in Medicago ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276179.

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Kost, Matthew. « Maize and Sunflower of North America : Conservation and Utilization of Genetic Diversity ». The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408642177.

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Livres sur le sujet "Wild to crop hybridization"

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Warwick, S. I. Guide to the wild germplasm of Brassica and allied crops : Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization in the tribe Brassiceae (Cruciferae). Ottawa : Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, 1993.

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Kalloo, G., et J. B. Chowdhury, dir. Distant Hybridization of Crop Plants. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84306-8.

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T, Nagata, et Bajaj, Y. P. S., 1936-, dir. Somatic hybridization in crop improvement. Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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Bajaj, Y. P. S., dir. Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement I. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57945-5.

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Nagata, Toshiyuki, et Y. P. S. Bajaj, dir. Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement II. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56758-2.

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Palmé, Anna, Heli Fitzgerald, Jens Weibull, Kristina Bjureke, Kaija Eisto, Dag En-dresen, Jenny Hagenblad et al. Nordic Crop Wild Relative conservation. Copenhagen : Nordic Council of Ministers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2019-533.

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Nijs, Hans C. M. den., Bartsch D et Sweet Jeremy, dir. Introgression from genetically modified plants into wild relatives. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CABI Pub., 2004.

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Maxted, N., B. V. Ford-Lloyd, S. P. Kell, J. M. Iriondo, M. E. Dulloo et J. Turok, dir. Crop wild relative conservation and use. Wallingford : CABI, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845930998.0000.

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Redden, Robert, Shyam S. Yadav, Nigel Maxted, Mohammad Ehsan Dulloo, Luigi Guarino et Paul Smith, dir. Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118854396.

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Maxted, Nigel. Crop wild relative conservation and use. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK : CABI Pub., 2007.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Wild to crop hybridization"

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Elliott, W. Anson. « Wild Rice ». Dans Hybridization of Crop Plants, 721–31. Madison, WI, USA : American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c52.

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Kalloo, G. « Utilization of Wild Species ». Dans Distant Hybridization of Crop Plants, 149–67. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84306-8_9.

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Louzada, E. S., et J. W. Grosser. « Somatic Hybridization of Citrus with Sexually Incompatible Wild Relatives 1 ». Dans Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement I, 427–38. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57945-5_29.

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Hovhannisyan, Nelli A., et Aleksandr H. Yesayan. « Synthetic Engineered Genes, GMOs, and Hybridization with Wild Relatives ». Dans Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change, 250–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118854396.ch14.

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Okamura, M. « Pomato : Potato Protoplast System and Somatic Hybridization Between Potato and a Wild Tomato ». Dans Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement I, 209–23. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57945-5_14.

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Sihachakr, D., M. C. Daunay, I. Serraf, M. H. Chaput, I. Mussio, R. Haicour, L. Rossignol et G. Ducreux. « Somatic Hybridization of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with Its Close and Wild Relatives ». Dans Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement I, 255–78. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57945-5_17.

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Stewart Jr, C. Neal. « Controlling transgene flow from engineered crops to unintended hosts by molecular approaches. » Dans Gene flow : monitoring, modeling and mitigation, 118–24. Wallingford : CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247480.0008.

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Abstract For most transgenic crops, the purported ecological risk from transgenic-host hybridization and introgression to unintended host species is negligible. Nonetheless, there remains a risk-associated focus on the potential for gene flow in the governance and regulation of crop biotechnology. Because of uncertainties in the large world of biology as well as regulatory certainties (regulations will likely not diminish), researchers and stakeholders have a great interest in eliminating or substantially decreasing gene flow from transgenic crops. To that end, numerous approaches have been investigated for limiting transgene flow via hybridization and introgression to unintended hosts. While such bioconfinement may be accomplished by ecological and management strategies as discussed elsewhere in this book, this chapter focuses on mitigating unintended gene flow from engineered crops by way of genetic engineering itself. The chapter will mainly discuss the manipulation of relatively simple means to alter plant sexual reproduction and plant growth and development to control transgene flow, with the desired outcome being the prevention of transgenes from moving and/or introgression into free-living unintended hosts. These approaches include: (i) decreasing or delaying flowering; (ii) eliminating pollen production via male sterility or selective male sterility; (iii) removing transgenes from pollen or eggs by gene use restriction technologies; and (iv) kill switches. Emerging synthetic biology approaches that may be used for transgene bioconfinement are explored. Taken together, the same molecular biology strategies that are used to improve crops can also help assure their biosafety.
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Sink, K. C., R. K. Jain et J. B. Chowdhury. « Somatic Cell Hybridization ». Dans Distant Hybridization of Crop Plants, 168–98. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84306-8_10.

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Hadley, H. H., et S. J. Openshaw. « Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybridization ». Dans Hybridization of Crop Plants, 133–59. Madison, WI, USA : American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c7.

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Major, D. J. « Environmental Effects on Flowering ». Dans Hybridization of Crop Plants, 1–15. Madison, WI, USA : American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c1.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Wild to crop hybridization"

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Hao Lu, Zhiguo Cao, Yang Xiao, Yanan Li et Yanjun Zhu. « Joint crop and tassel segmentation in the wild ». Dans 2015 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac.2015.7382547.

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Perrino, Enrico Vito, et Robert Philipp Wagensommer. « Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) from Italy : Threatened Endemisms ». Dans IECPS 2021. Basel Switzerland : MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2021-11925.

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Giordano, Stefano, Ilias Seitanidis, Mike Ojo, Davide Adami et Fabio Vignoli. « IoT solutions for crop protection against wild animal attacks ». Dans 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environmental Engineering (EE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ee1.2018.8385275.

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Ramkumar, A., A. Deniston, K. Kishore et R. Faizuddin. « IOT solution for crop protection from wild boar attack ». Dans 2021 International Conference on Advancements in Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computing and Automation (ICAECA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaeca52838.2021.9675503.

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Deotale, Priyanka, et Prasad Lokulwar. « Smart Crop Protection System from Wild Animals Using IoT ». Dans 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Applications (ICCICA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccica52458.2021.9697315.

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Bain, Max, Arsha Nagrani, Daniel Schofield et Andrew Zisserman. « Count, Crop and Recognise : Fine-Grained Recognition in the Wild ». Dans 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshop (ICCVW). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2019.00032.

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Du Clos, Brianne. « Wild bee communities in non-crop land cover in the Maine (USA) wild blueberry production landscape ». Dans 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112040.

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Egan, Paul A. « Crop wild relatives as genetic resources for pollination and herbivore resistance ». Dans 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.115387.

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« EFFECT OF SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN CROP CHARACTERISTICS AND SLOPE OF THE GROUND ON WILD BLUEBERRY FRUIT LOSSES ». Dans 2015 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20152188653.

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Lim, Hyeon-Woo, Min-Seok Jie et Won-Hyuck Choi. « Development of Quadcopter which Makes use of Embedded System Protects and Observes Crop from a Wild Animals ». Dans Information Science and Industrial Applications 2016. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2016.138.19.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Wild to crop hybridization"

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Adelberg, Jeff, Halina Skorupska, Bill Rhodes, Yigal Cohen et Rafael Perl-Treves. Interploid Hybridization of Cucumis melo and C. metuliferus. United States Department of Agriculture, décembre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7580673.bard.

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The long-term motivation for this research is to transfer useful traits from a broad based gene pool of wild species into the narrow base of a cultivated crop in Cucumis. Our primary focus was to use polyploid prior to fertilization as a tool to overcome fertility barriers in the cross between C. melo and C. metuliferus. In conducting this research, we explored all combinations of tetraploid and diploid parents, in reciprocal combinations. Pollinations were made in both the field and greenhouse, using emasculated flowers, moneocious females, and open pollination by insect vectors, with morphological selection criteria. After observations of thousands of ovaries, we still have no definitive proof that this hybridization yielded viable embryos. The most promising results came from using tetraploid C. metuliferus, as the maternal parent in the interspecific hybridization, that set fruit were seeds contained small embryos that did not germinate. To obtain fruit set, it was important to rear plants in a cooler sunny greenhouse, as would be found in late winter/early spring. A second interspecific hybrid between wild and cultivated Cucumis, C. hystrix x C. sativus, yielded fertile progeny for the first time, while concomitantly working toward our primary goal. Two distinct treatments were necessary; 1) special plant husbandry was necessary to have the wild species produce fruit in cultivation, and 2) embryo rescue followed by chromosome doubling in vitro was required for fertility restoration. Backcrosses to crop species and resistance to nematodes are compelling areas for further work.
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Rodriguez, Russell J., et Stanley Freeman. Gene Expression Patterns in Plants Colonized with Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Gene Disruption Mutants of Colletotrichum. United States Department of Agriculture, février 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592112.bard.

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Fungal plant pathogens are responsible for extensive annual crop and revenue losses throughout the world. To better understand why fungi cause diseases, we performed gene-disruption mutagenesis on several pathogenic Colletotrichum species and demonstrated that pathogenic isolates can be converted to symbionts expressing non-pathogenic lifestyles. One group of nonpathogenic mutants confer disease protection against pathogenic species of Col!etotrichum, Fusarium and Phytophthora; drought tolerance; and growth enhancement to host plants. These mutants have been defined as mutualists and disease resistance correlates to a decrease in the time required for hosts to activate defense systems when exposed to virulent fungi. A second group of non-pathogenic mutants did not confer disease resistance and were classified as commensals. In addition, we have demonstrated that wildtype pathogenic Colletotrichum species can express non-pathogenic lifestyles, including mutualism, on plants they colonize asymptomatically. We have been using wildtype and isogenic gene disruption mutants to characterize gene expression patterns in plants colonized with a pathogen, mutualist or commensal. The US group is contrasting genes expressed during colonization by mutuahstic and commensal mutants of C. magna and a pathogenic wildtype C. coccodes on tomato. The Israeli group is characterizing genes expressed during asymptomatic colonization of tomato by wildtype C. acutatum and a non-pathogenic mutant.To accomplish this we have been utilizing suppressive subtraction hybridization, microarray and sequencing strategies. The expected contribution of this research to agriculture in the US and Israel is: 1) understanding how pathogens colonize certain hosts asymptomatic ally will shed light on the ecology of plant pathogens which has been described as a fundamental deficiency in plant pathology; 2) identifying genes involved in symbiotically conferred disease resistance will help explain why and how pathogens cause disease, and may identify new candidate targets for developing genetically modified disease resistant crop plants.
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Jordan, Ramon L., Abed Gera, Hei-Ti Hsu, Andre Franck et Gad Loebenstein. Detection and Diagnosis of Virus Diseases of Pelargonium. United States Department of Agriculture, juillet 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568793.bard.

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Pelargonium (Geranium) is the number one pot plant in many areas of the United States and Europe. Israel and the U.S. send to Europe rooted cuttings, foundation stocks and finished plants to supply a certain share of the market. Geraniums are propagated mainly vegetatively from cuttings. Consequently, viral diseases have been and remain a major threat to the production and quality of the crop. Among the viruses isolated from naturally infected geraniums, 11 are not specific to Pelargonium and occur in other crops while 6 other viruses seem to be limited to geranium. However, several of these viruses are not sufficiently characterized to conclude that they are distinct agents and their nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. The ability to separate, distinguish and detect the different viruses in geranium will overcome obstacles te developing effective detection and certification schemes. Our focus was to further characterize some of these viruses and develop better methods for their detection and control. These viruses include: isolates of pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV), pelargonium ringspot virus (PelRSV), pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV), pelargonium leaf curl (PLCV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV). Twelve hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific to a geranium isolate of TomRSV were produced. These antibodies are currently being characterized and will be tested for the ability to detect TomRSV in infected geraniums. The biological, biochemical and serological properties of four isometric viruses - PLPV, PelRSV, and PFBV (and a PelRSV-like isolate from Italy called GR57) isolated from geraniums exhibiting line and ring pattern or flower break symptoms - and an isolate ol elderbeny latent virus (ELV; which the literature indicates is the same as PelRSV) have been determined Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNAs of these viruses were sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins deduced. A portion of the putative replicase genes was also sequenced from cloned RT-PCR fragments. We have shown that, when compared to the published biochemical and serological properties, and sequences and genome organizations of other small isometric plant viruses, all of these viruses should each be considered new, distinct members of the Carmovirus group of the family Tombusviridae. Hybridization assays using recombinant DNA probes also demonstrated that PLPV, PelRSV, and ELV produce only one subgenomic RNA in infected plants. This unusual property of the gene expression of these three viruses suggests that they are unique among the Carmoviruses. The development of new technologies for the detection of these viruses in geranium was also demonstrated. Hybridization probes developed to PFBV (radioactively-labeled cRNA riboprobes) and to PLPV (non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNAs) were generally shown to be no more sensitive for the detection of virus in infected plants than the standard ELISA serology-based assays. However, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was shown to be over 1000 times more sensitive in detecting PFBV in leaf extracts of infected geranium than was ELISA. This research has lead to a better understanding of the identity of the viruses infecting pelargonium and to the development of new tools that can be used in an improved scheme of providing virus-indexed pelargonium plants. The sequence information, and the serological and cloned DNA probes generated from this work, will allow the application of these new tools for virus detection, which will be useful in domestic and international indexing programs which are essential for the production of virus-free germplasm both for domestic markets and the international exchange of plant material.
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Zelcer, Aaron, et George Bates. Asymmetric hybridization in crop plants : studies on cellular and genetic mechanisms and transfer of viral resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604276.bard.

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Zamir, Dani, et Steven Tanksley. Fine Mapping and Genetic Interactions of Nearly-Isogenic Allelic Series Representing Yield and Quality QTLs Derived from Wild Tomato Species. United States Department of Agriculture, juillet 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586460.bard.

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Wild germplasm represents a rich source of QTLs capable of enhancing productivity of crop plants. Using the molecular linkage map of tomato in conjunction with novel population structures, we have identified QTLs from five Lycopersicon species that improve key yield and quality associated traits of processing tomatoes. In this research we employed multi-testing sites for fine mapping analysis of the different components of the affected traits combined with genetic interaction studies. Our results demonstrate that 'exotic libraries', which comprise of marker-defined genomic regions taken from wild species and introgressed onto the background of elite crop lines, provide an important opportunity for improving of the agricultural performance of modem crop varieties. Furthermore, we showed that these genetic resources can also serve as reagents for the discovery and characterization of genes that underlie traits of agricultural value. The results set the stage for using the QTLs in marker assisted programs and for applying map-based cloning of the targeted QTL/genes. The cloning of QTLs revealed genes that control pathways for agricultural yield in tomato that may be common for other crop species.
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Raghothama, Kashchandra G., Avner Silber et Avraham Levy. Biotechnology approaches to enhance phosphorus acquisition of tomato plants. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586546.bard.

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Abstract: Phosphorus is one of the least available macronutrient in the soil. The high affinity phosphate transporters are known to be associated with phosphate acquisition under natural conditions. Due to unique interactions of phosphate with soil particles, up to 80% of the applied phosphates may be fixed forcing the farmers to apply 4 to 5 times the fertilizers necessary for crop production. Efficient uptake and utilization of this essential nutrient is essential for sustainability and profitability of agriculture. Many predictions point to utilization/exhaustion of high quality phosphate rocks within this century. This calls for efforts to improve the ability of plants to acquire and utilize limiting sources of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Two important molecular and biochemical components associated with phosphate efficiency are phosphate transporters and phosphatases. This research project is aimed at defining molecular determinants of phosphate acquisition and utilization in addition to generating phosphate uptake efficient plants. The main objectives of the project were; Creation and analysis of transgenic tomato plants over-expressing phosphatases and transporters Characterization of the recently identified members (LePT3 and LePT4) of the Pi transporter family Generate molecular tools to study genetic responses of plants to Pi deficiency During the project period we have successfully identified and characterized a novel phosphate transporter associated with mycorrhizal symbiosis. The expression of this transporter increases with mycorrhizal symbiosis. A thorough characterization of mutant tomato lacking the expression of this gene revealed the biological significance of LePT3 and another novel gene LePT4. In addition we have isolated and characterized several phosphate starvation induced genes from tomato using a combination of differential and subtractive mRNA hybridization techniques. One of the genes, LePS2 belongs to the family of phospho-protein phosphatase. The functionality of the recombinant protein was determined using synthetic phosphor-peptides. Over expression of this gene in tomato resulted in significant changes in growth, delay in flowering and senescence. It is anticipated that phospho-protein phosphatase may have regulatory role in phosphate deficiency responses of plants. In addition a novel phosphate starvation induced glycerol 3-phosphate permease gene family was also characterized. Two doctoral research students are continuing the characterization and functional analysis of these genes. Over expression of high affinity phosphate transporters in tobacco showed increased phosphate content under hydroponic conditions. There is growing evidence suggesting that high affinity phosphate transporters are crucial for phosphate acquisition even under phosphate sufficiency conditions. This project has helped train several postdoctoral fellows and graduate students. Further analysis of transgenic plants expressing phosphatases and transporters will not only reveal the biological function of the targeted genes but also result in phosphate uptake and utilization efficient plants.
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Tanksley, Steven D., et Dani Zamir. Development and Testing of a Method for the Systematic Discovery and Utilization of Novel QTLs in the Production of Improved Crop Varieties : Tomato as a Model System. United States Department of Agriculture, juin 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570570.bard.

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Modern cultivated varieties carry only a small fraction of the variation present in the gene pool. The narrow genetic basis of modern crop plants is a result of genetic bottlenecks imposed during early domestication and modern plant breeding. The wild ancestors of most crop plants can still be found in their natural habitats and Germplasm Centers have been established to collect and maintain this material. These wild and unadapted resources can potentially fuel crop plant improvement efforts for many years into the future (Tanksley and McCouch 1997). Unfortunately, scientists have been unable to exploit the majority of the genetic potential warehoused in germplasm repositories. This is especially true as regards to the improvement of quantitative traits like yield and quality. One of the major problems is that much of the wild germplasm is inferior to modern cultivars for many of the quantitative traits that breeders would like to improve. Our research, focusing on the tomato as a model system, has shown that despite their inferior phenotypes, wild species are likely to contain QTLs that can substantially increase the yield and quality of elite cultivars (de Vicente and Tanksley 1992, Eshed and Zamir 1994, Eshed et al. 1996). Using novel population structures of introgression lines (ILs; Eshed and Zamir 1995) and advanced backcross lines (AB; Tanksley et al. 1996) we identified and introduced valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite processing tomato varieties. Populations involving crosses with five Lycopersicon species (L. pennellii (Eshed and Zamir 1994; Eshed et al. 1996; Eshed and Zamir 1996), L. hirsutum (Bernacchi et al. 1998), L. pimpinellifolium (Tanksley et al. 1996), L. parviflorum (unpub.), L. peruvianum (Fulton et al. 1997) have been field and laboratory tested in a number of locations around the world. QTLs from the wild parent were identified that improve one or more of the key quantitative traits for processing tomatoes (yield, brix, sugar and acid composition and earliness) by as much as 10-30%. Nearly isogenic lines (QTL-NILs) have been generated for a subset of these QTLs. Each QTL-NIL contains the entire genome of the elite cultivated parent except for a segment (5-40 cM) of the wild species genome corresponding to a specific QTL. The genetic material and information that was developed in this program is presently used by American and Israeli seed companies for the breeding of superior varieties. We expect that in the next few years these varieties will make a difference in the marketplace.
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Tel-Zur, Neomi, et Jeffrey J. Doyle. Role of Polyploidy in Vine Cacti Speciation and Crop Domestication. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697110.bard.

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1. Abstract: Over the past 25 years, vine cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus have been introduced into Israel and southern California as new exotic fruit crops. The importance of these crops lies in their high water use efficiency and horticultural potential as exotic fruit crops. Our collaboration focused on the cytological, molecular and evolutionary aspects of vine cacti polyploidization to confront the agricultural challenge of genetic improvement, ultimately to improve success of vine cacti as commercial fruit crop plants. More specifically, we worked on the: 1- Identification of the putative ancestor(s) of the tetraploid H. megalanthus; 2- Determination of the number of origins of H. megalanthus (single vs. multiple origins of polyploidy); 3- Cytogenetic analysis of BC1 and F1 hybrids; 4- Determination of important agricultural traits and the selection of superior hybrids for cultivation. The plant material used in this study comprised interspecific Hylocereus F1 and first backcross (BC1) hybrids, nine Hylocereus species (58 genotypes), nine Selenicereus species (14 genotypes), and four Epiphyllum genotypes. Two BC1 hexaploids (BC-023 and BC-031) were obtained, a high ploidy level that can be explained only by a fertilization event between one unreduced female gamete from the triploid hybrid and a balanced gamete from the pollen donor, the diploid H. monacanthus. These findings are scientific evidence that support the possibility that “hybridization followed by chromosome doubling” could also occur in nature. Cytomixis, the migration of chromatin between adjacent cells through connecting cytoplasmatic channels, was observed in vine cacti hybrids and may thus imply selective DNA elimination in response to the allopolyploidization process. Evidence from plastid and nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences support the placement of H. megalanthus within a monophyletic Hylocereus group. Furthermore, both plastid and ITS datasets are most consistent with a conclusion that this tetraploid species is an autopolyploid, despite observations that the species appears to be morphologically intermediate between Hylocereus and Selenicereus. Although the possibility of very narrow allopolyploidly (i.e., derivation from parents that are barely diverged from each other such as closely related species in the same genus) cannot be ruled out entirely based on our data (in part due to the unavailability of Hylocereus species considered to be morphologically the closest relatives of H. megalanthus), the possibility of H. megalanthus representing an intergeneric cross (i.e., Hylocereus × Selenicereus) seems extremely unlikely. Interestingly, the process of homogenization of ITS sequences (concerted evolution) is either incomplete or lacking in both Hylocereus and Selenicereus, and the inclusion of several artificial hybrids in the molecular study revealed the potential for biparental plastid inheritance in Hylocereus. The most important agricultural implication of this research project was the information collected for F1 and BC1 hybrids. Specifically, this project concluded with the selection of four superior hybrids in terms of fruit quality and potential yields under extreme high temperatures. These selected hybrids are self-compatible, avoiding the need for hand cross pollination to set fruits, thus reducing manpower costs. We recently offered these hybrids to growers in Israel for prioritized rapid evaluation and characterization.
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Feldman, Moshe, Eitan Millet, Calvin O. Qualset et Patrick E. McGuire. Mapping and Tagging by DNA Markers of Wild Emmer Alleles that Improve Quantitative Traits in Common Wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, février 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573081.bard.

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The general goal was to identify, map, and tag, with DNA markers, segments of chromosomes of a wild species (wild emmer wheat, the progenitor of cultivated wheat) determining the number, chromosomal locations, interactions, and effects of genes that control quantitative traits when transferred to a cultivated plant (bread wheat). Slight modifications were introduced and not all objectives could be completed within the human and financial resources available, as noted with the specific objectives listed below: 1. To identify the genetic contribution of each of the available wild emmer chromosome-arm substitution lines (CASLs) in the bread wheat cultivar Bethlehem for quantitative traits, including grain yield and its components and grain protein concentration and yield, and the effect of major loci affecting the quality of end-use products. [The quality of end-use products was not analyzed.] 2. To determine the extent and nature of genetic interactions (epistatic effects) between and within homoeologous groups 1 and 7 for the chromosome arms carrying "wild" and "cultivated" alleles as expressed in grain and protein yields and other quantitative traits. [Two experiments were successful, grain protein concentration could not be measured; data are partially analyzed.] 3. To derive recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) for the chromosome arms of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 that were found previously to promote grain and protein yields of cultivated wheat. [The selection of groups 1 and 7 tons based on grain yield in pot experiments. After project began, it was decided also to derive RSLs for the available arms of homoeologous group 4 (4AS and 4BL), based on the apparent importance of chromosome group 4, based on early field trials of the CASLs.] 4. To characterize the RSLs for quantitative traits as in objective 1 and map and tag chromosome segments producing significant effects (quantitative trait loci, QTLs by RFLP markers. [Producing a large population of RSLs for each chromosome arm and mapping them proved more difficult than anticipated, low numbers of RSLs were obtained for two of the chromosome arms.] 5. To construct recombination genetic maps of chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 and to compare them to existing maps of wheat and other cereals [Genetic maps are not complete for homoeologous groups 4 and 7.] The rationale for this project is that wild species have characteristics that would be valuable if transferred to a crop plant. We demonstrated the sequence of chromosome manipulations and genetic tests needed to confirm this potential value and enhance transfer. This research has shown that a wild tetraploid species harbors genetic variability for quantitative traits that is interactive and not simply additive when introduced into a common genetic background. Chromosomal segments from several chromosome arms improve yield and protein in wheat but their effect is presumably enhanced when combination of genes from several segments are integrated into a single genotype in order to achieve the benefits of genes from the wild species. The interaction between these genes and those in the recipient species must be accounted for. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for some of the disappointing results that have historically obtained when using wild species as donors for crop improvement and provide a strategy for further successes.
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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch et Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580683.bard.

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Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.
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