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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Water-supply – law and legislation – history"
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Пышьева, Елена, et Elena Pysheva. « History of Development of Legislation on Reclamation of Lands in Russia ». Journal of Russian Law 2, no 5 (16 avril 2014) : 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3469.
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The article highlights the milestones of formation of the Russian legislation in the field of land reclamation. It gives the author’s periodization of the development of reclamation legislation of postrevolutionary Russia, with allocation of her stages. Brief characteristics of each stage is illustrated with the most important legislative acts in the field of public relations. The author uses historical, abstract-logical, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods of scientific knowledge. The article notes that the main achievement of the post-revolutionary legislation is that land reclamation came to be seen not only in the regulation of land use (mainly agricultural land), but also within the legal institution of their protection. Special attention in the article is paid to the adoption of the Federal Law “On Land Reclamation” and its effect. This law laid the legal foundation for the development of the modern reclamation legislation. An analysis of legal acts and scientific literature was allowed to make a conclusion, that reclamation law in Russia for a long period of time was mostly fragmented. However, with the publication of a special Federal Law “On Land Reclamation” this fragmentation of the rules was overcome, but not completely. In addition, since 70s of XX century legal regulation of land reclamation was provided gradually by several branches of legislation (land and water).
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Ramesh, Aditya. « Custom as Natural : Land, Water and Law in Colonial Madras ». Studies in History 34, no 1 (13 novembre 2017) : 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643017736402.
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In 1865, the Madras government enacted a legislation, the Irrigation Cess Act, designed to allow it to extract revenue from water as separate as that from land. However, as emphasized by many commentators, this pithy legislation was far from comprehensive in its definition of government powers over water. Faced with resolute opposition from zamindars to any further legislation that would centralize control over water resources as well as powers to levy fees over water use to the government, the Madras state was forced to confront zamindars in court over the interpretation of the Irrigation Cess Act. In 1917, the Privy Council, the highest court in the land, delivered a landmark judgement in resolution of a dispute between the Madras government and the Urlam zamindari. The Urlam case, this article argues, lends a new perspective to historiography on custom and the environment in colonial India. The Privy Council judgement rendered custom a physical, historically reified, and ‘natural’ quality, simultaneously within and outside the encounter between labour and nature.
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Tyagi, Paritosh C. « Policy, Law and Implementation of Industrial Wastewater Pollution Control ». Water Science and Technology 24, no 1 (1 juillet 1991) : 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0004.
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The paper is based on the experience in India, The policy of industrial wastewater pollution control is summarised. It is essentially based on the polluter pays principle. The corner-stones of the policy for setting standards are environmental protection, harmony with development needs, public participation and implementability. Prevention is accepted as better than cure. Industries are classified with regard to their potential for pollution. The history of legislative measures for control of water pollution is briefly described and the effectiveness of legislation has been critically examined. The organisational structure of the statutory boards at the Centre and States is described and steps taken for assessment and control of pollution caused by industrial wastewater have been enumerated.
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Penati, Beatrice. « Continuities and Novelties in Early Soviet Law-Making about Central Asian Water ». Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no 4 (16 mai 2019) : 674–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341491.
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AbstractThis article analyses the drafting process and underlying principles of early Soviet legislation on water rights and taxation on water in Central Asia. While the new Bolshevik ideology provided an ideal justification to enact the State-centric, technocratic principles implicit in the Tsarist Turkestan “water law” of 1916, it took a very long time for the Soviet regime to produce a comprehensive legislation that would explicitly replace the local pre-existing customs which had survived in the colonial period. This is surprising especially in the light of the continuity in personnel in the government agencies that governed land and water resources across the 1917 revolution. Two possible reasons for this slowness were the early Soviet “decolonisation” imperative and the inertial persuasion that the legislator could not fully grasp the intricacies of water-related rights and duties.
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Gharios, Georges. « Legal pluralism and unofficial law in Lebanon : evolution and sustainable development of water ». Water Policy 22, no 3 (8 mai 2020) : 348–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.224.
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Abstract In Lebanon, the organization of the water legislation dates back to as far as antiquity. While customs and habits used to govern water in the past, codified laws and their associated legal infrastructure are present nowadays, and cohabitate with persisting unofficial law. Mesopotamian, Roman, Ottoman, and French water laws were superimposed on Muslim customs and practices and traditional Arab social water arrangements in Lebanon, throughout a long history of conquests or mandates. Traditional customs and practices of water use that evolved into lore are still prevailing today, and go hand in hand with a palimpsest of water laws. Through a review of the co-evolution of thousands of years of written and unwritten water-related texts, the unique features of a hydro-palimpsest that combines formal and informal systems are put into value in an effort to explore their future potential in the sound and efficient management of water, in light of rapid global changes affecting the resource.
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Nykolaishen, Sarah, et Nigel Bankes. « Sacrificing Fish for Power : A Legal History of the Spray Lakes Development ». Alberta Law Review 50, no 1 (1 août 2012) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr266.
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This article tells the story of how Calgary Power acquired a legal licence to divert and store water in the Spray Lakes Reservoir, how multiple legal instruments, including the National Parks Act, Alberta’s Water Resources Act, and the Natural Resources Transfer Agreement were shaped along the way, as well as details the subsequent efforts that have been made to restore stream flows to the Spray River and rehabilitate its native cutthroat trout population. This article highlights many of the challenges that older hydro-developments pose to aquatic ecosystem health and instream flow needs, while demonstrating that the law can be shaped in interesting ways through the dual pressure of economic growth and environmentalism. This story offers food for thought as Canadian environmental legislation appears poised to undergo significant change.
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Negoita, Catalina. « CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF HEMP (CANNABIS SATIVA L.) USE : SCIENTIFIC, LEGISLATIVE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ». JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 7, no 1 (13 avril 2024) : 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/jss.utm.2024.7(1).02.
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Cannabis sativa L. culture has encountered various legislative challenges throughout history, and these have varied according to the social, political and economic context of each period. Historical stigma and prohibitions brought restrictions on cannabis, and anti-drug and prohibition policies adopted in the 20th century led to the prohibition of the cultivation of Cannabis sativa L. Its incorrect association with drugs of abuse and its classification as a narcotic substance complicated the legislation. Problems in differentiating between recreational and medical use have created confusion in law. Global inconsistency in cannabis rules and regulations has created difficulties in international trade and research cooperation. The recent evolution of legislation, marked by ambiguities and inconsistencies regarding the medical, industrial, and food use of cannabis, has raised questions and challenges. Production and marketing issues, such as strict regulations and licensing hurdles affect the cannabis industry in the Republic of Moldova too. These challenges are constantly changing, reflecting the diversity of perspectives and societal developments.
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Palerm-Viqueira, Jacinta. « A comparative history, from the 16th to 20th centuries, of irrigation water management in Spain, Mexico, Chile, Mendoza (Argentina) and Peru ». Water Policy 12, no 6 (24 mars 2010) : 779–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.110.
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This paper explores the long-term development of irrigation system management, and looks at the influence of legislation, irrigation system size, scalar stress and polarized land tenure in the existence and success of self-management. The case studies are drawn from regions of the former Spanish Empire. Hispanic America, between the 16th and early 19th centuries, as part of the Spanish Empire, had a common legal framework; however, in the 19th and early 20th centuries (after the break up of the Spanish Empire), new and diverse country-based legislation developed and, in some cases, this new legislation favoured self-management.
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Souza, Jocemar Santos de, et Beatriz Stoll Moraes. « ANÁLISE DAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS IMPLEMENTADAS PARA A GESTÃO DOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS NO BRASIL ». Ciência e Natura 38, no 2 (31 mai 2016) : 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x21896.
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Although the planet is covered by 70% water, poor distribution of this mineral causes some areas of the globe suffer from its lack. Even Brazil being privileged with 13% of freshwater around the planet, it was necessary the creation and implementation of laws for its preservation. This article aims to present the history of Brazilian legislation related to Water Management, since its inception to the current period. According to the bibliography, it is clear that concern for water resources in Brazil was initially for navigation and agriculture. From the year 1934, the Water Code went on to encourage the industrial use of water resources, defining water as a public good, common or private use. Only with the implementation of Law 9,433 / 1997, called the National Water Resources Policy (PNRH) is what happened to give more importance to sustainable water management, with satisfactory quality standards for the various types of use. In 2000 it was created the National Water Agency (Law 9984), which has as main features the disciplinary implementation, operation, control and evaluation of management instruments created by PNRH.
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Ireland, Robert. « The WCO SAFE Framework of Standards : Avoiding Excess in Global Supply Chain Security Policy ». Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 11/12 (1 novembre 2009) : 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009044.
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Prior to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, customs controls related to national security threats did not feature highly on the policy priorities of the World Customs Organization’s (WCO). After 9/11 and implementation of several US Customs programs such as the Container Security Initiative (CSI) and the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT), and regulations such as the 24-Hour Rule, the WCO began to focus much more of its work on supply chain security. This transition culminated in 2005 with the adoption of the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE Framework), a non-binding instrument comprised of technical customs standards aimed at securing without impeding international trade. This article will discuss the intricacies of the SAFE Framework including its history, political context, and technical elements (especially risk management and the Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) concept) and antecedents. This article will also consider the 2007 US legislation mandating 100% scanning of US-bound cargo containers at foreign ports that clouds and constrains the SAFE Framework’s future. The article concludes that policymakers should seek to avoid excess in formulating supply chain security policies.
Thèses sur le sujet "Water-supply – law and legislation – history"
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Rebolone, Ana Maria. « Feminists in unchartered water, the legal pursuit of reproductive autonomy in the Supreme Court of Canada in the 1990s ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/MQ45377.pdf.
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Wei, Yan, et 魏艳. « Regulating municipal water supply concessions : accountability in transitional China ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47661768.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The past three decades have witnessed the fundamental achievements of China’s marketization. Through this process, state-owned enterprises have been restructured, monopoly is giving way to competition and private sectors are increasingly participating in public service provision. The concept of concession was first introduced in public utilities through the Circular on Questions Concerning the Ratification of Pilot Foreign Invested Concession Projects (1995), after which there were many experimental projects with BOTs and TOTs. In 2002, with the issuance of Opinions on Accelerating the Marketization of Urban Utilities, the concession system was officially introduced in public utility regulation. In the same year, the water pipelines were opened to foreign investment; concessions have since been extended into integrated municipal water groups. Concessions have become the major approach of public utility provision.
In recent years, the accountability in concessions has raised wide concern. Problems exposed include fixed rate-of-return, state-owned assets losses, undue concession transfer, illegal concession award, unreasonable water tariff increase, and problematic service provision by private concessionaires. Commentators have claimed that an accountability gap exists in concessions. Taking water sector concessions as the subject of discussion, the author distinguishes three types of accountability: traditional bureaucratic accountability, legal accountability and public accountability. Through systematical examination of the problems, this dissertation attempts to achieve a better understanding of concession and its application in public utilities, and finds that the alleged accountability gap is attributed to traditional bureaucratic accountability and concession system per se.
Four aspects of regulation in water concessions are considered: concessionaire selection; water pricing regulation; regulation by contract; and the regulatory framework. The findings suggest that under concessions, traditional bureaucratic accountability is neither adequate nor appropriate to hold the government accountable. More formal legal rules on transparency, due process and public participation should be explored.published_or_final_version
Law
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Shi, Feng. « Principles of European Union water law ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1944040.
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Mohamed, Shehaamah. « Competing water user sectors under a transformed South African water law : the role of local government, with a case study on the City of Cape Town Municipality ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2003. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This thesis attempted to examine the enabling conditions of existing South African water law and its implementation by the appropriate authorities. The Cape Town Municipality's management over water supply and services is included in this study. The research attempted to expose any shortcomings that might be prevalent in the new water law. The water allocation mechanism of the transformed water legislation and the water demands within various competing water user sectors of the community, such as those pertaining to agriculture and industry, was also explored.
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Bassi, Michelle Platt. « Ethical Issues of Water Resource Management in a Changing Climate : Equity and Legal Pluralism in Chile ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10620.
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xi, 129 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Climate change is disrupting the underpinnings of effective water management by profoundly impacting hydrological patterns. Political entities mandated with freshwater management must respond to society's water needs as availability fluctuates and, in doing so, will encounter difficult ethical dilemmas because existing water laws are ill-equipped to resolve such problems. This thesis takes Chile's water laws as representative of the challenges in addressing ethical disparities arising from freshwater management in a changing climate and proposes that "water ethics" can effectively be used to manage freshwater resources. I examine the 1981 Water Code with a critical eye towards ethical shortcomings and also examine distributive impacts upon indigent farmers and indigenous communities. I conclude that Chile's existing water laws are inequitable because they deny legitimacy to diverse socio-cultural norms regarding water use. Principles of modern water laws must incorporate diverse cultural water laws using a legally pluralistic and ethical approach to management.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Anita M. Weiss, Chair; Professor Derrick Hindery; Professor Stuart Chinn
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Thompson, Craig Howard. « The consideration and improvement of the sustainability performance monitoring framework for South African water boards ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018916.
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The South African Constitution ensures the right to adequate water, health services and a healthy environment (Government Gazette, 1996: 1251, 1255). Associated legislation and national strategies require that water resources and water services are rendered in a sustainable manner to ensure the rights enshrined in the Constitution are realised (Trialogue, 2010: 34; Government Gazette, 1998(c):11; Department of Water Affairs (DWA), 2003:9). South Africa is the 30th driest country in the world (DWA, 2013: iii), has impounded most of its surface water resources and has utilised 40 percent of the groundwater resource with remaining groundwater water quality uncertain (DWA, 2013:6-7). Despite achieving the basic water and sanitation Millennium Development Goals approximately 2.2 million and 4.5 million households still require access to basic services respectively (DWA, 2013:28-29). South Africa’s ten water boards play a key role in bulk water service provision. They supply 57 percent of the countries domestic water supply (DWA, 2013:19) and are required to provide sustainable water services (Government Gazette, 1997:35). The Department of Water Affairs (Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) as of June 2014) is mandated to monitor the performance of water boards and monitors of water boards through a Share Holders Compact (SHC) (Government Gazette, 1997: 50). The aim of the research is to achieve the following objectives: 1. Describe best practice for sustainability monitoring frameworks for water services. 2. Outline South Africa’s water services mandatory and voluntary requirements with regards to sustainability monitoring. 3. Evaluate South Africa’s current water services performance monitoring framework for water boards against findings from goals one and two. 4. Develop an improved framework for assessing South African water board’s performance in their compliance and sustainability journey. 5. Demonstrate the improved framework functionality with a sample of water boards audited performance data from the 2012/13 financial year. A qualitative normative theory evaluation research method was utilised to achieve first three objectives of the research. The objectives to first understand current best practice for sustainability monitoring frameworks and the mandatory requirements for water services sustainability monitoring frameworks in South Africa was achieved via an extensive literature review. The evaluation research method was used where South Africa’s current water services monitoring framework for water boards was evaluated for its adequacy to monitor sustainability compared with legislated requirements, national and international best practices (Hall et al, 2004: 55). Data collection for the evaluation research was sourced via documentation analysis. The 2012/13 water board audited annual reports, relevant national water services legislation, national and global water service sustainability monitoring best practices were critically reviewed. The review yielded a “thick description” of sustainability performance monitoring framework requirements that was used to evaluate the SHC (Holliday, 2002: 79). Despite the mandatory participation requirement for successful sustainability performance monitoring being met, the SHC was found to have inadequate aspects. It lacks an outcomes based approach, does not include environmental indicators, does not allow water board sustainability performance comparison and cannot indicate where individual water boards are on their sustainability journey. An improved sustainability performance monitoring framework for South African water boards is therefore proposed. This was developed with the assistance of an expert focus group drawn from multiple disciplines and organizations relevant to water board sustainability (Litosseliti, 2003: 8 and Hall et al, 2004: 51). The functionality of the framework is then demonstrated using 2012/13 audited performance data sourced from the annual reports of Overberg, Amatola, Rand and Umgeni Water boards. The proposed Water Services Sustainability Monitoring Framework (WSSMF) quantifies performance in terms of 10 water utility outcomes that are measured with 88 performance indicators that encompass the financial, social, environmental and governance dimensions of sustainability. The WSSMF demonstrated that the legislated intentions and best practice recommendations can be incorporated into an improved version of the SHC. Further refinement of the WSSMF is required. In depth engagement with DWS and all the water boards would promote the refinement of the indicator set, performance thresholds for indicators and indicator weighting. Further testing through a pilot project initiative would allow the WSSMF to be developed into a robust and adequate sustainability performance monitoring framework for South African water boards (Rametsteiner et al, 2011: 64; Muga and Mihelcic, 2008: 438; McAlphine and Birnie, 2005: 247 and van Leeuwen et al, 2012: 2192).
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Purvis, Jody. « A New Approach to Texas Groundwater Management : An Environmental Justice Argument to Challenge the Rule of Capture ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4941/.
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Texas is the last remaining state to utilize the rule of capture, a doctrine based on English Common Law, as a means of regulating groundwater resources. Many of the western states originally used the rule of capture to regulate their groundwater resources, but over time, each of these states replaced the rule of capture with other groundwater laws and regulations. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) State Water Plan, Water for Texas-2002, warned Texans if current water usage and laws do not change, there will be an unmet need of 7.5 million acre-feet of water annually by 2050. This caused individuals in state and local government to begin asking the question, "How are we going to meet our future water needs?" In the search for a solution to the water shortage problem people have divided themselves into two groups: one wants to consider the implementation of water conservation measures to reduce per capita water use in order to meet future demands; while the other group wants to spend millions of dollars to build reservoirs and dams along with laying thousands of miles of pipeline to move water around the state. The fact that Texas has yet to come up with a definitive answer to their water shortage peaked my curiosity to research what caused the State of Texas to get to a point of having a shortage of fresh water and then look at possible solutions that incorporate water conservation measures. In my thesis I present a historical overview of the rule of capture as Texas's means of groundwater management in order to illustrate the role it played in contributing to the water shortage Texans now face. I also take a historical look at the environmental justice movement, a grass-roots movement by environmentalists and Civil Rights activists working together to guarantee the rights of low-income and minority communities to clean and healthy environments, focusing on several acts and policies enacted by the federal government as a direct result of this movement. I then demonstrate how the rule of capture is in conflict with these acts and policies along with being in violation of both state and federal regulations in an attempt to establish a sound argument as to why we need to replace the rule of capture not only from an environmental standpoint, but from a legal standpoint as well. After considering groundwater legislation in other states, I offer a possible alternative to the rule of capture as part of the solution to the approaching shortage of Texas's fresh water supply. The implementation of new laws, regulations and conservation measures will help conserve water for future Texans, but we must also consider a change in our relationship to water along with the attitudes and ideas that resulted in a water shortage not only in Texas, but on a global scale if we truly want to solve our future water crisis.
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Mwebe, Henry. « The impact of privatisation on socio-economic rights and services in Africa : the case of water privatisation in South Africa ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study generally centres on the debate about the impact of privatisation on socio-economic rights and services. The specific objective of the study is to establish whether the privatisation of water services in South Africa has led to denial of access, either through the lack of availability of a commercialised, cost-recovery service, or denial of access because of hight rates and resultant inability to pay. The study analysed how this has impacted on the states constitutional and international human rights obligation and how the resultant problems can be addressed. It examines whether or not privatisation, which is basically aimed at improving service delivery and bringing countries in line with globalisation principles, has actually achieved that objective.
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Koetz, Vanessa. « Da cidade das águas à cidade sem água : o regime jurídico das águas e o Município de São Paulo ». Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21138.
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Vanessa Koetz.pdf: 936294 bytes, checksum: e0e7f3aee5827014853ec7ce819d37a8 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T12:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Koetz.pdf: 936294 bytes, checksum: e0e7f3aee5827014853ec7ce819d37a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27
São Paulo suffered in 2014 a water collapse. Given this, would there be something that the Municipal Government could do to counter this water collapse? What could the Municipal Government have done to avoid reaching the unsustainable environmental situation that the city lives in? What can the Municipal Government do to contribute to the environmental and also the ecological balance of the city and to reverse a century of destruction of the ecosystems in which the city was erected? These are the questions that guide the dissertation. In order to answer them, we first look at the urbanization history of the Municipality of São Paulo. Next, we cover the juridical dimension of the water regime and soil management in Brazil. In the third chapter, we situate the water problem worldwide and investigate the main international documents related to water security and the right to the city. Finally, we seek to understand the specific role of the Municipal Executive of São Paulo in the management, preservation and recovery of water, for the purpose of supplying the population of São Paulo, based on the study of the main normative instruments and public policies of water resources management in the State of São Paulo and municipal urban land planning
São Paulo conheceu no ano de 2014 um colapso hídrico. Diante disso, haveria algo que o Poder Público Municipal pudesse fazer para combater este colapso hídrico? O que poderia ter feito o Poder Público Municipal para não se chegar a situação ambiental insustentável que vive a cidade? O que poderá fazer o Poder Público Municipal para contribuir para o equilíbrio ecológico ambiental, e também hídrico, da cidade e para reverter um século de destruição dos ecossistemas nos quais a cidade foi erguida? São estas as questões que orientam a dissertação. A fim de responde-las, primeiramente, percorremos a história de urbanização do Município de São Paulo. Em seguida, percorremos a dimensão jurídica do regime das águas e do ordenamento do solo no Brasil. No terceiro capítulo, situamos a problemática da água em nível mundial e procedemos à investigação dos principais documentos internacionais relacionados à segurança hídrica e ao direito à cidade. Por fim, procuramos compreender o papel específico do Poder Executivo Municipal de São Paulo na gestão, preservação e recuperação das águas, para fins de abastecimento da população paulistana, a partir do estudo dos principais instrumentos normativos e políticas públicas da gestão dos recursos hídricos no Estado de São Paulo e do ordenamento do solo urbano municipal
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Clifford-Holmes, Jai Kumar. « Fire and water : a transdisciplinary investigation of water governance in the lower Sundays River Valley, South Africa ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017870.
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The implementation of water policy and the integrated management of water face multiple challenges in South Africa (SA), despite the successes of post-apartheid government programmes in which some significant equity, sustainability and efficiency milestones have been met. This study uses a series of intervention processes into municipal water service delivery to explore the context, constraints, and real-world messiness in which local water authorities operate. The equitable provision of drinking water by local government and the collaborative management of untreated water by ‘water user associations’ are two sites of institutional conflict that have been subjected to broad ‘turnaround’ and ‘transformation’ attempts at the national level. This thesis seeks to explore and understand the use of transdisciplinary research in engaging local water authorities in a process of institutional change that increases the likelihood of equitable water supply in the Lower Sundays River Valley (LSRV). Fieldwork was conducted as part of a broader action research process involving the attempted ‘turnaround’ of the Sundays River Valley Municipality (SRVM) between 2011 and 2014. A multi-method research approach was employed, which drew on institutional, ethnographic, and systems analyses within an evolving, transdisciplinary methodology. In the single case study research design, qualitative and quantitative data were collected via participant observation, interviews and documentary sources. Analytical methods included system dynamics modelling and an adapted form of the ethnographic tool of ‘thick description’, which were linked in a governance analysis. Government interventions into the SRVM failed to take account of the systemic complexity of the municipal operating environment, the interactions of which are described in this study as the ‘modes of failure’ of local government. These modes included the perpetual ‘firefighting’ responses of municipal officials to crises, and the simultaneous underinvestment in, and over-extension of, water supply infrastructure, which is a rational approach to addressing current water shortages when funds are unavailable for maintenance, refurbishment, or the construction of new infrastructure. The over-burdening of municipalities with technocratic requirements, the presence of gaps in the institutional arrangements governing water supply in the LSRV, and the lack of coordination in government interventions are analysed in this study, with policy recommendations resulting. The primary contribution of this study is in providing a substantively-contextualised case study that illustrates the value of systemic, engaged, extended, and embedded transdisciplinary research.
Livres sur le sujet "Water-supply – law and legislation – history"
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Winch, Martin T. Tumalo, thirsty land : History of Tumalo Irrigation District. Portland, Ore : Oregon Historical Society, 1985.
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Huisman, P. Water legislation in the Netherlands. Delft : DUP Satellite, 2004.
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Mantelli, Francesco. L'acqua nella storia. Milano : F. Angeli, 2007.
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Giorgio, Temporelli, dir. L'acqua nella storia. Milano : F. Angeli, 2007.
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Elías, Guillermo W. Coloma. Un Intento de solución de los problemas urbanos de Mollendo en la segunda década del siglo XX. Lima, Perú] : Instituto Latinoamericano de Cultura y Desarrollo, 2005.
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Barco, Juan Manuel Matés. Cambio institucional y servicios municipales : Una historia del servicio público de abastecimiento de agua. Granada [Spain] : Editorial Comares, 1998.
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Pozas, Olivia Paloma Topete. Usos y conflictos por el agua en el Valle de Etla, Oaxaca, 1880-1930. Ciudad de México : Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 2021.
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Hobbs, Greg. The public's water resource : Articles on water law, history, and culture. Denver, Colo : CLE in Colorado, 2007.
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Hobbs, Greg. The public's water resource : Articles on water law, history, and culture. 2e éd. Denver, Colo : CLE in Colorado, 2010.
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Libecap, Gary D. Owens Valley revisited : A reassessment of the West's first great water transfer. Stanford, CA : Stanford Economics and Finance, Stanford University Press, 2006.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Water-supply – law and legislation – history"
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Parsons, Meg, Karen Fisher et Roa Petra Crease. « A History of the Settler-Colonial Freshwater Impure-Ment : Water Pollution and the Creation of Multiple Environmental Injustices Along the Waipaˉ River ». Dans Decolonising Blue Spaces in the Anthropocene, 181–234. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61071-5_5.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we outline the history of water pollution in Aotearoa New Zealand’s Waipā River and its tributaries and demonstrate how environmental injustices can accumulate slowly over time. We highlight how Indigenous (Māori) and non-Indigenous (Pākehā) peoples held fundamentally different understandings of what constituted contaminated or clean water based on their different ontologies and epistemologies. We highlight how Māori people and their tikanga (laws) and mātauranga (knowledge) were excluded from settler-state water management planning processes for the majority of the twentieth century. Since 1991 new legislation (Resource Management Act) allows for Māori to participate in decision-making, however Māori values and knowledge continues to be marginalised, and Māori concerns about water pollution remain unaddressed. Accordingly, in the Waipā River environmental injustice continues to accumulate.
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« The Legislation and Regulation of Medical Devices ». Dans The Law and Regulation of Medicines and Medical Devices, sous la direction de Sarah-Jane Dobson, 177–94. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847546.003.0007.
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This chapter outlines the laws that govern the manufacture and supply of medical devices in the EU and UK, both multi-faceted and internationally well-regarded legislative regimes. It contextualises these laws within the broader framework of the EU’s new approach to product safety legislation, in which these medical devices regimes were established. It discusses the core principles and fundamental statutory concepts under the EU and UK legislation that have been reinforced and improved upon over forty years of legislative history. Recent legislative change and the impact of Brexit is discussed in detail in that regard. The chapter also describes the regulatory environment in which Europe’s substantial medical devices industry operates, an industry which is estimated by the European Commission in 2019 as being comprised of 500,000 different types of medical devices and worth €100 billion. An outline of key regulatory bodies and functions is also provided.
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« Local Authorities (concluded) : Consolidation Acts, 1845-7 : Municipal Law, often Intricate and Conflicting : Frequent Variation from General Law : Attempt to bring them into greater Harmony : Consolidation of Local Acts : Commons' Committees on Sanitary Regulations, Committees on Police and Sanitary Regulations, 1882-6 : Borough Funds Act, 1872 : Application of Gas and Water Revenue : Metropolital Water Acts, 1886-Sinking Fund in Interest of Community : Street Improvements-Disposal of Superfluous Land : Exemptions from Local Rating : Number of Local Authorities ». Dans A History of Private Bill Legislation, 540–80. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203770399-13.
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Chen, Edward T. « RFID Technology and Privacy ». Dans Cyber Law, Privacy, and Security, 778–94. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8897-9.ch037.
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RFID plays a critical role in the improvement of supply chain management and consumer applications. This chapter introduces a brief history of RFID and how it works. The recent shift of incorporating RFID into consumer-oriented products has raised serious concerns of customer privacy and security. These concerns are rooted in the fact that consumers are typically unaware that their purchases are being tracked and monitored, as well as the fear of private information being hacked or stolen via insecure RFID systems. This chapter provides a theoretical debate over the privacy rights and addresses the consumer role in the RFID technology. This chapter concludes that the government must ensure legislation to maintain protections on the individual's security and privacy in the society.
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Macrory, Richard, et William Howarth. « The Legal Control of Pollution ». Dans Pollution : Causes, Effects and Control, 492–521. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849736480-00492.
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Recognising the uniqueness of any system of national law seeking to address pollution control, this chapter provides a selective account of the laws of the United Kingdom, and particularly England, in relation to environmental quality. Following introductory observations on the relatively long history of the UK in respect of industrial pollution control legislation and the contemporary significance of membership of the European Union, the chapter outlines the purposes and mechanisms of environmental law and the sources of law and institutional responsibilities as these arise in national law, EU law and under international law. This provides a basis for more detailed consideration of key areas, encompassing private rights and civil remedies, and consideration of four legal models for pollution regulation: concerning statutory nuisances; water pollution and water quality law; the integration of pollution control and environmental permitting; and procedural environmental rights. The chapter concludes with observations on the future of pollution control law, recognising the limitations of what has been achieved by past environmental laws and offering reflections on the challenges which lie ahead.
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« Water Resources ». Dans Environmental Law, sous la direction de David Woolley, QC John Pugh-Smith, Richard Langham, William Upton, Sasha Blackmore, NoxÉmi Byrd, Matthew Reed, Jonathan Wills et Katrina Yates, 399–460. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199232802.003.0009.
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Abstract The Water Resources Act 1991 and the Water Industry Act 1991contain the main regulatory powers over the supply of water and its protection. These Acts have consolidated all the legislation covering water pollution which had previously been spread over about 20 Acts. These regimes heavily regulate an individual’s common law rights and responsibilities in this area.
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« Environment : Past and Present ». Dans Environmental Toxicology, sous la direction de Sigmund F. Zakrzewski. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.003.0006.
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Concern for the environment is not an entirely new phenomenon. In isolated instances, environmental and wildlife protection laws have been enacted in the past. Similarly, astute early physicians and scientists occasionally recognized occupationally related health problems within the general population. As early as 500 BC, a law was passed in Athens requiring refuse disposal in a designated location outside the city walls. Ancient Rome had laws prohibiting disposal of trash into the river Tiber. In seventeenth century Sweden, legislation was passed forbidding ‘‘slash and burn’’ land clearing; those who broke the law were banished to the New World. Although no laws protecting workers from occupational hazards were enacted until much later, the first observation that occupational exposure could create health hazards was made in 1775 by a London physician, Percival Pott. He observed among London chimney sweeps an unusually high rate of scrotal cancer that he associated (and rightly so) with exposure to soot. Colonial authorities in Newport, Rhode Island, recognizing a danger of game depletion, established the first closed season on deer hunting as early as 1639. Other communities became aware of the same problem; by the time of the American Revolution, 12 colonies had legislated some kind of wildlife protection. Following the example of Massachusetts, which established a game agency in 1865, every state had game and fish protection laws before the end of the nineteenth century (1). In 1885, to protect the population from waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever, New York State enacted the Water Supply Source Protection Rules and Regulations Program. These instances of environmental concern were sporadic. It was not until some time after World War II that concern for the environment and for the effects of industrial development on human health became widespread. The industrial development of the late eighteenth century, which continued throughout the nineteenth and into the twentieth century, converted the Western agricultural societies into industrialized societies. For the first time in human history, pervasive hunger in the western world ceased to be a problem. The living standard of the masses improved, and wealth was somewhat better distributed.
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« Water Supply of London (continued) : Profits of Companies, and their Charges, Down to 1827 : Wooden Pipes : Defective Service : Parliamentary Inquiries, 1821 and 1828 : Polluted Sources of Supply : Royal Commission, 1827-8 : Mr. Teleford's Scheme, 1834 : Renewed Inquiries by Parliament, 1834 and 1840 : Bill of Government to Consolidate Companies, 1851 : Metropolis Water Act, 1852 : Quantity and Quality of Water : Reports and Inquiries, 1856-69 : Plans of Supply, 1840-84 : Disputed Purity of River Water : Constant Supply : Metropolis Water Act, 1871 : Extinction of Fires : Attempts to Transfer Water Supply to Public Bodies : Metropolis Water-works Purchase Bill, 1880 : Assessment of Water Rents : Increased Value of Water Under Takings ». Dans A History of Private Bill Legislation, 148–217. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203770399-7.
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« Water supply of London:-The City Conduts : Waterworks at London Bridge : The New River ». Dans A History of Private Bill Legislation, 55–97. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203770399-5.
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Malcolm, Rosalind, et John Pointing. « Miscellaneous Nuisances In Other Legislation ». Dans Statutory nuisance : Law and practice, 141–48. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199242467.003.0010.
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Abstract Some miscellaneous statutory nuisances under section 79(1)(h) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’) remain from the Public Health Act 1936 and from the Mines and Quarries Act 1954. In none of these is the defence of “best practicable means’ available.1 The miscellaneous statutory nuisances comprise nuisances from: watercourses;tents, vans, sheds and similar structures used for human habitation; domestic water supply; and unfenced abandoned mines and quarries.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Water-supply – law and legislation – history"
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Pereira de Oliveira, Camille, et Frank Pavan de Souza. « Water reuse in the new regulatory framework for basic sanitation ». Dans 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Exatas & Engenharias, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/885x331120212342.
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In practically all processes, water is used as the main input. The high levels of consumption by users have been causing adverse changes in the environment. For cities, the challenge lies in the collection and treatment of sewage, due to the concentration of people. In 2019 it was found that only 28.01% of sewage is collected in northeastern Brazil, and only 36.24% is treated, thus demonstrating the complexity of basic sanitation in Brazil. Since basic sanitation is a set of measures to preserve the environment, to prevent diseases and improve the quality of life, in 2020 the New Legal Framework for Basic Sanitation was published (Law 14.026/2020). The agenda on the reuse of water is growing, considering the water shortage in the country, and also because users depend on water in specific quantity and quality. There are reports of water reuse since ancient Greece and countries have been investing in reuse ever since. Legislation must not restrictively position itself to prevent reuse, but must act in an adequate manner to ensure the health and well-being of the population. Thus, the new legal framework for sanitation is aimed at reducing losses in water distribution, improving treatments, reusing sanitary effluents and using rainwater. The National Water and Sanitation Agency was responsible for drawing up regulations on reuse. With that, the objective of the research was to analyze the peculiarities presented by the new basic sanitation framework, considering the possible propositions for the reuse of water. The methodology used was based on bibliographical analysis on sanitation, supply and reuse of water, in addition to the analysis of current legislation. It was concluded that water reuse is an alternative to improve sanitation indicators in the country, since most water bodies in Brazil are supplied by rainwater, with the exception of the Amazon River, which receives water from the melting of the Andes mountain range. In addition, the new sanitation framework legitimized reuse, with a view to better use and management of water, since it is the main input for all production processes, in addition to standing out in the energy matrix, with hydroelectric plants.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Water-supply – law and legislation – history"
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Cunningham et Wilcox. PR-015-12205-R01 Technology Challenges for Liquid CO2 Pump Stations. Chantilly, Virginia : Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), décembre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010023.
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As a result of proposed new climate change legislation requiring carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, there has been increased interest in the development of carbon capture technology worldwide. CCS aims to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by capturing it from the emissions of large producers and storing it underground. One often overlooked component of the CCS process is the transmission of captured CO2 to sequestration sites. This anthropogenic, or man-made, CO2 presents unique challenges to transportation because of the inclusion of impurities such as water (H2O), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H2), and Methane (CH4). These impurities cause changes in the properties of the CO2 stream and complicate the design of pipelines. Pure CO2 pipelines for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) have a long history of operation in North America, but this technology must be adapted to anthropogenic CO2 uses. Other technologies can potentially be adapted from the oil and gas industry. There are still challenges to be addressed, however, before anthropogenic CO2 pipeline technology can be considered mature. The objective of this project is to pinpoint areas of CO2 pipeline technology that still require development related to anthropogenic CO2 pump stations and their operation when transporting CO2 as a dense phase or supercritical fluid. This report focuses on identifying these challenges and providing a research roadmap to guide the development of anthropogenic CO2 technology to maturity. This project identified key technology challenges related to the gas properties, equipment, and operation of anthropogenic CO2 pipeline pump stations. Through an extensive literature review, interviews with industry professionals, and input from the PRCI committee, a list of relevant technology challenges was developed. The technologies were then ranked the level of development of these challenges using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale to identify technologies in need of significant development. This report addresses the progress of technologies determined to have a low TRL level of development.